467:(1847), William G. Cook of Maryland filed bankruptcy in his home state. He believed that, because he had made this decision under Maryland's insolvency laws, he escaped from all debts, including those that he owed to citizens and companies in other states. John L. Moffat and Joseph Curtis, the respondents in this case, thought otherwise. As citizens of New York, Moffat and Curtis argued that Maryland's bankruptcy laws did not free Cook from his obligations in other states. In his first majority opinion, Grier ruled in favor of Moffat and Curtis, finding that a State shall not "inflict her bankrupt laws on contracts and persons not within her limits." Perhaps more important than what Grier ruled in the case was how he ruled. Citing multiple opinions, Grier remarked that holding in favor of Cook would "overrule every case heretofore decided on this most difficult and intricate subject." To "depart from the safe maxim of stare decisis," said Grier, would be a grave mistake. Grier's respect for the Court's previous rulings constitutes an essential component of his first major opinion.
529:
restricting his right to sue in federal court. For practical purposes, Taney could have ended his opinion at this point. He pushed further, though, invalidating the
Missouri Compromise under which Scott declared his freedom. Justice Grier initially discouraged such a broad ruling, claiming that the Court should restrict itself after ruling on Scott's status as a non-citizen. Wanting to change his peer's mind, Justice John Catron wrote to President-elect James Buchanan and asked him to lobby Grier for a broader opinion. Buchanan happily agreed, and he exchanged a series of letters with Grier, persuading the justice. In his separate opinion, Justice Grier wrote that he "concurr with the opinion of the court as delivered by the Chief Justice that the act of Congress of 6th March, 1820 , is unconstitutional and void and that, assuming the facts as stated in the opinion, the plaintiff cannot sue as a citizen of Missouri in the courts of the United States." Breaching separation of powers and siding with the majority, the
511:(1851), a Third Circuit Court case, Grier dealt with the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Though Grier ultimately did not convict Castner Hanway of treason for his role as a bystander when a mob of African Americans killed a slave owner and a federal marshal attempting to recover fugitive slaves, Grier uttered harsh words against abolitionists, describing them as "infuriated fanatics and unprincipled demagogues" who "denounce the constitution, the laws, and the Bible." The justice also carried this philosophy outside the courtroom. When a Presbyterian preacher announced an upcoming abolitionist meeting during Sunday morning service, Grier stood to protest the message, declaring that all good Christians must reject the abolitionist cause. Grier soon reaffirmed these thoughts in his majority opinion in
588:
474:(1852). This case revolved around an 1834 charter issued by Virginia to the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad Company ("RFP"). The charter granted the RFP sole rights to transport passengers between Richmond and Fredericksburg for a period of thirty years, thus establishing a contract between the company and the state. Nonetheless, Virginia approved a charter to establish the Louisa Railroad Company ("LRC") in 1848. The LRC, which proposed to carry only freight, followed a route similar to that of the RFP. Feeling that its contract had been violated, the RFP filed suit. In a ruling that pays homage to Taney's
525:
Irene
Emerson inherited ownership of Dred Scott. Four years later, Scott sued Mrs. Emerson for his freedom, and a local court ruled in his favor. The Missouri Supreme Court, however, repealed the lower court's decision, reversing over two decades of precedent. After this decision, Scott's ownership transferred to Irene Emerson's brother, John Sandford. Scott then sued Sandford for his freedom. By suing Sandford, a citizen of New York, Scott enabled the Supreme Court to become involved, as this constituted a suit between people of different states.
478:(1837) opinion, Grier concentrated on strict construction of the charter: "Where do we find that the legislature have contracted to part with the power of constructing other railroads," Grier asked, "even between Richmond and Fredericksburg, for carrying coal or other freight?" Plainly answering himself, Grier explained that "such a contract cannot be elicited from the letter or spirit of this act," thus ruling in favor of the LRC. His decision clearly echoed Taney's call for economic progress and promotion of the public good in the
2237:
1557:
2781:
42:
2379:
374:
2757:
2769:
495:
a report dismissing the allegations leveled against Grier, stating that Grier "is entirely and absolutely exonerated and freed from the charges preferred against him. There is absolutely nothing which can or will impair his reputation as a judge or an upright and honest man." Nonetheless, the committee's report is intriguing because it was authored by
494:
Allegations were that Grier solicited a bribe in order to rule in favor of one of the parties, ignored the law in making his ruling, and leaked the Court's decision early in order to favor one of the parties (who was considering dismissal of the case). Ultimately, the House
Judiciary Committee issued
574:
as an independent nation and imply the dissolution of the Union. As
Commander in Chief, Lincoln acted as if war had been declared, though, issuing blockades of Southern ports that helped to cripple the Southern cause. Opponents of Lincoln's maneuvers saw the blockades as pure piracy, since there had
528:
In a separate opinion, Grier concurred in full with the majority opinion delivered by Chief
Justice Roger B. Taney. Taney stated that, based on the language of the Constitution and the founders' feelings toward African Americans, the Court did not consider Dred Scott to be an American citizen, thus
524:
decision. Dred Scott, an
African American from Missouri, claimed his freedom based on the premise that he had resided in the Missouri Compromise-established free territory of Wisconsin (present-day Minnesota) with his master, army surgeon Dr. John Emerson. Upon Dr. Emerson's death in 1843, his wife
578:
Grier was a strong supporter of the Union. In his majority opinion, Grier supported
Lincoln. "A civil war is never solemnly declared," he wrote. "It becomes such by its accidents – the number, power, and organization of the persons who originate and carry it on." Though Congress did not proclaim a
610:
Despite three strokes in 1867, Grier served on the court until 1870, at which point he was quite frail and drastically limited in his participation on the court. Grier retired only after his colleagues pressed him to do so, ending his judicial service on
January 31, 1870. He died less than a year
545:
Buchanan already knew what the Court was going to decide. In a major breach of Court etiquette, Justice Grier, who, like
Buchanan, was from Pennsylvania, had kept the President-elect fully informed about the progress of the case and the internal debates within the Court. When Buchanan urged the
579:
state of war existed, thought Grier, "its actual existence is a fact in our domestic history which the Court is bound to notice and to know." Thus, by citing the power that the
Constitution confers on the president to use the military to protect the Union, Grier upheld Lincoln's tactics.
536:
Grier leaked the decision of the "Dred Scott" case early to President-elect James Buchanan. In his inaugural address, Buchanan declared that the issue of slavery in the territories would be "speedily and finally settled" by the Supreme Court. According to historian
258:(1857) decision, Grier concurred that African Americans were not and were never meant to be citizens of the United States and that the property rights of slaveholders were clearly protected in the U.S. Constitution, after being pressured by President-elect
2876:
721:
515:(1852), upholding an Illinois law that punished any citizen who hid runaway slaves. Certainly, Grier's mind throbbed with these beliefs about abolitionists and African American freedom when Dred Scott came before the Supreme Court.
499:, who was a fellow Dickinson alumnus and defeated for reelection in the next Congress, indications of probable bias in the justice's favor. Thus, it is unclear whether Grier was guilty of the allegations leveled against him.
406:
418:
569:
blockade of Southern ports was constitutional. In the moments leading up to the Civil War, President Lincoln refused to ask Congress to officially declare war. Doing so, Lincoln believed, would recognize the
713:
2871:
1527:
1319:
1335:
1303:
1543:
490:
In 1854, the United States House of Representatives' Judiciary Committee conducted an investigation of Grier's conduct in connection with a case then pending before the United States Supreme Court,
1511:
1495:
1479:
1447:
1399:
2387:
1463:
1415:
1383:
1367:
1351:
2841:
1576:
1431:
1203:
53:
1287:
632:
1050:
Wisniewski, Daniel J. (2013). "Heating Up a Case Gone Cold: Revisiting the Charges of Bribery and Official Misconduct Made Against Supreme Court Justice Robert Cooper Grier in 1854-55".
2650:
602:
Grier married his wife, Isabella Rose, in 1829, and they had five daughters and one son. His son, U.S. Army doctor William Potter Grier (1834–66), died in a steamship explosion.
2866:
2615:
2597:
2592:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
391:
252:
from Pennsylvania who served from 1846 to 1870, Grier weighed in on some of the most important cases of the 19th century. As one of two Northern members of the majority in the
351:
2826:
444:
gap between the death of Henry Baldwin (April 21, 1844) and Robert Grier's swearing-in, which is the longest vacancy in the history of the U.S. Supreme Court.
2816:
992:
1243:
2861:
1031:
315:
in 1812, and remained there as an instructor until taking a position at a school run by his father. He succeeded his father as headmaster in 1815.
575:
been no official call for war. Supporters argued for war in fact, not in words, and justified the blockading and capturing of Southern vessels.
2811:
2729:
2659:
2274:
546:
nation to support the decision, he already knew what Taney would say. Republican suspicions of impropriety turned out to be fully justified.
452:
Grier's most significant contributions to the Supreme Court and the Constitution are found in his decisions regarding slavery, particularly
2635:
2363:
1794:
1782:
1213:
774:
100:
587:
1266:
1253:
378:
242:
2851:
2836:
697:
2831:
1842:
1176:
162:
2846:
2821:
2640:
1128:
Johnson III, Ludwell H. "Abraham Lincoln and the Development of Presidential War-Making Powers: Prize Cases (1863) Revisited."
1101:
300:
128:
436:, was also rejected. On August 3, 1846, Polk nominated Grier, whom the Senate unanimously confirmed the following day. He was
1602:
398:
362:
358:, which seat was newly created for him. He served there for 13 years, during which he developed a reputation for competence.
355:
2856:
1236:
571:
280:
2667:
262:
to join the Southern majority in an attempt to prevent the appearance that the decision was made along sectional lines.
967:
354:. In 1833, Grier was rewarded with a patronage appointment to a judgeship on the Pennsylvania State District Court for
1656:
2747:
2683:
482:
decision that to deny the Louisa Railroad's rights would be a disservice to the people and businesses of Virginia.
433:
2785:
2734:
2403:
2267:
1892:
620:
616:
596:
592:
1824:
1626:
1229:
332:
2236:
1556:
1152:
Streichler, Stuart A. "Grier, Robert Cooper." American National Biography Online. Accessed November 6, 2015.
988:
2343:
2338:
2076:
2064:
1758:
1752:
1650:
1036:
2691:
2138:
2070:
1942:
1620:
1410:
749:
Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President
519:
336:
254:
2368:
2358:
2216:
1966:
1873:
1818:
1788:
1776:
1698:
1406:
1196:
394:
88:
41:
2806:
2801:
2761:
2607:
2451:
2260:
1972:
1917:
1910:
1854:
1812:
1438:
1221:
422:
410:
347:
174:
2318:
2168:
2118:
2004:
1992:
1930:
1924:
1904:
1422:
249:
2353:
2016:
1954:
1770:
1638:
1096:
Finkelman, Paul. "Scott v. Sandford: The Court's most dreadful case and how it changed history."
1067:
556:
496:
288:
925:
Paul Finkelman, "Scott v. Sandford: The Court's most dreadful case and how it changed history."
2378:
507:
Slavery was the most important political and constitutional issue to come before the Court. In
2584:
2303:
2210:
2132:
2125:
2106:
2034:
2010:
1960:
1866:
1860:
1836:
1800:
1710:
1704:
1518:
693:
689:
683:
308:
215:
2699:
2675:
2046:
1880:
1502:
1310:
1059:
373:
312:
220:
2348:
2204:
2186:
2162:
2150:
2094:
2028:
1979:
1848:
1764:
1728:
1596:
1522:
1454:
1390:
1358:
1314:
1180:
1109:
The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Volume: 2
566:
328:
304:
272:
1114:
Hall, Kermit L., James W. Ely Jr., and Joel B. Grossman, eds. "Grier, Robert Cooper." In
518:
In 1857, Grier was one of two Northerners to side with the majority in the controversial
2298:
2174:
2144:
2112:
2082:
2058:
2040:
1948:
1898:
1886:
1686:
1680:
1668:
1608:
1470:
1374:
1342:
1330:
1298:
660:
538:
437:
276:
259:
1173:
2795:
2328:
2323:
2313:
1936:
1740:
1734:
1722:
1614:
1589:
1538:
1326:
1294:
1153:
1071:
1063:
426:
76:
688:(Revised Printing (4th Ed) ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. p.
2198:
2180:
2156:
2052:
2022:
1986:
1674:
1644:
1632:
1534:
1506:
1490:
1474:
1442:
1394:
612:
414:
151:
147:
559:, Grier discontinued circuit riding in 1862, and in 1863 wrote the opinion on the
1107:
Gatell, Frank Otto, "Robert C. Grier," in Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, eds.
472:
Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad Company v. Louisa Railroad Company
470:
Grier authored another decisive majority opinion on the question of contracts in
2768:
2707:
2308:
2283:
2192:
2088:
1830:
1716:
1692:
1662:
1486:
1458:
1378:
1362:
1346:
561:
267:
1090:
1017:
17:
2773:
2100:
1998:
1426:
1133:
402:
284:
1140:
The Dred Scott Case: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Race and Law
1806:
1282:
963:
339:
until 1833. In 1829, Grier married Isabelle Rose, the daughter of a wealthy
2877:
United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law
1159:
Vishneski III, John S. "What the court decided in Dred Scott v. Sandford."
748:
2252:
1278:
340:
324:
1138:
Konig, David Thomas, Paul Finkelman, and Christopher Alan Bracey, eds.
1021:
916:
James Buchanan, "Inaugural Address," Washington, D.C., March 4, 1857.
238:
1026:
586:
372:
1085:
Chicago-Kent College of Law at Illinois Tech. "Robert C. Grier."
2256:
1574:
1264:
1225:
1116:
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States.
311:. Grier graduated from Dickinson in only one year, receiving a
307:
minister and School teacher, who tutored him until he entered
533:
case struck a blow to Justice Grier's historical reputation.
2235:
1555:
1204:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
1118:
2nd ed. 405 – 406. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
54:
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
754:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service
633:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
891:
Hall, Timothy L. "Robert Cooper Grier (1794 – 1870)." In
2872:
United States federal judges appointed by James K. Polk
663:. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States
2745:
775:"Long Supreme Court vacancies used to be more common"
237:(March 5, 1794 – September 25, 1870) was an American
492:
Pennsylvania v. Wheeling and Belmont Bridge Company.
392:
Associate justice of the United States Supreme Court
2722:
2649:
2628:
2606:
2583:
2450:
2402:
2395:
2386:
2291:
211:
203:
180:
168:
158:
135:
115:
110:
94:
82:
70:
52:
32:
2842:Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
1154:http://www.anb.org/articles/11/11-00357-print.html
1149:Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 2007.
2227:Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
893:Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary
265:In 1863, Grier wrote the majority opinion in the
655:
653:
1123:The Taney Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy.
425:. As a result, the seat was still vacant when
361:In 1848, Grier was elected as a member to the
331:in 1817, and then entered private practice in
2268:
1237:
1058:(1). Supreme Court Historical Society: 1–19.
820:Richmond, F. & P. R. Co. v. Louisa R. Co.
685:Out of Many: A History of the American People
405:. Twice Tyler attempted to fill the vacancy,
303:to Elizabeth Cooper Grier and Isaac Grier, a
8:
1174:Biography-West Laurel Hill Cemetery web site
1091:https://www.oyez.org/justices/robert_c_grier
2867:People from Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
895:. 119 – 122. New York: Facts on File, 2001.
66:August 10, 1846 – January 31, 1870
2399:
2392:
2275:
2261:
2253:
1571:
1261:
1244:
1230:
1222:
1185:
867:
855:
843:
831:
40:
29:
27:US Supreme Court justice from 1846 to 1870
742:
740:
738:
682:Faragher, John Mack; et al. (2005).
323:As a teacher at Dickinson College, Grier
1032:Biographical Directory of Federal Judges
747:McMillion, Barry J. (January 28, 2022).
346:Grier was a political organizer for the
2752:
1147:Dred Scott and the Politics of Slavery.
777:. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center
649:
1125:Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2003.
456:, and his support of the Union in the
440:on August 10, 1846. There had been an
377:Engraving of Grier while serving as a
2730:Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837
2660:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
7:
2827:Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery
773:DeSilver, Drew (February 26, 2016).
432:Polk's first nominee for the seat,
275:'s presidential power to institute
1254:Supreme Court of the United States
243:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
2817:19th-century American politicians
1161:American Journal of Legal History
2779:
2767:
2755:
2377:
1064:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2013.12001.x
1052:Journal of Supreme Court History
1022:Supreme Court Historical Society
429:became president in March 1845.
2862:Pennsylvania state court judges
995:from the original on 2017-12-13
970:from the original on 2014-04-07
724:from the original on 2021-06-03
397:died in April 1844, during the
301:Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
193:
129:Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
1142:(Ohio University Press, 2010).
363:American Philosophical Society
1:
1089:. Accessed November 8, 2015.
572:Confederate States of America
382:
287:a strategic advantage in the
2812:19th-century American judges
2668:United States v. The Amistad
882:, No. 15,299 Fed. Cas., 174.
327:on his own time, passed the
2893:
2684:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
941:, 67 U.S. 635, 666 (1863).
907:, 60 U.S. 393, 469 (1857).
661:"Justices 1789 to Present"
434:George Washington Woodward
2735:Tenth Circuit Act of 1863
2375:
2233:
1583:
1570:
1553:
1273:
1260:
1210:
1201:
1193:
1188:
798:, 46 U.S. 295, 308 (1847)
621:Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania
617:West Laurel Hill Cemetery
597:Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania
593:West Laurel Hill Cemetery
283:ports, which granted the
228:
106:
59:
48:
39:
2852:Pennsylvania Jacksonians
2837:Dickinson College alumni
1016:Data drawn in part from
822:, 54 U.S. 71, 81 (1852).
335:until 1818, and then in
333:Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania
295:Early life and education
2832:Burials in Pennsylvania
1098:Chicago-Kent Law Review
1037:Federal Judicial Center
1035:, a publication of the
927:Chicago-Kent Law Review
880:United States v. Hanway
509:United States v. Hanway
2847:Pennsylvania Democrats
2822:American Presbyterians
2692:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2240:
1560:
1132:35.3 (1989): 208–224.
905:Dred Scott v. Sandford
599:
565:, which declared that
548:
454:Dred Scott v. Sandford
388:
337:Danville, Pennsylvania
255:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2239:
1559:
1407:Edward Douglass White
964:"Robert Cooper Grier"
611:later at his home in
591:Grier's gravesite at
590:
543:
486:Conduct investigation
376:
369:Supreme Court justice
2857:Pennsylvania lawyers
1439:Charles Evans Hughes
1121:Huebner, Timothy S.
718:search.amphilsoc.org
714:"APS Member History"
480:Charles River Bridge
476:Charles River Bridge
423:United States Senate
1423:William Howard Taft
1027:Robert Cooper Grier
615:, and is buried at
250:Jacksonian Democrat
235:Robert Cooper Grier
34:Robert Cooper Grier
2786:American Civil War
2241:
1577:Associate justices
1561:
1179:2013-05-15 at the
989:"Oxford Reference"
929:82 (2007): p. 46.
600:
557:American Civil War
551:American Civil War
497:Hendrick B. Wright
389:
299:Grier was born in
289:American Civil War
241:who served on the
140:September 25, 1870
2743:
2742:
2718:
2717:
2624:
2623:
2286:(1836–1864)
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
1566:
1565:
1519:William Rehnquist
1220:
1219:
1211:Succeeded by
1130:Civil War History
1111:(1997) pp 435–45.
513:Moore v. Illinois
438:sworn into office
309:Dickinson College
232:
231:
216:Dickinson College
16:(Redirected from
2884:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2700:Ableman v. Booth
2676:Luther v. Borden
2636:Aboriginal title
2400:
2393:
2381:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2254:
2229:
2129:
1983:
1921:
1877:
1593:
1572:
1503:Warren E. Burger
1311:Oliver Ellsworth
1262:
1252:Justices of the
1246:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1194:Preceded by
1186:
1163:32 (1988): 373+.
1100:82 (2007): 3-48
1075:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
923:
917:
914:
908:
902:
896:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
786:
784:
782:
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
753:
744:
733:
732:
730:
729:
710:
704:
703:
679:
673:
672:
670:
668:
657:
606:Death and legacy
443:
387:
384:
356:Allegheny County
224:
197:
195:
145:
143:
125:
123:
111:Personal details
97:
85:
73:
64:
44:
30:
21:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2714:
2645:
2620:
2602:
2579:
2446:
2382:
2373:
2287:
2281:
2251:
2242:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2124:
2065:J. M. Harlan II
1978:
1916:
1872:
1588:
1579:
1562:
1551:
1550:
1455:Harlan F. Stone
1391:Melville Fuller
1359:Salmon P. Chase
1269:
1256:
1250:
1216:
1207:
1199:
1181:Wayback Machine
1170:
1145:Maltz, Earl M.
1082:
1080:Further reading
1049:
1046:
1020:, and also the
1013:
1008:
1007:
998:
996:
987:
986:
982:
973:
971:
962:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
924:
920:
915:
911:
903:
899:
890:
886:
878:
874:
868:Wisniewski 2013
866:
862:
856:Wisniewski 2013
854:
850:
846:, p. 8-12.
844:Wisniewski 2013
842:
838:
832:Wisniewski 2013
830:
826:
818:
814:
806:
802:
794:
790:
780:
778:
772:
771:
767:
757:
755:
751:
746:
745:
736:
727:
725:
712:
711:
707:
700:
681:
680:
676:
666:
664:
659:
658:
651:
646:
641:
629:
608:
585:
553:
505:
488:
450:
441:
385:
371:
321:
297:
277:Union blockades
273:Abraham Lincoln
218:
199:
196: 1829)
191:
187:
170:
169:Other political
159:Political party
146:
141:
139:
127:
121:
119:
95:
83:
71:
65:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Robert C. Grier
15:
12:
11:
5:
2890:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2234:
2232:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2219:(2022–present)
2214:
2213:(2020–present)
2208:
2207:(2018–present)
2202:
2201:(2017–present)
2196:
2195:(2010–present)
2190:
2189:(2009–present)
2184:
2183:(2006–present)
2178:
2172:
2166:
2165:(1991–present)
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1532:
1516:
1500:
1484:
1471:Fred M. Vinson
1468:
1452:
1436:
1420:
1404:
1388:
1375:Morrison Waite
1372:
1356:
1343:Roger B. Taney
1340:
1324:
1308:
1292:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:Chief justices
1265:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1214:William Strong
1212:
1209:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1189:Legal offices
1184:
1183:
1169:
1168:External links
1166:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1094:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1024:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
980:
955:
943:
931:
918:
909:
897:
884:
872:
870:, p. 6-8.
860:
848:
836:
824:
812:
808:Cook v. Moffat
800:
796:Cook v. Moffat
788:
765:
734:
705:
698:
674:
648:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
635:
628:
625:
607:
604:
584:
581:
552:
549:
539:Paul Finkelman
504:
501:
487:
484:
465:Cook v. Moffat
449:
448:Economic cases
446:
370:
367:
320:
317:
296:
293:
260:James Buchanan
230:
229:
226:
225:
213:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
189:
185:
184:
182:
178:
177:
172:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
144:(aged 76)
137:
133:
132:
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
101:William Strong
98:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
57:
56:
50:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2889:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2762:United States
2753:
2749:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:* (1972–1986)
2127:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:* (1925–1941)
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:* (1910–1916)
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:* (1894–1910)
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:* (1790–1791)
1591:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1558:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1327:John Marshall
1325:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1295:John Rutledge
1293:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1197:Henry Baldwin
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1010:
994:
990:
984:
981:
969:
965:
959:
956:
952:
947:
944:
940:
935:
932:
928:
922:
919:
913:
910:
906:
901:
898:
894:
888:
885:
881:
876:
873:
869:
864:
861:
857:
852:
849:
845:
840:
837:
833:
828:
825:
821:
816:
813:
809:
804:
801:
797:
792:
789:
776:
769:
766:
750:
743:
741:
739:
735:
723:
719:
715:
709:
706:
701:
699:0-13-195130-0
695:
691:
687:
686:
678:
675:
662:
656:
654:
650:
643:
638:
634:
631:
630:
626:
624:
622:
618:
614:
605:
603:
598:
594:
589:
582:
580:
576:
573:
568:
564:
563:
558:
550:
547:
542:
540:
534:
532:
526:
523:
522:
516:
514:
510:
503:Slavery cases
502:
500:
498:
493:
485:
483:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
461:
459:
455:
447:
445:
439:
435:
430:
428:
427:James K. Polk
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:Henry Baldwin
393:
380:
379:Supreme Court
375:
368:
366:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:
263:
261:
257:
256:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
227:
222:
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
186:Isabelle Rose
183:
179:
176:
173:
167:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
138:
134:
130:
126:March 5, 1794
118:
114:
109:
105:
102:
99:
93:
90:
89:Henry Baldwin
87:
81:
78:
77:James K. Polk
75:
69:
63:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2711: (1863)
2706:
2703: (1859)
2698:
2695: (1857)
2690:
2687: (1852)
2682:
2679: (1849)
2674:
2671: (1841)
2666:
2663: (1837)
2658:
2641:Criminal law
2333:
2226:
1925:Van Devanter
1813:J. M. Harlan
1746:
1542:
1539:2005–present
1535:John Roberts
1526:
1510:
1494:
1478:
1462:
1446:
1430:
1414:
1398:
1382:
1366:
1350:
1334:
1318:
1302:
1286:
1202:
1160:
1146:
1139:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1097:
1086:
1055:
1051:
1030:
997:. Retrieved
983:
972:. Retrieved
958:
950:
946:
938:
934:
926:
921:
912:
904:
900:
892:
887:
879:
875:
863:
858:, p. 5.
851:
839:
827:
819:
815:
807:
803:
795:
791:
779:. Retrieved
768:
758:February 15,
756:. Retrieved
726:. Retrieved
717:
708:
684:
677:
667:February 15,
665:. Retrieved
613:Philadelphia
609:
601:
577:
560:
554:
544:
535:
530:
527:
520:
517:
512:
508:
506:
491:
489:
479:
475:
471:
469:
464:
462:
457:
453:
451:
442:841 day-long
431:
417:– both were
415:John M. Read
390:
360:
345:
322:
305:Presbyterian
298:
271:, upholding
266:
264:
253:
247:
234:
233:
171:affiliations
152:Pennsylvania
148:Philadelphia
142:(1870-09-25)
96:Succeeded by
72:Nominated by
61:
2807:1870 deaths
2802:1794 births
2708:Prize Cases
2284:Taney Court
2177:(1994–2022)
2171:(1993–2020)
2159:(1990–2009)
2153:(1988–2018)
2147:(1986–2016)
2141:(1981–2006)
2135:(1975–2010)
2121:(1972–1987)
2115:(1970–1994)
2109:(1967–1991)
2107:T. Marshall
2103:(1965–1969)
2097:(1962–1965)
2091:(1962–1993)
2085:(1958–1981)
2079:(1957–1962)
2073:(1956–1990)
2067:(1955–1971)
2061:(1949–1956)
2055:(1949–1967)
2049:(1945–1958)
2043:(1943–1949)
2041:W. Rutledge
2037:(1941–1954)
2031:(1941–1942)
2025:(1940–1949)
2019:(1939–1975)
2013:(1939–1962)
2011:Frankfurter
2007:(1938–1957)
2001:(1937–1971)
1995:(1932–1938)
1989:(1930–1945)
1975:(1923–1930)
1969:(1923–1939)
1963:(1922–1938)
1957:(1916–1922)
1951:(1916–1939)
1945:(1914–1941)
1939:(1912–1922)
1933:(1911–1916)
1927:(1911–1937)
1913:(1910–1914)
1907:(1906–1910)
1901:(1903–1922)
1895:(1902–1932)
1889:(1898–1925)
1883:(1896–1909)
1869:(1893–1895)
1863:(1892–1903)
1857:(1891–1906)
1851:(1890–1910)
1845:(1888–1893)
1839:(1882–1893)
1833:(1882–1902)
1827:(1881–1889)
1821:(1881–1887)
1815:(1877–1911)
1809:(1873–1882)
1803:(1870–1892)
1797:(1870–1880)
1791:(1863–1897)
1785:(1862–1877)
1779:(1862–1890)
1773:(1862–1881)
1767:(1858–1881)
1761:(1853–1861)
1755:(1851–1857)
1749:(1846–1870)
1743:(1845–1851)
1737:(1845–1872)
1731:(1842–1860)
1725:(1838–1852)
1719:(1837–1865)
1713:(1836–1841)
1707:(1835–1867)
1701:(1830–1844)
1695:(1829–1861)
1689:(1826–1828)
1683:(1823–1843)
1677:(1812–1845)
1671:(1811–1835)
1665:(1807–1826)
1659:(1807–1823)
1653:(1804–1834)
1647:(1800–1804)
1641:(1798–1829)
1635:(1796–1811)
1629:(1793–1806)
1623:(1792–1793)
1617:(1790–1799)
1611:(1790–1795)
1605:(1789–1798)
1599:(1790–1810)
1590:J. Rutledge
1487:Earl Warren
1044:Cited works
951:Prize Cases
939:Prize Cases
562:Prize Cases
555:During the
458:Prize Cases
411:Edward King
386: 1850
348:Jacksonians
343:immigrant.
281:Confederate
268:Prize Cases
84:Preceded by
2796:Categories
2217:K. Jackson
2035:R. Jackson
1987:O. Roberts
1961:Sutherland
1943:McReynolds
1867:H. Jackson
1837:Blatchford
1657:Livingston
1651:W. Johnson
1639:Washington
1621:T. Johnson
1208:1846–1870
999:2017-12-12
974:2014-04-06
728:2021-04-14
639:References
531:Dred Scott
521:Dred Scott
407:nominating
403:John Tyler
399:presidency
285:Union Army
175:Jacksonian
163:Democratic
122:1794-03-05
2396:By volume
2388:Decisions
2205:Kavanaugh
2187:Sotomayor
2126:Rehnquist
2077:Whittaker
1523:1986–2005
1507:1969–1986
1491:1953–1969
1475:1946–1953
1459:1941–1946
1443:1930–1941
1427:1921–1930
1411:1910–1921
1395:1888–1910
1379:1874–1888
1363:1864–1873
1347:1836–1864
1331:1801–1835
1315:1796–1800
1283:1789–1795
1072:145545138
644:Citations
567:Lincoln's
413:and then
381:justice,
352:Democrats
212:Education
62:In office
2723:Statutes
2651:Landmark
2629:By topic
2349:Clifford
2344:Campbell
2329:Woodbury
2314:McKinley
2292:Justices
2169:Ginsburg
2139:O'Connor
2113:Blackmun
2095:Goldberg
2089:B. White
1949:Brandeis
1931:J. Lamar
1874:E. White
1843:L. Lamar
1825:Matthews
1765:Clifford
1759:Campbell
1741:Woodbury
1723:McKinley
1681:Thompson
1633:S. Chase
1627:Paterson
1279:John Jay
1177:Archived
993:Archived
968:Archived
781:April 2,
722:Archived
627:See also
419:rejected
350:in the
341:Scottish
325:read law
204:Children
2748:Portals
2575:65 (24)
2570:64 (23)
2565:63 (22)
2560:62 (21)
2555:61 (20)
2550:60 (19)
2545:59 (18)
2540:58 (17)
2535:57 (16)
2530:56 (15)
2525:55 (14)
2520:54 (13)
2515:53 (12)
2510:52 (11)
2505:51 (10)
2442:41 (16)
2437:40 (15)
2432:39 (14)
2427:38 (13)
2422:37 (12)
2417:36 (11)
2412:35 (10)
2304:Barbour
2211:Barrett
2199:Gorsuch
2151:Kennedy
2133:Stevens
2083:Stewart
2071:Brennan
2017:Douglas
1993:Cardozo
1973:Sanford
1887:McKenna
1881:Peckham
1801:Bradley
1711:Barbour
1699:Baldwin
1687:Trimble
1615:Iredell
1597:Cushing
1134:excerpt
1029:at the
1011:Sources
421:by the
198:
190:
2616:68 (1)
2598:67 (2)
2593:66 (1)
2500:50 (9)
2495:49 (8)
2490:48 (7)
2485:47 (6)
2480:46 (5)
2475:45 (4)
2470:44 (3)
2465:43 (2)
2460:42 (1)
2359:Miller
2354:Swayne
2339:Curtis
2324:Nelson
2319:Daniel
2309:Catron
2175:Breyer
2163:Thomas
2157:Souter
2145:Scalia
2119:Powell
2101:Fortas
2059:Minton
2047:Burton
2029:Byrnes
2023:Murphy
1967:Butler
1955:Clarke
1937:Pitney
1918:Hughes
1911:Lurton
1893:Holmes
1861:Shiras
1849:Brewer
1795:Strong
1777:Miller
1771:Swayne
1753:Curtis
1735:Nelson
1729:Daniel
1717:Catron
1693:McLean
1669:Duvall
1603:Wilson
1102:online
1070:
953:, 667.
810:, 308.
696:
583:Family
409:first
319:Career
239:jurist
181:Spouse
154:, U.S.
131:, U.S.
2608:Wall.
2585:Black
2369:Field
2364:Davis
2334:Grier
2299:Taney
2193:Kagan
2181:Alito
2053:Clark
1999:Black
1980:Stone
1905:Moody
1855:Brown
1819:Woods
1789:Field
1783:Davis
1747:Grier
1705:Wayne
1675:Story
1645:Moore
1609:Blair
1544:cases
1528:cases
1512:cases
1496:cases
1480:cases
1464:cases
1448:cases
1432:cases
1416:cases
1400:cases
1384:cases
1368:cases
1352:cases
1336:cases
1320:cases
1304:cases
1288:cases
1068:S2CID
752:(PDF)
192:(
188:
2452:How.
2404:Pet.
2005:Reed
1831:Gray
1807:Hunt
1663:Todd
1299:1795
1087:Oyez
1018:Oyez
783:2022
760:2022
694:ISBN
669:2022
313:B.A.
136:Died
116:Born
2774:Law
1899:Day
1060:doi
690:388
619:in
595:in
463:In
401:of
329:bar
279:of
2798::
1541:,
1525:,
1509:,
1493:,
1477:,
1461:,
1445:,
1429:,
1413:,
1397:,
1381:,
1365:,
1349:,
1333:,
1317:,
1301:,
1285:,
1066:.
1056:38
1054:.
991:.
966:.
737:^
720:.
716:.
692:.
652:^
623:.
460:.
383:c.
365:.
291:.
248:A
245:.
221:BA
194:m.
150:,
2750::
2276:e
2269:t
2262:v
2225:*
1547:)
1537:(
1531:)
1521:(
1515:)
1505:(
1499:)
1489:(
1483:)
1473:(
1467:)
1457:(
1451:)
1441:(
1435:)
1425:(
1419:)
1409:(
1403:)
1393:(
1387:)
1377:(
1371:)
1361:(
1355:)
1345:(
1339:)
1329:(
1323:)
1313:(
1307:)
1297:(
1291:)
1281:(
1245:e
1238:t
1231:v
1156:.
1104:.
1093:.
1074:.
1062::
1039:.
1002:.
977:.
834:.
785:.
762:.
731:.
702:.
671:.
541::
223:)
219:(
207:6
124:)
120:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
