268:, who had given up a legal career and was working as a free-lance botanist in Scotland. During this leave, Wight spent much time in Scotland where the two men worked on the collections and distributed up to 20 sets of duplicates to specialists in Britain, Europe, America and Russia. Wight & Arnott embarked on three joint publications: a Catalogue of the herbarium specimens (reproduced lithographically as was done by Wallich), a Peninsular Flora arranged according to the natural system, and a volume of monographs, mainly by other authors, of three significant plant families. Before Wight's return to India in 1834 the first two parts of the herbarium catalogue (with species numbers 1–1892), the first volume of the outstanding
535:, on 17 January 1838. The couple had four sons and a daughter who survived into adulthood, and two daughters who died in infancy. Wight died on 26 May 1872 at Grazeley Lodge and was buried in the parish church of Grazeley where he had long been a churchwarden. Unlike some of his other medical contemporaries Wight was not successful financially, he left moveable estate worth less than £2000 (about £200,000 in today's terms), and Grazeley had to be sold immediately after his death. Descendants of the daughter of his eldest son James survive although they do not bear his surname.
337:
391:. In 1841 he purchased a house in Ootacamund, which was to remain the base for his growing family until 1847. In 1842 he was appointed Superintendent of American Cotton Plantations, a post in Coimbatore that he held until his retirement in 1853. This was a major project of the Madras Government with a spending of almost 500,000 Rupees (about £2.5 million in today's terms) to induce Indian tenant farmers (
443:, who had used expensive engravings, Wight decided to use cheaper lithographic techniques. He began to employ the artist Rungiah (Rungia), who was employed from possibly as early as 1826 to around 1845, and thereafter employed Govindoo. Unlike other British workers of the time, he gave credit to his artists, printing their names on all his publications of their drawings. He named a genus of orchid,
73:
170:) in Edinburgh who came from a line of East Lothian tenant farmers. He was born at Milton, East Lothian, the ninth of twelve siblings. He was educated at home until the age of eleven after which he studied at the Royal High School in Edinburgh. He obtained a surgeon's diploma in 1816 from the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh. He trained at Edinburgh University, studying botany under
244:
623:
33:
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nomenclaturally, and the number is far greater when other combinations made from the basionyms are considered. In addition to flowering plants, this number includes 6 ferns, 3 bryophytes, 2 red algae and one each of clubmoss, brown alga, lichen and basidiomycete. A sample of species named after Wight
487:
Wight left India after retiring from service in March 1853. He returned to
England with poor health and difficulty in hearing. He returned to England and bought the 66-acre estate of Grazeley Lodge near Reading. Although his intention had been to continue with taxonomic research, he got diverted into
263:
was then in London curating the great East India
Company herbarium, which contained the Madras Naturalists' collection. Wight's additions came too late and he had to identify, curate and distribute the collection on his own but Wight was fortunate to enlist the help of his old school and university
403:
in the south. Wight showed that the new cottons could be grown, though this was difficult without irrigation. The experiment was, however, deemed a failure, though largely due to economic reasons, and long-staple cottons did not supersede indigenous diploid varieties until the early 20th century.
186:
In 1819 Wight went to India as an
Assistant Surgeon in the service of the East India Company, serving initially with the 21st (afterwards 42nd, which was later commanded by his brother Colonel James Wight) Madras Native Infantry. His devotion to botany was clear from the start and his earliest
551:. After his return to Britain, in 1855, he was elected a Fellow of Royal Society of London. In India he was a member of the Agri-Horticultural Societies of Madras and India. He corresponded with the leading botanists of his time including George Arnott Walker-
111:. As a taxonomist he described 110 new genera and 1267 new species of flowering plants. He employed Indian botanical artists to illustrate many plants collected by himself and Indian collectors he trained. Some of these illustrations were published by
350:
Wight returned to India in 1834 as a full surgeon in the 33rd
Regiment of Native Infantry at Bellary. During this period he began working on the medicinal plants of India, maintaining native botanical artists and publishing brief notes in the
432:
519:, which included 3108 species of higher plants and 94 of ferns, distributed in 1869/70 in 20 sets to herbaria in Europe, Russia, North America, South Africa, Australia and, for the first time, to two South Asian herbaria (Calcutta and
607:
In recognition of his contribution to Botany, Wight is one of the most highly commemorated of all Indian botanists. Wight named many plants after his botanical collaborators in India and Europe. In 1830 Wallich dedicated the genus
107:, whose professional career was spent entirely in southern India, where his greatest achievements were in botany – as an economic botanist and leading taxonomist in south India. He contributed to the introduction of
379:
The recognition of Wight's botanical skills led in 1836 to his transfer to the Madras
Revenue Department. The transfer was based on references from Hooker and Robert Brown, the Governor Sir
399:, so that it could be exported for spinning and weaving in Manchester. The cotton was grown by ryots on farms that covered a range of soils and climatic regimes from Salem in the north to
235:
in
Edinburgh had been unacknowledged and, though said to have been lost at sea, are probably the Andhra Pradesh specimens which are in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
199:) and with the 33rd Madras Native Infantry he was, in January 1826, appointed to succeed Dr James Shuter in the post of Madras Naturalist. In 1828 the Governor of Madras,
572:
293:
130:
523:). In October 1871, shortly before his death Wight gave his best specimens to Kew, which included the types of the species described in his publications.
383:
advised by J.G. Malcolmson, and Wight was to report on agriculture and cotton. Over the next six years this work involved species such as tea, sugar cane,
174:
in 1816, and graduating MD in 1818. It has been claimed that he worked as a ship's surgeon for two years and went on a few voyages, including one to the
1442:
1432:
215:, Professor of Botany at Glasgow University, sending him plant specimens and drawings by his Indian artist Rungiah. Earlier collections from around
207:
and the
Tranquebar Missionaries) were sent to the Company headquarters in London. Wight was redeployed to regimental duties as garrison surgeon at
411:, acted as the city's botanical garden. He acted as the Society's secretary at various times between 1839 and 1841, and edited a volume of its
212:
1412:
1285:
1258:
1070:
Noltie, H. J. (1999) Indian botanical drawings 1793-1868 from the Royal
Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Edinburgh.
787:
Variants include Wt. and R.W. Some of his early contributions were mistakenly published by
William Hooker with his name as "Richard Wight".
1060:. Vol. Item notes: v.6 (Original from Harvard University, Digitized 22 May 2007 ed.). Madras: P.R. Hunt American Mission Press.
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and
Masulipatam in the Northern Circars in the present-day state of Andhra Pradesh. After periods in the Public Cattle Depot at Mysore (
1437:
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532:
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and, increasingly, cotton. In 1836 he visited Ceylon for six weeks, and he reported on the resources of upland areas including the
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small-scale agriculture, and published very little thereafter. Eight short articles on cotton cultivation were published in the
903:"Observations on provincial exhibition and the improvements of the resources of the several districts of the Madras Presidency"
804:
507:
Visiting botanists were welcomed to use his herbarium, but a new generation of botanists had become active in India, including
204:
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967:"Observations on Mudar (Calotropis procera), with some remarks on the medical properties of the natural order Asclepiadeae"
944:"Observations on Mudar (Calotropis procera), with some remarks on the medical properties of the natural order Asclepiadeae"
301:
560:
552:
265:
97:
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and later became the editor for the botany section of that journal. The papers included one on the medicinal plant ‘
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in Britain, but from 1838 he published a series of illustrated works in Madras including the uncoloured, six-volume
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419:(1834–40), in the various publications of the Calcutta-based Agricultural and Society of India (1838–54) and the
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141:
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715:
259:’. He took with him to London 100,000 plant specimens representing 3000-4000 species, and weighing 2 tons.
127:(1845–51). By the time he retired from India in 1853 he had published 2464 illustrations of Indian plants.
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112:
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in 1861 and as a substantial pamphlet in 1862. In 1865 Wight was a member of the committee that helped
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Wight's lasting achievement was the series of illustrated publications on Indian botany. Learning from
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Wight married Rosa Harriet(te), the third daughter of a senior Madras surgeon, Lacey Gray Ford in
255:
In 1831, shortly after having been promoted to Surgeon, Wight took a three-year leave to Britain ‘
203:, scrapped the Naturalist's post, and its collections (including Wight's own, and earlier ones of
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Wight was an early member of the Madras Agri-Horticultural Society, whose garden, next to the
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in 1832 and, in the same year, as a member of the oldest scientific society in Europe, the
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1352:. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. pp. 904–919.
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72:
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467:(1794-1867). Wights illustrated publications included the uncoloured, six-volume
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Icones plantarum Indiae orientalis; or, Figures of Indian plants By Robert Wight
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192:
1302:. Compiled by Earnest Nelmes and Wm. Cuthbertson. London: Bernard Quaritch Ltd.
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243:
1189:
Basak, RK (November 1981). "Robert Wight and His Botanical Studies in India".
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368:
342:
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395:) to grow introduced long-staple American Cotton and to process it using the
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in 1842. In India Wight published numerous letters and short papers in the
312:, but the only other botanists to intensively examine his collections were
614:
to him and 256 species have been dedicated to him though 19 of these were
431:
622:
32:
1306:
Cleghorn, H.F.C. (1873). "Obituary notice of Dr Robert Wight, F.R.S.".
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Robert Wight and the Illustration of Indian Botany. The Hooker Lecture.
1210:
220:
216:
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Wight in 1855 from a Maull & Polyblank albumen print (from the
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Botanical Drawings by Rungiah & Govindoo: the Wight Collection
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242:
71:
211:. From here, in 1828, he began a productive correspondence with
1219:
Robert Wight and the Botanical Drawings of Rungiah and Govindoo
455:), after Govindoo, but could not do so for Rungiah, as a genus
1340:. American Journal of Science and Arts 5, ser. 3. p. 395.
1031:
On the culture and commerce of cotton in India, and elsewhere
1014:
Hand-book to the cotton cultivation in the Madras Presidency
103:(6 July 1796 – 26 May 1872) was a Scottish surgeon in the
549:
Academia Caesarea Leopoldina-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum
284:
under Wight's name, containing accounts of the families
471:(1838–53) and two hand-coloured, two-volume works, the
119:(1838–53) and two hand-coloured, two-volume works, the
515:. He donated his vast collection of duplicates to the
1091:"On the phenomena of vegetation in the Indian spring"
502:
On the Phenomenon of Vegetation in the Indian Spring
1034:. London: Smith, Elder, & Co. pp. 472–543.
504:to the International Botanical Congress in London.
500:(published in 1868) and in 1866 he read a paper on
463:for an Indian plant named after the German chemist
140:is used to indicate this person as the author when
58:
39:
23:
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280:) had been published. Shortly thereafter came the
1124:Anon. (1838). "Births, Marriages and Deaths".
1175:For a complete list see Noltie(2005):476-516.
270:Prodromus Florae Peninsulae Indiae Orientalis
8:
1149:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
907:The Madras Journal of Literature and Science
888:Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London
1385:Naturalist and Botanist to the H.E.I.C. at
1372:
1126:The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany
1017:. Madras: J. Higginbotham. pp. 45–48.
878:
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31:
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990:"Observations on the flora of Courtallum"
1044:See bibliography in Noltie (2005):27-43.
994:Madras Journal of Literature and Science
971:Madras Journal of Literature and Science
948:Madras Journal of Literature and Science
417:Madras Journal of Literature and Science
354:Madras Journal of Literature and Science
1146:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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1308:Transactions of the Botanical Society
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1368:Contributions to the botany of India
686:(Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Hook. f.
1300:Dedications and Portraits 1827-1927
421:Calcutta Journal of Natural History
328:who described some of his orchids.
282:Contributions to the Flora of India
1349:The Early History of Indian botany
1298:Curtis' Botanical Magazine. 1931.
1251:Journeys in Search of Robert Wight
1221:. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
469:Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis
117:Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis
14:
1320:"'The Late Dr. Robert Wight, FRS"
1225:The Life and Work of Robert Wight
483:Return to England and collections
1443:British people in colonial India
1288:The Linnean. Special Issue No 6.
1433:19th-century Scottish botanists
1143:Desmond, Ray. "Wight, Robert".
805:International Plant Names Index
545:Fellow of the Linnaean Society
473:Illustrations of Indian Botany
459:already existed, described by
435:Advertisement for books (1846)
178:but this has been questioned.
121:Illustrations of Indian Botany
1:
1363:Scanned works of Robert Wight
735:Wall. ex Planch. & Triana
533:St George's Cathedral, Madras
187:collections were made around
1413:Fellows of the Royal Society
1163:UK public library membership
1079:See book 2 of Noltie (2007).
1011:Wheeler, J. Talboys (1862).
427:Lithography and publications
302:Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
82:by the artist Rungiah from "
294:Christian Nees von Esenbeck
266:George Arnott Walker-Arnott
1459:
1268:The Botany of Robert Wight
575:von Esenbeck, John Forbes
310:Plantae Asiaticae Rariores
304:). Nees published Wight's
201:Stephen Rumbold Lushington
1438:Botanists active in India
1393:
1383:
1375:
1270:. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag.
1028:Royle, J. Forbes (1851).
901:Royle. J. Forbes (1857).
719:(Nees) Benth. ex Hook. f.
559:, Joseph Hooker, William
477:Spicilegium Neilgherrense
465:Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge
288:(by himself and Arnott),
125:Spicilegium Neilgherrense
84:Spicilegium Neilgherrense
30:
316:, who published Wight's
1337:Scientific Intelligence
162:Wight was the son of a
1284:Noltie, H. J. (2005a)
1266:Noltie, H. J. (2005).
1155:10.1093/ref:odnb/29370
1089:Wight, Robert (1866).
1054:Wight, Robert (1853).
942:Wight, Robert (1835).
732:Calophyllum wightianum
663:Andrographis wightiana
627:
571:, Christian Gottfried
539:Recognition and legacy
498:Pharmacopoeia of India
436:
367:) and on the flora of
347:
252:
88:
1217:Noltie, H. J. (2007)
780:Cirrhopetalum wightii
716:Beilschmiedia wightii
670:Andropogon wightianus
625:
434:
339:
246:
75:
1330:(22): 731–732. 1872.
1324:Gardener's Chronicle
1095:Gardeners' Chronicle
932:Noltie (2005):27-67.
707:Arundinaria wightian
589:John Stevens Henslow
543:Wight was elected a
490:Gardeners' Chronicle
231:, sent to Professor
168:Writer to the Signet
1396:Position abolished.
890:: xliv–xlvii. 1873.
677:Anisochilus wightii
649:Anaphalis wightiana
583:, Carl Philipp von
409:Cathedral in Madras
182:Early work in India
131:author abbreviation
1114:Noltie(2005):3-24.
988:Wight, R. (1835).
965:Wight, R. (1835).
884:"Obituary notices"
772:Cinnamomum wightii
656:Anaphyllum wightii
628:
626:A plate by Rungiah
494:Edward John Waring
437:
364:Calotropis procera
348:
272:(up to the family
257:on private affairs
253:
239:Return to Scotland
105:East India Company
89:
1418:Scottish surgeons
1401:
1400:
1394:Succeeded by
1334:Gray, Asa. 1873.
1259:978-1-906129-02-6
1161:(Subscription or
864:Noltie (2005):82.
823:Noltie (2007):14.
764:Chloris wightiana
756:Ceropegia wightii
461:Nathaniel Wallich
346:published in 1835
278:Candollean system
261:Nathaniel Wallich
172:Daniel Rutherford
70:
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699:Arisaema wightii
684:Anotis wightiana
641:Agrostis wightii
340:Illustration of
322:Scrophulariaceae
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826:
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633:Aerva wightii
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527:Personal life
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517:Kew herbarium
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153:Life and work
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129:The standard
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19:
1384:
1379:James Shuter
1347:
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1327:
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1250:
1237:
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1218:
1194:
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1125:
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689:
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675:
669:
666:Arn. ex Nees
661:
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631:
616:illegitimate
609:
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563:, Nathaniel
542:
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326:John Lindley
309:
281:
269:
256:
254:
209:Nagapattinam
197:Seringapatam
185:
161:
124:
120:
116:
92:Robert Wight
91:
90:
83:
78:
64:(1872-05-26)
44:Robert Wight
25:Robert Wight
18:
1428:1872 deaths
1423:1796 births
1240:. (Book 2)
1227:. (Book 1)
810: Wight
595:and Robert
479:(1845–51).
413:Proceedings
389:Palni Hills
306:Acanthaceae
274:Dipsacaceae
229:Rajahmundry
193:Rajahmundry
62:26 May 1872
54:6 July 1796
1407:Categories
1391:1826-1828
1314:: 363–388.
1277:3906166406
1253:(Book 3).
1165:required.)
1000:: 380–391.
591:, William
521:Peradeniya
446:Govindooia
423:(1845–6).
401:Courtallam
369:Courtallam
343:Calotropis
298:Compositae
290:Cyperaceae
158:Early life
50:1796-07-06
652:(DC.) DC.
496:edit the
225:Samalkota
223:and from
189:Samalkota
164:solicitor
1346:. 1899.
977:: 70–86.
954:: 70–85.
913:: 64–79.
783:Thwaites
680:Hook. f.
636:Hook. f.
619:include:
561:Griffith
452:Tropidia
441:Roxburgh
318:Labiatae
1211:1220080
775:Meissn.
751:Planch.
611:Wightia
603:Eponymy
585:Martius
581:Lindley
579:, John
565:Wallich
397:saw gin
276:of the
264:friend
221:Vellore
1387:Madras
1274:
1257:
1244:
1231:
1209:
1159:
1132:: 112.
1101:: 517.
702:Schott
694:Griff.
658:Schott
557:Hooker
553:Arnott
457:Rungia
296:) and
219:up to
217:Madras
142:citing
1207:JSTOR
1191:Taxon
791:Notes
597:Brown
593:Munro
577:Royle
449:(now
393:ryots
385:senna
359:mudar
136:Wight
1272:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1099:1866
743:Nees
711:Nees
573:Nees
511:and
324:and
320:and
300:(by
292:(by
227:and
59:Died
40:Born
1199:doi
1151:doi
727:DC.
361:’ (
249:NPG
176:USA
101:FLS
98:FRS
1409::
1328:50
1326:.
1322:.
1312:11
1310:.
1205:.
1195:30
1193:.
1130:26
1128:.
1107:^
1097:.
1093:.
996:.
992:.
973:.
969:.
950:.
946:.
911:18
909:.
905:.
886:.
869:^
842:^
828:^
807:.
599:.
587:,
567:,
371:.
191:,
144:a
95:MD
1280:.
1213:.
1201::
1157:.
1153::
998:2
975:2
952:2
813:.
709:a
251:)
166:(
148:.
86:"
52:)
48:(
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