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performance" (p. 376). Woodworth emphasized that that labeling is based on alleged differences both internal (mental function and size) and external (skin color), making it difficult to compare them empirically. The characteristics are not equally measurable, and individual differences are very important, according to
Woodworth, so experiments that claim to demonstrate sharp differences in races ignore overlap within a population. Additionally, Woodworth disagreed with the norm of the time with labeling civilizations as "primitive" or "advanced" because he noted that differences on the evolutionary time scale are likely minute to produce a mental status change .
376:. These studies related to a significant issue of the time within education, as academics like James supported a "disciplinary subject" education under the assumption that the brain can be exercised. Many subjects like Latin were taught for their disciplinary value and not necessarily the subject matter. Woodworth and Thorndike empirically studied the benefits of a disciplinary education along with transfer of training and found no effect. However, as their contemporaries pointed out, they did not use a control group and, therefore, their studies had minimal value. In 1902, Woodworth accepted a fellowship to work with
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401:(WPDS), which has been called the first personality test. It was a test of emotional stability to measure a soldier's susceptibility based on existing cases of the disorder. Although the test was designed too late for it to be used operationally, the test was highly influential in the development of later personality inventories with measures of neuroticism.
335:, and the three became longtime friends. While working with James, he encouraged Woodworth to keep a dream diary. The two were not able to find a significant correlation between the content of one's dreams and the day's events. However, Woodworth noted that he often dreamed about incomplete or interrupted topics and events, later emphasized by
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in 1932. He described the history of psychology according to a view that differing schools of psychology are complementary and not incompatible. This tolerant, open-minded view was likely a result of his unique perspective of psychology, being part of the subject for nearly the entire fifty years of
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Woodworth followed in
Cattell's footsteps in psychological testing and measurement. He first was in charge of a project where he tested about 1,100 people at the 1904 St. Louis Exposition. According to Hothersall, he took a "remarkably sensible and fair-minded position on racial differences in test
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In 1956, Woodworth was first recipient of the
American Psychological Foundation gold medal for "Distinguished and continuous service to scholarship and research in psychology and for contributions to the growth of psychology though the medium of scientific publication" (p. 689).
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He conveniently ignores the fact that he held very important and influential positions, such as being chairman of the
National Research Council's Division of Anthropology and Psychology, in his autobiography. He only mentions his participation, demonstrating his modesty.
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Rodrigo Perez-Vega, Valtteri
Kaartemo, Cristiana R. Lages, Niloofar Borghei Razavi, Jaakko Männistö, Reshaping the contexts of online customer engagement behavior via artificial intelligence: A conceptual framework, Journal of Business Research, 2020,ISSN
304:, and he was enthralled by Hall's emphasis on “the importance of discovery through investigation” (p. 374). The lecture had such a profound effect on Woodworth that he hung a sign labeled “investigation” over his desk at home. He then read James's
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Within his modified S-O-R formula, Woodworth noted that the stimulus elicits a different effect or response depending on the state of the organism. The "O" (for organismic) mediates the relationship between the stimulus and the response.
281:. Since Woodworth's mother was his father's third wife, he grew up in a large family with children from each of his father's marriages. His father's approach to parenting was authoritative and strict. He attended high school in
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In 1906, the
American Psychological Association appointed Woodworth as part of a committee to study psychometrics. With the onset of World War I, APA asked Woodworth to assist them in trying to prevent what was then known as
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In 1896, Woodworth earned his A.M from
Harvard, followed by being an assistant at the Harvard Medical School in the physiology department from 1897 to 1898. Here, he observed Cannon's experiments on hunger and emotions.
549:
Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell III, John L.; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002).
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at the
University of Liverpool. Sherrington and Cattell both offered him a job afterwards, and Woodworth accepted Cattell's offer to study at Columbia, where he remained for the rest of his life.
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A determined and persistent psychologist, Woodworth retired from
Columbia at age 70, but he continued to lecture until age 89 and continued to write until age 91. Woodworth died on July 4, 1962.
431:'s dismay. According to Titchener, imageless thoughts were not possible. Woodworth disagreed, stating that even if most thoughts have corresponding sensations and/or images, some do not.
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In 1914, Woodworth was elected president of APA, and in his presidential address, he discussed the question of the existence of imageless thoughts. He spent the summer of 1912 working in
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Woodworth was strongly opposed to "epistemological tables of commandments" such as the strict and narrow approaches of
Titchener and Watson, preferring a somewhat eclectic approach.
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Woodworth advocated the creation of a technical vocabulary for psychology rather than only relying on often subjective operational definitions, but he was ignored by the community.
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308:, and he had a similar captivating experience to many other students interested in psychology of the time. He decided then to finally follow a career path in psychology.
212:, which appeared first in 1921, went through many editions and was the first introduction to psychology for generations of undergraduate students. His 1938 textbook of
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in 1891, focusing on religion, the classics, mathematics, science, and history. During his senior year, Woodworth took a class in psychology by
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More recently the theory has been extended to theorize that artificial organisms (AI-enabled systems) can also elicit responses.
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in 1938, which he worked on for nearly twenty years, and they became the definitive texts for thousands of psychology students.
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Tunnell, E H (December 1962). "A bibliography of articles and books by Robert Sessions Woodworth: A continuation, 1938-1959".
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Woodworth is known for introducing the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) formula of behavior. He was elected to the
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survey, published in 2002, ranked Woodworth as the 88th most cited psychologist of the 20th century, tied with
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approach to psychology and to stress its difference from the strictly Stimulus-Response (S-R) approach of the
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its existence. He was renowned for this contribution, later being known as the dean of American Psychology.
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on October 17, 1869. His father was a Congregationalist minister who had graduated from
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184:(October 17, 1869 – July 4, 1962) was an American psychologist and the creator of the
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was scarcely less influential, especially in the 1954 second edition, written with
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Thorndike, who was now at Columbia, worked with Woodworth on the concept of
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Woodworth, R S (February 1992). "The future of clinical psychology. 1937".
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with the plan of becoming a minister. He received his A.B. degree from
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Poffenberger, A. T. (1962). Robert Sessions Woodworth, 1869-1962.
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Following his stint as a teacher, Woodworth attended a lecture by
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This article is about the psychologist. For the politician, see
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In 1895, he returned to college as an undergraduate student at
552:"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century"
192:. A graduate of Harvard and Columbia, he studied under
765:(August 1963). "Robert Sessions Woodworth 1869-1962".
277:, and his mother was a teacher who had graduated from
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Presidents of the American Psychological Association
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505:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
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838:Works by or about Robert S. Woodworth
225:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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408:, which appeared first in 1921, and
454:. He later published the theory in
879:American Psychological Association
779:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1963.tb00876.x
686:American Journal of Psychology, 75
427:'s lab studying the topic much to
417:Contemporary Schools of Psychology
415:Additionally, Woodworth published
406:Psychology: A study of mental life
357:The Accuracy of Voluntary Movement
210:Psychology: A study of mental life
153:The Accuracy of Voluntary Movement
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16:American psychologist (1869–1962)
824:Biography by Paul F. Ballantyne
797:American Journal of Psychology
450:in his 1929 second edition of
229:American Philosophical Society
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767:British Journal of Psychology
399:Woodworth Personal Data Sheet
123:Woodworth Personal Data Sheet
21:Robert Woodworth (politician)
829:Works by Robert S. Woodworth
726:National Academy of Sciences
609:National Academy of Sciences
556:Review of General Psychology
234:Review of General Psychology
501:"Robert Sessions Woodworth"
315:, studying philosophy with
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1776:Woodworth political family
662:New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
649:New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
636:New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
623:New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
327:. Here at Harvard, he met
267:Belchertown, Massachusetts
55:Belchertown, Massachusetts
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747:10.1037/0022-006X.60.1.16
716:Robert Sessions Woodworth
599:Robert Sessions Woodworth
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198:Leta Stetter Hollingworth
182:Robert Sessions Woodworth
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306:Principles of Psychology
1668:Suzanne Bennett Johnson
1280:Robert Richardson Sears
1125:Harry Levi Hollingworth
1012:Walter Bowers Pillsbury
917:George Stuart Fullerton
658:Hothersall, D. (2004).
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632:Hothersall, D. (2004).
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438:Motivational psychology
410:Experimental Psychology
214:experimental psychology
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1078:Margaret Floy Washburn
994:Henry Rutgers Marshall
660:History of Psychology.
647:History of Psychology.
634:History of Psychology.
621:History of Psychology.
265:Woodworth was born in
255:Margaret Floy Washburn
291:Charles Edward Garman
283:Newton, Massachusetts
279:Mount Holyoke College
1710:Rosie Phillips Davis
1441:Wilbert J. McKeachie
1221:John Edward Anderson
1161:Louis Leon Thurstone
1155:Walter Richard Miles
1149:Walter Samuel Hunter
1072:Shepherd Ivory Franz
1006:Charles Hubbard Judd
988:James Rowland Angell
911:James McKeen Cattell
899:George Trumbull Ladd
721:Biographical Memoirs
604:Biographical Memoirs
530:search.amphilsoc.org
526:"APS Member History"
460:Dynamics of Behavior
404:Woodworth published
397:". He generated the
374:transfer of training
349:James McKeen Cattell
329:Edward Lee Thorndike
275:Yale Divinity School
251:Louis Leon Thurstone
218:Harold H. Schlosberg
202:James Rowland Angell
170:James McKeen Cattell
1662:Melba J. T. Vasquez
1531:Charles Spielberger
1489:Janet Taylor Spence
1298:Orval Hobart Mowrer
1292:Laurance F. Shaffer
1173:Albert Poffenberger
1036:Robert S. Woodworth
982:Mary Whiton Calkins
378:Charles Sherrington
353:Columbia University
323:, and history with
108:Columbia University
30:Robert S. Woodworth
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1424:Donald T. Campbell
1215:Calvin Perry Stone
1203:Leonard Carmichael
1102:I. Madison Bentley
1060:John Wallace Baird
1000:George M. Stratton
970:William Lowe Bryan
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877:Presidents of the
673:Dynamic Psychology
456:Dynamic Psychology
319:, psychology with
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99:Harvard University
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1692:Susan H. McDaniel
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1507:Bonnie Strickland
1459:Nicholas Cummings
1453:M. Brewster Smith
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1233:Edwin Ray Guthrie
1066:Walter Dill Scott
833:Project Gutenberg
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130:Scientific career
42:Woodworth in 1909
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1245:Carl Rogers
671:Woodworth,
458:(1918) and
395:shell shock
239:John Garcia
231:in 1936. A
1750:Categories
1483:Max Siegel
935:John Dewey
698:0148-2963,
535:2023-05-30
511:2023-05-30
487:References
452:Psychology
261:Early life
140:Psychology
70:1962-07-05
1434:1976–2000
1273:1951–1975
1112:1926–1950
951:1901–1925
886:1892–1900
804:: 690–2.
688:, 677-689
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429:Titchener
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78:New York
840:at the
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710:Sources
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