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1580:, and over 400 other common Unix utility programs. With the addition of X11, this version marks the transition away from a text-only system. Another feature of this version, which will be improved in future ones, is the ability of the system to withstand device driver crashes, and in many cases having them automatically replaced without affecting running processes. In this way, Minix is self-healing and can be used in applications demanding high reliability.
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1363:. This is where nearly all the operating system functionality is located. User processes obtain file service, for example, by sending messages to the file server to open, close, read, and write files. In turn, the file server gets disk I/O performed by sending messages to the disk driver, which controls the disk.
1111:(ACM) Symposium Operating Systems Principles conference. Although it still serves as an example for the new edition of Tanenbaum and Woodhull's textbook, it is comprehensively redesigned to be "usable as a serious system on resource-limited and embedded computers and for applications requiring high reliability."
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A special process, called the reincarnation server, periodically pings each device driver. If the driver dies or fails to respond correctly to pings, the reincarnation server automatically replaces it with a fresh copy. Detecting and replacing non-functioning drivers is automatic, with no user action
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section: "Various studies have shown that software broadly contains something like 6-16 bugs per 1000 lines of code and that device drivers have 3-7 times as many bugs as the rest of the operating system. When combined with the fact that 70% of a typical operating system consists of device drivers,
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In Minix 3, when a user expects data from, for example, the file system, it builds a descriptor telling who has access and at what addresses. It then passes an index to this descriptor to the file system, which may pass it to a driver. The file system or driver then asks the kernel to write via the
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within a driver will crash the driver process, but will have no effect on the system as a whole. The reincarnation server will restart the crashed driver automatically. Users will not notice recovery for some drivers (e.g., disk and network) but for others (e.g., audio and printer), they might. In
1355:
process. Each one controls some I/O device, such as a disk or printer. The drivers do not have access to the I/O port space and cannot issue I/O instructions directly. Instead, they must make kernel calls giving a list of I/O ports to write to and the values to be written. While there is a small
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and buffer management problems. Also, many exploits work by overrunning a buffer to trick the program into returning from a function call using an overwritten stack return address pointing into attacker controlled memory, usually the overrun buffer. In Minix 3, this attack is mitigated because
1210:, the scheduler will gradually lower its priority until it becomes idle. Eventually the reincarnation server will see that it is not responding to status requests, so it will kill and restart the looping driver. In a monolithic kernel, a looping driver could hang the system.
2145:, 85% of the crashes are due to bugs in device drivers. Obviously, to make OSes reliable, something has to be done to deal with buggy device drivers. Building a reliable system despite the inevitable bugs in device drivers was the original driving force behind Minix 3."
1515:
Please be aware that MINIX 3 is not your grandfather's MINIX ... MINIX 1 was written as an educational tool ... MINIX 3 is that plus a start at building a highly reliable, self-healing, bloat-free operating system ... MINIX 1 and MINIX 3 are related in the same way as
1247:(such as copying data to users' address spaces) by making kernel calls. The Minix 3 kernel has a bit map for each driver specifying which calls it is authorized to make. In monolithic kernels, every driver can call every kernel function, authorized or not.
1371:, the reincarnation server (which is the parent process of the drivers and servers) kills the faulty component and replaces it with a fresh copy. In this way the system is automatically made self-healing without interfering with running programs.
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To achieve that, the code running in kernel must be minimal, with the file server, process server, and each device driver running as separate user-mode processes. Each driver is carefully monitored by a part of the system named the
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occurs, it is converted at a low level to a notification sent to the appropriate driver. If the driver is waiting for a message, it gets the interrupt immediately; otherwise it gets the notification the next time it does a
1378:. If any of them fail, the system crashes. Nevertheless, reducing the trusted computing base from 3-5 million lines of code, as in Linux and Windows systems, to about 20,000 lines greatly enhances system reliability.
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1366:
One of the key servers is the reincarnation server. Its job is to poll all the other servers and drivers to check on their health periodically. If a component fails to respond correctly, or exits, or gets into an
479:, approximately 3–7 times as many bugs as a usual program) can bring down the whole system, Minix 3 aims to create an operating system that is a "reliable, self-healing, multiserver Unix clone".
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amount of overhead in doing this (typically 500 ns), this scheme makes it possible for the kernel to check authorization, so that, for example, the audio driver cannot write on the disk.
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Many improvements have also been made in the structure of the kernel since the Minix 2 release, making the system more reliable. Minix version 3.1.5 was released 5 Nov 2009. It contains
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Not every driver and server needs to communicate with every other driver and server. Accordingly, a per-process bit map determines which destinations each process may send to.
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reside in the kernel. Thus, when a new peripheral is installed, unknown, untrusted code is inserted in the kernel. One bad line of code in a driver can bring down the system.
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needed. This feature does not work for disk drivers at present, but in the next release the system will be able to recover even disk drivers, which will be shadowed in
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each driver may access. Thus, a driver can only touch its own I/O ports. In monolithic kernels, a buggy driver can access I/O ports belonging to another device.
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installation. The project has been dormant since 2018, and the latest release is 3.4.0 rc6 from 2017, although the Minix 3 discussion group is still active.
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1337:(API) of about 30 kernel calls that authorized servers and drivers can make. User programs cannot make these calls. Instead, they can issue
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which send messages to the servers. The kernel calls perform functions such as setting interrupts and copying data between address spaces.
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One of the main goals of Minix 3 is reliability. Below, some of the more important principles that enhance its reliability are discussed.
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Instead, in Minix 3, each device driver is a separate user-mode process. Drivers cannot execute privileged instructions, change the
1173:(I/O), or write to absolute memory. They must make kernel calls for these services and the kernel checks each call for authority.
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Improved driver modularity: UDS separate from PFS, PTY from TTY, one controller per at_wini instance, LOG removed from boot image
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code. In contrast, Minix 3 has about 6,000 lines of executable kernel code, which can make problems easier to find in the code.
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license that Minix was licensed under since 2000. In late 2005, the copyright owner was changed and a fourth clause was added.
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by detecting and repairing its faults on the fly, with no user intervention. The main uses of the system are envisaged to be
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In a monolithic system, a bug in a driver can easily crash the whole kernel. This is far less likely to occur in Minix 3.
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Minix 3 was publicly announced on 24 October 2005 by Andrew
Tanenbaum during his keynote speech on top of the
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In monolithic kernels, a driver can write to any word of memory and thus accidentally corrupt user programs.
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instruction and data space are split and only code in (read-only) instruction space can be executed, termed
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Improved NetBSD compatibility: utilities, calls, types (lots of 64-bit), toolchain, codebase, and packages
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of Minix 1.0 are printed in the book. Tanenbaum originally developed Minix for compatibility with the
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1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 were developed as tools to help people learn about the design of operating systems.
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to get a message. This scheme eliminates nested interrupts and makes driver programming easier.
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monolithic kernels, dereferencing a bad pointer in a driver normally leads to a system crash.
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Minix 3.3.0 was released in
September 2014. This release is the first version to support the
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Minix 3.2.0 was released in
February 2012. This version has many new features, including the
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Minix 3 does the same, and provides a modern operating system with many newer tools and many
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Currently the reincarnation server, the process server, and the microkernel are part of the
1227:. However, attacks which rely on running legitimately executable memory in a malicious way (
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by Jorrit N. Herder, Herbert Bos, Ben Gras, Philip
Homburg, and Andrew S. Tanenbaum (PDF)
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1972:
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by Jorrit N. Herder, Herbert Bos, Ben Gras, Philip
Homburg, and Andrew S Tanenbaum (PDF)
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Minix 3 uses fixed-length messages for internal communication, which eliminates certain
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It was held once in 2016. MINIXCon2017 was cancelled due to lack of talks submitted.
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MINIXCon is a conference on sharing talks, efforts and researches related to Minix.
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descriptor, making it impossible for them to write to addresses outside the buffer.
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processors. It was debated that Minix could have been the most widely used OS on
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New input infrastructure: input server and keyboard driver separated from TTY
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2065:"me_cleaner: Tool for partial deblobbing of Intel ME/TXE firmware images"
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I/O mechanism; allows for shared dynamic libraries and lower memory needs
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Building
Performance Measurement Tools for the MINIX 3 Operating System
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computer platforms. A version of Minix running as a user process under
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processors, with more installations than
Microsoft Windows, Linux, or
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New
Network drivers: Atheros L2, Intel E1000, Realtek 8169, DEC Tulip
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based systems, where a driver (which has, according to Minix creator
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2357:"Individual Programming Assignment User Mode Scheduling in Minix 3"
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Building a dependable operating system: fault tolerance in MINIX 3
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1633:, with thousands of NetBSD packages running right out of the box.
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it is clear that device drivers are a big source of trouble. For
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are also integrated in the release, including the bootloader,
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Diagram of the relationships between several Unix-like systems
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427:, starting with the introduction of ME 11, which is used with
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Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media
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architecture is in development. The distribution comes on a
350:
license and is a successor project to the earlier versions,
772:
Proper support for multiple
Ethernet cards of the same type
2677:
Design and implementation of the MINIX virtual file system
1280:(RAM). Driver recovery does not affect running processes.
2733:
2410:
591:
Fixed an installation issue with auto-partitioning disks.
323:
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Minix 2.0, released in 1997, was only available for the
192:
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PipeFS – removed pipe handling from filesystem drivers
2654:
MINIX4RT: A Real-Time
Operating System Based on MINIX
2709:
Minix 3 and the microkernel experience: Smart Kernel
2701:
Construction of a Highly Dependable Operating System
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529:The first release of Minix 3 (Book Release), under
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1436:Minix 1.5, released in 1991, included support for
1406:Minix 1.0, released in 1987, was 12,000 lines of
2542:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2524:. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017
2324:
2322:
2301:
2299:
2272:
2270:
1935:"A port of the MINIX OS to the PowerPC platform"
1317:, which is about 4,000 lines of code (mostly in
1255:The kernel also maintains a table telling which
868:to Minix 3 and implementing core dumping support
357:The project's main goal is for the system to be
1832:"Getting Started with Minix on Bochs on Mac OS"
1513:
2180:
2178:
1382:Differences between Minix 3 and prior versions
4516:
4479:Category: Microkernel-based operating systems
3372:
2765:
1758:
1756:
1754:
775:Boot monitor allows loading images > 16 MB
8:
2592:Operating Systems: Design and Implementation
778:Buildsystem support for building Minix with
769:Userspace scheduling and a scheduling server
686:Trap NULL accesses now, for user convenience
33:
2693:Towards a true microkernel operating system
1333:, and message passing. It also supports an
1313:As can be seen, at the bottom level is the
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4501:
4021:
3665:
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3404:
3379:
3365:
3357:
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2772:
2758:
2750:
2250:"Minix versions and their use in teaching"
1005:ARM architecture support; cross-compilable
955:Support for dynamically linked executables
917:Pkgsrc upstreaming and application porting
699:Network card autodetection (for supported
497:
200:
32:
5058:Information technology in the Netherlands
2589:; Woodhull, Albert S. (14 January 2006).
1511:applications. Prof. Tanenbaum once said:
1263:Restrict communication with OS components
1063:X11 is now part of the operating system.
1038:Unified block cache shared by FSes and VM
419:Minix 3 is believed to have inspired the
1973:"git.minix3.org Git - minix.git/summary"
1874:"Minix under VMWare Installation How-To"
1304:
1235:) are not prevented by this mitigation.
2685:Reference manual for MINIX 3 Kernel API
1750:
1725:
1626:in addition to x86. It also supports a
1018:VND: vnode disk (loopback) block driver
927:Replacing the bootloader from Minix to
807:New package management infrastructure:
2535:
2035:"Intel ME: The Way of Static Analysis"
1876:. Patrick.wagstrom.net. Archived from
1704:Comparison of operating system kernels
467:-based operating systems, respectively
447:, because of its use in the Intel ME.
2640:Modular System Programming in MINIX 3
2631:Modular system programming in MINIX 3
1645:Rocky Raccoon, the mascot of Minix 3.
1134:Monolithic operating systems such as
7:
3339:
2186:"Tanenbaum-Torvalds debate, Part II"
1681:Free and open-source software portal
1347:At the next level up, there are the
1044:C type for messages: cleaner, bigger
734:VFS: supplemental group support and
550:The last version under the standard
5043:Computer science in the Netherlands
2741:Stichting-MINIX-Research-Foundation
1443:systems and was also ported to the
1239:Restrict access to kernel functions
1109:Association for Computing Machinery
1050:Packages are now dynamically linked
649:support (when Minix runs as guest).
569:The first version under the custom
2385:"Minix1: Copying and Use Policies"
1737:BSD-3-Clause with a fourth clause.
1214:Limit damage from buffer overflows
1114:Initially released under the same
25:
2623:Reorganizing Unix for Reliability
1899:"Minix on Virtual PC: first look"
1351:, each one running as a separate
1335:application programming interface
1284:Integrate interrupts and messages
1098: Current development release
703:), improved network configuration
4627:Object-oriented operating system
4483:
4482:
4473:
4472:
3338:
3327:
3326:
2391:from the original on 2020-06-14.
1673:
1359:At the next level there are the
1271:Reincarnate dead or sick drivers
48:
39:
3325:indicate discontinued systems.
2160:. Csail.mit.edu. Archived from
2098:from the original on 2022-06-17
1922:. inopinion.org. 6 August 2014.
891:Replacing the default compiler
376:processors. It can also run on
148:3.3.0 / September 16, 2014
4637:Supercomputer operating system
2717:Safe and Automatic Live Update
2403:"The MINIX 3 Operating System"
1451:architectures, supporting the
692:Better support for debuggers (
1:
5053:Educational operating systems
1488:-hosted SPARC architectures.
1414:. Source code of the kernel,
978:Device Driver Environment kit
368:As of 2017, Minix 3 supports
4612:Just enough operating system
4597:Distributed operating system
2720:by Cristiano Giuffrida (PDF)
2229:"MinixReleases – Minix Wiki"
2063:Corna, Nicola (2017-08-28).
1251:Restrict access to I/O ports
1177:Limit drivers' memory access
1176:
1090: Current stable release
983:VBFS – support for mounting
747:System Event Framework (SEF)
724:HGFS – support for mounting
588:New Packman package manager.
471:Reflecting on the nature of
168:3.4.0 rc6 / May 9, 2017
4725:User space and kernel space
3733:Multi-Environment Real-Time
3310:Windows Subsystem for Linux
1309:The architecture of Minix 3
1233:return-oriented programming
1225:executable space protection
1024:Bitcode build of the system
5089:
4632:Real-time operating system
1714:Category:Computing mascots
1652:is the mascot of Minix 3.
1385:
1146:have millions of lines of
874:support with experimental
346:. It is published under a
27:Unix-like operating system
4828:Multilevel feedback queue
4823:Fixed-priority preemptive
4607:Hobbyist operating system
4602:Embedded operating system
4445:
3318:
3304:Windows Services for UNIX
3259:Microsoft POSIX subsystem
2798:
2618:by Jorrit N. Herder (PDF)
2121:"Introduction to MINIX 3"
2092:"An Open Letter to Intel"
1997:"Index of /Iso/Snapshot/"
1709:List of computing mascots
1589:symmetric multiprocessing
1321:, plus a small amount of
1206:If a driver gets into an
1067:
423:(ME) OS found in Intel's
47:
38:
4871:General protection fault
4622:Network operating system
4576:User features comparison
2427:. Minix3.org. 2013-11-09
2011:"minix3 - Google Groups"
1920:"Minix 3 on Virtual box"
1603:(GDB). Several parts of
1599:filesystem support, and
842:mode including I/O APICs
689:Improved signal handling
664:Improvements performance
4617:Mobile operating system
2498:"mascot [Wiki]"
2446:"Improvements since V2"
1587:compiler, experimental
1496:researchers, and added
1433:available at the time.
1158:In monolithic kernels,
425:Platform Controller Hub
421:Intel Management Engine
4720:Loadable kernel module
4489:Category: Microkernels
2355:Swift, Björn Patrick.
2188:. Cs.vu.nl. 2006-05-12
2158:"CSAIL Event Calendar"
1790:"Minix 3 hits the net"
1646:
1526:
1397:
1376:trusted computing base
1310:
1243:Device drivers obtain
468:
150:; 10 years ago
130:; 18 years ago
18:Rocky Raccoon (mascot)
4788:Process control block
4754:Computer multitasking
4592:Disk operating system
3298:UserLAnd Technologies
2712:by Rüdiger Weis (PDF)
2638:J. N. Herder et al.,
2090:Tanenbaum, Andrew S.
1788:corbet (2005-10-24).
1644:
1524:are: same first name.
1395:
1308:
726:VMware shared folders
458:
412:and does not support
170:; 7 years ago
4959:Virtual tape library
4551:Forensic engineering
4468:Open-source software
3975:Java virtual machine
3293:UNIX System Services
2792:compatibility layers
1500:and support for the
1477:was also available.
1278:random-access memory
1193:Dereferencing a bad
1189:Survive bad pointers
1169:, perform arbitrary
1122:Reliability policies
964:Dropped support for
881:Gradually replacing
485:reincarnation server
451:Goals of the project
394:Microsoft Virtual PC
128:24 October 2005
5048:Computing platforms
4968:Supporting concepts
4954:Virtual file system
4427:Andrew S. Tanenbaum
3020:Other distributions
2652:Pablo A Pessolani.
2587:Tanenbaum, Andrew S
2373:MINIX Release 3.3.0
2039:blog.ptsecurity.com
1764:"The Minix license"
1492:was created by two
1202:Tame infinite loops
742:Floating-point unit
696:improvements, etc.)
608:virtual file system
500:
74:Andrew S. Tanenbaum
35:
4891:Segmentation fault
4739:Process management
2660:2023-06-07 at the
2456:on April 17, 2006.
2425:"FAQ – Minix Wiki"
1647:
1494:Vrije Universiteit
1398:
1311:
1130:Reduce kernel size
1074: Book Release
922:virtual filesystem
818:Unix domain socket
672:setitimer function
498:
469:
390:VMware Workstation
5025:
5024:
4881:Memory protection
4852:Memory management
4846:
4845:
4838:Shortest job next
4733:
4732:
4532:Operating systems
4498:
4497:
4412:James G. Mitchell
4397:Per Brinch Hansen
4216:
4215:
4051:
4050:
3844:
3843:
3540:
3539:
3457:Mac OS nanokernel
3354:
3353:
3204:
3203:
2788:operating systems
2670:, by Rogier Meurs
2330:"LICENSE (3.1.2)"
2307:"LICENSE (3.1.1)"
2278:"LICENSE (3.1.0)"
2231:. Wiki.minix3.org
2015:groups.google.com
1689:MINIX file system
1412:assembly language
1323:assembly language
1142:and hybrids like
1105:
1104:
1082: Old release
987:Shared Folder as
972:Cross-compilation
958:Removal of Intel
903:is also supported
823:Multiboot support
682:Open Sound System
499:MINIX 3 versions
473:monolithic kernel
461:monolithic kernel
334:
333:
91:assembly language
62:as Window Manager
16:(Redirected from
5080:
4980:Computer network
4744:
4652:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4502:
4486:
4485:
4476:
4475:
4022:
3850:Capability-based
3666:
3656:
3405:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3358:
3342:
3341:
3330:
3329:
2845:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2751:
2737:
2736:
2734:Official website
2610:
2595:(3rd ed.).
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2474:. Archived from
2468:"MINIX Releases"
2464:
2458:
2457:
2452:. Archived from
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2409:. Archived from
2399:
2393:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2252:. Archived from
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2217:on July 1, 2006.
2213:. Archived from
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2133:
2132:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2041:. Archived from
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1933:Alting, Ingmar.
1930:
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1916:
1910:
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1907:
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1895:
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1818:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1766:. Archived from
1760:
1738:
1735:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1624:ARM architecture
1468:Sun Microsystems
1296:
1220:buffer overflows
1097:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1011:
885:, from Minix to
501:
382:virtual machines
374:ARM architecture
363:embedded systems
344:operating system
330:
327:
325:
319:Official website
314:1.0, 1.5 and 2.0
216:Embedded systems
212:Marketing target
204:
199:
196:
194:
178:
176:
171:
158:
156:
151:
138:
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54:Minix 3 running
52:
43:
36:
30:Operating system
21:
5088:
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5083:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5028:
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5021:
4963:
4924:Defragmentation
4909:
4900:
4886:Protection ring
4855:
4842:
4814:
4807:
4729:
4703:
4641:
4580:
4534:
4529:
4499:
4494:
4471:
4441:
4382:Thomas Bushnell
4363:
4330:
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4181:
4150:
4100:
4074:
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4010:
3969:
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3394:
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3211:
3200:
3103:
3024:
2959:
2839:
2832:
2794:
2778:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2662:Wayback Machine
2607:
2585:
2581:
2579:Further reading
2576:
2575:
2566:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2506:
2504:
2502:wiki.minix3.org
2496:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2478:on 21 June 2012
2472:wiki.minix3.org
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2189:
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2176:
2167:
2165:
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2151:
2130:
2128:
2117:Tanenbaum, Andy
2115:
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2110:
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1502:X Window System
1390:
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1303:
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1245:kernel services
1241:
1216:
1204:
1191:
1179:
1156:
1132:
1124:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1009:
936:support in the
647:virtual machine
541:
516:
496:
453:
365:and education.
322:
299:
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207:
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125:Initial release
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12:
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5:
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5010:User interface
5007:
4997:
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4977:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
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4941:
4936:
4934:File attribute
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4896:Virtual memory
4893:
4888:
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4768:Context switch
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4505:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4463:
4455:
4453:= discontinued
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4422:Richard Rashid
4419:
4414:
4409:
4407:Jochen Liedtke
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4387:David Cheriton
4384:
4379:
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4364:
4362:
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4149:
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4143:
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4141:
4138:Icaros Desktop
4135:
4129:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4084:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4064:Classic Mac OS
4060:
4052:
4049:
4048:
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4019:
4012:
4011:
4009:
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3909:HarmonyOS NEXT
3905:
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3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3631:TI-RTOS kernel
3628:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3607:Off++ → Plan B
3605:
3598:
3592:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3569:
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3541:
3538:
3537:
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2726:External links
2724:
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2635:
2627:
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2573:
2562:www.minix3.org
2549:
2513:
2489:
2459:
2450:www.minix3.org
2437:
2416:
2413:on 2012-01-13.
2394:
2387:. 2007-02-13.
2376:
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2318:
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2220:
2211:www.MINIX3.org
2198:
2174:
2149:
2119:(2006-09-25).
2108:
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2002:
1988:
1977:git.minix3.org
1964:
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1901:. Woodhull.com
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1834:. Woodhull.com
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1554:Almquist shell
1498:virtual memory
1445:Motorola 68000
1431:microcomputers
1416:memory manager
1386:Main article:
1383:
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1349:device drivers
1325:). It handles
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1229:return-to-libc
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1054:
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1045:
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1035:in the sources
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556:
555:
546:
543:
537:
536:
535:
534:
525:
522:
512:
511:
508:
505:
495:
492:
452:
449:
359:fault-tolerant
332:
331:
320:
316:
315:
309:
305:
304:
293:
287:
286:
281:
279:user interface
273:
272:
266:
260:
259:
254:
247:
246:
237:
233:
232:
229:
223:
222:
213:
209:
208:
206:
205:
188:
186:
180:
179:
166:
164:Latest preview
160:
159:
146:
144:Latest release
140:
139:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
84:
78:
77:
71:
65:
64:
53:
45:
44:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5085:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5038:2005 software
5036:
5035:
5033:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4876:Memory paging
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:Device driver
4713:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4656:Architectures
4653:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4521:
4519:
4514:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4491:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:Avie Tevanian
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:Gernot Heiser
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3993:^ integrates
3992:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:Little Kernel
3567:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3347:
3346:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3210:Compatibility
3207:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3178:Research Unix
3175:
3171:
3170:
3169:BlackBerry 10
3166:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2883:DragonFly BSD
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2606:0-13-142938-8
2602:
2598:
2597:Prentice Hall
2594:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2362:. Minix3.org.
2358:
2351:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2256:on 2006-07-11
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:"Reliability"
2202:
2199:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2164:on 2012-02-04
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2045:on 2017-07-01
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1880:on 2013-11-12
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1770:on 2005-11-24
1769:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1650:Rocky Raccoon
1643:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:and some x86
1409:
1404:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1369:infinite loop
1364:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1208:infinite loop
1201:
1199:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1154:Cage the bugs
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
990:
986:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
963:
961:
957:
954:
953:
952:
949:
946:
945:
939:
935:
932:
930:
926:
923:
920:Asynchronous
919:
916:
913:
909:
905:
902:
898:
894:
890:
888:
884:
880:
877:
873:
870:
867:
863:
862:
861:
858:
855:
854:
848:
845:Experimental
844:
841:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
814:
810:
806:
805:
804:
801:
798:
797:
791:
787:
783:
781:
777:
774:
771:
768:
767:
766:
763:
760:
759:
753:
750:Experimental
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
733:
731:
727:
723:
720:
717:
716:
715:
712:
709:
708:
702:
698:
695:
691:
688:
685:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
669:
668:Shared memory
666:
663:
662:
661:
658:
655:
654:
648:
644:
641:
638:
637:
636:
633:
630:
629:
623:
622:
621:
618:
615:
614:
609:
605:
604:
603:
600:
597:
596:
590:
587:
586:
585:
582:
579:
578:
572:
568:
567:
566:
563:
560:
559:
553:
549:
548:
547:
544:
539:
538:
532:
528:
527:
526:
523:
520:
514:
513:
509:
507:Release date
506:
503:
502:
493:
491:
488:
486:
480:
478:
474:
466:
462:
459:Structure of
457:
450:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
342:
338:
329:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
303:
298:
294:
292:
288:
285:
282:
280:
274:
271:
267:
265:
261:
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
241:
238:
234:
230:
228:
224:
221:
217:
214:
210:
203:
198:
190:
189:
187:
185:
181:
167:
165:
161:
147:
145:
141:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
109:
107:Working state
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
83:
79:
75:
72:
70:
66:
61:
57:
51:
46:
42:
37:
19:
5063:Microkernels
4911:file systems
4803:Time-sharing
4487:
4477:
4465:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4437:William Wulf
4311:
4305:
4299:
4291:
4278:
4228:
4220:
4207:Workplace OS
4205:
4198:
4194:
4187:AIM alliance
4174:
4092:
4086:
4062:
4055:
4040:
4033:
4002:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3955:
3922:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3880:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3817:Nucleus RTOS
3802:
3785:
3778:
3766:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3696:
3689:
3676:
3636:
3617:
3610:
3600:
3587:
3571:
3560:
3552:
3544:
3529:
3510:
3488:
3482:
3462:
3455:
3423:
3417:
3388:Microkernels
3343:
3331:
3322:
3302:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3188:
3176:
3167:
3155:
3148:
3114:
3096:
3089:
3075:
3058:
3041:
3030:
3029:
2964:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2860:
2849:
2848:
2803:Architecture
2716:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2667:
2653:
2646:, April 2006
2643:
2639:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2591:
2565:. Retrieved
2561:
2552:
2526:. Retrieved
2516:
2505:. Retrieved
2501:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2476:the original
2471:
2462:
2454:the original
2449:
2440:
2429:. Retrieved
2419:
2411:the original
2406:
2397:
2379:
2368:
2350:
2339:. Retrieved
2333:
2310:. Retrieved
2287:. Retrieved
2281:
2258:. Retrieved
2254:the original
2244:
2233:. Retrieved
2223:
2215:the original
2210:
2201:
2190:. Retrieved
2166:. Retrieved
2162:the original
2152:
2137:
2135:
2129:. Retrieved
2124:
2111:
2100:. Retrieved
2085:
2074:. Retrieved
2068:
2058:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2038:
2029:
2018:. Retrieved
2014:
2005:
1991:
1980:. Retrieved
1976:
1967:
1956:. Retrieved
1946:
1928:
1914:
1903:. Retrieved
1893:
1882:. Retrieved
1878:the original
1868:
1857:. Retrieved
1855:. OSNews.com
1853:"OSNews.com"
1847:
1836:. Retrieved
1826:
1815:. Retrieved
1813:. minix3.org
1811:"minix3.org"
1805:
1794:. Retrieved
1783:
1772:. Retrieved
1768:the original
1662:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1621:
1611:and various
1601:GNU Debugger
1582:
1527:
1514:
1506:
1479:
1471:SPARCstation
1438:MicroChannel
1435:
1405:
1399:
1373:
1365:
1358:
1346:
1342:system calls
1312:
1301:Architecture
1287:
1274:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1217:
1205:
1192:
1183:
1180:
1171:input/output
1164:
1157:
1133:
1125:
1116:BSD-3-Clause
1113:
1106:
1008:Support for
924:(VFS) server
866:GNU Debugger
786:Windows-1251
784:Support for
571:BSD-3-Clause
552:BSD-3-Clause
531:BSD-3-Clause
510:Description
489:
484:
481:
470:
418:
404:. A port to
367:
356:
348:BSD-3-Clause
339:is a small,
336:
335:
302:BSD-3-Clause
297:BSD-3-Clause
227:Available in
115:Source model
4929:Device file
4919:Boot loader
4833:Round-robin
4758:Cooperative
4694:Rump kernel
4684:Multikernel
4674:Microkernel
4571:Usage share
4377:Gordon Bell
4267:OpenComRTOS
4164:Singularity
3990:Chorus/Jazz
3913:OpenHarmony
3392:nanokernels
3266:MKS Toolkit
3077:OpenSolaris
2482:29 February
1518:Windows 3.1
1420:file system
1315:microkernel
1167:page tables
1060:2017-05-09
1000:2014-09-15
989:file system
950:2013-02-21
910:and NetBSD
878:file system
859:2012-02-29
802:2010-10-04
764:2010-06-16
730:file system
713:2010-02-08
678:file system
659:2009-11-05
634:2009-06-09
619:2007-06-08
601:2007-04-13
583:2006-05-29
564:2006-04-18
545:2005-10-24
524:2005-10-18
465:microkernel
308:Preceded by
257:Microkernel
119:Open source
5032:Categories
4859:protection
4815:algorithms
4813:Scheduling
4762:Preemptive
4708:Components
4679:Monolithic
4546:Comparison
4369:Developers
4336:Frameworks
4273:Phantom OS
4237:ChibiOS/RT
3595:µ-velOSity
3589:MicroEmpix
3287:PWS/VSE-AF
3184:SerenityOS
3091:Tru64 UNIX
3066:OpenServer
2818:Philosophy
2808:Filesystem
2567:2017-11-11
2507:2017-07-20
2431:2014-05-01
2407:minix3.org
2341:2021-06-16
2312:2021-06-16
2289:2021-06-16
2260:2021-06-16
2235:2014-05-01
2192:2014-05-01
2168:2014-05-01
2143:Windows XP
2131:2008-07-04
2102:2022-09-06
2076:2017-08-28
2049:2017-08-28
2020:2022-05-03
1982:2022-05-03
1958:2014-05-01
1905:2014-05-01
1884:2014-05-01
1859:2014-05-01
1838:2014-05-01
1817:2017-04-16
1796:2014-05-01
1774:2005-11-24
1745:References
1615:and other
1570:SSH client
1566:FTP client
1522:Windows XP
1331:scheduling
1327:interrupts
1057:3.4.0 rc6
1027:Import of
985:VirtualBox
906:Switch to
736:sticky bit
624:Bug fixes.
606:Added new
398:VirtualBox
384:, such as
300:Original:
184:Repository
175:2017-05-09
155:2014-09-16
135:2005-10-24
82:Written in
4949:Partition
4866:Bus error
4793:Real-time
4773:Interrupt
4699:Unikernel
4664:Exokernel
4460:Real-time
4417:Ike Nassi
4392:Dan Dodge
4156:Microsoft
4026:Unix-like
4016:Macintosh
3924:HarmonyOS
3811:Integrity
3710:Minix-vmd
3670:Unix-like
3649:Operating
3447:Macintosh
3122:Domain/OS
2838:Operating
2785:Unix-like
1792:. Lwn.net
1617:libraries
1613:utilities
1591:support,
1490:Minix-vmd
1464:Macintosh
1457:Commodore
1428:IBM PC/AT
1290:interrupt
1257:I/O ports
914:libraries
701:PCI cards
645:Improved
477:Tanenbaum
433:Kaby Lake
396:, Oracle
378:emulators
354:1 and 2.
341:Unix-like
236:Platforms
220:education
110:Abandoned
101:Unix-like
97:OS family
69:Developer
4995:Live USB
4857:resource
4747:Concepts
4585:Variants
4566:Timeline
4243:FreeRTOS
4200:Taligent
4132:Broadway
4126:AspireOS
3996:ChorusOS
3917:Oniro OS
3804:ChorusOS
3684:GNU Hurd
3638:Vanguard
3580:GNU Mach
3464:NuKernel
3333:Category
3280:P.I.P.S.
3116:Coherent
3098:UnixWare
3032:System V
2985:ChromeOS
2940:NeXTSTEP
2925:bridgeOS
2823:Security
2658:Archived
2558:"Minix3"
2538:cite web
2522:"Minix3"
2389:Archived
2127:. OSnews
2096:Archived
1954:. Minix3
1952:"Minix3"
1667:See also
1656:MINIXCon
1631:userland
1576:client,
1462:, Apple
1453:Atari ST
1441:IBM PS/2
1353:userland
1288:When an
968:binaries
960:segments
883:userland
864:Porting
792:charsets
676:ISO 9660
642:support.
573:license.
554:license.
504:Version
414:live USB
264:Userland
4990:Live CD
4944:Journal
4908:access,
4906:Storage
4783:Process
4689:vkernel
4556:History
4539:General
4450:Italics
4359:TI-RTOS
4307:Harmony
4286:SharpOS
4280:RC 4000
4249:HelenOS
4169:ThreadX
4146:MorphOS
4115:AmigaOS
4094:Symbian
4071:kernel)
4069:PowerPC
4057:Copland
4042:MacMach
4035:MachTen
3796:Partial
3742:Unix-RT
3725:MkLinux
3716:Minix 3
3662:support
3651:systems
3625:RTLinux
3619:PowerUP
3602:nucleus
3400:Kernels
3345:Commons
3323:Italics
3252:MachTen
3245:Interix
3225:Darling
3196:more...
3083:Illumos
3071:Solaris
3005:Red Hat
2975:Android
2920:watchOS
2905:audioOS
2878:OpenBSD
2868:FreeBSD
2840:systems
2813:History
2138:Rebirth
1562:Z shell
1486:Solaris
1361:servers
1295:RECEIVE
1195:pointer
1144:Windows
1140:FreeBSD
980:support
974:support
876:NTFS-3G
849:support
829:support
820:support
754:support
744:support
738:support
616:3.1.3a
580:3.1.2a
542:(SOSP)
494:History
429:Skylake
410:live CD
406:PowerPC
337:Minix 3
326:.minix3
291:License
277:Default
268:Minix,
231:English
195:.minix3
173: (
153: (
133: (
34:Minix 3
4798:Thread
4669:Hybrid
4647:Kernel
4353:Genode
4347:Cosmos
4325:Zephyr
4230:BeRTOS
4222:Amoeba
4018:hosted
3984:JavaOS
3964:Wombat
3957:REX OS
3950:PikeOS
3944:LLinux
3937:kernel
3895:Midori
3876:CapROS
3865:KeyKOS
3859:GNOSIS
3780:UNICOS
3768:Spring
3749:OS2000
3698:MeikOS
3531:WarpOS
3518:ExecSG
3449:hosted
3411:family
3231:Eunice
3220:Cygwin
3212:layers
3139:LynxOS
3015:Ubuntu
3000:Gentoo
2995:Fedora
2990:Debian
2954:Ultrix
2910:iPadOS
2890:Darwin
2873:NetBSD
2862:386BSD
2745:GitHub
2644:;Login
2603:
2528:5 July
2335:GitHub
2283:GitHub
2070:GitHub
1637:Mascot
1628:NetBSD
1605:NetBSD
1597:ext2fs
1593:procfs
1574:Telnet
1550:Python
1540:, cc,
1424:IBM PC
1418:, and
1148:kernel
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1010:mmap()
997:3.3.0
947:3.2.1
940:driver
929:NetBSD
887:NetBSD
856:3.2.0
835:driver
809:pkgsrc
799:3.1.8
790:KOI8-U
761:3.1.7
710:3.1.6
694:ptrace
656:3.1.5
631:3.1.4
598:3.1.3
561:3.1.2
400:, and
295:2005:
270:NetBSD
251:Kernel
76:et al.
5068:Minix
5000:Shell
4939:Inode
4301:Thoth
4255:µC/OS
4176:Verve
4108:-type
4106:Amiga
4080:Psion
3902:NLTSS
3882:Hydra
3823:NuttX
3774:Tinix
3761:Redox
3704:Minix
3691:Lites
3660:POSIX
3546:ADEOS
3525:Quark
3504:-type
3502:Amiga
3475:Psion
3419:Eumel
3190:Xenix
3157:OSF/1
3144:Minix
3108:Other
3054:HP-UX
2966:Linux
2947:SunOS
2933:DYNIX
2895:macOS
2828:Shell
2704:(PDF)
2696:(PDF)
2688:(PDF)
2680:(PDF)
2672:(PDF)
2648:(PDF)
2360:(PDF)
2136:From
2125:OSnew
1938:(PDF)
1720:Notes
1585:Clang
1534:Emacs
1475:SunOS
1460:Amiga
1449:SPARC
1401:Minix
1388:Minix
1339:POSIX
1136:Linux
1033:clang
966:a.out
897:Clang
895:with
838:full
813:pkgin
540:3.1.1
519:OSDI3
515:3.1.0
445:macOS
441:AMD64
386:Bochs
370:IA-32
352:Minix
312:Minix
240:IA-32
58:with
4561:List
4466:° =
4458:^ =
4340:kits
4319:VRTX
4310:^ →
4304:^ →
4293:SPIN
4195:Pink
4120:AROS
4088:EPOC
3888:seL4
3871:EROS
3835:RIOT
3787:VSTa
3738:MERT
3612:Opus
3573:Mach
3554:EROS
3512:Exec
3490:EKA2
3484:EKA1
3436:OKL4
3273:PASE
3132:Hurd
3060:IRIX
3043:A/UX
3010:SUSE
2980:Arch
2915:tvOS
2790:and
2783:and
2781:Unix
2601:ISBN
2544:link
2530:2006
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1031:and
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912:libc
872:FUSE
847:AHCI
840:APIC
833:ACPI
827:ext2
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328:.org
253:type
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780:GCC
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380:or
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284:ash
244:ARM
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