Rock dove - Knowledge (XXG)

909:. A study of melanin in the feathers of both wild rock and domestic pigeons, of different coloration types and known genetic background, measured the concentration, distribution and proportions of eumelanin and pheomelanin and found that gene mutations affecting the distribution, amounts and proportions of pigments accounted for the greater variation of coloration in domesticated birds than in their wild relations. Eumelanin generally causes grey or black coloration, while pheomelanin results in a reddish-brown colour. Other shades of brown may be produced through different combinations and concentrations of the two colours. As in other animals, white pigeons have little to no pigment. Darker birds may be better able to store trace metals in their feathers due to their higher concentrations of melanin, which may help mitigate the negative effects of the metals, the concentrations of which are typically higher in urban areas. Pigeons, especially 1255:

pigeons, they cannot digest adult plant tissue; the various seeds they eat contain the appropriate nutrients they require. While most birds take small sips and tilt their heads backwards when drinking, pigeons are able to dip their bills into the water and drink continuously, without having to tilt their heads back. In cities they typically resort to scavenging human garbage, as unprocessed grain may be impossible to find. Pigeon groups typically consist of producers, which locate and obtain food, and scroungers, which feed on food obtained by the producers. Generally, groups of pigeons contain a greater proportion of scroungers than producers.

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human structures with ample crevices are conducive to rock dove nesting. Thus the modern range of the rock dove is due in large part to humans. Agricultural settlements are favoured over forested ones. Ideal human nesting attributes combine areas with tall buildings, green spaces, ample access to human food, and schools. Conversely, suburban areas which are far from city centers and have high street density are the least conducive to pigeons. Their versatility among human structures is evidenced by a population living inside a deep well in Tunisia.

1744: 49: 1780: 873:, it is a typical pigeon. Although it is a relatively strong flier, it also glides frequently, holding its wings in a very pronounced V shape as it does. As prey birds, they must keep their vigilance, and when disturbed a pigeon within a flock will take off with a noisy clapping sound that cues for other pigeons to take to flight. The noise of the take-off increases the faster a pigeon beats its wings, thus advertising the magnitude of a perceived threat to its flockmates. 226: 1768: 1711: 1109: 105: 851: 946: 1363: 1251:. Additional food is also usually available from waste bins, tourists or residents who feed bird seed to pigeons for reasons such as empathy, fun, tradition and as a means for social interaction. Pigeons tend to congregate in large, often thick flocks when feeding on discarded food, and may be observed flying skillfully around trees, buildings, telephone poles and cables and even through moving traffic just to reach a food source. 1732: 847:

lower jaw. The latter has an angled shape in side view because the long-axis of the front half of the lower jaw is at a 30° angle to the back half. Beneath the skull, the hyoid skeleton involves three mid-line structures and a pair of elongate structures that stem from between the junction of the back two structures. The anterior structure (the paraglossum or entoglossum) is unpaired and shaped like an arrowhead.

4827: 1720: 716: 80: 1702: 445: 764: 1370: 1101: 1660:, and that they do not transmit the virus to poultry. Other studies have presented evidence of clinical signs and neurological lesions resulting from infection but found that the pigeons did not transmit the disease to poultry reared in direct contact with them. Pigeons were found to be "resistant or minimally susceptible" to other strains of avian influenza, such as the 1565: 1130:

avian species, such as seabirds, it could be a conservation issue. Current evidence suggests that wild, domestic and feral pigeons mate for life, although their long-term bonds are not unbreakable. They are socially monogamous, but extra-pair matings do occur, often initiated by males. Due to their ability to produce

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powder, helps maintain the plumage. Some varieties of domestic pigeon have modified feathers called "fat quills". These feathers contain yellow, oil-like fat that derives from the same cells as powder down. This is used while preening and helps reduce bacterial degradation of feathers by feather bacilli.

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relationship with humans, gaining both ample access to food and nesting spots in civilized areas. Human structures provide an excellent imitation of cliff structures, making rock doves very common around human habitation. Skyscrapers, highway overpasses, farm buildings, abandoned buildings, and other

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Many domestic birds have gotten lost, escaped or been released over the years and have given rise to feral pigeons. These show a variety of plumages, although many have the blue-barred pattern as does the pure rock dove. Feral pigeons are found in cities and towns all over the world. The scarcity of

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The body feathers have dense, fluffy bases and are loosely attached to the skin, hence they drop out easily. When a predator catches a pigeon large numbers of feathers come out in the attacker's mouth and the pigeon may use this temporary distraction to make an escape. It also tends to drop the tail

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Feral pigeons are essentially the same size and shape as the original wild rock dove, but often display far greater variation in colour and pattern compared to their wild ancestors. The blue-barred pattern which the original wild rock dove displays is generally less common in more urban areas. Urban

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There have been numerous skeletal descriptions of the rock dove and the associated muscles including those of the eye, jaw, neck, and throat. The skull is dominated by the rostrum, eye socket, and braincase. The quadrate bone is relatively small and mobile and connects the rest of the cranium to the

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strain. Three studies have been done since the late 1990s by the US Agriculture Department's Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia, according to the center's director, David Swayne. The lab has been working on bird flu since the 1970s. In one experiment, researchers squirted into

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The rock dove breeds at any time of the year, but peak times are spring and summer. Nesting sites are along coastal cliff faces, as well as the artificial cliff faces created by apartment buildings with accessible ledges or roof spaces. Pigeons can compete with native birds for nest sites. For some

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The white lower back of the pure rock dove is its best identification characteristic; the two black bars on its pale grey wings are also distinctive. The tail has a black band on the end, and the outer web of the tail feathers are margined with white. It is strong and quick on the wing, dashing out

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for preening, which gives a soft and silky feel to their plumage. They have no preen gland or at times have very rudimentary preen glands, so oil is not used for preening. Rather, powder down feathers are spread across the body. These have a tendency to disintegrate, and the powder, akin to talcum

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Non-vocal sounds include a loud flapping noise at take-off, feet stomping, hisses, and beak snapping. Wings may also be clapped during flights, usually during display fights or after copulation. Juveniles particularly snap their bills, usually to respond to nest invasion. The foot stomping appears

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The nest is a flimsy platform of straw and sticks, laid on a ledge, under cover, often on the window ledges of buildings. Two white eggs are laid; incubation, shared by both parents, lasts 17 to 19 days. The newly hatched squab (nestling) has pale yellow down and a flesh-coloured bill with a dark

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The adult of the nominate subspecies of the rock dove is 29 to 37 cm (11 to 15 in) long with a 62 to 72 cm (24 to 28 in) wingspan. Weight for wild or feral rock doves ranges from 238–380 g (8.4–13.4 oz), though overfed domestic and semidomestic individuals can exceed

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rituals can be observed in urban parks at any time of the year. The male on the ground or rooftops puffs up the feathers on his neck to appear larger and thereby impress or attract attention. He approaches the female at a rapid walking pace while emitting repetitive quiet notes, often bowing and

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Feral pigeons are usually unable to find these accommodations, so they must nest on building ledges, walls or statues. They may damage these structures via their faeces; starving birds can only excrete urates, which over time corrodes masonry and metal. In contrast, a well-fed bird passes mostly

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breeds, are well known for their ability to find their way home from long distances. Despite these demonstrated abilities, wild rock doves are sedentary and rarely leave their local areas. It is hypothesized that in their natural, arid habitat, they rely on this sense to navigate back home after

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Pigeons feed on the ground in flocks or individually. Pigeons are naturally granivorous, eating seeds that fit down their gullet. They may sometimes consume small invertebrates such as worms or insect larvae as a protein supplement. As they do not possess an enlarged cecum as in European wood

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aboard European ships between 1603 and 1607. The species (including ferals) has a large range, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km (3,900,000 sq mi). It has a large global population, including an estimated 17 to 28 million individuals in Europe.

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Pigeons have notably been "employed" as medical imaging data sorters. They have been successfully trained under research conditions to examine data on a screen for the purposes of detecting breast cancer. They appear to use their innate visual navigation skills to do so.

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pigeons' mouths liquid drops that contained the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus from a Hong Kong sample. The birds received 100 to 1,000 times the concentration that wild birds would encounter in nature. "We couldn't infect the pigeons", Swayne said. "So that's good news."

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are natural predators of pigeons and quite adept at catching and feeding upon this species. Up to 80% of the diet of peregrine falcons in several cities that have breeding falcons is composed of feral pigeons. Some common predators of feral pigeons in North America are

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A rock dove's lifespan ranges from 3–5 years in the wild to 15 years in captivity, though longer-lived specimens have been reported. The main causes of mortality in the wild are predators and persecution by humans. Some sources state the species was first introduced to

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along its neck and wing feathers. The iris is orange, red, or golden with a paler inner ring, and the bare skin round the eye is bluish-grey. The bill is grey-black with a conspicuous off-white cere, and the feet are purplish-red. Among standard measurements, the

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Wild pigeons reside in rock formations and cliff faces, settling in crevices to nest. They nest communally, often forming large colonies of many hundreds of individuals. Wild nesting sites include caves, canyons, and sea cliffs. They will even live in the

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in humans. It is generally transmitted from handling pigeons or their droppings (more commonly the latter). Psittacosis is a serious disease but rarely fatal (less than 1%). Pigeons are also important vectors for various species of the bacteria

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Young birds show little lustre and are duller. Eye colour of the pigeon is generally orange, but a few pigeons may have white-grey eyes. The eyelids are orange and encapsulated in a grey-white eye ring. The feet are red to pink.

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Pezzi, Marco; Leis, Marilena; Chicca, Milvia; Roy, Lise (1 October 2017). "Gamasoidosis caused by the special lineage L1 of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acarina: Dermanyssidae): A case of heavy infestation in a public place in Italy".

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Przybylska, Katarzyna; Haidt, Andżelika; Myczko, Łukasz; Ekner-Grzyb, Anna; Rosin, Zuzanna M.; Kwieciński, Zbigniew; Tryjanowski, Piotr; Suchodolska, Joanna; Takacs, Viktoria; Jankowiak, Łukasz; Tobółka, Marcin (2012-06-30).

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turning as he comes closer. At first, the female invariably walks or flies a short distance away and the male follows her until she stops. At this point, he continues the bowing motion and very often makes full- or half-

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The adult female is almost identical in outward appearance to the male, but the iridescence on her neck is less intense and more restricted to the rear and sides, whereas that on the breast is often very obscure.

986:. When displaying, songs are partly sexual, partly threatening. They are accompanied by an inflated throat, tail fanning, strutting, and bowing. The alarm call, given at sight of predators, is a grunt-like 4253:"Minute excretion of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/chicken/Indonesia/2003 (H5N1) from experimentally infected domestic pigeons (Columbia livia) and lack of transmission to sentinel chickens" 1152:

in front of the female. The male then proceeds to feed the female by regurgitating food, as they do when feeding the young. The male then mounts the female, rearing backwards to be able to join their

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have greatly altered the rock dove. Feral pigeons, which have escaped domestication throughout history, have significant variations in plumage. When not specified, descriptions are for assumed

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in parks and gardens in the spring, but plentiful sources exist throughout the year from scavenging (e.g., food remnants left inside of dropped fast food cartons, in the form of

1060:, confirm its existence there for at least 300,000 years. However, this species has such a long history with humans that it is impossible to identify its original range exactly. 1118: 3949:; Russo, Tamara Pasqualina; Schettini, Rita; Mallardo, Karina; et al. (April 2014). "Occurrence of enteropathogenic bacteria in urban pigeons (Columba livia) in Italy". 1120: 886: 5146: 661: 4167:

Liu Y, Zhou J, Yang H, et al. (2007). "Susceptibility and transmissibility of pigeons to Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1".

5424: 1285:. In fact, with feral pigeons existing in almost every city in the world, they may form the majority of prey for several raptor species that live in urban areas. 5224: 5389: 994:

deliberate, though for what purpose is unclear. Foot stomping is done with a certain foot first, showing that rock doves have "footedness", similar to human

3497: 2181: 1121: 3817: 4212:"Neurotropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/chicken/Indonesia/2003 (H5N1) in experimentally infected pigeons (Columbia livia f. domestica)" 1164:" (also called "pigeon milk" or "pigeon's milk"). The pigeon milk is produced in the crops of both parents in all species of pigeon and dove. Pigeons are 3185: 3984:

Osman, Kamelia M.; Mehrez, Mona; Erfan, Ahmed M.; Al Atfeehy, Nayerah (May 2013). "Salmonella enterica isolated from pigeon (Columba livia) in Egypt".

5084: 3355:"Tradición: una nueva razón para alimentar las palomas urbanas (Columba livia; Columbiformes: Columbidae), y cómo controlarlas de manera sostenible" 4106:

George, David R; Finn, Robert D; Graham, Kirsty M; Mul, Monique F; Maurer, Veronika; Moro, Claire Valiente; Sparagano, Olivier AE (25 March 2015).

2952:"Local and landscape-level factors affecting the density and distribution of the Feral Pigeon Columba livia var. domestica in an urban environment" 5172: 1862: 2051: 791:. It is almost blackish on the head, rump and underparts with a white back and the iridescence of the nape extending onto the head. Subspecies 885: 5283: 4774: 3195: 2384: 2341: 2198: 1936: 1906: 865:

When circling overhead, the white underwing of the bird becomes conspicuous. In its flight, behaviour, and voice, which is more of a dovecot

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

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With only their flying abilities protecting them from predation, rock pigeons are a favourite almost around the world for a wide range of

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it is similar to the nominate in size but darker, with a stronger and more extensive iridescent sheen on the neck. It intergrades with

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is slightly smaller than the nominate, with similar plumage, but the back is concolorous with the mantle instead of white. Subspecies

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Panigrahy, B.; Senne, D.A.; Pedersen, J.C.; Shafer, A.L.; Pearson, J.E. (1996). "Susceptibility of pigeons to avian influenza".

5045: 4762: 3909: 5414: 3016:"Can interspecific competition and nest site availability explain the decrease of lesser kestrel Falco naumanni populations?" 2103: 1779: 5177: 1854: 982:. Variations include an alarm call, a nest call, and noises made by juveniles. Sibley describes the nest call as a repeated 5211: 4993: 3889: 3868: 2902:"The effect of habitat and number of inhabitants on the population sizes of feral pigeons around towns in northern Poland" 383: 2412: 1656:. One study has shown that adult pigeons are not clinically susceptible to the most dangerous strain of avian influenza, 4894: 4752: 1007: 585: 31: 1767: 1017: 5404: 5399: 5159: 4970: 4918: 4812: 4807: 677: 5340: 3580: 1687: 2951: 1640:

Pigeons are also known to host avian mites, which can infest human habitation and bite humans, a condition known as

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normal weights. It has a dark bluish-grey head, neck, and chest with glossy yellowish, greenish, and reddish-purple

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Rodríguez, Beneharo; Rodríguez, Airam; Siverio, Felipe; Martínez, Juan Manuel; Sacramento, Enrique; Acosta, Yarci.

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Panigrahy B, Senne DA, Pedersen JC, Shafer AL, Pearson JE (1996). "Susceptibility of pigeons to avian influenza".

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Regan, Anne Marie (1 December 1987). "Nosocomial Dermatitis and Pruritus Caused by Pigeon Mite Infestation".

4757: 4607: 2131: 2075: 1961: 935: 619: 589: 465: 215: 336:(doves and pigeons). In common usage, it is often simply referred to as the "pigeon", although this is the 5242: 4944: 4847: 4682: 4672: 4108:"Should the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae be of wider concern for veterinary and medical science?" 3141:

Lovell-Mansbridge, C.; Birkhead, T.R. (1998). "Do female pigeons trade pair copulations for protection?".

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band. For the first few days, the baby squabs are tended and fed (through regurgitation) exclusively on "

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settlements in the early 17th century as the first place for species introduction in North America.

4923: 4830: 4554: 3555: 2678:"Do trace metals select for darker birds in urban areas? An experimental exposure to lead and zinc" 1311: 1068:

so long as an area has rocks, water, and some plant matter. They prefer to avoid dense vegetation.

939: 927: 788: 694: 461: 69: 5203: 5125: 3387: 3259: 2783: 225: 4957: 4885: 4689: 4600: 4407: 4309: 4192: 3280: 3166: 3100: 2971: 2931: 2853: 2804: 2705: 2627: 2578: 2390: 2325: 2204: 1032: 967: 870: 628: 379: 99: 3760:"Pigeons (Columba livia) as Trainable Observers of Pathology and Radiology Breast Cancer Images" 3758:

Levenson, Richard M.; Krupinski, Elizabeth A.; Navarro, Victor M.; Wasserman, Edward A. (2015).

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evidence suggests the rock dove originated in southern Asia, and skeletal remains, unearthed in

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feathers when preyed upon or under traumatic conditions, probably as a distraction mechanism.

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from sea caves, flying low over the water, its lighter grey rump showing well from above.

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of 17 to 28 million feral and wild birds in Europe alone and up to 120 million worldwide.

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Pigeons are often found in pairs during the breeding season, but usually the pigeons are

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is a typical blood-sucking ectoparasite of pigeons in tropical and subtropical regions.

1108: 566:. Pigeon chicks are called "squabs". Note that members of the lesser known pigeon genus 5112: 5071: 5058: 4721: 4677: 4634: 4590: 4137: 3905:"Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci in the feral pigeon population of Basel, Switzerland" 3794: 3759: 3425: 2872: 2509: 2478: 2441: 1597:, and long-term exposure to both droppings and feathers can induce an allergy known as 1590: 1586: 1512: 1403: 914: 593: 535: 527: 480: 176: 4910: 3309: 3039: 2993: 2900:

Hetmański, Tomasz; Bocheński, Marcin; Tryjanowski, Piotr; Skórka, Piotr (2011-06-01).

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Jones, Marc. E. H.; Button, David J.; Barrett, P.M., Paul M; Porro B., Laura (2019).

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Pigeons are often found in pairs in the breeding season, but are usually gregarious.

923: 910: 728: 519:), "diver", for the name of the bird, because of its swimming motion in the air. The 500: 475: 366:

Wild rock doves are pale grey with two black bars on each wing, whereas domestic and

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of all sizes, colours, and types have been bred. Domesticated pigeons are used as

444: 5050: 4985: 4476: 4076: 3784: 3120:"Operational sex ratio and breeding strategies in the Feral Pigeon Columba livia" 1896: 1495:

Rock doves have been domesticated for several thousand years, giving rise to the

1035:, rock doves were restricted to a natural resident range in western and southern 5327: 5216: 5198: 5133: 4962: 4879: 4694: 3818:"Why study pigeons? To understand why there are so many colors of feral pigeons" 2781:

Lowther, Peter E.; Johnston, Richard F. (March 2020). Billerman, Shawn M (ed.).

2084:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. 1634: 1619: 1594: 1534: 1343: 931: 906: 740: 581: 568: 555: 551: 5366: 4456: 4107: 3085: 3072: 1180:

Rock doves are omnivorous, but prefer plant matter: chiefly fruits and grains.

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Geigenfeind, Ila; Vanrompay, Daisy; Haag-Wackernagel, Daniel (February 2012).

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Gilbert, Thomas (2014). "Pigeons, Domestication of". In Smith, Claire (ed.).

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foraging as deserts rarely possess navigational landmarks that may be used.

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Geyr von Schweppenburg, 1916 – north Mali and south Algeria to central Sudan

597: 387: 116: 5164: 4870: 4338:. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Archived from 4278: 4237: 4188: 4146: 4092: 4005: 3970: 3932: 3923: 3904: 3845:. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Archived from 3803: 3154: 2701: 2518: 4419: 4321: 4269: 4252: 4048: 3997: 3962: 3276: 3162: 2800: 17: 5275: 4864: 4667: 3655: 3492: 3490: 2561:

Davis, J.Michael (1975). "Socially induced flight reactions in pigeons".

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Pigeons-The fascinating saga of the world's most revered and reviled bird

1318:. The birds that prey on pigeons in North America can range in size from 1200: 405: 337: 136: 61: 57: 4228: 4211: 3095: 1564: 1503:). They may have been domesticated as long as 5,000 years ago. Numerous 5089: 4931: 4617: 4411: 4313: 3048: 2857: 2023:"Rock Pigeon Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology" 1577:

the pure wild species is partly due to interbreeding with feral birds.

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include various open and semi-open environments where they are able to

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White, Clayton M.; Nancy J. Clum; Tom J. Cade & W. Grainger Hunt.

Some contagions are transmitted by pigeons; for example, the bacteria

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Forero, M.G.; Tella, J.L.; Donázar, J.A.; Hiraldo, F. (1996-12-01).

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pigeons tend to have darker plumage than those in more rural areas.

5037: 5024: 2647:"Melanin Concentrations in Feathers from Wild and Domestic Pigeons" 5322: 5019: 4657: 4639: 3525:"Fat quill secretion in pigeons: Could it function as a cosmetic?" 3473:(3rd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton Company. pp. 373–376. 1563: 1504: 1444: 1402:

Pigeons may harbour a diverse parasite fauna. They often host the

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word meaning "pigeon, dove", whose older etymology comes from the

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Posthumous Works: The behaviour of pigeons, ed. by Harvey A. Carr

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and medals for their services in saving hundreds of human lives.

478:. He placed it with all the other doves and pigeons in the genus 3871:. Panorama lofts. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009 3187:

Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World

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Haag-Wackernagel, Daniel; Heeb, Philipp; Leiss, Andreas (2006).

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Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World

1693: 1672: 1661: 1657: 1585:

Contact with pigeon droppings poses a minor risk of contracting

1331: 1327: 1228: 1216: 753: 749: 429: 146: 4845: 4480: 3656:"The ectoparasite fauna of feral pigeon populations in Hungary" 4210:

Klopfleisch R, Werner O, Mundt E, Harder T, Teifke JP (2006).

1339: 1204: 1192: 375: 340:

form of the bird; the pigeons most familiar to people are the

3523:

Peters, Anne; Klonczinski, Eva; Delhey, Kaspar (March 2010).

3246:. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 10. 1515:

as well as food and pets. They were in the past also used as

697:, 1873 – west Pakistan and east Afghanistan to the Himalayas 432:

among birds, the rock doves are abundant, with an estimated

4463:

California Wildlife Center cautions about backyard invaders

622:, 1789 – west, central Europe, north Africa to central Asia 448:

A rock dove reflecting its adaptation to cliff-like perches

283: 966:

The call is a soft, slightly wavering, coo. Ornithologist

957:, showing that the iridescence wraps around the whole neck 588:”. The rock dove was first described by German naturalist 309: 277: 315: 306: 274: 3216:"The breeding season in a rural colony of Feral Pigeons" 3073:"Feral pigeons as a nest competitor for a small seabird" 2676:

Chatelain, Marion; Gasparini, Julien; Frantz, A (2015).

1931:. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. 1112:

Incubating an egg, showing their relatively flimsy nests

799:

is smaller and much paler than the nominate. Subspecies

4468:

Power Requirements for Horizontal Flight in the Pigeon

3257:

Lowther, P.; Johnston, R. (2020). Billerman, S. (ed.).

1667:

Research into whether pigeons play a part in spreading

1537:

have played significant roles during wartime, and many

631:, 1856 – Mauritania and Senegal to south Mali and Ghana 1605:: though they can contract it, they apparently do not 374:. Few differences are seen between males and females; 1895:

Gibbs, David; Eustace Barnes; John Cox (2010-06-30).

546:, "dark-coloured". Its closest relative in the genus 318: 286: 748:

is typically around 22.3 cm (8.8 in), the

303: 271: 4854: 4800: 4745: 4650: 4575: 4542: 4457:

Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds

4251:Werner O, Starick E, Teifke J, et al. (2007). 3303: 3301: 1601:. Pigeons are not a major concern in the spread of 300: 268: 3332:"Die soziokulturellen Ursachen des Taubenproblems" 3258: 2782: 2479:"Digital dissection of the head of the rock dove ( 2159:(5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. 2123: 1833:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690066A155493121.en 1187:found that their diet includes the following: 92% 30:"Rock pigeon" redirects here. For other uses, see 3718:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3682:"Evolution in the Rock Dove: Skeletal Morphology" 3184:Gibbs, David; Barnes, Eustace; Cox, John (2001). 1644:. However, infesting mammals is relatively rare. 3223:The Journal of the Scottish Ornithologist's Club 2645:Haase, E; Ito, S; Sell, A; Wakamatsu, K (1992). 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 807:, but has a distinctly paler mantle. Subspecies 370:pigeons vary in the colour and pattern of their 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 1080:solid faeces, containing only small amounts of 752:is 9.5 to 11 cm (3.7 to 4.3 in), the 515:(Birds, 304) and others use the word κολυμβίς ( 3209: 3207: 2483:) using contrast-enhanced computed tomography" 2320: 2318: 2316: 756:is around 1.8 cm (0.71 in), and the 390:. Both parents care for the young for a time. 4492: 4366:"Avian flu virus H5N1 and pigeons: the facts" 3583:. Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan 3388:"The foods of the Rock Dove and Feral Pigeon" 893:Slow motion, demonstrating the wing movements 8: 3820:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from 3605:. Game Bird Gazette Magazine. Archived from 3603:"Keeping & Breeding Doves & Pigeons" 2873:"Guide to North American Birds: Rock Pigeon" 760:is 2.6 to 3.5 cm (1.0 to 1.4 in). 655:, 1854 – east Egypt, south Sudan and Eritrea 542:, "dove", itself thought to be derived from 3498:"Columbiformes (Pigeons, Doves, and Dodos)" 3190:. United Kingdom: Pica Press. p. 624. 1671:have shown pigeons do not carry the deadly 1183:Studies of pigeons in a semi-rural part of 511:(kolumbao), "dive, plunge headlong, swim". 312: 280: 4842: 4499: 4485: 4477: 3260:"Rock pigeon (Columba livia), version 1.0" 2992:. Australian Museum Online. Archived from 1920: 1918: 843:but darker, with a less contrasting back. 554:, followed by the other rock pigeons: the 224: 78: 47: 38: 4268: 4227: 4136: 4126: 3922: 3793: 3783: 3370: 3094: 3084: 3047: 2917: 2839: 2621: 2539:. Arkansas Urban Wildlife. Archived from 2530: 2528: 2508: 2498: 2059: 2001:. Sumter, S.C.: Levi Publishing Co, Inc. 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1831: 1342:. Doves and pigeons are considered to be 1215:. Feral pigeons can be seen eating grass 787:is smaller and very much darker than the 3439:MARY H. CLENCH; JOHN R. MATHIAS (1995). 2435: 2433: 2406: 2404: 2183:Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 2096:Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 1357: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1863:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 1795: 1683: 1652:Pigeons may, however, carry and spread 468:in his revised and expanded edition of 243: introduced non-native populations 3881: 3711: 3353:Cabalceta, A.; Barrientos, Z. (2019). 2052:International Ornithological Committee 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1803: 1801: 1799: 592:in 1789. The rock dove was central to 5425:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin 4336:"Facts about pigeon-related diseases" 3843:"Facts about pigeon-related diseases" 3386:Murton, R.K.; Westwood, N.J. (1966). 2906:European Journal of Wildlife Research 2824:"Introduction of the Domestic Pigeon" 2663:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111160 2301:. International Ornithologists' Union 2130:(Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: 458:International Ornithological Congress 7: 5263:d6d02374-c427-4df5-966e-49a0c943ebeb 5077:473e90fe-3551-486c-9968-21e710b8aeef 4033:10.1001/archinte.1987.00370120121021 2236:In J.F. Gmelin's edition of Linné's 1618:is endemic among pigeons and causes 5390:IUCN Red List least concern species 3957:(4). Larchmont, New York: 251–255. 3680:Johnston, Richard F. (1992-07-01). 2371:. New York, NY: Springer New York. 1968:. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology 1819:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 897:Pigeons feathers have two types of 815:and has darker plumage. Subspecies 3951:Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 2368:Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology 1413:. Their ectoparasites include the 706:, 1844 – south India and Sri Lanka 25: 4787:United States Army Pigeon Service 4782:Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons 3737:. Great Britain: Winckley Press. 3629:"The detachable tails of pigeons" 3310:"ADW: Columba livia: INFORMATION" 2745:"Rock Dove Facts - NatureMapping" 2415:. The Birds I Saw. Archived from 668:(Egypt) to Syria and west, south 534:, "livid, bluish-grey"; this was 464:in 1789 by the German naturalist 332:) is a member of the bird family 4826: 4825: 3541:10.1163/157075610X12610595764219 2822:Schorger, A. W. (October 1952). 2299:IOC World Bird List Version 13.1 1808:BirdLife International (2019) . 1778: 1766: 1754: 1742: 1730: 1718: 1709: 1700: 1686: 1629:, which causes diseases such as 1368: 1361: 970:describes the display call as a 612:Nine subspecies are recognised: 296: 264: 103: 4763:Royal Pigeon Racing Association 3986:Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 3910:Journal of Medical Microbiology 2871:Kaufman, Kenn (November 2014). 2098:. Bloomsbury Publishing p. 114 3214:Riddle, Gordon (Summer 1971). 1901:. United Kingdom: Pica Press. 1425:Campanulotes bidentatus compar 1199:, along with small amounts of 934:. Although other sources cite 723:is located on top of the beak. 386:, with two squabs (young) per 237: approximate native range 1: 4021:Archives of Internal Medicine 3869:"West Nile Virus and Pigeons" 3581:"Columba livia common pigeon" 3560:Birds of North America Online 3471:Principles of Animal Behavior 3330:Haag-Wackernagel, D. (1997). 3308:Roof, Jennifer (2001-05-08). 3040:10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00011-0 2784:"Rock Pigeon (Columba livia)" 2242:appeared in Leipzig, 1788-93. 1047:. They were carried into the 404:and rock ledges are used for 4753:American Racing Pigeon Union 4452:at VIREO (Drexel University) 4077:10.1016/j.parint.2017.05.001 3785:10.1371/journal.pone.0141357 3635:. 2006-2017 ScienceBlogs LLC 2575:10.1016/0003-3472(75)90136-0 1539:pigeons have received awards 1008:Osmoregulation in rock doves 767:A medium sized flock forages 452:The official common name is 412:in the wild. Originating in 344:form of the wild rock dove. 32:Rock pigeon (disambiguation) 3469:Dugatkin, Lee Alan (2014). 3441:"THE AVIAN CECUM: A REVIEW" 2749:naturemappingfoundation.org 2537:"Wildlife Profiles: Pigeon" 688:and west, north Afghanistan 382:. The species is generally 5441: 4065:Parasitology International 3269:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 3086:10.1007/s10530-022-02746-1 2793:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 2726:. BBC Science & Nature 2332:(2nd ed.). New York: 2157:Cassell's Latin Dictionary 1785:Feral pigeons in courtship 1557: 1526: 1488: 1359: 1104:Two squabs, a few days old 1005: 976:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 29: 4821: 4519: 4450:Rock Pigeon photo gallery 4181:10.1080/03079450701639335 4128:10.1186/s13071-015-0768-7 3888:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3733:McClary, Douglas (1999). 3412:10.1080/00063656609476116 2919:10.1007/s10344-010-0448-z 2724:"Columba livia (domest.)" 2623:10.1080/00063650609461429 2500:10.1186/s40851-019-0129-z 2377:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2 2330:The Sibley Guide to Birds 2048:IOC World Bird List v10.2 1925:Blechman, Andrew (2007). 1826:: e.T22690066A155493121. 1473:Pseudolynchia canariensis 1389:Pseudolynchia canariensis 1172:period is about 30 days. 835:in the south. Subspecies 819:is larger and paler than 232: 223: 205: 198: 100:Scientific classification 98: 76: 67: 55: 46: 41: 4651:Relationship with humans 4442:Internet Bird Collection 2968:10.3161/000164512X653908 2881:National Audubon society 2273:10.21829/azm.2009.253674 2076:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich 1749:Nestlings, about 10 days 1441:Colpocephalum turbinatum 1013:Distribution and habitat 827:in the west. Subspecies 811:is slightly larger than 684:, 1906 – east Turkey to 538:'s translation of Greek 440:Taxonomy and systematics 5420:Birds described in 1789 5126:rock-dove-columba-livia 4924:Columba_(Columba)_livia 4758:National Pigeon Service 4115:Parasites & Vectors 3867:Chalmers, Dr Gordon A. 3700:(inactive 2024-09-12). 3663:Parasitologia Hungarica 3579:Roof, Jennifer (2001). 3372:10.22458/urj.v11i3.2216 3240:Whitman, C. O. (1919). 3020:Biological Conservation 2293:, eds. (January 2023). 2261:Acta Zoológica Mexicana 2132:Oxford University Press 2126:A Greek-English Lexicon 1501:Columba livia domestica 901:(pigment) – 869:than the phrase of the 466:Johann Friedrich Gmelin 355:, which includes about 353:Columba livia domestica 56:Group of wild birds in 4673:IP over Avian Carriers 3924:10.1099/jmm.0.034025-0 3336:Deutsche Tierärztliche 3155:10.1006/anbe.1998.0774 3118:Marchesan, M. (2002). 2155:Simpson, D.P. (1979). 2046:Gill, F., ed. (2020). 1997:Levi, Wendell (1977). 1615:Chlamydophila psittaci 1573: 1480:Relationship to humans 1263:Pigeons primarily use 1126: 1113: 1105: 1028: 958: 894: 862: 768: 724: 564:white-collared pigeons 449: 378:they are not strongly 357:1,000 different breeds 5415:Birds of North Africa 5310:Paleobiology Database 4270:10.1099/vir.0.83105-0 3998:10.1089/fpd.2012.1347 3963:10.1089/vbz.2011.0943 3698:10.1093/auk/109.3.530 3601:Butler, Krissy Anne. 3359:UNED Research Journal 3312:. Animaldiversity.org 3277:10.2173/bow.rocpig.01 2801:10.2173/bow.rocpig.01 2682:Global Change Biology 2252:Baptista, L. (2009). 2116:Liddell, Henry George 2027:www.allaboutbirds.org 1567: 1456:Dermoglyphus columbae 1326:and may even include 1291:Eurasian sparrowhawks 1124: 1111: 1103: 1088:Behaviour and ecology 1043:, and extending into 1020: 948: 892: 853: 766: 718: 447: 426:least-concern species 5072:Fauna Europaea (new) 4769:British Homing World 4566:Sarcocystis calchasi 4560:Olfactory navigation 3735:Pigeons for Everyone 3077:Biological Invasions 2996:on February 13, 2008 2446:www.diamonddove.info 2180:Jobling, J. (2010). 2061:10.14344/ioc.ml.10.2 1464:Diplaegidia columbae 1460:Falculifer rostratus 1452:Dermanyssus gallinae 1420:Columbicola columbae 1404:intestinal helminths 1312:eastern screech owls 1265:powder down feathers 1243:) and they also eat 460:. The rock dove was 4813:Wild pigeon species 4683:Bird fancier's lung 4229:10.1354/vp.43-4-463 3776:2015PLoSO..1041357L 3428:. 13 November 2014. 3404:1966BirdS..13..130M 3032:1996BCons..78..289F 2651:Journal of Heredity 2614:2006BirdS..53..163H 1773:Young bird, 22 days 1737:Nestling, five days 1680:Stages of lifecycle 1599:bird fancier's lung 1448:Tinaminyssus melloi 1433:Bonomiella columbae 1407:Capillaria columbae 1392:), a blood-sucking 972:whoo, hoo-witoo-hoo 789:nominate subspecies 646:, 1928 – west Egypt 507:), "a diver", from 70:Conservation status 5405:Cosmopolitan birds 5400:Domesticated birds 4958:BirdLife-Australia 4808:Wild pigeon genera 4345:on 13 January 2008 4263:(Pt 11): 3089–93. 3556:"Peregrine Falcon" 3265:Birds of the World 2956:Acta Ornithologica 2789:Birds of the World 2487:Zoological Letters 2289:; Donsker, David; 2218:on August 15, 2019 2094:James A. Jobling. 1725:Nestlings, one day 1574: 1411:Ascaridia columbae 1386:Pigeon louse fly ( 1127: 1114: 1106: 1071:Rock doves have a 1033:Columbian Exchange 1029: 980:Coo, roo-c'too-coo 978:describes it as a 959: 895: 863: 803:closely resembles 769: 725: 462:formally described 456:, as given by the 450: 380:sexually dimorphic 363:around the world. 5377: 5376: 5297:Open Tree of Life 4848:Taxon identifiers 4839: 4838: 4543:Life and behavior 4508:Pigeons and doves 4472:-C. J. PENNYCUICK 4437:"Rock Dove media" 3947:Gargiulo, Antonio 3917:(Pt 2): 261–265. 3197:978-1-873403-60-0 2694:10.1111/gcb.13170 2386:978-1-4419-0426-3 2343:978-0-307-95790-0 2291:Rasmussen, Pamela 2200:978-1-408-12501-4 1938:978-0-7022-3641-9 1908:978-1-873403-60-0 1437:Hohorstiella lata 1400: 1399: 1320:American kestrels 1308:great horned owls 1287:Peregrine falcons 1125:Courtship display 1122: 890: 670:Arabian Peninsula 659:C. l. palaestinae 602:natural selection 580:), also have the 491:. The genus name 248: 247: 93: 16:(Redirected from 5432: 5410:Birds of Eurasia 5370: 5369: 5357: 5356: 5344: 5343: 5331: 5330: 5318: 5317: 5305: 5304: 5292: 5291: 5279: 5278: 5266: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5246: 5245: 5233: 5232: 5220: 5219: 5217:NHMSYS0000530307 5207: 5206: 5194: 5193: 5181: 5180: 5168: 5167: 5155: 5154: 5142: 5141: 5129: 5128: 5116: 5115: 5106: 5105: 5093: 5092: 5080: 5079: 5067: 5066: 5054: 5053: 5041: 5040: 5028: 5027: 5015: 5014: 5002: 5001: 4989: 4988: 4979: 4978: 4966: 4965: 4953: 4952: 4940: 4939: 4937:BBA263C235B15B88 4927: 4926: 4914: 4913: 4901: 4900: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4843: 4829: 4828: 4792:Up North Combine 4775:Show of the Year 4501: 4494: 4487: 4478: 4446: 4424: 4423: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4344: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4272: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4231: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4140: 4130: 4112: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4016: 4010: 4009: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3926: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3849:on March 4, 2009 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3824:on June 12, 2008 3814: 3808: 3807: 3797: 3787: 3770:(11): e0141357. 3755: 3749: 3748: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3717: 3709: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3660: 3654:Rózsa L (1990). 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3633:Scienceblogs.com 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3502:Encyclopedia.com 3494: 3485: 3484: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3450:. 107(l): 93–121 3445: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3201: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3143:Animal Behaviour 3138: 3132: 3131: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3098: 3088: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3051: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2921: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2843: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2786: 2778: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2755: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2625: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2563:Animal Behaviour 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2532: 2523: 2522: 2512: 2502: 2474: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2437: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2419:on June 29, 2008 2408: 2399: 2398: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2322: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2258: 2249: 2243: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2217: 2211:. Archived from 2191:Christopher Helm 2188: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2129: 2112: 2106: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2033: 2019: 2013: 2012: 1994: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1958: 1943: 1942: 1922: 1913: 1912: 1892: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1869: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1835: 1805: 1782: 1770: 1758: 1746: 1734: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1690: 1383:, a nasal mite. 1372: 1365: 1358: 1304:red-tailed hawks 1123: 891: 856:British Columbia 701:C. l. intermedia 644:Meinertzhagen, R 626:C. l. gymnocycla 596:'s discovery of 521:specific epithet 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 314: 311: 308: 305: 302: 293: 292: 289: 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 242: 236: 228: 211: 108: 107: 87: 82: 81: 51: 39: 21: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5395:Columba (genus) 5380: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5365: 5360: 5352: 5347: 5339: 5334: 5326: 5321: 5313: 5308: 5300: 5295: 5287: 5282: 5274: 5271:Observation.org 5269: 5261: 5259: 5251: 5249: 5241: 5236: 5228: 5223: 5215: 5210: 5202: 5197: 5189: 5184: 5176: 5171: 5163: 5158: 5150: 5145: 5137: 5132: 5124: 5119: 5111: 5109: 5101: 5096: 5088: 5083: 5075: 5070: 5062: 5057: 5049: 5044: 5036: 5031: 5023: 5018: 5010: 5005: 4997: 4992: 4984: 4982: 4974: 4969: 4961: 4956: 4948: 4943: 4935: 4930: 4922: 4917: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4850: 4840: 4835: 4817: 4796: 4741: 4646: 4608:Flying/Sporting 4571: 4538: 4515: 4505: 4435: 4432: 4427: 4404:10.2307/1592270 4389: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4370:Purebred Pigeon 4363: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4306:10.2307/1592270 4291: 4290: 4286: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4018: 4017: 4013: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3880: 3874: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3852: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3827: 3825: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3710: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3658: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3627:Naish, Darren. 3626: 3625: 3621: 3612: 3610: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3586: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3564: 3562: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3496: 3495: 3488: 3481: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3315: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3013: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2997: 2990:"Columba livia" 2988: 2987: 2983: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2885: 2883: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2841:10.2307/4081033 2821: 2820: 2816: 2780: 2779: 2762: 2753: 2751: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2729: 2727: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2546: 2544: 2534: 2533: 2526: 2476: 2475: 2460: 2451: 2449: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2422: 2420: 2410: 2409: 2402: 2387: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2344: 2336:. p. 201. 2334:Alfred A. Knopf 2324: 2323: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2263:. Nueva Serie. 2256: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2239:Systema Naturae 2235: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2201: 2186: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2093: 2089: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2031: 2029: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2009: 1996: 1995: 1980: 1971: 1969: 1966:All About Birds 1960: 1959: 1946: 1939: 1924: 1923: 1916: 1909: 1894: 1893: 1876: 1867: 1865: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1836: 1807: 1806: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1783: 1774: 1771: 1762: 1759: 1750: 1747: 1738: 1735: 1726: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1696: 1691: 1682: 1654:avian influenza 1650: 1648:Avian influenza 1603:West Nile virus 1583: 1562: 1556: 1547: 1531: 1525: 1517:carrier pigeons 1497:domestic pigeon 1493: 1491:Domestic pigeon 1487: 1482: 1356: 1279: 1274: 1261: 1178: 1116: 1098: 1090: 1015: 1010: 1004: 964: 880: 783:The subspecies 713: 666:Sinai Peninsula 650:C. l. schimperi 610: 574:speckled pigeon 484:and coined the 471:Systema Naturae 442: 414:Southern Europe 400:on the ground. 349:domestic pigeon 299: 295: 267: 263: 244: 240: 238: 234: 219: 213: 207: 194: 102: 94: 83: 79: 72: 35: 28: 27:Species of bird 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5438: 5436: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5382: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5358: 5345: 5332: 5319: 5306: 5293: 5280: 5267: 5257: 5247: 5234: 5221: 5208: 5195: 5182: 5169: 5156: 5143: 5130: 5117: 5107: 5094: 5081: 5068: 5059:Fauna Europaea 5055: 5042: 5029: 5016: 5003: 4990: 4980: 4967: 4954: 4941: 4928: 4915: 4902: 4891: 4876: 4860: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4760: 4755: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4722:Pigeon whistle 4719: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4582: 4580: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4465: 4460: 4453: 4447: 4431: 4430:External links 4428: 4426: 4425: 4382: 4364:Turner, Brad. 4356: 4327: 4284: 4243: 4202: 4159: 4098: 4071:(5): 666–670. 4054: 4027:(12): 2185–7. 4011: 3992:(5): 481–483. 3976: 3938: 3895: 3859: 3834: 3809: 3750: 3743: 3725: 3692:(3): 530–542. 3672: 3646: 3619: 3593: 3571: 3546: 3529:Animal Biology 3515: 3486: 3479: 3461: 3431: 3417: 3398:(2): 130–146. 3378: 3345: 3322: 3297: 3249: 3232: 3203: 3196: 3176: 3133: 3110: 3063: 3026:(3): 289–293. 3006: 2981: 2941: 2912:(3): 421–428. 2892: 2863: 2834:(4): 462–463. 2814: 2760: 2736: 2715: 2688:(7): 2380–91. 2668: 2637: 2588: 2553: 2535:Wright, Mike. 2524: 2458: 2442:"Rock Pigeons" 2440:White, Helen. 2429: 2413:"Feral Pigeon" 2400: 2385: 2357: 2342: 2312: 2278: 2267:(3): 719–741. 2244: 2229: 2199: 2172: 2165: 2147: 2140: 2107: 2087: 2067: 2038: 2014: 2007: 1978: 1944: 1937: 1914: 1907: 1874: 1846: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1788: 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77: 74: 73: 68: 65: 64: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5437: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5368: 5367:Columba-livia 5363: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4911:Columba_livia 4907: 4903: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4886:Columba livia 4881: 4877: 4872: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4856:Columba livia 4853: 4849: 4844: 4832: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746:Organizations 4744: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4663:Domestication 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4497: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4470:Columba livia 4466: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4398:(3): 600–04. 4397: 4393: 4386: 4383: 4371: 4367: 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Gen. Virol 4254: 4247: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4222:(4): 463–70. 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4160: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4102: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4015: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3899: 3896: 3891: 3885: 3870: 3863: 3860: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3751: 3746: 3744:0-907769-28-4 3740: 3736: 3729: 3726: 3721: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3647: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3620: 3609:on 2008-02-28 3608: 3604: 3597: 3594: 3582: 3575: 3572: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3516: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3480:9780393920451 3476: 3472: 3465: 3462: 3449: 3442: 3435: 3432: 3427: 3426:"Rock Pigeon" 3421: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3311: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3253: 3250: 3245: 3244: 3236: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3180: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3149:(1): 249–57. 3148: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3007: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2554: 2543:on 2008-06-10 2542: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2482: 2481:Columba livia 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2448:. Helen White 2447: 2443: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2418: 2414: 2411:Jahan, Shah. 2407: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2361: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2233: 2230: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2184: 2176: 2173: 2168: 2166:0-304-52257-0 2162: 2158: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2141:0-19-910207-4 2137: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2039: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2008:0-85390-013-2 2004: 2000: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1967: 1963: 1962:"Rock Pigeon" 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1857:Columba livia 1850: 1847: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1812:Columba livia 1804: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1781: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1757: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1733: 1728: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1631:salmonellosis 1628: 1627: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1580: 1578: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1553: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1509:fancy pigeons 1506: 1502: 1498: 1492: 1485:Domestication 1484: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324:golden eagles 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1110: 1102: 1095: 1093: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1012: 1009: 1001: 999: 997: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 962:Vocalizations 961: 956: 952: 947: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 924:North America 919: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 878: 874: 872: 868: 861: 857: 852: 848: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 777: 773: 765: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 736: 734: 730: 729:domestication 727:Centuries of 722: 717: 710: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 683: 679: 676: 673: 671: 667: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 641:C. l. dakhlae 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 614: 613: 607: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 590:Johann Gmelin 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 570: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 501:Ancient Greek 498: 494: 490: 489:Columba livia 487: 486:binomial name 483: 482: 477: 476:Carl Linnaeus 473: 472: 467: 463: 459: 455: 446: 439: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 364: 362: 361:feral pigeons 358: 354: 350: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 330: 329:Columba livia 323: 291: 261: 260:common pigeon 257: 253: 231: 227: 222: 217: 212: 210: 209:Columba livia 204: 201: 200:Binomial name 197: 193: 192: 191:C. livia 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 158: 157:Columbiformes 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 138: 135: 132: 131: 128: 125: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 111: 106: 101: 97: 91: 86: 85:Least Concern 75: 71: 66: 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4855: 4767: 4727:Release dove 4564: 4555:Intelligence 4523: 4469: 4455:Rock dove - 4440: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4373:. Retrieved 4369: 4359: 4347:. Retrieved 4340:the original 4330: 4300:(3): 600–4. 4297: 4293: 4287: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4175:(6): 461–5. 4172: 4169:Avian Pathol 4168: 4162: 4150:. Retrieved 4121:(178): 178. 4118: 4114: 4101: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4024: 4020: 4014: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3954: 3950: 3941: 3914: 3908: 3898: 3873:. Retrieved 3862: 3851:. Retrieved 3847:the original 3837: 3826:. Retrieved 3822:the original 3812: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3734: 3728: 3714:cite journal 3689: 3685: 3675: 3666: 3662: 3649: 3639:18 September 3637:. Retrieved 3632: 3622: 3611:. Retrieved 3607:the original 3596: 3585:. Retrieved 3574: 3563:. Retrieved 3559: 3549: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3506:. Retrieved 3501: 3470: 3464: 3452:. Retrieved 3447: 3434: 3420: 3395: 3391: 3381: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3314:. Retrieved 3288:. Retrieved 3264: 3252: 3242: 3235: 3226: 3222: 3186: 3179: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3130:(2): 249–57. 3127: 3123: 3113: 3096:10486/703009 3076: 3066: 3023: 3019: 3009: 2998:. Retrieved 2994:the original 2984: 2962:(1): 37–45. 2959: 2955: 2944: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2884:. Retrieved 2876: 2866: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2788: 2752:. Retrieved 2748: 2739: 2728:. Retrieved 2718: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2545:. Retrieved 2541:the original 2490: 2486: 2480: 2450:. Retrieved 2445: 2421:. Retrieved 2417:the original 2367: 2360: 2329: 2303:. Retrieved 2298: 2281: 2264: 2260: 2247: 2237: 2232: 2220:. Retrieved 2213:the original 2182: 2175: 2156: 2150: 2125: 2120:Robert Scott 2110: 2095: 2090: 2080: 2070: 2041: 2030:. Retrieved 2026: 2017: 1998: 1970:. Retrieved 1965: 1927: 1897: 1866:. Retrieved 1856: 1849: 1837:. Retrieved 1823: 1817: 1811: 1666: 1651: 1642:gamasoidosis 1639: 1624: 1613: 1611: 1584: 1581:Human health 1575: 1560:Feral pigeon 1554:Feral pigeon 1548: 1545:Medical uses 1532: 1500: 1494: 1471: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1418: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1394:ectoparasite 1387: 1379:Tinaminyssus 1377: 1348: 1280: 1262: 1253: 1182: 1179: 1158: 1143: 1136: 1128: 1091: 1078: 1070: 1062: 1041:North Africa 1030: 992: 987: 983: 979: 971: 968:David Sibley 965: 920: 896: 875: 866: 864: 845: 840: 836: 832: 828: 821:palaestinae, 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 737: 726: 700: 691: 674: 658: 649: 640: 635:C. l. targia 634: 625: 616: 611: 577: 567: 547: 543: 539: 531: 523: 516: 513:Aristophanes 508: 504: 492: 488: 479: 469: 453: 451: 422:Western Asia 418:North Africa 392: 365: 352: 346: 342:domesticated 328: 327: 259: 255: 251: 249: 208: 206: 190: 189: 177: 36: 5253:rock-pigeon 5238:Neotropical 5199:NatureServe 5134:iNaturalist 5113:rock-pigeon 4880:Wikispecies 4705:Clay pigeon 4690:Photography 4216:Vet. Pathol 4152:10 February 3448:Wilson Bull 3049:10261/57592 2569:: 597–601. 2287:Gill, Frank 1839:19 February 1761:18 days old 1635:paratyphoid 1620:psittacosis 1595:psittacosis 1568:A feral in 1535:war pigeons 1523:War pigeons 1468:hippoboscid 1415:ischnoceran 1031:Before the 984:hu-hu-hurrr 932:Nova Scotia 926:in 1606 at 907:pheomelanin 871:wood pigeon 854:In flight, 825:intergrades 809:palaestinae 741:iridescence 711:Description 675:C. l. gaddi 617:C. l. livia 586:rock pigeon 582:common name 569:Petrophassa 552:hill pigeon 530:variant of 474:written by 256:rock pigeon 5384:Categories 5362:Xeno-canto 4512:Columbidae 3875:2008-02-18 3853:2009-03-05 3828:2008-02-20 3669:: 115–119. 3613:2008-02-23 3587:2008-02-20 3565:2011-08-30 3392:Bird Study 3316:2022-08-05 3000:2008-02-18 2886:2021-10-16 2754:2021-06-30 2730:2008-02-19 2608:(2): 169. 2602:Bird Study 2547:2008-02-18 2452:2008-02-18 2423:2008-02-19 2326:Sibley, D. 2222:August 20, 2189:. 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