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the women had arrived at what called good heterosexual functioning," defined as "being in a sustained, loving heterosexual relationship within the past year, getting enough satisfaction from the emotional relationship with their partner to rate at least seven on a 10-point scale, having satisfying heterosexual sex at least monthly and never or rarely thinking of somebody of the same sex during heterosexual sex."
379:(MDQ), a screening technique used for diagnosing bipolar disorder. He also co-developed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PRIME-MD) which can be self-administered to find out if one has a mental illness. The portions of PRIME-MD directed at depression (PHQ2 and PHQ9) have since become accepted in primary care medicine for screening and diagnosis of major depression as well as for monitoring response to treatment.
406:, which was released in 1980. Spitzer is a major architect of the modern classification of mental disorders, which involves classifying mental disorders in discrete categories with specified diagnostic criteria; however, he later criticized what he saw as errors and excesses in the DSM's later versions, although he maintained his position that the
618:
From the beginning it was: "can some version of reparative therapy enable individuals to change their sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual?" Realizing that the study design made it impossible to answer this question, I suggested that the study could be viewed as answering the question,
324:
where he retired after 49 years in
December 2010. He has been called one of the most influential psychiatrists of the 20th century. The Lancet's obituary described him as "Stubborn, sometimes abrasive, and always eager, Spitzer's work was guided by a strong sense of ethical fairness". A colleague at
629:
I believe I owe the gay community an apology for my study making unproven claims of the efficacy of reparative therapy. I also apologize to any gay person who wasted time and energy undergoing some form of reparative therapy because they believed that I had proven that reparative therapy works with
603:
Several months ago I told you that because of my revised view of my 2001 study of reparative therapy changing sexual orientation, I was considering writing something that would acknowledge that I now judged the major critiques of the study as largely correct. After discussing my revised view of the
564:
In a 2005 interview, Spitzer stated, "Many colleagues were outraged" following the publication of the study. Spitzer added, "Within the gay community, there was initially tremendous anger and feeling that I had betrayed them." When asked whether he would consider a follow-up study, Spitzer said no
523:
article indicated that
Spitzer held 45-minute telephone interviews with 200 people who claimed that their respective sexual orientations had changed from homosexual to heterosexual. Spitzer said he "began his study as a skeptic," but the study revealed that "66 percent of the men and 44 percent of
527:
Spitzer also found that "89 percent of men and 95 percent of women said they were bothered only slightly, or not at all, by unwanted homosexual feelings" but that "only 11 percent of the men and 37 percent of the women reported a complete absence of homosexual indicators, including same-sex
625:
I offered several (unconvincing) reasons why it was reasonable to assume that the subject's reports of change were credible and not self-deception or outright lying. But the simple fact is that there was no way to determine if the subject's accounts of change were valid.
508:: "By withdrawing it from the manual, homosexuality was legitimized as a normal difference rather than a psychiatric behavior. This early powerful statement by institutional psychiatry that this is normal sped up the confidence of people in the movement."
560:
Two thirds of the reviews were critical, and the publication decision sparked controversy, with one member of the publication's supporting organization resigning in protest. The paper has been criticized for its sampling methods and criteria for success.
572:"In retrospect, I have to admit I think the critiques are largely correct," he said. "The findings can be considered evidence for what those who have undergone ex-gay therapy say about it, but nothing more." He said he spoke with the editor of the
565:
and added that he felt "a little battle fatigue." While
Spitzer has said that he has no way of knowing whether the study participants were being honest, he has also indicated that he believed that the interviewees were being candid with him.
540:." Spitzer has stated that his research "shows some people can change from gay to straight, and we ought to acknowledge that." Considering how difficult it had been to find 200 participants, and that they were considered the best cases of
511:
In 2001, Spitzer delivered a controversial paper, "Can Some Gay Men and
Lesbians Change Their Sexual Orientation?" at the 2001 annual APA meeting; he argued that it is possible that some highly motivated individuals could successfully
321:
288:
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537:
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Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. "Patient Health
Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group. Validation and utility of a self-report version of the PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study".
547:
The APA issued an official disavowal of
Spitzer's paper, noting that it had not been peer-reviewed and stating, "There is no published scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of
396:
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codes/diagnoses might apply to some patients, but that it would be a "total speculation" to assign a single diagnosis to a patient. The authors rejected calls to adopt the
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666:, he was survived by his five children (Gideon Spitzer-Williams, Ezra Spitzer-Williams, Noah Spitzer-Williams, Daniel Spitzer and Laura Spitzer), and five grandchildren.
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Alison Snyder. Robert L Spitzer. Obituary. The Lancet. Volume 387, Issue 10017, January 30–February 5, 2016, Page 428. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00182-3.
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is generally viewed as clinically useful" based on surveys from practicing professionals and feedback from medical students and residents, but that
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too complicated for their use. The authors emphasized that given then-current limitations in understanding psychiatric disorders, a multitude of
1400:"Can Some Gay Men and Lesbians Change Their Sexual Orientation? 200 Participants Reporting a Change from Homosexual to Heterosexual Orientation"
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Spitzer died from heart disease at a care facility in
Seattle on December 25, 2015, at the age of 83. Besides his wife and collaborator,
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Spitzer was married three times, his first two marriages ending in divorce. He was born Jewish but held atheist views. He moved from
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It was partly due to
Spitzer's efforts that homosexuality was "removed" (i.e. renamed as Sexual Orientation Disturbance) in 1974
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619:"how do individuals undergoing reparative therapy describe changes in sexual orientation?" – a not very interesting question.
371:
He developed psychiatric methods that focused on asking specific interview questions to get at a diagnosis as opposed to the
300:
356:, which published their results in 1972. They found the most important difference between countries was that the concept of
345:, that could derive a diagnosis from the scores on a Psychiatric Status Schedule which he co-published in 1970 and that the
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The Fatal Flaw in the Study – There was no way to judge the credibility of subject reports of change in sexual orientation.
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about writing a retraction, but the editor declined. (Repeated attempts to contact the journal went unanswered.)
360:
used in New York was much broader than the one used in London, and included patients who would have been termed
1095:
997:"The Story of Robert L. Spitzer's Paper, 'An Examination of Wilhelm Reich's Demonstration of Orgone Energy'"
568:
In a 2012 interview, Spitzer said he asked to retract the study and stated that he agreed with its critics:
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as a treatment to change one's sexual orientation." Two years later, Spitzer's paper was published in the
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Ex-Gay
Research: Analyzing the Spitzer Study and Its Relation to Science, Religion, Politics, and Culture
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of mental disorders while paying little attention to the context in which the symptoms occur, may have
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Psychiatrist Who Played Major Role In
Destigmatizing Homosexuality Dies : The Two-Way : NPR
838:
DSM-IV-TR Casebook: A Learning Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
718:
612:
science writer, I decided that I had to make public my current thinking about the study. Here it is.
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and "has been justly called one of the most influential psychiatrists of the twentieth century" in
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313:
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DSM-IV Casebook: A Learning Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
447:, closely resembled the DSM-III-R classification. In 2013, a definitive autobiography of Spitzer,
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and "without question, one of the most influential psychiatrists of the twentieth century" in:
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Spitzer led a successful effort, in 1973, to stop treating homosexuality as a mental illness.
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Manea, Laura L (01/2015). "A diagnostic meta-analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (
320:
as a professor of psychiatry until he retired in 2003. He was on the research faculty of the
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International Perspectives on DSM-III, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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of psychoanalysis, which was the predominant technique of mental health. He codeveloped the
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United States Steering Committee for the United States–United Kingdom Diagnostic Project
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United States Steering Committee for the United States–United Kingdom Diagnostic Project
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awarded him in 1987 with the Adolf Meyer award and in 1994 for Research in Psychiatry.
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because it lacked diagnostic criteria and would " psychiatry back 30 years," while the
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544:, Spitzer concluded that although change could occur, it was probably very rare.
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Some 43 percent of the sample had been referred to Spitzer by 'ex-gay ministries.
17:
748:
SCID-P, 'An structured clinical interview for DSM diagnosis, case version', 1986
1626:
Charles Laurence, 'Going straight', Sunday Telegraph, October 12, 2003, Pg. 19.
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1548:"Therapeutically Incorrect: Atheist psychiatrist argues that gays can change"
1024:
449:
The Making of DSM-III: A Diagnostic Manual's Conquest of American Psychiatry
325:
Columbia has described him as an "iconoclast" who "looked for injustice".
1074:"rguably the most influential psychiatrist of the twentieth century" in:
996:
909:(2006). "An Interview with Robert L. Spitzer, M.D.". In Drescher, John;
402:
226:(May 22, 1932 – December 25, 2015) was a psychiatrist and professor of
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1603:"Robert L. Spitzer collection | Archives & Special Collections"
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Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research
289:
Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research
1223:
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1284:. BBC via The Internet Archive. Event occurs at Part 2 at 34:10
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for people who have mild symptoms found in psychotic disorders.
476:
the normal human experiences of a significant number of people.
276:
538:
National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality
455:
1637:"Robert Spitzer, 'Most Influential Psychiatrist,' Dies at 83"
1171:. New York State Psychiatric Institute. 2000. Archived from
479:
In 2008, Spitzer had criticized the revision process of the
1046:"No Grand Rounds – Retirement event for Dr. Robert Spitzer"
778:
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III Axis I Disorders
704:(with James W. Jefferson), Oxford University Press, 1982.
639:
Spitzer received the Thomas William Salmon Medal from the
451:, was published by author and historian Hannah S. Decker.
1226:) algorithm scoring method as a screen for depression.".
808:
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders
1713:
New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni
397:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
385:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
241:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
1371:"Robert Spitzer, 83, Dies; Influential Psychiatrist"
1253:
First, Michael; Spitzer, Robert L. (April 1, 2003).
866:, Volume 2, American Psychiatric Association, 2006.
413:In 2003, Spitzer co-authored a position paper with
283:in 1957. He completed his psychiatric residency at
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1529:Analysis of Spitzer's study of reparative therapy
1305:"Psychiatrists Revise the Book of Human Troubles"
238:. He was a major force in the development of the
1429:
1427:
337:. In 1968, he co-developed a computer program,
1589:"Spitzer: 'I Owe the Gay Community an Apology'"
1546:Leblanc, Douglas. Interview of Robert Spitzer.
1259:: Not Perfect, but Better Than the Alternative"
1002:The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice
601:
570:
1078:Shyness: How Normal Behavior Became a Sickness
536:An additional 23 percent were referred by the
349:used to check the consistency of its results.
1248:
1246:
851:Treatment Companion to the DSM-IV-TR Casebook
752:APA: Desk Reference to DSM-III R (Diagnostic)
8:
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1540:
1140:Psychiatric Diagnosis in New York and London
333:Spitzer was a major architect of the modern
1738:New York State Psychiatric Institute people
691:, American Psychiatric Publications, 1981.
853:, American Psychiatric Association, 2004.
840:, American Psychiatric Association, 2002.
827:, American Psychiatric Association, 1998.
394:'s task force of the third edition of the
31:
643:for his contributions to psychiatry. The
604:study with Gabriel Arana, a reporter for
454:Spitzer was briefly featured in the 2007
390:In 1974, Spitzer became the chair of the
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676:Critical Issues in Psychiatric Diagnosis
352:Spitzer was a member on the four-person
1328:, could introduce new mental disorders"
1015:Decker, Hannah S. (December 17, 2010).
883:
410:is still better than the alternatives.
1607:www.library-archives.cumc.columbia.edu
1324:"Revision to the bible of psychiatry,
281:New York University School of Medicine
99:New York University School of Medicine
1368:Carey, Benedict (December 28, 2015).
1303:Carey, Benedict (December 17, 2008).
780:, Research Version, Patient Edition (
678:(with Donald F. Klein), Raven, 1978.
7:
1080:. Yale University Press. p. 6.
1005:, Vol. 4, No. 1, Spring–Summer 2005.
765:An Annotated Bibliography of DSM-III
754:, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
738:, Cambridge University Press, 1985.
630:some "highly motivated" individuals.
312:Spitzer spent most of his career at
285:New York State Psychiatric Institute
1144:. London: Oxford University Press.
1136:Cooper, J. E.; et al. (1972).
1052:. December 17, 2010. Archived from
895:New York State Education Department
1436:"Study: Some Gays Can Go Straight"
1050:Columbia University Medical Center
659:to Seattle, Washington, in 2015.
645:American Psychological Association
335:classification of mental disorders
123:classification of mental disorders
25:
1587:Rattigan, Dave (April 26, 2012).
1566:Arana, Gabriel (April 11, 2012).
1508:Farrar, Steve (October 3, 2003).
1474:In Dr. Robert Spitzer's Own Words
1094:Spiegel, Alix (January 3, 2005).
891:Professional License Verification
516:from homosexual to heterosexual.
27:American psychiatrist (1932–2015)
1723:American Psychiatric Association
1322:Stein, Rob (February 10, 2010).
1114:Angell, Marcia (July 14, 2011).
470:operationalizing the definitions
392:American Psychiatric Association
1663:"Psychiatry's Incurable Hubris"
1434:Ritter, Malcolm (May 9, 2001).
514:change their sexual orientation
1718:Sexual orientation and science
1278:Spitzer, Robert (March 2007).
1017:"Tribute to Robert L. Spitzer"
736:DSM-III Case Book (Diagnostic)
608:, and with Malcolm Ritter, an
464:, in which he stated that the
329:Screening and Diagnostic Tools
301:American Journal of Psychiatry
298:'s theories in 1953 which the
1:
1118:. Vol. 58, no. 12.
1116:"The Illusions of Psychiatry"
702:Treatment of Mental Disorders
1120:The New York Review of Books
1096:"The Dictionary of Disorder"
945:"The Dictionary of Disorder"
715:Psychopathology, a Case Book
641:New York Academy of Medicine
294:Spitzer wrote an article on
1703:Columbia University faculty
1495:September 28, 2007, at the
1229:General Hospital Psychiatry
575:Archives of Sexual Behavior
554:Archives of Sexual Behavior
377:Mood Disorder Questionnaire
287:in 1961 and graduated from
1754:
1568:"My So-Called Ex-Gay Life"
1076:Lane, Christopher (2008).
919:. Routledge. p. 325.
597:Journal of Sexual Behavior
1708:Cornell University alumni
1458:Interview with Dr Spitzer
252:Education and early years
217:
176:
616:Basic Research Question.
585:My So-Called Ex-Gay Life
129:as a non-mental disorder
1510:"Storm over gay 'cure'"
985:(subscription required)
651:Personal life and death
491:psychosis risk syndrome
113:Psychiatrist, professor
1698:American psychiatrists
1533:ReligiousTolerance.org
1515:Times Higher Education
1446:on September 12, 2005.
725:), McGraw-Hill, 1983.
632:
589:
373:open-ended questioning
258:White Plains, New York
224:Robert Leopold Spitzer
143:Judith Berg (divorced)
60:White Plains, New York
46:Robert Leopold Spitzer
1669:. No. April 2019
1573:The American Prospect
1213:. 2012;85(2):139-144.
1169:"Biometrics Research"
1056:on September 30, 2011
657:Princeton, New Jersey
341:, based on a logical
304:declined to publish.
140:First wife (divorced)
719:Janet B. W. Williams
431:physicians find the
423:, stating that the "
256:Spitzer was born in
147:Janet B. W. Williams
1440:The Washington Post
1332:The Washington Post
1199:. 1999;282:1737–44.
995:Spitzer, Robert L.
943:(January 3, 2005).
314:Columbia University
232:Columbia University
198:Columbia University
1553:Christianity Today
1377:The New York Times
1309:The New York Times
911:Zucker, Kenneth J.
864:DSM-IV-TR Casebook
549:reparative therapy
542:conversion therapy
273:Cornell University
168:Joseph Zubin Award
91:Cornell University
81:, Washington, U.S.
1733:American atheists
1556:, March 29, 2005.
1412:on April 14, 2017
1264:Psychiatric Times
1240:), 37 (1), p. 67.
1087:978-0-300-14317-1
926:978-1-56023-556-9
606:American Prospect
599:, Spitzer wrote:
265:bachelor's degree
221:
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204:Doctoral students
178:Scientific career
71:December 25, 2015
18:Robert L. Spitzer
16:(Redirected from
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194:Institutions
177:
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1693:2015 deaths
1673:December 2,
1179:February 9,
1060:February 9,
528:attraction.
474:medicalized
260:, in 1932.
1687:Categories
878:References
458:TV series
269:psychology
228:psychiatry
188:Psychiatry
52:1932-05-22
1384:April 16,
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