620:'s ambition of making the UK "the safest place to live and do business online"; against a '"rising tide" of cyber security incidents, governments could not do this alone but only "with industry". Hannigan has made frequent interventions on cyber security issues. In a speech in November 2015, he said that the usual market mechanisms were failing on cyber security: "The normal drivers of change, from regulation and incentivisation to insurance cover and legal liability, are still immature". He also pointed to a critical cyber skills gap, and has called for a "culture shift" within Boardrooms to meet the cyber threat, with less reliance on the "well-meaning generalist". Other
668:, that his resignation was for personal reasons. This exchange of letters between Hannigan and Johnson revealed that he had "initiated the greatest internal change within GCHQ for thirty years"; no further details were given but the letters refer to a "focus on technology and skills", to make GCHQ "fit for the digital age". He was widely credited with bringing greater transparency to GCHQ, not least through the use of cryptographic puzzles; his Christmas card puzzle in 2015 inspired some 600,000 attempts worldwide to solve it. This led to the publication of The GCHQ Puzzle Book in 2016, with Forewords by the
695:(ISC) reported that it had been misled by the government over the reasons for Hannigan's sudden resignation. Hannigan had in fact resigned because he had given a character reference some years earlier while working in the Foreign & Commonwealth Office using his FCO title, for Father Edmund Higgins, who had been found guilty of possessing 174 child pornography images, but the priest later reoffended. The report said the ISC is entrusted with oversight of the
505:, stating that "however much may dislike it, they have become the command and control networks of choice for terrorists and criminals" and that GCHQ and its sister agencies "cannot tackle these challenges at scale without greater support from the private sector", arguing that most Internet users "would be comfortable with a better and more sustainable relationship between the agencies and the tech companies". Since the
3095:
713:, commonly known as Jihadi John. The successor Director of GCHQ had written to Hannigan to remind him of his ongoing responsibility to safeguard sensitive information and to seek approval in advance of discussing such matters in the media, but without any substantive sanctions which the ISC viewed as giving the wrong message to other former intelligence staff.
672:
and
Hannigan. It became a Christmas best-seller, and by April 2017 had raised £240k for the Heads Together mental health charities. According to the Guardian, his resignation was sudden and prompted speculation that it might be related to "British concerns over shared intelligence with the US in the
627:
In July 2017 Hannigan blamed Russia for causing a "disproportionate amount of mayhem in cyberspace", identifying state-linked crime as a major problem: "There is an overlap of crime and state, and a deeply corrupt system that allows crime to flourish, but the
Russian state could do a lot to stop that
563:
in June 2017, Hannigan commented on the polarised stand-off between politicians and tech companies. He noted an improved relationship between the
Silicon Valley companies and government since 2014, but called on the big companies to come together to address extremism and to preserve the freedom of
550:
in July 2017, Hannigan argued against further legislation on encryption and said 'back doors' would be a 'bad idea', suggesting instead that governments and companies should work together against those abusing strong encryption by targeting devices and the 'end of the network'.
509:, large US technology companies have improved security and become less co-operative with foreign intelligence agencies, including those of the UK, generally requiring a US court order before disclosing data. However the head of the UK technology industry group
312:
in 2000, Director of
Communications for the Northern Ireland Office in 2001 and Associate Political Director for the Northern Ireland Office in 2004. He served as the Director-General, Political at the Northern Ireland Office from 2005, taking over from
513:
rejected these claims, stating that they understood the issues but that disclosure obligations "must be based upon a clear and transparent legal framework and effective oversight rather than, as suggested, a deal between the industry and government".
721:
He has served as chairman of BlueVoyant, a US-based cyber security services company, and as an adviser to a number of governments and international companies. He has been a paid commentator on security matters in the media and a public speaker.
328:'s autobiography, where Blair describes him as "a great young official who had taken over as the main Number 10 person " and cites him as an example of creativity. Hannigan appears regularly in other accounts, notably by Blair's Chief of Staff
267:. His sudden resignation as director was announced on 23 January 2017, and he stepped down at the end of April 2017 to pursue a career in private sector cyber security, academia and as a security commentator. In 2021 he became Warden of
486:
in 2013 exposed mass surveillance by the agency. As of 2015, Hannigan was paid a salary of between £160,000 and £164,999 by GCHQ, making him one of the 328 most highly paid people in the
British public sector at that time.
688:. He has written about the shift in technological innovation from government to private sector and West to East, expressing some concern about the tone of the Brexit debate and its impact on the UK academic tech sector.
526:
in March 2016, in which he appeared to take a more conciliatory line with the tech companies. He highlighted the importance of strong encryption and argued against 'back doors'. He also set out the role of
3157:
612:, at CyberUK 2017, Hannigan described his thinking in creating the NCSC and his involvement in cyber security over the years, from the creation of the first UK Cyber Security Strategy for Prime Minister
632:
Security Forum what had changed in
Russian cyber behaviour, Hannigan referred to the "brazen recklessness" of Russian agencies who scarcely tried to hide their activity. In December 2017 he joined
576:, at the 2017 Aspen Security Forum, Hannigan said that since 2014 the companies had accepted responsibility for the content they carried and were making progress on extremist material, pointing to
3152:
2401:
833:
2462:
2454:
746:
645:
435:
661:
3137:
2591:
463:
97:
705:
report. He was also heavily criticised in the ISC report for later revealing operational information on a TV programme of how intelligence agencies had discovered the identity of
2671:
443:
506:
419:
29:
1797:
692:
364:
and designed the diamond shaped table which brought Adams and
Paisley together at a public meeting on 26 March 2007, which is widely regarded as marking the end of the
1351:
405:
2910:
2088:
589:
264:
1559:
3147:
3142:
539:
and published for the first time facsimiles of Ellis' original papers on the possibility of digital and analogue secure non-secret encryption. Interviewed on
660:
On 23 January 2017, Hannigan announced that he had decided to resign once a successor to his role as director had been found, explaining in a letter to the
649:
3132:
3127:
2950:
2662:
2487:
314:
2347:
1484:
1867:
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2459:
754:
431:
2169:
532:
475:
292:
260:
207:
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1141:
523:
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2098:
1610:
955:
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988:
40:
1845:
2217:
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1381:
1091:
1057:
1029:
232:
597:
329:
1647:
3021:
2737:
439:
412:
2268:
2721:
1671:
1285:
1272:
699:, and ensuring their probity, and must be fully informed in such circumstances, instead of discovering it much later from a
321:
2242:
3040:
2655:
855:
696:
1403:
1206:
617:
3098:
2966:
2881:
2849:
573:
393:
1694:
2066:
2769:
2753:
2135:
1459:
676:
In
February 2017, Hannigan was appointed to the UK Government's new Defence Innovation Advisory Panel, along with
560:
353:
2040:
3065:
2889:
2648:
2014:
569:
479:
240:
1108:
2292:"Cyber attacks on Parliament and the NHS show criminals and dictators are teaming up – but we can fight back"
1157:
902:
536:
309:
1893:
1359:
3117:
3029:
3001:
2624:
2320:
1228:
726:
427:
288:
268:
203:
55:
2793:
2112:
604:
and the NCSC and set out the challenge of cyber security at a national level. In a final interview with
502:
423:
248:
1625:
1533:
1507:
1429:
308:
After an early career in the private sector, Hannigan became Deputy
Director of Communications for the
3122:
2705:
1485:"Senior officials 'high earners' salaries as at 30 September 2015 – Government of the United Kingdom"
669:
467:
357:
252:
217:
2529:
Prime
Minister's Security Adviser, No10, and Director General, Security, Intelligence and Resilience
2426:
1798:"National Cyber Security Centre: Queen opens new HQ as business warned it is unprepared for attacks"
547:
389:
3094:
1941:
1915:
1772:
1720:
1585:
408:, a major data breach incident; the subsequent report is informally called the "Hannigan Report".
3073:
2460:
Organising a Government for Cyber: the Creation of the UK's National Cyber Security Centre (RUSI)
1966:
1611:"Front doors and strong locks: encryption, privacy and intelligence gathering in the digital era"
1258:
447:
624:
articles have covered the sophistication of cyber crime groups and the threat from North Korea.
1253:
1183:
962:
880:
592:(NCSC) as an operational part of GCHQ. The NCSC's London headquarters was officially opened by
588:
Hannigan's major external change to the organisation during his tenure was the creation of the
2873:
2640:
2143:
1137:
1087:
1053:
1025:
928:
565:
377:
345:
337:
236:
995:
3052:
2817:
2801:
1311:
1083:
1077:
780:
747:"Organising a Government for Cyber: The Creation of the UK's National Cyber Security Centre"
51:
636:
in drawing attention to Russian threats to undersea internet cables, endorsing a report by
2958:
2942:
2926:
2918:
2777:
2512:
2466:
2093:
1315:
710:
641:
629:
621:
605:
577:
497:
381:
349:
341:
280:
183:
1329:
478:(GCHQ) in the autumn of the year, taking over in November 2014 after revelations by the
2825:
2761:
2601:
2539:
1052:. The Bodley Head. pp. 272, 274, 278, 283–5, 287, 288, 290–2, 296, 302, 304, 305.
701:
601:
528:
483:
385:
162:
134:
1389:
782:"Government 'misled' watchdog over GCHQ head who quit after helping paedophile priest"
564:
the internet from state control. Interviewed alongside his former counterpart Admiral
3111:
3081:
2841:
2785:
2616:
2559:
706:
665:
633:
609:
138:
120:
90:
1382:"Non-resident Senior Fellows - Belfer Center - Kennedy School - Harvard - Biography"
2982:
2865:
2857:
2729:
2689:
2382:(Report). Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament. pp. 12–14. HC 877
613:
593:
471:
415:
as the Director-General of Defence and Intelligence with effect from 1 March 2010.
365:
256:
361:
2990:
2833:
2697:
2584:
637:
459:
434:
in 2017 and is one of the few non-US citizens known to have been awarded the US
376:
In 2007, he was appointed to a new post of Prime Minister's Security Adviser in
333:
150:
124:
1991:
2902:
2809:
2713:
1823:
1745:
1560:"Tech giants reject GCHQ boss Robert Hannigan's call for deal with government"
681:
543:
325:
198:
39:
2147:
332:, attending private crisis meetings with Irish Republican leaders, including
2745:
685:
284:
64:
628:
and it could certainly rein in its own state activity." Asked at the 2017
2195:
807:
725:
In May 2021, it was announced that Hannigan was to be the next Warden of
360:
talks. He is described as chairing the first meeting between the DUP and
2455:
Foresight Review on Cyber Security for the industrial Internet of things
559:
Returning to the debate on terrorist material on the internet after the
2015:"Russia causing cyber mayhem, should face retaliation: ex-UK spy chief"
677:
324:
but he is the only British civil servant involved to be singled out in
1868:"CyberUK 2017: GCHQ director explains NCSC ethos in parting interview"
404:
and GCHQ. During his time in office, Hannigan led the review into the
2348:"Watchdog says it was misled over reason for GCHQ boss's resignation"
510:
426:
for services to national security. He was made an Honorary Fellow of
244:
2402:"Summary of business appointments applications - Robert Hannigan"
1404:"GCHQ names Foreign Office official Robert Hannigan as new chief"
2243:"GCHQ donates £240,000 to Heads Together from puzzle book sales"
1508:"The web is a terrorist's command-and-control network of choice"
905:(Press release). Government of the United Kingdom. 15 April 2014
2644:
495:
On his first day in the role, Hannigan wrote an article in the
2170:"Can you solve GCHQ's infuriatingly complex Christmas puzzle?"
1721:"Silicon Valley leadership is key in the fight against terror"
540:
401:
397:
2471:
2218:"Bestselling books 2016: the ghosts of Christmas charts past"
384:
as the Head of Security, Intelligence and Resilience at the
348:. Powell describes his key role in brokering agreement with
856:"Ex-Tony Blair adviser is new top boss at UK spy-hive GCHQ"
458:
It was announced in April 2014 that Hannigan would succeed
2269:"Defence Secretary Announces World Class Innovation Panel"
2089:"The Brits Told Us the Russians Were Hacking Our Election"
2314:
2312:
1894:"GCHQ chief to say free market failing on cyber security"
1648:"The Possibility of Secure Non-Secret Digital Encryption"
596:
on 14 February 2017. In a speech welcoming the Queen and
392:
and government, and acting as Accounting Officer for the
1992:"Russia causing 'cyber-space mayhem', says ex-GCHQ boss"
1942:"A boardroom shift is required to counter cyber threats"
646:
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
436:
National Intelligence Distinguished Public Service Medal
3158:
Directors of the Government Communications Headquarters
1586:"UK's head of GCHQ seeks co-operation with tech groups"
1352:"Robert Hannigan becomes RUSI Senior Associate Fellow"
1207:"Data Handling Procedures in Government: Final Report"
98:
Director of the Government Communications Headquarters
1916:"Skills shortage exposes UK companies to cyber crime"
2041:"Russian Election Hacking Pits U.S. Spy Against Spy"
1487:. Government of the United Kingdom. 17 December 2015
774:
772:
3153:
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
3039:
3000:
2678:
213:
197:
189:
177:
172:
156:
144:
130:
114:
96:
84:
50:
23:
420:Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George
849:
847:
693:Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament
600:, Hannigan described the historical line between
1227:Foreign and Commonwealth Office (30 June 2010).
522:Hannigan developed this thinking in a speech at
1430:"It is time to forge a post-Snowden settlement"
644:thinktank. Hannigan was involved in monitoring
2196:"GCHQ Christmas card puzzle winners announced"
1695:"Former GCHQ boss backs end-to-end encryption"
430:, in November 2015. He became a Fellow of the
3138:Civil servants in the Northern Ireland Office
2656:
2370:
2368:
1532:Sam Jones and Murad Ahmed (3 November 2014).
251:who previously served as the director of the
8:
1773:"UK launches National Cyber Security Centre"
1453:
1451:
1136:. London: A&C Black. 2017. p. 994.
388:, responsible for co-ordinating between the
2672:Heads of houses of the University of Oxford
2566:Director-General, Defence and Intelligence,
1534:"Tech groups aid terror, says UK spy chief"
650:Democratic National Committee cyber attacks
320:Hannigan has not spoken of his role in the
295:. He is married with a son and a daughter.
2663:
2649:
2641:
2476:
2067:"Undersea cables: Indispensable, Insecure"
1262:(Supplement). 29 December 2012. p. 3.
673:wake of Donald Trump becoming president."
38:
20:
1286:"Honorary Fellowship for Robert Hannigan"
1158:"Appointment of the New Director of GCHQ"
954:Northern Ireland Office (December 2005).
922:
920:
903:"Appointment of the new Director of GCHQ"
446:for Science and International Affairs at
438:. He is a Senior Associate Fellow of the
2113:"Director GCHQ to step down | GCHQ Site"
738:
432:Institute of Engineering and Technology
406:loss of the nation's child benefit data
372:Number 10 Downing St and Cabinet Office
2375:Julian Lewis (chair) (December 2021).
476:Government Communications Headquarters
293:Heythrop College, University of London
261:Government Communications Headquarters
208:Heythrop College, University of London
2548:Intelligence, Security and Resilience
2521:Intelligence, Security and Resilience
1844:Hannigan, Robert (14 February 2017).
1071:
1069:
1043:
1041:
7:
3148:Civil servants in the Foreign Office
3143:Civil servants in the Cabinet Office
987:Northern Ireland Office (May 2005).
779:Mendick, Robert (10 December 2021).
2168:Grierson, Jamie (9 December 2015).
2134:MacAskill, Ewen (23 January 2017).
1967:"Financial Times – Robert Hannigan"
1824:"Speech at the opening of the NCSC"
1506:Robert Hannigan (3 November 2014).
1458:MacAskill, Ewen (23 January 2017).
1316:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.245099
535:mathematicians in the invention of
110:November 2014 – April 2017
2546:Deputy National Security Adviser,
2216:Dugdale, John (31 December 2016).
2194:Corera, Gordon (4 February 2016).
2136:"GCHQ chief Robert Hannigan quits"
2115:. Government of the United Kingdom
2039:Dozier, Kimberley (24 July 2017).
1940:Hannigan, Robert (13 March 2017).
1460:"GCHQ chief Robert Hannigan quits"
1410:. Press Association. 15 April 2014
834:"Summary of Business Appointments"
753:. 27 February 2019. Archived from
14:
3133:Wardens of Wadham College, Oxford
2911:The Baroness Willis of Summertown
2346:Sabbagh, Dan (10 December 2021).
2290:Hannigan, Robert (25 June 2017).
1624:Hannigan, Robert (7 March 2016).
1558:David Barrett (4 November 2014).
1288:. Wadham College. 5 November 2015
1082:. Simon & Schuster. pp.
927:A & C Black (December 2011).
291:, and continued his education at
3128:Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
3093:
2568:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
2087:Sanger, David E. (3 July 2018).
2065:Sunak, Rishi (1 December 2017).
2013:Holden, Michael (10 July 2017).
1914:Hancock, Alice (14 March 2017).
1719:Hannigan, Robert (5 June 2017).
1358:. 4 January 2018. Archived from
956:"Autumn Performance Report 2005"
808:"GCHQ director Hannigan resigns"
263:(GCHQ) and established the UK's
16:British cybersecurity specialist
2951:The Baroness Royall of Blaisdon
1356:Royal united Services Institute
1107:Walker, Peter (26 March 2007).
883:. The Complete University Guide
854:Kelly Fiveash (15 April 2014).
440:Royal United Services Institute
413:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
3059:Energy Studies: Bassam Fattouh
1892:Jones, Sam (9 November 2015).
1626:"Front Doors and Strong Locks"
1584:Bradshaw, Tim (8 March 2016).
1109:"Paisley and Adams agree deal"
590:National Cyber Security Centre
322:Northern Ireland peace process
304:Northern Ireland Peace Process
265:National Cyber Security Centre
247:, since 2021. He was a senior
1:
3015:Campion Hall: Nicholas Austin
2321:"Wadham announces new Warden"
1693:Leyden, John (27 July 2017).
507:2013 surveillance disclosures
2935:The Baroness Black of Strome
2494:Director-General, Political,
2319:Hughes, Eoin (17 May 2021).
1866:Reeve, Tom (14 March 2017).
1771:Jones, Sam (18 March 2016).
1332:. Aspen Institute. July 2017
1205:Cabinet Office (June 2008).
1024:. Arrow Books. p. 186.
580:'s comments on the subject.
491:Dialogue with Silicon Valley
3099:University of Oxford portal
3064:Hebrew and Jewish Studies:
1846:"Speech at opening of NCSC"
1273:New Year Honours lists 2013
1229:"Resource Accounts 2009–10"
994:. p. 3. Archived from
961:. p. 5. Archived from
442:and a Senior Fellow of the
394:Single Intelligence Account
366:Northern Ireland 'Troubles'
181:1965 (age 58–59)
3174:
3010:Blackfriars: John O'Connor
2431:London Speaker Bureau Asia
989:"Departmental Report 2007"
933:Who's Who 2012, online edn
3091:
2631:
2621:
2613:
2608:
2598:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2564:
2556:
2536:
2527:
2509:
2501:
2492:
2484:
2479:
1050:Great Hatred, Little Room
1048:Powell, Jonathan (2008).
935:. Oxford University Press
555:Terrorist material online
354:Democratic Unionist Party
287:. He studied classics at
223:
168:
103:
72:
61:
46:
37:
3066:Judith Olszowy-Schlanger
2496:Northern Ireland Office
1076:Seldon, Anthony (2007).
929:"HANNIGAN, Robert Peter"
480:National Security Agency
241:Warden of Wadham College
239:specialist who has been
3020:Regent's Park College:
3002:Permanent private halls
2377:Annual Report 2019–2021
537:public key cryptography
380:, as well as replacing
310:Northern Ireland Office
2896:St Catherine's: vacant
2625:Wadham College, Oxford
1672:"Back Door a Bad Idea"
1386:Harvard Kennedy School
727:Wadham College, Oxford
697:intelligence community
691:In December 2021, the
428:Wadham College, Oxford
411:Hannigan moved to the
289:Wadham College, Oxford
269:Wadham College, Oxford
204:Wadham College, Oxford
56:Wadham College, Oxford
2519:Permanent Secretary,
1802:Press Association/ITV
634:General Lord Houghton
503:Internet surveillance
424:2013 New Year Honours
390:intelligence services
356:during and after the
279:Hannigan was born in
275:Early and family life
249:British civil servant
230:Robert Peter Hannigan
2959:Dame Hilary Boulding
2927:Lady Elish Angiolini
2784:Lady Margaret Hall:
1833:– via YouTube.
1020:Blair, Tony (2011).
729:, from summer 2021.
670:Duchess of Cambridge
618:coalition government
561:London Bridge attack
468:signals intelligence
358:St Andrews Agreement
253:signals intelligence
218:Intelligence officer
3043:independent centres
2874:The Lord Tarassenko
2744:Harris Manchester:
2513:Sir Richard Mottram
2480:Government offices
2465:17 May 2019 at the
2327:. Oxford University
1674:. BBC. 10 July 2017
1564:The Daily Telegraph
787:The Daily Telegraph
382:Sir Richard Mottram
3074:Shaunaka Rishi Das
3051:Buddhist Studies:
2770:Sir Michael Jacobs
2762:Sir Nigel Shadbolt
2271:. 27 February 2017
1804:. 14 February 2017
1746:"Mission Possible"
1362:on 14 January 2018
1259:The London Gazette
1084:311, 515, 518, 539
881:"Heythrop College"
594:Queen Elizabeth II
448:Harvard University
283:and brought up in
3105:
3104:
3080:Islamic Studies:
3022:Sir Malcolm Evans
2967:The Baroness Amos
2842:Sir Andrew Dilnot
2738:Sir Michael Dixon
2736:Green Templeton:
2639:
2638:
2632:Succeeded by
2609:Academic offices
2599:Succeeded by
2574:Succeeded by
2550:
2537:Succeeded by
2523:
2502:Succeeded by
2488:Jonathan Phillips
2427:"Robert Hannigan"
1436:. 4 November 2014
1330:"Aspen Institute"
1143:978-1-472-91360-9
814:. 23 January 2017
662:Foreign Secretary
616:, to framing the
418:He was appointed
346:Clonard Monastery
338:Martin McGuinness
315:Jonathan Phillips
235:(born 1965) is a
227:
226:
3165:
3097:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3053:Richard Gombrich
3032:
3024:
3016:
3011:
2993:
2985:
2983:Sir Tim Hitchens
2977:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2909:St Edmund Hall:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2858:Sir Ernest Ryder
2852:
2850:The Lord Mendoza
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2818:Helen Mountfield
2812:
2804:
2802:Henry Woudhuysen
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2730:Sir Rick Trainor
2724:
2720:Corpus Christi:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2698:Dame Helen Ghosh
2692:
2690:Sir John Vickers
2665:
2658:
2651:
2642:
2614:Preceded by
2592:Director of GCHQ
2582:Preceded by
2557:Preceded by
2544:
2517:
2510:Preceded by
2485:Preceded by
2477:
2472:Official website
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
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2372:
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2316:
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2287:
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2276:
2265:
2259:
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2256:
2254:
2239:
2233:
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2230:
2228:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2097:. Archived from
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1794:
1788:
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1785:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
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1742:
1736:
1735:
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1716:
1710:
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1707:
1705:
1690:
1684:
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1681:
1679:
1668:
1662:
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1659:
1657:
1652:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1529:
1523:
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1520:
1518:
1503:
1497:
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1492:
1481:
1475:
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1470:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1392:on 27 June 2018.
1388:. Archived from
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
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1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1326:
1320:
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1123:
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1073:
1064:
1063:
1045:
1036:
1035:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1001:on 15 April 2012
1000:
993:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
968:on 15 April 2012
967:
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784:
776:
767:
766:
764:
762:
743:
648:, including the
574:US Cyber Command
501:on the topic of
454:Director of GCHQ
173:Personal details
159:
147:
117:
108:
87:
77:
42:
32:
21:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3087:
3079:
3072:Hindu Studies:
3071:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3035:
3028:Wycliffe Hall:
3027:
3019:
3014:
3009:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2975:Robert Hannigan
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2943:Judith Buchanan
2940:
2932:
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2919:Sarah Springman
2916:
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2895:
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2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
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2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2778:Jonathan Michie
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2712:Christ Church:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2674:
2669:
2635:
2628:
2619:
2604:
2595:
2587:
2585:Sir Iain Lobban
2577:
2576:Sarah Macintosh
2570:
2567:
2562:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2533:
2531:Cabinet Office
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2498:
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2490:
2467:Wayback Machine
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2325:The Oxford Blue
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2101:on 4 July 2018.
2094:The Daily Beast
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2049:
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2045:The Daily Beast
2038:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1975:
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1971:Financial Times
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
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1946:Financial Times
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1920:Financial Times
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1777:Financial Times
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1590:Financial Times
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1164:. 15 April 2017
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719:
711:Mohammed Emwazi
658:
642:Policy Exchange
622:Financial Times
606:Financial Times
586:
578:Mark Zuckerberg
557:
548:Today Programme
520:
498:Financial Times
493:
456:
374:
342:Stormont Castle
330:Jonathan Powell
306:
301:
281:Gloucestershire
277:
206:
184:Gloucestershire
182:
157:
145:
137:
123:
115:
109:
104:
85:
79:
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68:
33:
28:
26:
25:Robert Hannigan
17:
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2826:Jennifer Payne
2821:
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2773:
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2615:
2611:
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2606:
2605:
2602:Jeremy Fleming
2600:
2597:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2540:Oliver Robbins
2538:
2535:
2526:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:Hilary Jackson
2503:
2500:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2481:
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2469:
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2450:
2449:External links
2447:
2444:
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2418:
2393:
2364:
2338:
2308:
2282:
2260:
2249:. 6 April 2017
2234:
2208:
2186:
2160:
2126:
2104:
2079:
2057:
2031:
2005:
1983:
1958:
1932:
1906:
1884:
1858:
1836:
1815:
1789:
1763:
1752:. 22 July 2017
1737:
1711:
1685:
1663:
1646:Ellis, James.
1638:
1616:
1602:
1576:
1550:
1524:
1498:
1476:
1447:
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1395:
1373:
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1321:
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1277:
1275:Cabinet Office
1265:
1245:
1219:
1197:
1175:
1149:
1142:
1125:
1099:
1092:
1065:
1058:
1037:
1030:
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979:
946:
916:
894:
872:
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838:Cabinet Office
825:
799:
768:
757:on 17 May 2019
737:
736:
734:
731:
718:
715:
702:Mail on Sunday
684:and astronaut
657:
654:
602:Bletchley Park
585:
584:Cyber security
582:
568:, Head of the
566:Michael Rogers
556:
553:
519:
516:
492:
489:
484:Edward Snowden
482:whistleblower
455:
452:
386:Cabinet Office
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3118:Living people
3116:
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3090:
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3082:Farhan Nizami
3078:
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3030:Michael Lloyd
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2786:Stephen Blyth
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2659:
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2647:
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2629:2021 to date
2627:
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2618:
2617:Ken Macdonald
2612:
2607:
2603:
2594:
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2580:
2569:
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2560:Mariot Leslie
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1079:Blair Unbound
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