25:
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local temperature conditions." Moreover, he argues that the thermal gradients responsible for the effects "were much more troublesome at Mount Wilson than those encountered by experimenters elsewhere, including Miller himself in his work done at Case in
Cleveland." In a 1973 review paper on the experimental development of relativity, Shankland included an August 31, 1954 letter to him by Einstein agreeing with his analysis. (Shankland had sent Einstein a manuscript prior to its publication.) Einstein wrote:
93:
453:
and James DeMeo do not accept
Shankland's refutation and hold to the belief that Miller's experiment invalidates the theory of relativity, Einstein's theory is today regarded by most physicists as proven, based largely on the vastly more accurate repetitions of Miller's measurements made using modern
424:
In 1955, Shankland published a paper analyzing Miller's data, arguing that "the small periodic fringe displacements found by Miller are due in part to statistical fluctuations in the readings of the fringe positions in a very difficult experiment" and "the remaining systematic effects are ascribed to
393:
Shankland's father, Frank North
Shankland, was the author of "Modern Romances" and several books on birds and animals. In 1929 Shankland married Hilda Catherine Kinneson. They had five children: Ruth Ellen, Dorothy Margaret, Lois Virginia, Ava Gertrude, and Sherwood Jean, and 14 grandchildren. Hilda
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I thank you very much for sending me your careful study about the Miller experiments. Those experiments, conducted with so much care, merit, of course, a very careful statistical investigation. This is more so as the existence of a not trivial positive effect would affect very deeply the fundament
433:
You have shown convincingly that the observed effect is outside the range of accidental deviations and must, therefore, have a systematic cause. You made it quite probable that this systematic cause has nothing to do with "ether-wind," but has to do with differences of temperature of the air
441:
In
Shankland's re-analysis, no statistically significant signal for the existence of aether was found. The analysis is accepted by mainstream physicists, the abandonment of the concept of the aether is nearly universal, and Miller's observed signal is believed the result of
446:; the "signal" that Miller observed in 1933 is actually composed of points that are an average of several hundred measurements each, and the magnitude of the signal is more than 10 times smaller than the resolution with which the measurements were recorded.
359:. Shankland believed that the accepted direct explanation for the Michelson–Morley experiment is provided by the special theory of relativity given by Einstein in 1905. Shankland recorded that Michelson's Santa Ana trip was to look at the science of the
454:
optical technology by numerous independent researchers that have shown conclusively that Miller's reported positive signal was spurious. Miller's data, and
Shankland's analysis of it, are now of only historical interest.
434:
traversed by the two light bundles which produced the bands of interference. Such an effect is indeed practically inevitable if the walls of the laboratory room have a not negligible difference in temperature.
406:'s interferometric results, and concluded that Miller's reported positive ether drift was likely caused by thermal fluctuations, and that, when this is taken into account, the results were consistent with
902:
887:
608:
The origin of the very significant regularities displayed in the interferometric observations of Dayton C. Miller 1925–1926: temperatures effects or space anisotropy
394:
died in 1970 and he married
Eleanor Newlin. Shankland was a passionate outdoorsman and a knowledgeable collector of iron animal traps and Native American artifacts.
882:
370:. In 1941 he succeeded Dayton C. Miller as the Ambrose Swasey Professor of Physics at Case, a position he held until his retirement in 1976. Shankland worked on
877:
515:
Shankland, R. S.; McCuskey, S. W..; Leone, F. C.; Kuerti, G. (April 1955). "New
Analysis of the Interferometer Observations of Dayton C. Miller".
897:
892:
421:, in apparent contradiction with other experiments of that type and with relativity's prediction that no aether should be observable.
719:
R. S. Shankland, S. W. McCuskey, F. C. Leone, and G. Kuerti, "New analysis of the interferometric observations of Dayton C. Miller,"
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R. S. Shankland, S. W. McCuskey, F. C. Leone, and G. Kuerti, "New analysis of the interferometric observations of Dayton C. Miller,"
68:
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from 1953–1969, and had other interests including the history of relativity and architectural acoustics. He collaborated with
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39:
33:
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It is one of the cases where the systematic errors are increasing quickly with the dimension of the apparatus.
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443:
50:
771:
471:
311:
155:
729:
H. J. Ormestad, R. S. Shankland, A. H. Benade, "Reverberation time characteristics of
Severance Hall,"
689:
R. S. Shankland, J. W. Coltman, "Departure of overtones of vibrating wire from true harmonic series,"
872:
867:
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299:
599:
New very significant regularities in the interferometric observations of Dayton C. Miller 1925–1926
418:
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In 1925–1926, Dayton Miller performed interferometric observations at Mount Wilson, similar to the
383:
360:
338:
618:
The Effect of solar motion upon the fringe-shifts in a
Michelson-Morley interferometer a la Miller
407:
303:
165:
295:
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Very significant regularities in the interferometric observations of Dayton C. Miller 1925–1926
647:
532:
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R. S. Shankland, "Michelson: America's first Nobel-prize winner in science,"
570:
The experiments of Dayton C. Miller (1925–1926) and the Theory of
Relativity
331:
319:
279:
275:
247:
679:
R. S. Shankland, "An apparent failure of the photon theory of scattering,"
341:'s Irvine Ranch experiments was published in 1953. In the British journal
410:. Shankland's explanation is now accepted by most mainstream scientists.
371:
709:
E. W. Samuel, R. S. Shankland, "Sound field of Straubel X-cut crystal,"
621:". Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, Volume 27 no 3, 2002 463. (
637:
417:, that appeared to reflect a measurable drift of the Earth through the
777:
R. S. Shankland, "Michelson's role in the development of relativity,"
661:
R. S. Shankland, "Michelson's role in the development of relativity,"
560:
500:
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Beginning in 1952, Shankland led a team that performed an analysis of
699:
R. S. Shankland, "Analysis of pulses by means of harmonic analyzer,"
630:
579:
The experiments by Dayton C Miller (1925–1926) and relativity theory
390:, making it easier for musicians to hear each other on the stage.
327:
827:
R. S. Shankland, "Architectural Acoustics in America to 1930,"
18:
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The Michelson Speed of Light Experiment at the Irvine Ranch
366:
After completing graduate studies he joined the faculty at
573:". 21st century – Science & Technology. Spring 1998.
837:
R. S. Shankland, "Acoustical designing for performers,"
847:
R. S. Shankland, "Einstein, Albert — In Remembrance,"
807:
R. S. Shankland, "Michelson and his interferometer,"
561:
Dayton Miller's Ether-Drift Experiments: A Fresh Look
351:
formulates the first two principles, in 1905, of the
430:
of theoretical physics as it is presently accepted.
274:(January 11, 1908 – March 1, 1982) was an American
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674:Appendix: partial list of Shankland's publications
347:, Shankland gave the historical background of how
797:R. S. Shankland, "Acoustics of Greek theaters,"
787:R. S. Shankland, "Conversations with Einstein,"
746:R. S. Shankland, "Michelson-Morley experiment,"
593:". French Academy of Sciences, January 23, 1997.
290:Robert S. Shankland was an undergraduate at the
602:". French Academy of Sciences, April 26, 1999.
756:R. S. Shankland, "Quality of reverberation,"
8:
612:". French Academy of Sciences, December 2000
849:Biography — An Interdisciplinary Quarterly
314:. His other research included work on the
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80:
819:Bulletin of the American Physical Society
768:Scientific Papers of Arthur Holly Compton
499:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
903:Fellows of the American Physical Society
32:This article includes a list of general
888:Case Western Reserve University faculty
463:
322:regulations from 1929–1930 with the US
200: 1929; died 1970)
883:Case Western Reserve University alumni
7:
549:AIP International Catalog of Sources
646:Time : The Scientific Account
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
398:Analysis of the Miller experiment
878:20th-century American physicists
368:Case School for Applied Sciences
294:from 1925–1929 and received his
292:Case School for Applied Sciences
152:Case School for Applied Sciences
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16:American physicist and historian
476:"Obituary: Robert S. Shankland"
334:warfare early in World War II.
217:
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386:, to improve the acoustics of
1:
458:External links and references
898:University of Chicago alumni
893:People from Willoughby, Ohio
743:(Macmillan: New York, 1960).
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353:special theory of relativity
324:National Bureau of Standards
789:American Journal of Physics
415:Michelson–Morley experiment
376:Argonne National Laboratory
357:Michelson–Morley experiment
326:, and worked in England on
302:degree in 1935 for work on
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741:Atomic and Nuclear Physics
337:Shankland's report on the
298:in 1933. He completed his
537:10.1103/RevModPhys.27.167
517:Reviews of Modern Physics
272:Robert Sherwood Shankland
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107:Robert Sherwood Shankland
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187:Hilda Catherine Kinneson
53:more precise citations.
774:Press: Chicago, 1973).
766:R. S. Shankland, ed.,
382:, the director of the
772:University of Chicago
312:University of Chicago
156:University of Chicago
844:(1), 140–144 (1979).
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824:(4), 601–602 (1976).
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736:(3), 371–375 (1960).
716:(5), 589–592 (1950).
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839:J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
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731:J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
711:J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
701:J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
691:J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
553:Robert S. Shankland
529:1955RvMP...27..167S
492:1982PhT....35h..66F
444:experimenter's bias
419:luminiferous aether
384:Cleveland Orchestra
339:Albert A. Michelson
85:Robert S. Shankland
784:(10), 2280 (1973).
753:(1), 16–35 (1964).
668:(10), 2280 (1973).
605:Allais, Maurice, "
596:Allais, Maurice, "
587:Allais, Maurice, "
567:Allais, Maurice, "
408:special relativity
166:Compton scattering
739:R. S. Shankland,
726:, 167–178 (1955).
658:, 167–178 (1955).
638:Time and Eternity
501:10.1063/1.2915223
374:experiments with
304:photon scattering
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873:1982 deaths
868:1908 births
582:". (German)
169:History of
51:introducing
862:Categories
681:Phys. Rev.
316:ionosphere
113:1908-01-11
34:references
486:(8): 66.
355:from the
332:submarine
320:frequency
286:Biography
280:historian
276:physicist
248:Physicist
642:Chapter1
372:neutrino
349:Einstein
229:Children
59:May 2018
525:Bibcode
488:Bibcode
449:Though
310:at the
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47:improve
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344:Nature
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328:sonar
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300:Ph.D.
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103:Born
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