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him, and he valued
Sunderland for his frankness and ability to voice unwelcome truths. It has been suggested that Sunderland's notorious rudeness actually appealed to the King, who detested flattery and could himself be distinctly rude. Once when William said that, while the Whigs personally liked him better than the Tories, the Tories were better friends to Monarchy, Sunderland shrewdly replied: "but you must consider that you are not their Monarch". He even wrote a letter telling the King that if his Ministers were not fit for his service, it was his own fault for not choosing better men.
691:, when the young bride was but thirteen and her husband only three years older; it had proved a disaster which greatly damaged Sunderland's reputation. Clancarty escaped and found Elizabeth, whom he had not seen since 1684, persuading her to consummate the marriage at long last. The servants alerted her brother Charles, who had Clancarty arrested. The resulting furore gravely embarrassed Sunderland, but seems to have merely amused the King, who dryly remarked that no one wanted to speak to him of anything but "that little spark Clancarty". He gave the couple permission to move to
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impossible for everyone in Europe to want peace at the same time: "myself I think it will last until one side or the other has a good reason for breaking it". To prevent
Barillon from gaining too much influence, Sunderland intercepted and leaked an unusually indiscreet dispatch where the Ambassador boasted of having blocked an Anglo-Dutch treaty. Charles II was predictably furious, and Barillon was for a time forbidden from the Court. Sunderland remarked that if Barillon would behave himself so, it was "but just that it come home to him".
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579:, James said that he had not realised Sunderland was his confessor, and told him to mind his own business for the future. Sunderland's unpopularity was now almost universal: Burnet wrote that it was "the wonder of all mankind" that James continued to employ him. He was summarily dismissed at last in October 1688, with the remark, "You have your pardon; much good doe it you. I hope you will be more faithful to your next master than you have been to me."
480:, who disliked him, praised his statesmanship and his "quick and ready apprehension, and swift decision of business". He was accused by some of seeking and clinging to office simply for the salary, to support his reportedly extravagant lifestyle. Despite his otherwise blameless life he had a weakness for gambling, which often involved him in debt, and a passion for art. He was a collector of paintings, and made extensive alterations to
663:, to discuss public affairs. Over the next years, the King frequently visited him and gave him confidence, but Sunderland did not dare to fully enter public life until September 1693, when he took a house in the city. He repeatedly advised the King to select all of his ministers from one political party, and eventually effected a reconciliation between William and his sister-in-law, the later
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in his government. William, never vindictive, was untroubled by
Sunderland's past services to James, who had made it very clear that Sunderland was the one man he would never forgive, though he had made tentative advances towards the fallen King. Most of William's servants had at sometime betrayed
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This notable lack of ordinary good manners made
Sunderland countless enemies: Bishop Burnet wrote that "he had too much heat, both of imagination and of passion, was apt to speak freely both of persons and things, and raised himself many enemies from a contemptuous treatment of those who differed
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of 1685, Sunderland told
Barillon sharply "the King your master may have plans I cannot discern, but I hope he will put things right by making it clear that this has all been a misunderstanding". When Barillon protested that his master's aim was "the Peace of Europe" Sunderland said that it was
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for a short period, but "the general suspicion with which he was regarded terrified him". At the same time he was approaching sixty, a respectable age in those days, and besides his health was failing. He eventually retired from public life in
December 1697.
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Sunderland's professed mission was to aggrandise
England in the European community, and to strengthen her diplomatic ties with the other rivals of French power. He laboured from 1679 to 1681 to conjoin an alliance against France, but apart from a treaty with
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of that year. Subsequently, he took on a more disinterested role as an adviser to the Crown, seeking neither office nor favour. He evinced no party loyalty, but was devoted to his country's interests, as he saw them. By the notoriously lax standards of the
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from him". His remarkable ability to adapt to the wishes of three different monarchs was considered a fault rather than a virtue: as Burnet observed "he came by this to lose so much that even those who esteemed his parts depended little on his probity".
619:, a prominent English statesman, asking him to "make things easy for a man in my condition". Despite his notorious rudeness and bad temper, Sunderland had a surprising ability to make lasting friendships, and some of his friends, including
635:, a key adviser to William III in the early years of his reign, and though he and Sunderland had never been close, Halifax felt obliged from family solidarity to make a plea on Sunderland's behalf. At first,
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excepted
Sunderland from the Indemnity Act of 23 May 1690, but he was allowed to return to the country early the next year. At the same time, he had been excepted from James' 1692 Instrument of Pardon.
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While his own private life was blameless, Sunderland in the winter of 1697–98 became involved in a scandal when his daughter
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They are believed to have had two or more other children who died young, as Lady
Sunderland referred in a letter to "my two living of seven children".
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nevertheless made him numerous enemies. He was forced to flee England in 1688, but later established himself with the new regime after the
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On his return, Sunderland formally reverted to Anglicanism, taking the oaths in April 1691 and quietly recommenced sitting in the
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359:(5 September 1641 – 28 September 1702) was an English nobleman and politician of the
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faith, insincerely, it would seem, and merely to please the King. Later that year he was made a
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571:: the violently hostile reception he got from the public when he gave evidence at the
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His political skills and energetic character rapidly marked him as a rising man: even
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in 1679. At the same time, he served as Ambassador Extraordinary to Paris.
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in Prince Rupert's Regiment of Horse. On 10 June 1665 he was married to
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left him badly shaken. When he urged James to put away his mistress
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Quartered arms of Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland, KG, PC
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1620:
Abridged edition by Thomas Stackhouse Everyman's Library 1906
445:, and died in 1715. Sunderland then served successively as
1578:"Spencer, Robert, second earl of Sunderland (1641–1702)"
536:). Intermittently, between 1682 and 1688, he served as
1633:, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press Publishers,
16:
English nobleman and politician of the Spencer family
769:(c. 1674–1722), succeeded as 3rd Earl of Sunderland.
655:. In May William paid a visit to him at his home at
603:, where he remained quietly for the duration of the
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Ancestors of Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland
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914:William Spencer, 2nd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton
563:However, while he enjoyed the confidence of Queen
888:Robert Spencer, 1st Baron Spencer of Wormleighton
2177:Secretaries of state for the Northern Department
627:, had influence with the new régime. His sister
647:Sunderland in Classical Dress, by Carlo Maratta
1751:Secretary of State for the Southern Department
1724:Secretary of State for the Northern Department
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471:Secretary of State for the Northern Department
149:Secretary of State for the Northern Department
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1630:Robert Spencer Earl of Sunderland (1641–1702)
615:took the throne. Afterwards, he wrote to Sir
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1587:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
143:12 December 1679 – 2 September 1681
827:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
524:until 1681. That year, he was dismissed by
465:from 1673 to 1679, before being invested a
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1005:Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton
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847:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:10 February 1679 – 26 April 1680
50:Robert Spencer, Second Earl of Sunderland
761:Donough MacCarthy, 4th Earl of Clancarty
577:Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester
2172:Members of the Privy Council of England
1584:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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1244:Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland
759:Elizabeth Spencer (1671–1704), married
718:, succeeded to his titles and honours.
504:, whose long tenure as Ambassador from
91:4 December 1685 – October 1688
73:4 December 1687 – 20 June 1689
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1994:John Brisbane (as Chargé d'affaires)
1968:Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich
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1124:Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester
825:adding citations to reliable sources
488:Career under Charles II and James II
407:Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester
751:James Douglas, 4th Duke of Hamilton
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749:Anne Spencer (1667–1690), married
587:Sunderland escaped in disguise to
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1856:Custos Rotulorum of Staffordshire
740:George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol
704:Lord Chamberlain of the Household
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1985:Sir Henry Goodricke, 2nd Baronet
1894:Custos Rotulorum of Warwickshire
1837:Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire
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518:Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire
425:, and afterwards sending him to
131:Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire
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2137:Ambassadors of England to Spain
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1875:Lord Lieutenant of Warwickshire
550:Prince William County, Virginia
542:Lord Lieutenant of Warwickshire
528:, due to his opposition to the
516:Lord Sunderland also served as
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2192:17th-century English diplomats
2167:Lord Presidents of the Council
1492:1966 (Fontana ed.) p. 174
441:. She was the daughter of the
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1575:Speck, W. A. (January 2008).
756:Isabella Spencer (1668–1684).
546:Lord President of the Council
79:Lord President of the Council
2187:Fellows of the Royal Society
2000:English Ambassador to France
1608:UK public library membership
1029:5. Lady Penelope Wriothesley
730:Anne, Countess of Sunderland
500:Sunderland's relations with
497:in 1680, little came of it.
1975:English Ambassador to Spain
746:Robert Spencer (1666–1688).
463:Gentleman of the Bedchamber
389:Robert Spencer was born in
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1885:The Earl of Northampton
1771:The Marquess of Halifax
1618:History of His Own Time
520:during the minority of
399:First Battle of Newbury
1847:The Earl of Shrewsbury
1815:The Duke of Shrewsbury
1625:Kenyon, John Phillipps
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457:(1672–1673), and the
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411:Baron of Wormleighton
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182:Sir Joseph Williamson
1830:The Duke of Monmouth
1425:Kenyon pp. 9–10
1351:Notes and references
821:improve this section
558:Knight of the Garter
26:The Right Honourable
2147:Earls of Sunderland
1208:Lady Dorothy Sidney
683:, escaped from the
443:2nd Earl of Bristol
403:Lady Dorothy Sidney
369:Glorious Revolution
112:Marquess of Halifax
1939:Earl of Sunderland
1923:Peerage of England
1868:The Earl of Conway
1798:The Earl of Dorset
1717:The Earl of Conway
1655:Political offices
1546:Kenyon p. 328
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2010:Henry Savile
1998:
1973:
1944:2nd creation
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1596:. Retrieved
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708:Lord Justice
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631:had married
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530:Duke of York
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431:English Army
388:
343:
342:
242:(1702-09-28)
189:Succeeded by
156:
138:
119:Succeeded by
86:
68:
18:
2132:1702 deaths
2127:1641 births
2091:George Lane
2086:John Graunt
1558:1 July 1663
1490:The Stuarts
734:He married
637:William III
621:John Evelyn
609:William III
593:Netherlands
374:Restoration
177:Preceded by
107:Preceded by
2121:Categories
2004:1678–1679
1979:1671–1672
1947:1643–1702
1917:1687–1689
1898:1683–1689
1879:1683–1686
1860:1680–1681
1841:1679–1681
1809:1695–1699
1782:1685–1688
1755:1684–1688
1728:1683–1684
1701:1680–1681
1674:1679–1680
1610:required.)
783:Whig Junto
736:Anne Digby
665:Queen Anne
526:Charles II
447:ambassador
385:Early life
325:Politician
322:Occupation
311:Alma mater
273:Anne Digby
220:1641-09-05
170:Charles II
808:does not
605:upheavals
589:Rotterdam
506:Louis XIV
419:Calvinist
296:Parent(s)
157:In office
139:In office
87:In office
69:In office
2055:elected
1627:(1958),
789:Ancestry
777:See also
681:Jacobite
100:James II
2064:Fellows
2057:in 1662
2051:of the
2049:Fellows
1598:28 June
829:removed
814:sources
716:Charles
693:Germany
657:Althorp
629:Dorothy
613:Mary II
601:Utrecht
591:in the
482:Althorp
435:captain
290:
278:
247:Althorp
166:Monarch
96:Monarch
1637:
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722:Family
544:, and
451:Madrid
284:
267:Spouse
669:Whigs
659:, in
569:James
495:Spain
455:Paris
391:Paris
354:
352:,
288:)
280:(
276:
227:Paris
1635:ISBN
1600:2009
1300:15.
1242:14.
1180:13.
1122:12.
1058:11.
1003:10.
812:any
810:cite
623:and
611:and
413:and
380:Life
286:1665
237:Died
210:Born
193:Sir
1589:doi
1268:7.
1206:3.
1148:6.
1084:1.
967:2.
912:4.
886:8.
823:by
449:to
2123::
1581:.
560:.
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356:PC
349:KG
346:,
282:m.
249:,
229:,
37:PC
34:KG
2041:e
2034:t
2027:v
1602:.
1591::
850:)
844:(
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835:(
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763:.
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222:)
218:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
