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group were tasked to develop a fusing mechanism that would have less than one chance in 10,000 of failing to detonate within 200 feet (61 m) of the required height. The required height was not initially known, as it depended on the yield, which was uncertain. The group investigated both radar
415:
Normally, bombs are cheap and fuses are relatively expensive, but an atomic bomb is extremely expensive, and any failure of a triggering device is unacceptable. On the other hand, for the same reason, fuses can be employed that would be prohibitively expensive in a conventional bomb. Brode's E-3
256:
After the war, Brode returned to teaching at
Berkeley. Between 1930 and 1957 he supervised 37 graduate students. In addition to his research and teaching, he occupied a number of other positions. He was the academic assistant to two presidents of the University of California, and sat on numerous
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and
Malcolm; the fourth child died within weeks of birth. They had an older brother, James Stanley. All four attended Whitman College, and went on to earn doctorates and have distinguished careers as scientists and academics.
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in 1924, the first year in which
Caltech awarded this degree, for his thesis on "the absorption coefficient for slow electrons in gases". He showed that molecules with similar arrangements of their external
564:. He was acting director of the Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory from 1964 to 1965 and director of the University of California's Education Abroad Program in the United Kingdom from 1965 to 1967.
475:. Between 1930 and 1943, 15 graduate students conducted their research under his direction. He supervised another 22 between 1946 and 1957. The 37 students included Corson, who became president of
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at
Berkeley in 1967. He died at his home in Berkeley on February 19, 1986. He was survived by his wife Bernice and his son John. His papers are in the University of California's
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In addition to his research and teaching, Brode occupied a number of other positions. He was the academic assistant to two presidents of the
University of California,
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in the T (Theoretical) Division. Brode's group consisted of 14 civilians, 12 military officers and 37 enlisted men of the
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After the war, Brode returned to teaching at
Berkeley. In 1950 he was one of a dozen prominent scientists who petitioned
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400:, where he was appointed the leader of the E-3 Fusing Group. His wife Bernice was also hired to work at Los Alamos as a
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from 1926 to 1927. On returning to the US he married
Bernice Hedley Bidwell on September 16, 1926. They had two sons.
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At various times Brode was vice president of the
International Union for Pure and Applied Physics and the
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Brode graduated from
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Brode, Bernice (1980). Badash, Lawrence; Hirschfelder, Joseph O.; Broida, Herbert P. (eds.).
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for collisions with slow electrons. These results could not be readily explained with
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known as "Archie" was employed, and the fuses performed flawlessly in the
352:, in 1934 and 1935. While there, he became friends with British physicist
269:, on June 12, 1900, the son of Howard S. Brode, a professor of biology at
187:(June 12, 1900 – February 19, 1986) was an American physicist, who during
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University of
California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
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to declare that the United States would never be the first to use the
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to declare that the United States would never be the first to use the
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541:' Committee on Physics Faculties in Colleges from 1962 to 1965.
467:. In 1951 he returned to England for another year, this time at
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in Germany in 1925 and 1926, and then a research appointment at
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Project Y: The Los Alamos Project Inception through August 1945
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795:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press. pp. 99–100.
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721:. John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Archived from
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642:. Array of Contemporary American Physicists. Archived from
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907:"Finding Aid to the Robert Bigham Brode papers, 1922–1975"
336:, in 1927, and a full professor in 1932. He was awarded a
305:
On graduation, Brode became an Associate Physicist at the
302:, and their importance would not be realised until 1966.
850:"Robert B. Brode, a Physicist; Helped Develop Atom Bomb"
408:. Its task was to develop a fuse that would detonate an
210:, where he earned his doctorate in 1924, Brode attended
966:. Manhattan District History. Los Alamos, New Mexico:
668:
The Absorption Coefficient for Slow Electrons in Gases
384:, Brode went to work at Applied Physics Laboratory at
340:, which enabled him to return to England and study at
332:
Brode became an assistant professor of physics at the
154:
The Absorption Coefficient for Slow Electrons in Gases
1703:
285:. He was awarded his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in
793:
Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project
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American Association for the Advancement of Science
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533:(CODATA) from 1951 to 1957, and chairman of the
592:"Guide to the Howard S. Brode Papers 1890–1958"
522:. He was chairman of the Advisory Board of the
1002:
546:American Association of University Professors
8:
931:Fretter, William B.; Judd, David L. (1992).
531:Committee on Data for Science and Technology
893:
881:
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552:, president of the Pacific Division of the
392:. In 1943, he moved with his family to the
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562:International Council of Scientific Unions
317:, in England in 1924 and 1925, and then a
31:
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1812:California Institute of Technology alumni
1827:Fellows of the American Physical Society
1792:Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel
535:American Association of Physics Teachers
446:atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
412:at a specified height above the ground.
201:atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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510:scholarships, and for awards from the
424:fuses. Testing was carried out at the
37:Brode's ID badge photo from Los Alamos
761:Reminiscences of Los Alamos 1943-1945
436:in March 1944 using dummy drops from
199:that developed the fuses used in the
7:
520:Institute of International Education
1802:People from Walla Walla, Washington
526:from 1948 to 1955, a member of the
1474:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
673:California Institute of Technology
548:, a member of the Council of the
334:University of California, Berkeley
283:California Institute of Technology
208:California Institute of Technology
141:University of California, Berkeley
97:California Institute of Technology
14:
356:. He was impressed by Blackett's
1787:20th-century American physicists
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440:. In the end, a modified APS-13
376:Bernice Brode's Los Alamos badge
265:Robert Bigham Brode was born in
174:
1782:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
594:. Northwestern Digital Archives
560:, and the U.S. delegate to the
968:Los Alamos National Laboratory
909:. Online Archive of California
388:, where he helped develop the
238:, where he helped develop the
16:American physicist (1900–1986)
1:
934:Robert Bigham Brode 1915–2005
665:Brode, Robert Bigham (1924).
539:American Institute of Physics
1634:Oppenheimer security hearing
942:National Academy of Sciences
380:In 1941, after the start of
307:National Bureau of Standards
257:advisory panels and boards.
558:National Science Foundation
524:Naval Ordnance Test Station
406:Special Engineer Detachment
1843:
494:from 1972 to 1973, and to
232:Applied Physics Laboratory
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1577:Bismuth phosphate process
1572:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
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550:American Physical Society
528:National Research Council
442:Monica tail warning radar
319:National Research Council
224:National Research Council
173:
164:
115:
30:
1822:American Rhodes Scholars
1797:Manhattan Project people
940:. Biographical Memoirs.
516:Atomic Energy Commission
386:Johns Hopkins University
261:Early life and education
236:Johns Hopkins University
1654:S-1 Executive Committee
1602:Einstein–Szilard letter
957:Hawkins, David (1946).
894:Fretter & Judd 1992
882:Fretter & Judd 1992
819:Fretter & Judd 1992
789:Herzenberg, Caroline L.
747:Fretter & Judd 1992
706:Fretter & Judd 1992
616:Fretter & Judd 1992
490:from 1960 to 1965, and
323:University of Göttingen
267:Walla Walla, Washington
220:University of Göttingen
57:Walla Walla, Washington
1807:Whitman College alumni
1096:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
377:
1674:X-10 Graphite Reactor
1629:Nobel Prize laureates
1499:509th Composite Group
763:. Dordrecht: Reidel.
469:Manchester University
398:Los Alamos Laboratory
375:
338:Guggenheim Fellowship
315:Oriel College, Oxford
197:Los Alamos Laboratory
191:led the group at the
137:Los Alamos Laboratory
110:Oriel College, Oxford
1582:British contribution
1484:Operation Peppermint
1479:Operation Crossroads
1338:Maria Goeppert Mayer
725:on February 22, 2015
646:on February 21, 2014
434:Muroc Army Air Field
426:Naval Proving Ground
422:barometric altimeter
350:University of London
342:Cambridge University
327:Princeton University
76:Berkeley, California
1343:George Kistiakowsky
1298:Charles Critchfield
858:. February 27, 1986
836:, pp. 132–135.
432:in August 1943 and
309:. He was awarded a
226:Fellowship. During
185:Robert Bigham Brode
1744:History of science
1720:Nuclear technology
1408:Henry DeWolf Smyth
1187:Robert Oppenheimer
1142:Priscilla Duffield
855:The New York Times
569:professor emeritus
481:William B. Fretter
477:Cornell University
430:Dahlgren, Virginia
378:
321:Fellowship to the
311:Rhodes Scholarship
230:, Brode worked at
216:Rhodes Scholarship
206:A graduate of the
1701:
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1623:Los Alamos Primer
1612:Interim Committee
1567:African Americans
1519:The Great Artiste
1378:Isidor Isaac Rabi
1373:Norman Ramsey Jr.
1172:Franklin Matthias
1111:Heavy water sites
1018:Manhattan Project
884:, pp. 32–33.
821:, pp. 30–31.
770:978-90-277-1098-7
719:"Robert B. Brode"
681:10.7907/T3MB-ZA81
473:Fulbright Scholar
394:Manhattan Project
368:Manhattan Project
300:classical physics
212:Oxford University
193:Manhattan Project
182:
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117:Scientific career
68:February 19, 1986
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1269:
1266:
1264:
1263:Robert Bacher
1261:
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1249:
1243:
1242:Roscoe Wilson
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1157:John Lansdale
1155:
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1152:Leslie Groves
1150:
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1127:Vannevar Bush
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943:
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902:
899:
896:, p. 32.
895:
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802:9781592131921
798:
794:
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786:
780:
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772:
766:
762:
755:
752:
749:, p. 29.
748:
743:
741:
737:
724:
720:
714:
711:
708:, p. 28.
707:
702:
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682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
661:
658:
645:
641:
635:
633:
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621:
618:, p. 27.
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465:hydrogen bomb
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294:have similar
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251:hydrogen bomb
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63:
58:
53:June 12, 1900
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1679:Y-12 Project
1664:Smyth Report
1659:S-50 Project
1621:
1617:K-25 Project
1546:Pumpkin bomb
1517:
1510:
1503:
1433:John Wheeler
1403:Louis Slotin
1398:Emilio Segrè
1348:George Koval
1328:James Franck
1313:Enrico Fermi
1258:Luis Alvarez
1217:Paul Tibbets
1192:Deak Parsons
971:. Retrieved
959:
946:. Retrieved
933:
913:February 11,
911:. Retrieved
901:
889:
862:February 11,
860:. Retrieved
853:
834:Hawkins 1946
792:
779:
760:
754:
729:February 23,
727:. Retrieved
723:the original
713:
686:February 11,
684:. Retrieved
667:
660:
650:February 11,
648:. Retrieved
644:the original
598:February 11,
596:. Retrieved
586:
566:
543:
485:
455:
414:
382:World War II
379:
331:
313:to study at
304:
280:
264:
255:
228:World War II
205:
189:World War II
184:
183:
152:
133:Institutions
116:
70:(1986-02-19)
25:Robert Brode
18:
1777:1986 deaths
1772:1900 births
1494:Silverplate
1448:Leona Woods
1413:Leo Szilard
1388:Bruno Rossi
1333:Klaus Fuchs
1237:Ed Westcott
1227:Harold Urey
948:February 8,
410:atomic bomb
1766:Categories
1597:Demon core
1541:Little Boy
1462:Operations
1278:Niels Bohr
1268:Hans Bethe
1251:Scientists
1197:Boris Pash
1076:Los Alamos
973:August 11,
925:References
671:(Thesis).
488:Clark Kerr
452:Later life
49:1900-06-12
1756:Biography
1639:Plutonium
1505:Enola Gay
1323:Val Fitch
1273:Aage Bohr
1222:Bud Uanna
1091:Oak Ridge
504:Fulbright
458:President
292:electrons
244:President
169:Signature
84:Education
1695:Category
1551:Thin Man
1512:Bockscar
1106:Wendover
1086:New York
1081:Montreal
1071:Inyokern
1046:Berkeley
1027:Timeline
791:(2003).
537:and the
518:and the
218:and the
1732:Physics
1706:Portals
1669:Uranium
1536:Fat Man
1529:Weapons
1101:Trinity
1066:Hanford
1051:Chicago
508:Kennedy
287:physics
275:Wallace
127:Physics
1061:Dayton
1055:Site A
799:
767:
514:, the
500:Rhodes
479:, and
214:on a
159:(1924)
157:
148:Thesis
123:Fields
78:, U.S.
59:, U.S.
1034:Sites
964:(PDF)
938:(PDF)
579:Notes
471:as a
222:on a
1041:Ames
975:2011
950:2013
915:2014
864:2014
797:ISBN
765:ISBN
731:2015
688:2014
652:2014
600:2014
506:and
420:and
344:and
65:Died
43:Born
677:doi
428:in
396:'s
234:at
195:'s
105:PhD
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47:(
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