1629:
49:
447:. Robert Curl's 1985 paper entitled "C60: Buckminsterfullerine", published with colleagues H. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C. O’Brien, and R. E. Smalley, was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, presented to Rice University in 2015. The discovery of fullerenes was recognized in 2010 by the designation of a
1912:
459:
some idea for a new science project and you can use your newfound notoriety to get the resources to do it. Or you can say, 'Well, I enjoy what I was doing, and I want to keep doing that.'" True to that humility, when asked by the
President of Rice what he would like, following the Nobel announcement, he asked that a
458:
After winning the Nobel Prize in 1996, Curl took a quieter path than
Smalley, who became an outspoken advocate of nanotechnology, and Kroto, who used his fame to further his interest in science education, saying, "After winning a Nobel, you can either become a scientific pontificator, or you can have
377:
Curl's research at Rice involved the fields of infrared and microwave spectroscopy. Curl's research inspired
Richard Smalley to come to Rice in 1976 with the intention of collaborating with Curl. In 1985, Curl was contacted by Harold Kroto, who wanted to use a laser beam apparatus built by Smalley
430:
deserve equal recognition in the work to
Smalley and Kroto. The existence of this type of molecule had earlier been theorized by others, but Curl and his colleagues were at the time unaware of this. Later experiments confirmed their proposed structure, and the team moved on to synthesize
270:. Due to his father's missionary work, his family moved several times within southern and southwestern Texas, and the elder Curl was involved in starting the San Antonio Medical Center's Methodist Hospital. Curl attributes his interest in chemistry to a
1150:
Zhang, Q. L.; O'Brien, S. C.; Heath, J. R.; Liu, Y.; Curl, R. F.; Kroto, H. W.; Smalley, R. E. (February 1986). "Reactivity of large carbon clusters: spheroidal carbon shells and their possible relevance to the formation and morphology of soot".
401:
They indeed found the long carbon chains they were looking for, but also found an unexpected product that had 60 carbon atoms. Over the course of 11 days, the team studied and determined its structure and named it
3366:
3361:
3381:
297:(now Rice University) in 1954. He was attracted to the reputation of both the school's academics and football team, and the fact that at the time it charged no tuition. He earned his
398:. They were initially reluctant to interrupt their experiments on these semiconductor materials to use their apparatus for Kroto's experiments on carbon, but eventually gave in.
3416:
3079:
1679:
642:
3411:
279:
1123:
Heath, J. R.; O'Brien, S. C.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, Y.; Curl, R. F.; Tittel, F. K.; Smalley, R. E. (December 1985). "Lanthanum complexes of spheroidal carbon shells".
3230:
286:. His high school offered only one year of chemistry instruction, but in his senior year his chemistry teacher gave him special projects to work on.
422:. Curl was responsible for determining the optimal conditions of the carbon vapor in the apparatus, and examining the spectrograph. Curl noted that
220:(August 23, 1933 – July 3, 2022) was an American chemist who was Pitzer–Schlumberger Professor of Natural Sciences and professor of chemistry at
3072:
1672:
3371:
3205:
547:
911:"Robert F. Curl: University Professor Emeritus, Pitzer-Schlumberger Professor of Natural Sciences Emeritus, Professor of Chemistry Emeritus"
860:
3356:
1688:
575:
448:
439:, a class of molecules of which buckminsterfullerene was the first member discovered, are now considered to have potential applications in
1516:
1448:
309:, then dean of the college of chemistry, with whom he would become a lifelong collaborator. Curl's graduate research involved performing
3351:
1492:
1356:
797:
669:
661:
654:
302:
107:
3376:
3346:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3065:
2183:
1665:
746:
557:
1595:
3391:
643:
Infrared
Absorption Spectroscopy and Chemical Kinetics of Free Radicals. Final Performance Report, August 1, 1985 – July 31, 1994
345:
of molecules. After that, he joined the faculty of Rice
University in 1958. He inherited the equipment and graduate students of
3386:
1708:
1549:
646:
3396:
3133:
2319:
1384:
939:
1330:
2957:
2889:
1080:
Kroto, H. W.; Heath, J. R.; O'Brien, S. C.; Curl, R. F.; Smalley, R. E. (November 14, 1985). "C60: Buckminsterfullerene".
1242:
502:, Pitzer-Schlumberger Professor of Natural Sciences Emeritus, and Professor of Chemistry Emeritus at Rice University.
444:
2007:
1210:
3406:
3157:
480:
3194:
3129:
2120:
1816:
1055:
826:
605:
452:
3401:
3098:
2725:
2215:
2112:
1692:
1541:
553:
455:
at the
Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology at Rice University in Houston, Texas.
225:
129:
346:
3259:
2614:
2506:
2096:
1900:
1800:
361:
using microwave spectroscopy and tunable lasers. He used these observations to develop the theory of their
267:
581:
Citation for
Chemical Breakthrough Award, Division of History of Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 2015
3174:
2997:
2985:
2973:
1956:
1824:
538:
338:
427:
357:. His research program included both experiment and theory, mainly focused on detection and analysis of
274:
he received as a nine-year-old, recalling that he ruined the finish on his mother's porcelain stove when
3182:
2367:
2299:
1936:
1877:
1651:
1410:
1181:
488:
342:
310:
3140:
2243:
2051:
2011:
3341:
3336:
3029:
2733:
2526:
2375:
2351:
2108:
1089:
1026:
614:
460:
432:
403:
350:
248:
232:
1282:
3219:
3163:
2933:
2670:
2638:
2550:
2514:
2207:
366:
334:
290:
2981:
2909:
2833:
2789:
2761:
2622:
2558:
2387:
2383:
2307:
2191:
1647:
1105:
499:
472:
411:
330:
283:
161:
789:
781:
1635:
1456:
662:
Infrared
Absorption Spectroscopy and Chemical Kinetics of Free Radicals, Final Technical Report
491:. He is known in the residential college life at Rice University for being the first master of
3149:
2801:
2769:
2602:
2586:
2442:
2227:
1976:
1764:
1488:
1482:
996:
793:
742:
514:
to his office and lab and every week played bridge with the Rice Bridge
Brigade. Curl died in
511:
415:
736:
3213:
3188:
3025:
3021:
2949:
2873:
2837:
2785:
2749:
2706:
2594:
2470:
2450:
2426:
2359:
2235:
2219:
2171:
2080:
1928:
1740:
1724:
1657:
1570:
1160:
1132:
1097:
1034:
986:
978:
622:
354:
186:
48:
694:
3244:
3118:
3009:
3001:
2937:
2921:
2857:
2849:
2817:
2702:
2654:
2630:
2546:
2407:
2291:
2136:
2104:
2047:
1984:
1869:
1796:
1772:
1361:
910:
665:
650:
294:
240:
221:
205:
157:
103:
2729:
1628:
1093:
1030:
618:
3238:
3037:
2969:
2965:
2885:
2825:
2821:
2698:
2666:
2566:
2542:
2482:
2466:
2434:
2403:
2371:
2167:
2027:
1861:
1756:
1732:
991:
966:
492:
423:
362:
306:
201:
191:
91:
3330:
3045:
3041:
3013:
2989:
2953:
2917:
2893:
2877:
2865:
2773:
2745:
2662:
2574:
2478:
2323:
2315:
2259:
2251:
2199:
2179:
2128:
1952:
1944:
1808:
1748:
1269:
885:
440:
419:
407:
387:
271:
229:
369:, as well as information about their structure and the kinetics of their reactions.
2853:
2809:
2793:
2741:
2690:
2634:
2562:
2534:
2518:
2454:
2339:
2331:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2039:
1964:
1780:
1716:
1109:
531:
Alexander von Humboldt Senior US Scientist Award, University of Bonn, Germany, 1984
358:
260:
244:
72:
1017:
Curl, Robert F. (July 1997). "Dawn of the fullerenes: experiment and conjecture".
17:
1307:
3112:
3089:
2941:
2925:
2905:
2901:
2678:
2650:
2610:
2578:
2530:
2498:
2031:
2019:
1999:
1885:
1846:
1788:
275:
1449:"Guide to the Rice University Nobel Prize records, 1978–2006, bulk 1996 UA 123"
414:
was known. This discovery was based solely on the single prominent peak on the
2841:
2777:
2757:
2682:
2490:
2395:
2343:
2267:
2148:
2144:
1972:
1220:. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Chemical Sciences. 2015
1188:. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Chemical Sciences. 2015
1038:
626:
418:, implying a chemically inert substance that was geometrically closed with no
318:
314:
119:
3057:
1636:
Guide to the Robert F. Curl Academic papers, 1981–2008, bulk 1985–1993 MS 483
2462:
2088:
723:
484:
436:
395:
383:
298:
264:
236:
147:
1000:
1623:
982:
603:
Curl, Robert (1997). "Dawn of the fullerenes: experiment and conjecture".
1385:"Robert Curl, Nobel-winning chemist in 'buckyball' discovery, dies at 88"
174:
1517:"Rice University Professor Curl Elected to National Academy of Sciences"
1164:
1136:
515:
391:
379:
510:
Curl married Jonel Whipple in 1955, with whom he had two children. He
132:
in 1996. Cross-cultural ambassador at Sorbonne University UNESCO Club
1101:
168:
965:
Shampo, Marc A.; Kyle, Robert A.; David P., David P. (August 2010).
386:
stars. Smalley and Curl had previously used this apparatus to study
1310:. Rice University Baker Institute for Public Policy. June 28, 2013
1642:
Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology
1411:"Robert F. Curl Jr., Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry, Dies at 88"
888:. Thomas Jefferson High School Alumni Association. August 5, 2013
353:. Curl's early research involved the microwave spectroscopy of
3061:
1661:
1331:"Nobel laureate, beloved Rice professor Robert Curl dead at 88"
1218:
American Chemical Society, Division of the History of Chemistry
1186:
American Chemical Society, Division of the History of Chemistry
1542:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
940:"Richard E. Smalley, Robert F. Curl, Jr., and Harold W. Kroto"
476:
1243:"Discovery of Fullerenes National Historic Chemical Landmark"
498:
Curl retired in 2008 at the age of 74, becoming a University
175:
Some spectroscopic and thermodynamic properties of molecules
435:
that had a metal atom inside the hollow carbon shell. The
3367:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
544:
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1998
479:
genotyping and sequencing instrumentation, and creating
1641:
569:
Honorary Fellow, The Royal Society of New Zealand, 2001
305:, in 1957. At Berkeley, he worked in the laboratory of
528:
Clayton Prize, Institute of Mechanical Engineers, 1957
3362:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1648:
Discovery, history, and lucky accidents in chemistry
1487:. London: Imperial College Press. pp. 375–388.
3229:
3204:
3173:
3148:
3128:
3097:
2716:
2417:
2158:
1919:
1699:
197:
185:
167:
153:
143:
125:
114:
99:
80:
58:
34:
463:be installed closer to his office and laboratory.
3382:Jefferson High School (San Antonio, Texas) alumni
1357:"Chemistry Nobel laureate Robert Curl dies at 88"
788:. Farmington Hills, MI: The Gale Group. pp.
566:Centenary Medal, Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999
563:Johannes Marcus Marci Award in Spectroscopy, 1998
534:Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, 1997
1654:, AcademicInfluence.com, November/December 2020
1481:Hargittai, István; Hargittai, Magdolna (2000).
1237:
1235:
1205:
1203:
967:"Robert F. Curl Jr—Nobel Laureate in Chemistry"
861:"Legendary Rice professor Robert Curl retiring"
741:. New York, NY: Facts on File. pp. 79–80.
3073:
1673:
1265:
1263:
8:
1476:
1474:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
886:"TJHS Alumni: Dr. Robert Floyd Curl Jr. '50"
3417:Fellows of the Royal Society of New Zealand
1050:
1048:
786:Notable Scientists from 1900 to the Present
349:, a professor who was leaving for a job at
3080:
3066:
3058:
1680:
1666:
1658:
1627:
1211:"Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award"
689:
687:
278:boiled over onto it. He is a graduate of
47:
31:
1596:"American Academy of Arts & Sciences"
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
990:
913:. Rice University Department of Chemistry
572:University of Bochum Research Prize, 2004
471:Curl's later research interests involved
1176:
1174:
1125:Journal of the American Chemical Society
699:Department of Chemistry, Rice University
584:Fellow of the Optical Society of America
3412:UC Berkeley College of Chemistry alumni
683:
378:to simulate and study the formation of
263:, United States, Curl was the son of a
1012:
1010:
548:International Prize for New Materials
7:
934:
932:
930:
928:
905:
903:
854:
852:
850:
848:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
719:
717:
715:
1056:"Robert F. Curl Jr. – Biographical"
827:"Robert F. Curl Jr. – Biographical"
576:National Historic Chemical Landmark
518:on July 3, 2022, at the age of 88.
449:National Historic Chemical Landmark
406:after noting its similarity to the
1652:What is it like to be a scientist?
670:United States Department of Energy
655:United States Department of Energy
329:Curl was a postdoctoral fellow at
303:University of California, Berkeley
108:University of California, Berkeley
25:
1153:The Journal of Physical Chemistry
578:, American Chemical Society, 2010
558:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
550:, American Physical Society, 1992
228:in 1996 for the discovery of the
1910:
1646:Career retrospective interviews
1409:Chang, Kenneth (July 20, 2022).
1550:American Academy of Achievement
1355:Durrani, Jamie (July 5, 2022).
647:National Accelerator Laboratory
539:American Academy of Achievement
239:class of materials, along with
1575:Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings
1521:Rice University News and Media
1383:Murphy, Brian (July 6, 2022).
859:Berger, Eric (June 29, 2008).
735:Carey, Charles W. Jr. (2006).
660:Curl, R. F. and G. P. Glass. "
641:Curl, R. F. and G. P. Glass. "
243:(also of Rice University) and
1:
1571:"Prof. Dr. Robert Floyd Curl"
3372:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
784:. In Narins, Brigham (ed.).
280:Thomas Jefferson High School
27:American chemist (1933–2022)
3357:Fellows of Optica (society)
445:molecular scale electronics
3433:
3352:American physical chemists
3158:Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo
1515:Unrau, Lia (May 5, 1997).
1329:Jade Boyd (July 4, 2022).
1270:Robert F. Curl (1933–2022)
537:Golden Plate Award of the
3254:
3195:Robert Coleman Richardson
1908:
1247:American Chemical Society
1039:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.691
1019:Reviews of Modern Physics
944:Science History Institute
780:Proffitt, Pamela (2001).
627:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.691
606:Reviews of Modern Physics
453:American Chemical Society
211:
136:
46:
41:
3377:People from Alice, Texas
3347:American Nobel laureates
2834:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
2113:Wendell Meredith Stanley
1693:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
554:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
410:for which the architect
255:Early life and education
226:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
130:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
3392:Rice University faculty
1287:Encyclopædia Britannica
971:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
782:"Robert Floyd Curl Jr."
3387:Rice University alumni
3260:Nobel Prize recipients
3247:(Canada/United States)
3206:Physiology or Medicine
2998:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2986:M. Stanley Whittingham
1957:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
833:. Nobel Media AB. 1996
489:quantum cascade lasers
343:bond rotation barriers
339:microwave spectroscopy
301:in chemistry from the
3397:Scientists from Texas
2368:Christian B. Anfinsen
2008:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
1272:, Nature, 17 Aug 2022
983:10.4065/mcp.2010.0448
590:Selected publications
433:endohedral fullerenes
311:infrared spectroscopy
224:. He was awarded the
218:Robert Floyd Curl Jr.
42:Robert Floyd Curl Jr.
3030:Karl Barry Sharpless
2527:Dudley R. Herschbach
2352:Luis Federico Leloir
1283:"Robert F. Curl Jr."
404:buckminsterfullerene
249:University of Sussex
233:buckminsterfullerene
3220:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
3189:Douglas D. Osheroff
3022:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
2934:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
2671:Jens Christian Skou
2639:F. Sherwood Rowland
2551:Charles J. Pedersen
2515:Herbert A. Hauptman
2208:Vincent du Vigneaud
1825:Richard Willstätter
1709:Jacobus van 't Hoff
1634:Finding aid to the
1546:www.achievement.org
1459:on January 15, 2008
1165:10.1021/j100276a001
1137:10.1021/ja00311a102
1094:1985Natur.318..162K
1031:1997RvMP...69..691C
738:American scientists
619:1997RvMP...69..691C
367:hyperfine structure
3141:Wisława Szymborska
3119:Richard E. Smalley
3107:Robert F. Curl Jr.
2982:John B. Goodenough
2910:William E. Moerner
2790:Richard R. Schrock
2762:Roderick MacKinnon
2734:K. Barry Sharpless
2559:Johann Deisenhofer
2388:Geoffrey Wilkinson
2384:Ernst Otto Fischer
2308:Robert S. Mulliken
2244:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
2192:Hermann Staudinger
2012:Irène Joliot-Curie
1626:on Nobelprize.org
1415:The New York Times
724:Robert F. Curl, Jr
672:, (November 2004).
500:Professor Emeritus
473:physical chemistry
412:Buckminster Fuller
331:Harvard University
293:in chemistry from
284:San Antonio, Texas
162:Harvard University
18:Robert F. Curl Jr.
3407:Carbon scientists
3324:
3323:
3231:Economic Sciences
3055:
3054:
3038:Moungi G. Bawendi
2958:Richard Henderson
2802:Roger D. Kornberg
2770:Aaron Ciechanover
2603:Rudolph A. Marcus
2507:Robert Merrifield
2443:Peter D. Mitchell
2216:Cyril Hinshelwood
1977:Friedrich Bergius
1901:Richard Zsigmondy
1817:Theodore Richards
1765:Ernest Rutherford
1638:, Rice University
1131:(25): 7779–7780.
1088:(6042): 162–163.
635:Technical reports
522:Awards and honors
416:mass spectrograph
325:Scientific career
313:to determine the
215:
214:
198:Doctoral students
138:Scientific career
118:The discovery of
16:(Redirected from
3424:
3262:
3241:(United Kingdom)
3214:Peter C. Doherty
3183:David Morris Lee
3164:José Ramos-Horta
3115:(United Kingdom)
3082:
3075:
3068:
3059:
3048:
3046:Alexei I. Ekimov
3032:
3026:Morten P. Meldal
3016:
3004:
2992:
2976:
2960:
2950:Jacques Dubochet
2944:
2928:
2912:
2896:
2880:
2874:Robert Lefkowitz
2868:
2860:
2844:
2838:Thomas A. Steitz
2828:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2786:Robert H. Grubbs
2780:
2764:
2752:
2736:
2709:
2707:Hideki Shirakawa
2693:
2685:
2673:
2657:
2641:
2625:
2617:
2605:
2597:
2595:Richard R. Ernst
2589:
2581:
2569:
2553:
2537:
2521:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2473:
2471:Frederick Sanger
2457:
2451:Herbert C. Brown
2445:
2437:
2429:
2427:William Lipscomb
2410:
2398:
2390:
2378:
2362:
2360:Gerhard Herzberg
2354:
2346:
2334:
2326:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2236:Frederick Sanger
2230:
2222:
2220:Nikolay Semyonov
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2174:
2172:Glenn T. Seaborg
2151:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2099:
2097:Artturi Virtanen
2091:
2083:
2081:George de Hevesy
2075:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2042:
2034:
2022:
2014:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1967:
1959:
1947:
1939:
1937:Heinrich Wieland
1931:
1929:Theodor Svedberg
1914:
1913:
1903:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1741:Adolf von Baeyer
1735:
1727:
1725:Svante Arrhenius
1719:
1711:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1659:
1631:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1567:
1554:
1553:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1455:. Archived from
1445:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1215:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1102:10.1038/318162a0
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1014:
1005:
1004:
994:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
936:
923:
922:
920:
918:
907:
898:
897:
895:
893:
882:
876:
875:
873:
871:
856:
843:
842:
840:
838:
823:
804:
803:
777:
760:
759:
757:
755:
732:
726:
721:
710:
709:
707:
705:
695:"Robert F. Curl"
691:
630:
596:Journal articles
355:chlorine dioxide
337:, where he used
291:Bachelor of Arts
289:Curl received a
235:, and hence the
187:Doctoral advisor
181:
87:
68:
66:
51:
32:
21:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3402:Spectroscopists
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3258:
3250:
3245:William Vickrey
3225:
3200:
3197:(United States)
3191:(United States)
3185:(United States)
3169:
3144:
3124:
3121:(United States)
3113:Harold W. Kroto
3109:(United States)
3093:
3086:
3056:
3051:
3035:
3019:
3010:David MacMillan
3007:
3002:Jennifer Doudna
2995:
2979:
2963:
2947:
2938:Fraser Stoddart
2931:
2922:Paul L. Modrich
2915:
2899:
2883:
2871:
2863:
2858:Ei-ichi Negishi
2850:Richard F. Heck
2847:
2831:
2818:Osamu Shimomura
2815:
2807:
2799:
2783:
2767:
2755:
2739:
2726:William Knowles
2723:
2712:
2703:Alan MacDiarmid
2696:
2688:
2676:
2660:
2655:Richard Smalley
2644:
2631:Paul J. Crutzen
2628:
2620:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2572:
2556:
2547:Jean-Marie Lehn
2540:
2524:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2476:
2460:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2413:
2408:Vladimir Prelog
2401:
2393:
2381:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2337:
2329:
2313:
2305:
2300:Robert Woodward
2297:
2292:Dorothy Hodgkin
2289:
2277:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2154:
2142:
2137:William Giauque
2134:
2126:
2121:Robert Robinson
2118:
2105:James B. Sumner
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2052:Leopold RuĹľiÄŤka
2048:Adolf Butenandt
2045:
2037:
2025:
2017:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1985:Irving Langmuir
1982:
1970:
1962:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1870:Frederick Soddy
1867:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1797:Victor Grignard
1794:
1786:
1778:
1773:Wilhelm Ostwald
1770:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1695:
1686:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1600:Rice University
1594:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1557:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1453:Rice University
1447:
1446:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1389:Washington Post
1382:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1362:Chemistry World
1354:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1335:Rice University
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1182:"2015 Awardees"
1180:
1179:
1172:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1016:
1015:
1008:
964:
963:
959:
949:
947:
938:
937:
926:
916:
914:
909:
908:
901:
891:
889:
884:
883:
879:
869:
867:
858:
857:
846:
836:
834:
825:
824:
807:
800:
779:
778:
763:
753:
751:
749:
734:
733:
729:
722:
713:
703:
701:
693:
692:
685:
680:
675:
666:Rice University
651:Rice University
602:
592:
587:
524:
508:
469:
428:Sean C. O'Brien
375:
327:
257:
241:Richard Smalley
222:Rice University
206:James L. Kinsey
204:
179:
158:Rice University
100:Alma mater
95:
89:
85:
76:
70:
69:August 23, 1933
64:
62:
54:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3430:
3428:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3329:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3239:James Mirrlees
3235:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3033:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2977:
2970:Gregory Winter
2966:Frances Arnold
2961:
2945:
2929:
2913:
2897:
2890:Michael Levitt
2886:Martin Karplus
2881:
2869:
2861:
2845:
2829:
2826:Roger Y. Tsien
2822:Martin Chalfie
2813:
2805:
2797:
2781:
2765:
2753:
2737:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2699:Alan J. Heeger
2694:
2686:
2674:
2667:John E. Walker
2658:
2642:
2626:
2618:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2570:
2567:Hartmut Michel
2554:
2543:Donald J. Cram
2538:
2522:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2483:Roald Hoffmann
2474:
2467:Walter Gilbert
2458:
2446:
2438:
2435:Ilya Prigogine
2430:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2404:John Cornforth
2399:
2391:
2379:
2372:Stanford Moore
2363:
2355:
2347:
2335:
2327:
2320:Ronald Norrish
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2228:Alexander Todd
2223:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2175:
2168:Edwin McMillan
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2043:
2035:
2028:Norman Haworth
2023:
2015:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1968:
1960:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1862:Walther Nernst
1857:
1850:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1757:Eduard Buchner
1752:
1744:
1736:
1733:William Ramsay
1728:
1720:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1619:
1618:External links
1616:
1613:
1612:
1587:
1555:
1533:
1507:
1494:978-1860941511
1493:
1484:Candid science
1470:
1427:
1401:
1375:
1347:
1321:
1299:
1274:
1259:
1231:
1199:
1170:
1159:(4): 525–528.
1142:
1115:
1072:
1060:Nobelprize.org
1044:
1025:(3): 691–702.
1006:
957:
924:
899:
877:
844:
831:Nobelprize.org
805:
799:978-0787617523
798:
761:
747:
727:
711:
682:
681:
679:
676:
674:
673:
658:
657:, (June 1995).
632:
631:
613:(3): 691–702.
593:
591:
588:
586:
585:
582:
579:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
551:
545:
542:
535:
532:
529:
525:
523:
520:
507:
504:
493:Lovett College
468:
467:Later research
465:
424:James R. Heath
420:dangling bonds
408:geodesic domes
388:semiconductors
374:
371:
363:fine structure
326:
323:
307:Kenneth Pitzer
295:Rice Institute
256:
253:
213:
212:
209:
208:
202:Lihong V. Wang
199:
195:
194:
192:Kenneth Pitzer
189:
183:
182:
171:
165:
164:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
134:
133:
127:
123:
122:
116:
115:Known for
112:
111:
104:Rice Institute
101:
97:
96:
92:Houston, Texas
90:
88:(aged 88)
82:
78:
77:
71:
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3429:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:(Switzerland)
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3047:
3043:
3042:Louis E. Brus
3039:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3014:Benjamin List
3011:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2990:Akira Yoshino
2987:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2954:Joachim Frank
2951:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2918:Tomas Lindahl
2914:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2894:Arieh Warshel
2891:
2887:
2882:
2879:
2878:Brian Kobilka
2875:
2870:
2867:
2866:Dan Shechtman
2862:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2842:Ada E. Yonath
2839:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2774:Avram Hershko
2771:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2750:Kurt WĂĽthrich
2747:
2746:Koichi Tanaka
2743:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:Paul D. Boyer
2659:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2615:Michael Smith
2612:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2575:Sidney Altman
2571:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2479:Kenichi Fukui
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2376:William Stein
2373:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2324:George Porter
2321:
2317:
2316:Manfred Eigen
2312:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2260:Melvin Calvin
2256:
2253:
2252:Willard Libby
2248:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2200:Linus Pauling
2196:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2184:Richard Synge
2181:
2180:Archer Martin
2176:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2129:Arne Tiselius
2125:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:John Northrop
2106:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:Arthur Harden
1949:
1946:
1945:Adolf Windaus
1941:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1878:Francis Aston
1874:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1809:Alfred Werner
1805:
1802:
1801:Paul Sabatier
1798:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1749:Henri Moissan
1745:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1309:
1308:"Robert Curl"
1303:
1300:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
958:
945:
941:
935:
933:
931:
929:
925:
912:
906:
904:
900:
887:
881:
878:
866:
862:
855:
853:
851:
849:
845:
832:
828:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
806:
801:
795:
791:
787:
783:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
762:
750:
748:9780816054992
744:
740:
739:
731:
728:
725:
720:
718:
716:
712:
700:
696:
690:
688:
684:
677:
671:
667:
663:
659:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:
638:
636:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:
601:
600:
599:
597:
589:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
536:
533:
530:
527:
526:
521:
519:
517:
513:
506:Personal life
505:
503:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:photoacoustic
478:
475:, developing
474:
466:
464:
462:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:nanomaterials
438:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:carbon chains
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
359:free radicals
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:to study the
340:
336:
332:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:chemistry set
269:
266:
262:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
193:
190:
188:
184:
177:
176:
172:
170:
166:
163:
159:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
93:
83:
79:
74:
61:
57:
50:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
3290:
3166:(East Timor)
3160:(East Timor)
3106:
2974:George Smith
2854:Akira Suzuki
2810:Gerhard Ertl
2794:Yves Chauvin
2742:John B. Fenn
2730:Ryoji Noyori
2717:2001–present
2691:Ahmed Zewail
2651:Harold Kroto
2646:
2635:Mario Molina
2563:Robert Huber
2535:John Polanyi
2519:Jerome Karle
2455:Georg Wittig
2340:Derek Barton
2332:Lars Onsager
2284:Giulio Natta
2280:Karl Ziegler
2272:John Kendrew
2040:Richard Kuhn
1965:Hans Fischer
1781:Otto Wallach
1717:Emil Fischer
1603:. Retrieved
1599:
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1574:
1545:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1520:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1483:
1461:. Retrieved
1457:the original
1452:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1334:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:
1277:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1222:. Retrieved
1217:
1190:. Retrieved
1185:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:
1022:
1018:
974:
970:
960:
948:. Retrieved
943:
915:. Retrieved
890:. Retrieved
880:
868:. Retrieved
864:
835:. Retrieved
830:
785:
752:. Retrieved
737:
730:
702:. Retrieved
698:
634:
633:
610:
604:
595:
594:
509:
497:
483:sensors for
470:
457:
400:
376:
335:E. B. Wilson
328:
288:
261:Alice, Texas
258:
245:Harold Kroto
230:nanomaterial
217:
216:
173:
154:Institutions
137:
86:(2022-07-03)
84:July 3, 2022
73:Alice, Texas
53:Curl in 2009
29:
3342:2022 deaths
3337:1933 births
3216:(Australia)
3090:Nobel Prize
2942:Ben Feringa
2926:Aziz Sancar
2906:Stefan Hell
2902:Eric Betzig
2679:Walter Kohn
2647:Robert Curl
2623:George Olah
2611:Kary Mullis
2587:Elias Corey
2579:Thomas Cech
2531:Yuan T. Lee
2499:Henry Taube
2032:Paul Karrer
2020:Peter Debye
2000:Harold Urey
1886:Fritz Pregl
1847:Fritz Haber
1789:Marie Curie
1624:Robert Curl
946:. June 2016
485:trace gases
373:Nobel Prize
347:George Bird
276:nitric acid
36:Robert Curl
3331:Categories
3130:Literature
2778:Irwin Rose
2758:Peter Agre
2683:John Pople
2491:Aaron Klug
2396:Paul Flory
2344:Odd Hassel
2268:Max Perutz
2149:Kurt Alder
2145:Otto Diels
1973:Carl Bosch
977:(8): e58.
678:References
437:fullerenes
319:disiloxane
315:bond angle
120:fullerenes
65:1933-08-23
3099:Chemistry
3092:laureates
2463:Paul Berg
2418:1976–2000
2159:1951–1975
2089:Otto Hahn
1920:1926–1950
1700:1901–1925
1689:Laureates
950:March 21,
461:bike rack
396:germanium
384:red giant
299:doctorate
265:Methodist
237:fullerene
148:Chemistry
3143:(Poland)
1605:July 19,
1580:July 19,
1526:July 19,
1500:July 18,
1463:July 19,
1420:July 26,
1394:July 26,
1368:July 26,
1314:July 12,
1292:July 12,
1252:July 18,
1065:July 19,
1001:20704028
917:July 12,
892:July 12,
870:July 12,
837:July 12,
754:July 19,
704:July 19,
390:such as
351:Polaroid
268:minister
259:Born in
3175:Physics
1691:of the
1340:July 5,
1224:July 1,
1192:July 1,
1110:4314237
1090:Bibcode
1027:Bibcode
992:2912751
615:Bibcode
516:Houston
451:by the
392:silicon
247:of the
3036:2023:
3020:2022:
3008:2021:
2996:2020:
2980:2019:
2964:2018:
2948:2017:
2932:2016:
2916:2015:
2900:2014:
2884:2013:
2872:2012:
2864:2011:
2848:2010:
2832:2009:
2816:2008:
2808:2007:
2800:2006:
2784:2005:
2768:2004:
2756:2003:
2740:2002:
2724:2001:
2697:2000:
2689:1999:
2677:1998:
2661:1997:
2645:1996:
2629:1995:
2621:1994:
2609:1993:
2601:1992:
2593:1991:
2585:1990:
2573:1989:
2557:1988:
2541:1987:
2525:1986:
2513:1985:
2505:1984:
2497:1983:
2489:1982:
2477:1981:
2461:1980:
2449:1979:
2441:1978:
2433:1977:
2425:1976:
2402:1975:
2394:1974:
2382:1973:
2366:1972:
2358:1971:
2350:1970:
2338:1969:
2330:1968:
2314:1967:
2306:1966:
2298:1965:
2290:1964:
2278:1963:
2266:1962:
2258:1961:
2250:1960:
2242:1959:
2234:1958:
2226:1957:
2214:1956:
2206:1955:
2198:1954:
2190:1953:
2178:1952:
2166:1951:
2143:1950:
2135:1949:
2127:1948:
2119:1947:
2103:1946:
2095:1945:
2087:1944:
2079:1943:
2046:1939:
2038:1938:
2026:1937:
2018:1936:
2006:1935:
1998:1934:
1983:1932:
1971:1931:
1963:1930:
1951:1929:
1943:1928:
1935:1927:
1927:1926:
1899:1925:
1884:1923:
1876:1922:
1868:1921:
1860:1920:
1845:1918:
1823:1915:
1815:1914:
1807:1913:
1795:1912:
1787:1911:
1779:1910:
1771:1909:
1763:1908:
1755:1907:
1747:1906:
1739:1905:
1731:1904:
1723:1903:
1715:1902:
1707:1901:
1491:
1108:
1082:Nature
999:
989:
796:
745:
560:, 1996
541:, 1997
512:cycled
487:using
180:(1957)
178:
169:Thesis
144:Fields
126:Awards
106:, BA;
94:, U.S.
75:, U.S.
3291:1996
3150:Peace
3088:1996
1214:(PDF)
1106:S2CID
865:Chron
790:503–4
333:with
110:, PhD
3316:2001
3311:2000
3306:1999
3301:1998
3296:1997
3286:1995
3281:1994
3276:1993
3271:1992
3266:1991
3134:1996
2073:1942
2066:1941
2059:1940
1992:1933
1893:1924
1854:1919
1839:1917
1832:1916
1650:and
1607:2016
1582:2016
1528:2016
1502:2016
1489:ISBN
1465:2016
1422:2022
1396:2022
1370:2022
1342:2022
1316:2014
1294:2013
1254:2016
1226:2016
1194:2016
1067:2016
997:PMID
952:2018
919:2014
894:2014
872:2014
839:2014
794:ISBN
756:2016
743:ISBN
706:2016
443:and
426:and
394:and
365:and
81:Died
59:Born
1161:doi
1133:doi
1129:107
1098:doi
1086:318
1035:doi
987:PMC
979:doi
664:,"
645:,"
623:doi
477:DNA
382:in
317:of
282:in
3333::
3044:/
3040:/
3028:/
3024:/
3012:/
3000:/
2988:/
2984:/
2972:/
2968:/
2956:/
2952:/
2940:/
2936:/
2924:/
2920:/
2908:/
2904:/
2892:/
2888:/
2876:/
2856:/
2852:/
2840:/
2836:/
2824:/
2820:/
2792:/
2788:/
2776:/
2772:/
2760:/
2748:/
2744:/
2732:/
2728:/
2705:/
2701:/
2681:/
2669:/
2665:/
2653:/
2649:/
2637:/
2633:/
2613:/
2577:/
2565:/
2561:/
2549:/
2545:/
2533:/
2529:/
2517:/
2481:/
2469:/
2465:/
2453:/
2406:/
2386:/
2374:/
2370:/
2342:/
2322:/
2318:/
2282:/
2270:/
2218:/
2182:/
2170:/
2147:/
2111:/
2107:/
2050:/
2030:/
2010:/
1975:/
1955:/
1799:/
1598:.
1573:.
1558:^
1548:.
1544:.
1519:.
1473:^
1451:.
1430:^
1413:.
1387:.
1359:.
1333:.
1285:.
1262:^
1245:.
1234:^
1216:.
1202:^
1184:.
1173:^
1157:90
1155:.
1127:.
1104:.
1096:.
1084:.
1058:.
1047:^
1033:.
1023:69
1021:.
1009:^
995:.
985:.
975:85
973:.
969:.
942:.
927:^
902:^
863:.
847:^
829:.
808:^
792:.
764:^
714:^
697:.
686:^
668:,
653:,
649:,
637::
621:.
611:69
609:.
598::
556:,
495:.
321:.
251:.
160:,
3136:)
3132:(
3081:e
3074:t
3067:v
1681:e
1674:t
1667:v
1609:.
1584:.
1552:.
1530:.
1504:.
1467:.
1424:.
1398:.
1372:.
1344:.
1318:.
1296:.
1256:.
1228:.
1196:.
1167:.
1163::
1139:.
1135::
1112:.
1100::
1092::
1069:.
1041:.
1037::
1029::
1003:.
981::
954:.
921:.
896:.
874:.
841:.
802:.
758:.
708:.
629:.
625::
617::
67:)
63:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
