36:
796:
1746:
255:
891:
500:. Weathering and erosion break the original rock down into smaller fragments and carry away dissolved material. This fragmented material accumulates and is buried by additional material. While an individual grain of sand is still a member of the class of rock it was formed from, a rock made up of such grains fused together is sedimentary. Sedimentary rocks can be formed from the
163:
93:
699:
The high mountain ranges produced by continental collisions are immediately subjected to the forces of erosion. Erosion wears down the mountains and massive piles of sediment are developed in adjacent ocean margins, shallow seas, and as continental deposits. As these sediment piles are buried deeper
713:
material. This lower density material tends to stay within the crust and not be subducted back into the mantle. The magmatic aspects of plate tectonics tends to gradual segregation within or between the mantle and crust. As magma forms, the initial melt is composed of the more silicic phases that
639:
materials are driven off and rise into the overlying wedge of rock above the subduction zone, which is at a lower pressure. The lower pressure, high temperature, and now volatile rich material in this wedge melts and the resulting buoyant magma rises through the overlying rock to produce
239:, rocks do not remain in equilibrium and change as they encounter new environments. The rock cycle explains how the three rock types are related to each other, and how processes change from one type to another over time. This cyclical aspect makes rock change a geologic cycle and, on
459:
Rocks exposed to high temperatures and pressures can be changed physically or chemically to form a different rock, called metamorphic. Regional metamorphism refers to the effects on large masses of rocks over a wide area, typically associated with mountain building events within
690:
or mountain building event. As the two masses are compressed, folded and faulted into a mountain range by the continental collision the whole suite of pre-existing igneous, volcanic, sedimentary and earlier metamorphic rock units are subjected to this new metamorphic event.
669:
The newly erupted volcanic material is subject to rapid erosion depending on the climate conditions. These sediments accumulate within the basins on either side of an island arc. As the sediments become more deeply buried lithification begins and sedimentary rock results.
760:
dissolved in solution and the broken-down fragments that are the products of weathering. Running water carries vast amounts of sediment in rivers back to the ocean and inland basins. The accumulated and buried sediments are converted back into rock.
708:
The plate tectonics rock cycle is an evolutionary process. Magma generation, both in the spreading ridge environment and within the wedge above a subduction zone, favors the eruption of the more silicic and volatile rich fraction of the crustal or
176:
630:
zone as it moves away from the spreading ridge. As this crust is pulled back into the mantle, the increasing pressure and temperature conditions cause a restructuring of the mineralogy of the rock, this metamorphism alters the rock to form
764:
A less obvious role of water is in the metamorphism processes that occur in fresh seafloor volcanic rocks as seawater, sometimes heated, flows through the fractures and crevices in the rock. All of these processes, illustrated by
755:
is quite effective at dissolving minerals and rocks, especially those igneous and metamorphic rocks and marine sedimentary rocks that are unstable under near surface and atmospheric conditions. The water carries away the
700:
they become lithified into sedimentary rock. The metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks of the mountains become the new piles of sediments in the adjoining basins and eventually become sedimentary rock.
347:
Epigenetic change (secondary processes occurring at low temperatures and low pressures) may be arranged under a number of headings, each of which is typical of a group of rocks or rock-forming
772:
The role of water and other volatiles in the melting of existing crustal rock in the wedge above a subduction zone is a most important part of the cycle. Along with water, the presence of
686:
silicic rock. As the two masses meet, tremendous compressional forces distort and modify the rocks involved. The result is regional metamorphism within the interior of the ensuing
476:
results in a rock that is altered and re-crystallized by the extreme heat of the magma and/or by the addition of fluids from the magma that add chemicals to the surrounding rock (
718:. In addition the silicic continental crust is relatively buoyant and is not usually subducted back into the mantle. So over time the continental masses grow larger and larger.
651:. This volcanism includes more silicic lavas the further from the edge of the island arc or continental margin, indicating a deeper source and a more differentiated magma.
307:. If the conditions no longer exist for the magma to stay in its liquid state, it cools and solidifies into an igneous rock. A rock that cools within the Earth is called
559:. The Wilson cycle has had profound effects on the modern interpretation of the rock cycle as plate tectonics became recognized as the driving force for the rock cycle.
532:
or from organic material, like plant remains. Biogenic and precipitate rocks form from the deposition of minerals from chemicals dissolved from all other rock types.
1425:
1381:
988:
912:
551:
In 1967, J. Tuzo Wilson published an article in Nature describing the repeated opening and closing of ocean basins, in particular focusing on the current
1660:
468:. Another main type of metamorphism is caused when a body of rock comes into contact with an igneous intrusion that heats up this surrounding
938:
1592:
1392:
903:
1696:
1572:
1418:
678:
On the closing phase of the classic Wilson cycle, two continental or smaller terranes meet at a convergent zone. As the two masses of
339:. Any of the three main types of rocks (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks) can melt into magma and cool into igneous rocks.
1355:
1327:
1277:
1204:
79:
57:
1083:
528:
sedimentary rock). Clastic rocks can be formed from fragments broken apart from larger rocks of any type, due to processes such as
319:
activity, magma (which is called lava when it reaches Earth's surface) may cool very rapidly on the Earth's surface exposed to the
327:
or volcanic rocks. These rocks are fine-grained and sometimes cool so rapidly that no crystals can form and result in a natural
1721:
1229:"Rheological Transitions During Partial Melting and Crystallization with Application to Felsic Magma Segregation and Transfer"
873:
1775:
1770:
1749:
1411:
1386:
1371:
928:
596:
on either side of the ridge move apart the new rock is carried away from the ridge, the interaction of heated circulating
1455:
1701:
1556:
215:. Each rock type is altered when it is forced out of its equilibrium conditions. For example, an igneous rock such as
1689:
1684:
50:
44:
780:
within the sediments atop the down going slab is another source of melt inducing volatiles. This involves the
1623:
1012:
605:
1512:
736:
on Earth is of great importance for the rock cycle. Most obvious perhaps are the water driven processes of
636:
469:
61:
1194:
1716:
1260:
Joseph, Antony (2017). "Chapter 6 - Seafloor Hot
Chimneys and Cold Seeps: Mysterious Life Around Them".
856:
Le Maitre, R. W.; Streckeisen, A.; Zanettin, B.; Le Bas, M. J.; Bonin, B.; Bateman, P. (January 2005).
489:
320:
220:
961:
1731:
1635:
1465:
1442:
1434:
1160:
1095:
1046:
1000:
861:
710:
635:. As the slab of basaltic crust and some included sediments are dragged deeper, water and other more
248:
1342:, James Madison University, Department of Geology and Environmental Science. Retrieved 18 Aug. 2005.
183:
is a mineral from within an igneous or metamorphic rock that formed at high temperature and pressure
1726:
1667:
1293:
465:
1780:
1119:
645:
601:
355:, the replacement of the minerals by crystalline or crypto-crystalline silica, is most common in
1396:
830:
520:), or lithification of chemically precipitated material from a mineral bearing solution due to
1711:
1679:
1613:
1460:
1351:
1323:
1273:
1200:
1111:
1064:
934:
869:
679:
578:
149:
133:
1630:
1618:
1549:
1519:
1265:
1240:
1168:
1103:
1099:
1054:
1008:
896:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
733:
396:
388:
208:
1376:
1338:
1650:
1608:
593:
568:
546:
232:
168:
139:
105:
714:
have a lower melting point. This leads to partial melting and further segregation of the
464:. These rocks commonly exhibit distinct bands of differing mineralogy and colors, called
1164:
1059:
1050:
1034:
1004:
865:
1529:
1502:
1497:
1477:
1472:
1269:
801:
773:
552:
428:
424:
352:
311:
or plutonic and cools very slowly, producing a coarse-grained texture such as the rock
308:
275:
263:
200:
508:
sedimentary rock), the accumulation and lithification of material generated by living
1764:
1706:
1492:
1487:
1123:
907:
897:
623:
501:
412:
376:
364:
351:, though usually more than one of these alterations is in progress in the same rock.
279:
259:
196:
123:
111:
1539:
1534:
1507:
1450:
795:
781:
766:
480:). Any pre-existing type of rock can be modified by the processes of metamorphism.
477:
290:
or roof pendant; 3 = contact metamorphism; 4 = uplift due to laccolith emplacement.
143:
1245:
1228:
555:
area. This concept, a part of the plate tectonics revolution, became known as the
254:
1655:
1645:
1640:
1544:
1145:
1035:"Plate Tectonics, the Wilson Cycle, and Mantle Plumes: Geodynamics from the Top"
752:
727:
715:
525:
440:
236:
204:
1107:
1482:
791:
737:
659:
641:
627:
617:
493:
416:
404:
224:
1115:
1068:
1672:
1577:
1172:
809:
777:
663:
655:
648:
521:
444:
400:
324:
271:
267:
228:
162:
129:
1146:"Magma Genesis, Plate Tectonics, and Chemical Differentiation of the Earth"
175:
989:"Hot Spots and Continental Break-up: Implications for Collisional Orogeny"
17:
632:
597:
513:
509:
368:
360:
332:
316:
287:
1403:
916:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 331.
741:
687:
529:
505:
497:
461:
448:
447:
occurs also in rocks of this group, and consists in the development of
436:
432:
392:
384:
380:
348:
312:
212:
192:
180:
155:
117:
654:
At times some of the metamorphosed downgoing slab may be thrust up or
92:
1262:
Investigating
Seafloors and Oceans: From Mud Volcanoes to Giant Squid
589:
517:
420:
372:
356:
336:
240:
216:
592:
magma is an early phase of the igneous portion of the cycle. As the
1582:
574:
408:
328:
304:
300:
253:
174:
161:
99:
91:
1587:
748:
745:
244:
1407:
1227:
Vigneresse, Jean Louis; Barbey, Pierre; Cuney, Michel (1996).
757:
335:, however the most common fine-grained rock would be known as
29:
1372:
The Six
Fundamental Concepts about the Earth's Geology - NASA
860:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
769:, are an important part of the destruction of volcanic rock.
371:, which are the most common minerals in igneous rocks, into
451:
from biotite, hornblende, augite or plagioclase feldspar.
1346:
Plummer, Charles; McGeary, David; Carlson, Diane (2005).
1199:. Wyoming: Gulf Professional Publishing. pp. 45–70.
1320:
Petrology; Igneous, Sedimentary, and
Metamorphic, 2nd Ed
1196:
Subsea and
Deepwater Oil and Gas Science and Technology
1084:"Glacial erosion promotes high mountains on thin crust"
1013:
10.1130/0091-7613(1974)2<57:HSACBI>2.0.CO;2
427:
is the alteration of augite (biotite or hornblende) to
1264:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. pp. 307–375.
492:
are variably unstable and subject to the processes of
1082:
Robl, J.; Hergarten, S.; Prasicek, G. (15 May 2020).
858:
Igneous Rocks: A Classification and
Glossary of Terms
286:: 1 = newer intrusion cutting through older one; 2 =
1377:
Wilson cycle - a detailed Plate
Tectonics rock cycle
812: – Mixture of metamorphic rock and igneous rock
658:
onto the continental margin. These blocks of mantle
1601:
1565:
1441:
1339:The Wilson Cycle and a Plate Tectonic Rock Cycle
776:and other carbon compounds from abundant marine
682:meet, neither can be subducted as they are both
219:may break down and dissolve when exposed to the
231:. Due to the driving forces of the rock cycle,
1419:
1039:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
927:Bucher, Kurt; Grapes, Rodney (27 June 2011).
662:and the metamorphic eclogites are exposed as
8:
1318:Blatt, Harvey & Robert J. Tracy (1996).
1426:
1412:
1404:
1244:
1058:
933:. Springer Science & Business Media.
744:. Water in the form of precipitation and
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
363:, but is also found in serpentine, etc.
258:Structures of Igneous Rock. Legend: A =
43:This article includes a list of general
822:
784:as a part of the overall rock cycle.
299:When rocks are pushed deep under the
27:Transitional concept of geologic time
7:
1382:Modelling the rock cycle with STELLA
987:Burke, Kevin; Dewey, John F (1974).
1088:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1060:10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152521
504:of these buried smaller fragments (
195:that describes transitions through
96:Diagram of the rock cycle. Legend:
1697:Human impact on the nitrogen cycle
1270:10.1016/B978-0-12-809357-3.00006-0
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
930:Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks
1745:
1744:
889:
794:
536:Forces that drive the rock cycle
34:
1144:Wyllie, Peter J (August 1988).
968:. Education National Geographic
837:. Education National Geographic
303:'s surface, they may melt into
569:mid-ocean divergent boundaries
484:Transition to sedimentary rock
455:Transition to metamorphic rock
1:
375:(along with quartz and other
1702:Lichens and nitrogen cycling
1557:Marine biogeochemical cycles
1395:. 2000-09-05. Archived from
1033:Burke, Kevin (30 May 2011).
407:, but occurs in most of the
367:is the decomposition of the
1246:10.1093/petrology/37.6.1579
902:Flett, John Smith (1911). "
1797:
1393:"A circular Wilson cycle?"
1336:Fichter, Lynn S., (2000),
1108:10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116196
725:
615:
544:
295:Transition to igneous rock
1740:
1298:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
1193:Speight, James G (2015).
732:The presence of abundant
1690:Arctic methane emissions
1685:clathrate gun hypothesis
1456:carbonate–silicate cycle
581:upwelling and a shallow
1722:Phosphorus assimilation
1624:environmental chemistry
1294:"The Slow Carbon Cycle"
1173:10.1029/RG026i003p00370
1100:2020E&PSL.53816196R
913:Encyclopædia Britannica
606:retrograde metamorphism
379:); it is best shown by
64:more precise citations.
431:, and is seen in many
291:
191:is a basic concept in
184:
172:
159:
1717:Nitrogen assimilation
1435:Biogeochemical cycles
1153:Reviews of Geophysics
674:Continental collision
488:Rocks exposed to the
391:is the alteration of
257:
199:among the three main
178:
165:
95:
1776:Geological processes
1771:Biogeochemical cycle
1732:Planetary boundaries
1636:carbon sequestration
1466:oceanic carbon cycle
1233:Journal of Petrology
474:contact metamorphism
403:); it is typical of
249:biogeochemical cycle
1727:Sulfur assimilation
1668:Ocean acidification
1165:1988RvGeo..26..370W
1051:2011AREPS..39....1B
1005:1974Geo.....2...57D
966:National Geographic
962:"Sedimentary Rocks"
866:2005ircg.book.....L
835:National Geographic
704:An evolving process
695:Accelerated erosion
626:eventually meets a
516:sedimentary rock -
223:, or melt as it is
167:The rock cycle and
108:(freezing of rock);
646:continental margin
292:
185:
173:
160:
1758:
1757:
1712:Nitrogen fixation
1680:Methane clathrate
1661:mycorrhizal fungi
1614:geochemical cycle
1461:deep carbon cycle
1322:. W. H. Freeman.
940:978-3-540-74169-5
722:The role of water
680:continental crust
622:The new basaltic
608:of the new rock.
343:Secondary changes
315:. As a result of
262:(batholith); B =
150:metamorphic rocks
134:sedimentary rocks
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
1788:
1748:
1747:
1631:Biosequestration
1619:chemical cycling
1550:deep water cycle
1520:Phosphorus cycle
1428:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1400:
1361:
1350:. Mc Graw Hill.
1348:Physical Geology
1333:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1239:(6): 1579–1600.
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1150:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
958:
952:
951:
949:
947:
924:
918:
917:
895:
893:
892:
886:
880:
879:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
831:"The Rock Cycle"
827:
804:
799:
798:
767:serpentinization
612:Subduction zones
563:Spreading ridges
389:Serpentinization
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1736:
1651:biological pump
1609:Biogeochemistry
1597:
1566:Research groups
1561:
1437:
1432:
1391:
1368:
1358:
1345:
1330:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
986:
985:
981:
971:
969:
960:
959:
955:
945:
943:
941:
926:
925:
921:
901:
890:
888:
887:
883:
876:
855:
854:
850:
840:
838:
829:
828:
824:
819:
800:
793:
790:
730:
724:
706:
697:
676:
620:
614:
594:tectonic plates
577:is produced by
565:
549:
547:Plate Tectonics
543:
541:Plate tectonics
538:
486:
457:
359:rocks, such as
345:
323:and are called
297:
233:plate tectonics
171:
169:plate tectonics
153:
147:
140:tectonic burial
137:
127:
121:
115:
109:
106:crystallization
103:
97:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1605:
1603:
1602:Related topics
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1530:Selenium cycle
1527:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1503:Nutrient cycle
1500:
1498:Nitrogen cycle
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:Hydrogen cycle
1475:
1473:Chlorine cycle
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:on 2005-08-30.
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1366:External links
1364:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1343:
1334:
1328:
1312:
1311:
1300:. 16 June 2011
1285:
1278:
1252:
1219:
1205:
1185:
1159:(3): 370–404.
1136:
1074:
1025:
979:
953:
939:
919:
908:Chisholm, Hugh
881:
874:
848:
821:
820:
818:
815:
814:
813:
806:
805:
802:Geology portal
789:
786:
774:carbon dioxide
726:Main article:
723:
720:
705:
702:
696:
693:
675:
672:
616:Main article:
613:
610:
564:
561:
553:Atlantic Ocean
545:Main article:
542:
539:
537:
534:
485:
482:
462:orogenic belts
456:
453:
425:chloritization
353:Silicification
344:
341:
296:
293:
166:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1793:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:Nitrification
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:Mineral cycle
1491:
1489:
1488:Mercury cycle
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1357:0-07-293353-4
1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1329:0-7167-2438-3
1325:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1279:9780128093573
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1208:
1206:9781856175586
1202:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
980:
967:
963:
957:
954:
942:
936:
932:
931:
923:
920:
915:
914:
909:
905:
899:
898:public domain
885:
882:
877:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
849:
836:
832:
826:
823:
816:
811:
808:
807:
803:
797:
792:
787:
785:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
762:
759:
754:
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
729:
721:
719:
717:
712:
703:
701:
694:
692:
689:
685:
681:
673:
671:
667:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
647:
643:
638:
634:
629:
625:
624:oceanic crust
619:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
570:
562:
560:
558:
554:
548:
540:
535:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:lithification
499:
495:
491:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
454:
452:
450:
446:
445:Epidotization
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:uralitization
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:clay minerals
374:
370:
366:
365:Kaolinization
362:
358:
354:
350:
342:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
289:
285:
281:
280:stratovolcano
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:magma chamber
256:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:geologic time
194:
190:
182:
177:
170:
164:
157:
151:
145:
141:
135:
131:
125:
124:sedimentation
119:
113:
112:igneous rocks
107:
101:
94:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1540:Sulfur cycle
1535:Silica cycle
1524:
1508:Oxygen cycle
1451:Carbon cycle
1397:the original
1387:Wilson cycle
1347:
1337:
1319:
1302:. Retrieved
1297:
1288:
1261:
1255:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1195:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1156:
1152:
1139:
1127:. Retrieved
1091:
1087:
1077:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
999:(2): 57–60.
996:
992:
982:
970:. Retrieved
965:
956:
944:. Retrieved
929:
922:
911:
884:
857:
851:
839:. Retrieved
834:
825:
782:carbon cycle
771:
763:
731:
711:upper mantle
707:
698:
683:
677:
668:
653:
621:
586:
583:melting zone
582:
571:
566:
557:Wilson cycle
556:
550:
487:
478:metasomatism
473:
470:country rock
458:
415:, secondary
346:
298:
283:
188:
186:
144:metamorphism
76:
70:January 2014
67:
48:
1656:viral shunt
1646:soil carbon
1641:carbon sink
1545:Water cycle
1045:(1): 1–29.
753:groundwater
728:Water cycle
716:lithosphere
684:low density
666:complexes.
604:starts the
526:precipitate
522:evaporation
441:greenstones
405:peridotites
266:/dike; C =
243:containing
237:water cycle
209:metamorphic
205:sedimentary
62:introducing
1765:Categories
1525:Rock cycle
1483:Iron cycle
1094:: 116196.
875:0521619483
817:References
751:water and
738:weathering
660:peridotite
642:island arc
628:subduction
618:Subduction
494:weathering
490:atmosphere
417:hornblende
411:rocks. In
397:serpentine
331:, such as
321:atmosphere
221:atmosphere
189:rock cycle
45:references
18:Rock Cycle
1781:Petrology
1673:acid rain
1578:GEOTRACES
1124:216238429
1116:0012-821X
1069:0084-6597
904:Petrology
810:Migmatite
778:limestone
664:ophiolite
649:volcanism
602:fractures
510:organisms
466:foliation
419:replaces
401:magnetite
369:feldspars
325:extrusive
309:intrusive
284:processes
272:pegmatite
268:laccolith
229:continent
225:subducted
130:sediments
1750:Category
788:See also
656:obducted
637:volatile
633:eclogite
600:through
598:seawater
590:basaltic
587:juvenile
514:biogenic
437:diorites
433:diabases
429:chlorite
385:syenites
381:granites
361:rhyolite
349:minerals
333:obsidian
317:volcanic
288:xenolith
235:and the
227:under a
1161:Bibcode
1096:Bibcode
1047:Bibcode
1001:Bibcode
993:Geology
910:(ed.).
900::
862:Bibcode
742:erosion
688:orogeny
585:. This
567:At the
530:erosion
518:fossils
506:clastic
498:erosion
472:. This
449:epidote
393:olivine
313:granite
241:planets
213:igneous
203:types:
193:geology
181:diamond
156:melting
118:erosion
58:improve
1443:Cycles
1354:
1326:
1276:
1203:
1122:
1114:
1067:
937:
906:". In
894:
872:
746:acidic
579:mantle
421:augite
399:(with
373:kaolin
357:felsic
337:basalt
278:; F =
274:; E =
270:; D =
217:basalt
211:, and
132:&
47:, but
1593:SOLAS
1583:IMBER
1513:ozone
1304:8 May
1212:8 May
1178:8 May
1149:(PDF)
1129:8 May
1120:S2CID
1018:8 May
972:8 May
946:8 May
841:8 May
734:water
575:magma
409:mafic
329:glass
305:magma
301:Earth
179:This
100:magma
1588:NOBM
1573:DAAC
1352:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1306:2023
1274:ISBN
1214:2023
1201:ISBN
1180:2023
1131:2023
1112:ISSN
1065:ISSN
1020:2023
974:2023
948:2023
935:ISBN
870:ISBN
843:2023
758:ions
749:soil
740:and
496:and
439:and
383:and
276:sill
264:dyke
247:, a
245:life
201:rock
187:The
154:9 =
148:8 =
142:and
138:7 =
128:6 =
122:5 =
116:4 =
110:3 =
104:2 =
98:1 =
1266:doi
1241:doi
1169:doi
1104:doi
1092:538
1055:doi
1009:doi
644:or
572:new
395:to
1767::
1296:.
1272:.
1237:37
1235:.
1231:.
1167:.
1157:26
1155:.
1151:.
1118:.
1110:.
1102:.
1090:.
1086:.
1063:.
1053:.
1043:39
1041:.
1037:.
1007:.
995:.
991:.
964:.
868:.
833:.
443:.
435:,
423:;
387:.
282:;
251:.
207:,
1427:e
1420:t
1413:v
1360:.
1332:.
1308:.
1282:.
1268::
1249:.
1243::
1216:.
1182:.
1171::
1163::
1133:.
1106::
1098::
1071:.
1057::
1049::
1022:.
1011::
1003::
997:2
976:.
950:.
878:.
864::
845:.
524:(
512:(
158:.
152:;
146:;
136:;
126:;
120:;
114:;
102:;
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
