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local temperature conditions." Moreover, he argues that the thermal gradients responsible for the effects "were much more troublesome at Mount Wilson than those encountered by experimenters elsewhere, including Miller himself in his work done at Case in
Cleveland." In a 1973 review paper on the experimental development of relativity, Shankland included an August 31, 1954 letter to him by Einstein agreeing with his analysis. (Shankland had sent Einstein a manuscript prior to its publication.) Einstein wrote:
104:
464:
and James DeMeo do not accept
Shankland's refutation and hold to the belief that Miller's experiment invalidates the theory of relativity, Einstein's theory is today regarded by most physicists as proven, based largely on the vastly more accurate repetitions of Miller's measurements made using modern
435:
In 1955, Shankland published a paper analyzing Miller's data, arguing that "the small periodic fringe displacements found by Miller are due in part to statistical fluctuations in the readings of the fringe positions in a very difficult experiment" and "the remaining systematic effects are ascribed to
404:
Shankland's father, Frank North
Shankland, was the author of "Modern Romances" and several books on birds and animals. In 1929 Shankland married Hilda Catherine Kinneson. They had five children: Ruth Ellen, Dorothy Margaret, Lois Virginia, Ava Gertrude, and Sherwood Jean, and 14 grandchildren. Hilda
440:
I thank you very much for sending me your careful study about the Miller experiments. Those experiments, conducted with so much care, merit, of course, a very careful statistical investigation. This is more so as the existence of a not trivial positive effect would affect very deeply the fundament
444:
You have shown convincingly that the observed effect is outside the range of accidental deviations and must, therefore, have a systematic cause. You made it quite probable that this systematic cause has nothing to do with "ether-wind," but has to do with differences of temperature of the air
452:
In
Shankland's re-analysis, no statistically significant signal for the existence of aether was found. The analysis is accepted by mainstream physicists, the abandonment of the concept of the aether is nearly universal, and Miller's observed signal is believed the result of
457:; the "signal" that Miller observed in 1933 is actually composed of points that are an average of several hundred measurements each, and the magnitude of the signal is more than 10 times smaller than the resolution with which the measurements were recorded.
370:. Shankland believed that the accepted direct explanation for the Michelson–Morley experiment is provided by the special theory of relativity given by Einstein in 1905. Shankland recorded that Michelson's Santa Ana trip was to look at the science of the
465:
optical technology by numerous independent researchers that have shown conclusively that Miller's reported positive signal was spurious. Miller's data, and
Shankland's analysis of it, are now of only historical interest.
445:
traversed by the two light bundles which produced the bands of interference. Such an effect is indeed practically inevitable if the walls of the laboratory room have a not negligible difference in temperature.
417:'s interferometric results, and concluded that Miller's reported positive ether drift was likely caused by thermal fluctuations, and that, when this is taken into account, the results were consistent with
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898:
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The origin of the very significant regularities displayed in the interferometric observations of Dayton C. Miller 1925–1926: temperatures effects or space anisotropy
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died in 1970 and he married
Eleanor Newlin. Shankland was a passionate outdoorsman and a knowledgeable collector of iron animal traps and Native American artifacts.
893:
381:. In 1941 he succeeded Dayton C. Miller as the Ambrose Swasey Professor of Physics at Case, a position he held until his retirement in 1976. Shankland worked on
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Shankland, R. S.; McCuskey, S. W..; Leone, F. C.; Kuerti, G. (April 1955). "New
Analysis of the Interferometer Observations of Dayton C. Miller".
908:
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57:
432:, in apparent contradiction with other experiments of that type and with relativity's prediction that no aether should be observable.
730:
R. S. Shankland, S. W. McCuskey, F. C. Leone, and G. Kuerti, "New analysis of the interferometric observations of Dayton C. Miller,"
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R. S. Shankland, S. W. McCuskey, F. C. Leone, and G. Kuerti, "New analysis of the interferometric observations of Dayton C. Miller,"
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from 1953–1969, and had other interests including the history of relativity and architectural acoustics. He collaborated with
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It is one of the cases where the systematic errors are increasing quickly with the dimension of the apparatus.
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H. J. Ormestad, R. S. Shankland, A. H. Benade, "Reverberation time characteristics of
Severance Hall,"
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R. S. Shankland, J. W. Coltman, "Departure of overtones of vibrating wire from true harmonic series,"
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New very significant regularities in the interferometric observations of Dayton C. Miller 1925–1926
429:
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In 1925–1926, Dayton Miller performed interferometric observations at Mount Wilson, similar to the
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349:
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The Effect of solar motion upon the fringe-shifts in a
Michelson-Morley interferometer a la Miller
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Very significant regularities in the interferometric observations of Dayton C. Miller 1925–1926
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R. S. Shankland, "Michelson: America's first Nobel-prize winner in science,"
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The experiments of Dayton C. Miller (1925–1926) and the Theory of
Relativity
342:
330:
290:
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258:
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R. S. Shankland, "An apparent failure of the photon theory of scattering,"
352:'s Irvine Ranch experiments was published in 1953. In the British journal
421:. Shankland's explanation is now accepted by most mainstream scientists.
382:
720:
E. W. Samuel, R. S. Shankland, "Sound field of Straubel X-cut crystal,"
632:". Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, Volume 27 no 3, 2002 463. (
648:
428:, that appeared to reflect a measurable drift of the Earth through the
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R. S. Shankland, "Michelson's role in the development of relativity,"
672:
R. S. Shankland, "Michelson's role in the development of relativity,"
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Beginning in 1952, Shankland led a team that performed an analysis of
710:
R. S. Shankland, "Analysis of pulses by means of harmonic analyzer,"
641:
590:
The experiments by Dayton C Miller (1925–1926) and relativity theory
401:, making it easier for musicians to hear each other on the stage.
338:
838:
R. S. Shankland, "Architectural Acoustics in America to 1930,"
29:
642:
The Michelson Speed of Light Experiment at the Irvine Ranch
377:
After completing graduate studies he joined the faculty at
584:". 21st century – Science & Technology. Spring 1998.
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R. S. Shankland, "Acoustical designing for performers,"
858:
R. S. Shankland, "Einstein, Albert — In Remembrance,"
818:
R. S. Shankland, "Michelson and his interferometer,"
572:
Dayton Miller's Ether-Drift Experiments: A Fresh Look
362:
formulates the first two principles, in 1905, of the
441:
of theoretical physics as it is presently accepted.
285:(January 11, 1908 – March 1, 1982) was an American
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685:Appendix: partial list of Shankland's publications
358:, Shankland gave the historical background of how
808:R. S. Shankland, "Acoustics of Greek theaters,"
798:R. S. Shankland, "Conversations with Einstein,"
757:R. S. Shankland, "Michelson-Morley experiment,"
604:". French Academy of Sciences, January 23, 1997.
301:Robert S. Shankland was an undergraduate at the
613:". French Academy of Sciences, April 26, 1999.
767:R. S. Shankland, "Quality of reverberation,"
8:
623:". French Academy of Sciences, December 2000
860:Biography — An Interdisciplinary Quarterly
325:. His other research included work on the
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830:Bulletin of the American Physical Society
779:Scientific Papers of Arthur Holly Compton
510:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
914:Fellows of the American Physical Society
43:This article includes a list of general
899:Case Western Reserve University faculty
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333:regulations from 1929–1930 with the US
211: 1929; died 1970)
894:Case Western Reserve University alumni
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560:AIP International Catalog of Sources
657:Time : The Scientific Account
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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409:Analysis of the Miller experiment
889:20th-century American physicists
379:Case School for Applied Sciences
305:from 1925–1929 and received his
303:Case School for Applied Sciences
163:Case School for Applied Sciences
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27:American physicist and historian
487:"Obituary: Robert S. Shankland"
345:warfare early in World War II.
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397:, to improve the acoustics of
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469:External links and references
909:University of Chicago alumni
904:People from Willoughby, Ohio
754:(Macmillan: New York, 1960).
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364:special theory of relativity
335:National Bureau of Standards
800:American Journal of Physics
426:Michelson–Morley experiment
387:Argonne National Laboratory
368:Michelson–Morley experiment
337:, and worked in England on
313:degree in 1935 for work on
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752:Atomic and Nuclear Physics
348:Shankland's report on the
309:in 1933. He completed his
548:10.1103/RevModPhys.27.167
528:Reviews of Modern Physics
283:Robert Sherwood Shankland
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118:Robert Sherwood Shankland
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18:Robert Sherwood Shankland
198:Hilda Catherine Kinneson
64:more precise citations.
785:Press: Chicago, 1973).
777:R. S. Shankland, ed.,
393:, the director of the
783:University of Chicago
323:University of Chicago
167:University of Chicago
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850:J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
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712:J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
702:J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
564:Robert S. Shankland
540:1955RvMP...27..167S
503:1982PhT....35h..66F
455:experimenter's bias
430:luminiferous aether
395:Cleveland Orchestra
350:Albert A. Michelson
96:Robert S. Shankland
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679:(10), 2280 (1973).
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649:Time and Eternity
512:10.1063/1.2915223
385:experiments with
315:photon scattering
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180:History of
62:introducing
873:Categories
692:Phys. Rev.
327:ionosphere
124:1908-01-11
45:references
497:(8): 66.
366:from the
343:submarine
331:frequency
297:Biography
291:historian
287:physicist
259:Physicist
653:Chapter1
383:neutrino
360:Einstein
240:Children
70:May 2018
536:Bibcode
499:Bibcode
460:Though
321:at the
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