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word is a complex entity. In accordance with the wishes of native speakers, the dictionary entries are fully inflected form; each word is capable of being inflected in a number of different ways, determined by use and by principles that are not entirely understood. Their system links the dictionary entries to the conjugation and paradigm patterns that that particular word may appear in, thus reflecting a native speakerâs knowledge and providing a map of morpheme distribution and co-occurrence restrictions. The dictionary thus stands as an implemented model of a polysynthetic lexicon, while at the same time providing robust documentation of the language. In addition to this, each and every entry contains examples of the inflected word, as it is used, in full utterances, effectively presenting an etymology of a given word, as well as documentation of the Navajo language as it was spoken in the mid-twentieth century."
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language (the coverage of the Navajo nouns consists of 8 pages (1-8) in the grammar). The grammar section ends with 8 Appendices, beginning with the
Appendix I: Model Paradigms, a listing of the Base and Extended Paradigms, laying the out conjugation patterns of the mode/subject morphemes. These paradigms play an important role in the dictionary entries. In the dictionary section, the entries are fully inflected words, given in the first person imperfective form of the word as the default form. Each entry is referenced to the paradigms, or conjugations, that the word inflects in, thus demonstrating the inflectional system for that entry.
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is remarkable for its structure and the robustness of its documentation. Itâs comprised of two key parts, a grammar with appendices and a dictionary, interrelated by an ingenious system of cross-referencing. Because Navajo is a polysynthetic language with a rich verbal morphology, a fully inflected
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As a linguist, Young worked primarily on programs related to analyzing and expanding documentation of the Navajo language, encouraging its written use, and education in the language. He collaborated with Navajo scholar
William Morgan on all his major projects. From the 1940s through the 1950s, they
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The later volume consists of a 437-page grammar, with appendices, followed by a separately numbered Navajo-English, English-Navajo dictionary (pages 1â1069). The grammar section is primarily concerned with the structure of the verbs. Verbs are productive and are the most complex elements in the
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representing "a huge increase in descriptive coverage" of the language. The 1987 edition included new appendices and grammar sections. It established itself as the major reference grammar of the Navajo language. Young, Morgan and
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project. They developed a code based on the Navajo language for high-level communications. Navajo-speaking soldiers were recruited for such communications of intelligence, and no enemy was ever able to break this code.
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edition of 1943 was organized by root, a highly salient elements in nouns and verbs of the language. In a 1974 survey, Navajos requested a dictionary organized by word, as it reflected their own knowledge of the
189:, which was founded in 1828 and published through 1834 (it was revived intermittently and began regular publication again in the late 20th century, including online). The newspaper
164:. Morgan also joined the BIA, and the two worked together for decades on the Navajo language, making it the most documented indigenous language in the United States.
322:. The Academy was founded that year and formally incorporated in 1999, to train teachers in scientific study of the Navajo language. In January 2006, the
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produced a variety of reading materials in Navajo, and three "important works on lexicon and grammar." The first was a dictionary,
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Department of
Linguistics established a scholarship in Young's honor, available for students who study Native American languages.
281:(1992) is organized by the roots/stems, in response to the requests of linguists and non-native Navajo speakers. Young published
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at the
University of New Mexico. He continued his work with Morgan, until Morgan's death. In 1980 and 1987, they published
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85:(1992), which re-organizes the lexicon by root, one of the principle elements in verbs and nouns of Athabaskan languages.
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Iverson, Peter (2001). "Chapter 13: Speaking their
Language: Robert W. Young and the Navajos". In Szasz, Margaret (ed.).
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the first newspaper written in Navajo and the second Native
American-language newspaper in the United States, after the
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and began his study of Navajo. While working at the
Southwestern Range and Sheepbreeding Laboratory in
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56:(1943), a compiled dictionary. That year Young and Morgan served as editors and began publication of
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The men continued their work of analysis and documentation of Navajo; in 1980, 1987 they published
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Returning to the BIA, Young continued to work with Morgan and other Navajo. They published
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Council
Chambers for their work on the Navajo language. The two were presented with
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of 1828â1834. Its publication contributed to standardization of Navajo orthography.
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fellow worker and native of the city. Together in 1937 they published a practical
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honored Robert Young, then 93, at their Annual
Meeting, presenting him with the
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In 1943 Young and Morgan became editors of the first Navajo-language newspaper,
172:(1943), organized by root, as one of the principal elements in the verbs of the
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Upon his retirement from the BIA in 1971, Young became an adjunct professor of
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Joyce McDonough, 2015. "How to Use Young and Morgan: Part1 (Revised)". Online.
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From the 1940s through the 1950s, they published three major works, including
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239:), representing "a huge increase in descriptive coverage" of the language.
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Vol. 50, No. 1, Jan., 1984, accessed 2 October 2014 â via
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blankets embroidered with the seal of the Navajo Nation by members of the
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220:(1951), which was an English to Navajo dictionary. They also published
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In July 1996, Robert Young and
William Morgan were honored in the
499:"Robert W. Young, 94; linguist helped create Navajo dictionaries"
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Young and Morgan achieved this in the 1980 and 1987 editions of,
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29:(May 18, 1912 – February 20, 2007), professor emeritus of
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is the primary reference grammar of Navajo. Young, Morgan and
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The Navajo Language: A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary.
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The Function and Significance of Certain Navajo Particles
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The Navajo Language: A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary,
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The Navajo Language: A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary
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Midgette, Sally; Young, Robert; Morgan, William (1992).
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The Navajo Language: A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary
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The Navajo Language: A Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary
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37:, was an American linguist known for his work on the
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Between Indian and White Worlds: The Cultural Broker
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Department of Linguistics, University of New Mexico
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by Robert W. Young; William Morgan; Sally Midgette"
387:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 255â272.
41:. From the late 1930s, Young cooperated with the
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570:. Navajo Language Academy. 2006. Archived from
474:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
446:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
540:International Journal of American Linguistics,
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224:(1954), Phoenix: Bureau of Indian Affairs.
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350:Young died on February 20, 2007, in
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283:The Navajo Verb System: An Overview
536:by Robert W. Young; William Morgan
128:He enrolled in graduate school in
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218:A Vocabulary of Colloquial Navajo
93:Robert Young was born in 1912 in
689:Linguists from the United States
684:University of New Mexico faculty
669:Military personnel from Illinois
679:University of New Mexico alumni
607:"UNM Department of Linguistics"
364:Navajo Community College Press
200:. Young served a stint in the
196:Their work was interrupted by
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664:University of Illinois alumni
624:Linguistic Society of America
324:Linguistic Society of America
285:(2000), after Morgan's death.
125:for Native American studies.
21:Robert Young (disambiguation)
472:Analytical lexicon of Navajo
415:Analytical Lexicon of Navajo
279:Analytical Lexicon of Navajo
252:Analytical Lexicon of Navajo
222:Navajo Historical Selections
83:Analytical Lexicon of Navajo
634:The Navajo Language Academy
421:Anthropological Linguistics
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101:. He became interested in
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103:Native American languages
413:Sharon Hargus, "Review:
340:University of New Mexico
158:Bureau of Indian Affairs
138:Fort Wingate, New Mexico
134:University of New Mexico
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304:Navajo Language Academy
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568:"General Information"
121:in 1935, he moved to
45:linguist and scholar
659:Writers from Chicago
593:"Kenneth Hale Award"
242:The 1987 edition of
174:Athabaskan languages
162:Window Rock, Arizona
105:, learning both the
694:Linguists of Navajo
674:Navajo code talkers
332:The Navajo Language
264:The Navajo Language
258:Discussion of works
170:The Navajo Language
54:The Navajo Language
328:Kenneth Hale Award
250:also produced the
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229:Linguistics
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146:orthography
31:linguistics
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578:2009-05-31
511:2009-05-31
370:References
123:New Mexico
300:Pendleton
267:language.
358:See also
99:Illinois
132:at the
111:Nahuatl
95:Chicago
33:at the
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318:, and
152:Career
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338:The
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