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Monastic buildings raised a rather different set of problems from churches. While there have been changes in the way churches have been used over the centuries, the main functions continued, and the various parts of a church are easily identified. The monasteries were suppressed in the 16th century, which involved considerable destruction. What remained was adapted to new functions often with much structural change. Thus identifying the various parts of the monastic complex was an important task. For
Canterbury, again, the documentation was unusually full. In particular the famous "waterworks plan" shows the system of pipes and cisterns installed in the 12th century. But equally important for the historian, it also shows the buildings that existed at the time. Willis reproduces a 17th-Century engraving of the plan, and also his own version which aligns the plan to the positions of known existing structures. He shows his usual skill in explicating the various stages of the buildings he examines, but also pays more attention to aspects of everyday life. For example in discussing the building known as the necessarium, i.e. latrine, he cites the instructions give by Archbishop Lanfrance to the watchman to examine all the sedilia at night in case any of the monks have fallen asleep. Willis suggests that this might have been the origin of the other name for this facility, the "Third Dormitory".
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a building, which he referred to as the mechanical and the decorative aspects, respectively. In a Greek temple, the weight of the entablature is borne by the columns – both force and column are vertical and there is no difference between the real and apparent structure. With arched structures such as vaults and arcades, this no longer the case. An arch appears to be supported by the capital from which is springs, but the actual forces may be exerted at a different point, as illustrated in the figure to the right. The ribs of a vault are often continued down on separate shafts of a clustered column, which appear to bear the individual loads of the ribs. In reality the structure is the entire column, supplemented by the lateral buttressing that is needed to take the transverse thrust of the vault. For the result to be aesthetically pleasing, it is the apparent (decorative) structure that must satisfy the eye as to the stability and harmony of the building Willis also considered the origin of the pointed arch. Whewell had supported the idea that pointed forms derived from techniques for cross-vaulting rectangular spaces. Willis disagreed, arguing that the arch itself was a key stylistic feature, and that gothic introduced several related innovations, including the pointed arch, foliation, and tracery.
623:, even though it owes a great deal to his nephew. It extends to four volumes, the first three of which are each longer than any of his other published works. It includes detailed descriptions of each of the colleges, and of the main University buildings, as well as chapters on each of the main component parts of a college. As with his cathedral studies, he made extensive use of documentary material, including University and College statutes and account books. From such sources he was able to show that the early colleges did not initially have chapels, the students using the local parish church. This contradicted some Victorian beliefs as to the centrality of the chapel to college life. In architectural terms, he emphasised the relationship between Oxford and Cambridge colleges on the one hand and monastic foundations, and also similarities in the layouts of private houses. Willis used
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703:(1983) writes that Willis's 1845 publication on Canterbury Cathedral "remains the fundamental monograph". More recently, Huerta describes Willis' work on vaults as "still today the best exposition of the topic, a work to be studied with care by anyone wishing to know in depth how the cross-vaults of the Middle Ages were traced and built". de Andrés and Álvarez (2015) have emphasised Willis' contribution to elucidating the flamboyant style, at a time when most historians were focusing either on the origins of the gothic style or on the central period of Chartres and Bourges. A comprehensive evaluation of Willis' life and his work on architectural history can be found in Buchanan (1994) and (2013), the latter being the only full-length monograph on Willis.
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166:, he rejected too close an imitation of the human vocal apparatus, noting that the mouth has important functions other than speech, and that parrots, with very different mouth parts, can produce recognisable speech. His apparatus typically used a reed, driven by a flow of air to produce a note, and a tube whose length could be varied. At different lengths, different vowel sounds were produced. His theory that the vowel sound depended on a single harmonic frequency in addition to the principal pitch is today regarded as too simple, but his work was the first systematic investigation in the field, and provided a valuable basis for later studies. In 1833 he published a paper
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391:: "My plan therefore has been, first to collect all the written evidence, and then by a close comparison of it with the building itself, to make the best identification of one with the other that I have been able." He was noted for his ability to discriminate different periods of building both on stylistic grounds, and using discontinuities in the structure. His 1845 publication on Canterbury was, as noted by Buchanan, the first work in the English language to be entitled an "architectural history"". Canterbury is the best documented of all the mediaeval Cathedrals in England, with two detailed contemporary accounts by
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399:(c.1141 – c.1210), both monks of Canterbury. Willis quotes extensively from the sources, including his own complete translation of Gervase's account, which covers the fire of 1174 and the subsequent rebuilding. The fire destroyed the norman choir, but not the crypt, which remains to the present day. So differences in the layout of the new work of the late 12th-Century could be traced. Willis pointed out visible consequences, in particular columns that had been inserted into the crypt to provide support for those in the upper structure, that no longer corresponded to the old layout.
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105:, from which he received his B.A. in 1826. He was elected a Frankland Fellow of the College the same year and in 1827 he was ordained deacon and priest. He was promoted to a Foundation Fellow in 1829, and became Steward of the College, positions he held until his marriage, in 1832, to Mary Anne, daughter of Charles Humfrey of Cambridge. They were resident in Cambridge for the remainder of their lives, but also later had a London house.
224:, whether it is used for raising water, grinding flour or sawing timber. He classified machines in two ways, firstly in terms of the type of contact: rolling, sliding, wrapping, linking and reduplicating; and second on whether the relationship between the connected motions was fixed or variable. His examples were not confined to man-made machines. He showed that the joints of a crab's claw worked in the same way as
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increasing preoccupation of the society with pre-reformation rituals, and the insistence on high-church forms such as long chancels, from which the laity were excluded, and stone altars. In 1841 he and others signed a remonstrance against the desire "to convert the
Society into an engine of polemical theology" and resigned his position. Also in 1841, Willis designed his only complete building, a cemetery chapel in
174:(vocal chords in modern usage) operated in this way. He correctly identified the muscles that acted to stretch and relax the vocal chords in sound production, and equally importantly those that opened and closed the airways, allowing either sound production or normal breathing, when air passes the vocal chords without producing a sound. A quarter of a century later, Gray used Willis's diagram of the Larynx in his
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101:. In this town, with its mediaeval churches and guildhalls, Willis's interest in architecture developed, and he made his first known architectural drawings. Buchanan (2013) reproduces some of these drawings, and comments on his ability not just to draw, but to show the underlying structural relationships of a building, especially remarkable as he had no known training in the craft. In 1822 he entered
571:(later Royal). Willis transferred to the new Institute, giving his paper on Winchester Cathedral at their first meeting the following year. In 1849 a Royal Commission was set up to investigate the use of iron in railway structures. Willis was one of the commissioners, and carried out experiments to determine the effects of moving loads on iron structures. He was one of the jurors in the
699:, in a 1959 paper correcting an omission in Willis' account of Winchester Cathedral, writes: "His work was done a hundred and more years ago, and yet, whichever building or group of buildings he decided to tackle, his results have remained valid to this day. Nowhere has he been superseded to the extent that a scholar now could afford to neglect his writings".
556:. This was an early example of historically accurate gothic in England, and in this respect Willis was in agreement with the prescriptions of the Society. The Society, however, did not approve of the restoration of Ely Cathedral, for which Willis provided advice and drawings, including a design for a stone arcade for the communion table.
170:. This work used both mechanical analogues and anatomical analysis of the larynx to provide a mechanical model of its operation. Willis noted that a leather or india-rubber band laid along a wooden surface could act as a reed, and that the pitch would change as the band was stretched. He argued that the
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based on material collected during the 1832-3 honeymoon trip, and published in 1835. The book was as much an analysis of the gothic style in general as a work on
Italian buildings in particular. His approach to architectural style recognised a difference between the real and the apparent structure of
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Willis's 1860 and 1861 lectures to the
Archaeological Institute on Gloucester and Peterborough Cathedrals were not published. For Gloucester, Freeman (1883) gives a historical description of the cathedral based on Willis's lecture, and Buchanan has summarised Willis's manuscript notes on the topic.
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in that year, Willis wrote no more. In 1872, he sold his library, which consisted of 1458 items. Pevsner (1970) lists some the books which included 26 editions of
Vitruvius, works on Palmyra and on Chinese buildings, as well as those on German, French, Italian and British architecture. He died of
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The last of the historical studies to appear in Willis's lifetime was the work on the monastic buildings at
Canterbury. It was published in 1868, although based on examination of the buildings 20 years earlier. Christ Church Canterbury was the largest monastery in England, with around 150 monks.
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Willis's theory of vowel production assumed a close correspondence between vowel production and the production of musical notes using an organ: the lung acted as a bellows, the vocal folds acted as the reed, and the mouth cavity acted as the organ pipe. Different vowels corresponded to mouth
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was formed by undergraduate students at
Cambridge University to promote "the study of Gothic Architecture, and of Ecclesiastical Antiques", and Willis became a Vice-President. While Willis was happy to agree that mediaeval gothic was the appropriate form for new churches, he objected to the
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style (not later than 1337). Willis had earlier identified the vaults of the
Gloucester cloister as the earliest example of fan vaulting in England. In the case of Peterborough, Willis gives descriptions of several of the vaults, and illustrations of the fan vaulting, in
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His health was delicate, which prevented him from going to school, and he was privately tutored. He showed talent in music, and as a draughtsman, and when he was 19 took out a patent on an improved pedal harp. In 1820 he went to a demonstration of
Wolfgang von Kempelen's
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cavities(/organ pipes) of different lengths, which were independent of the properties or vibrations of the vocal folds(/reed). Willis's 1830 paper "On vowel sounds, and on reed-organ pipes" is usually given as the reference for this theory, and is often contrasted with
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In the work on
Gloucester, Willis for the first time initiated excavation, investigating possible Saxon work in the crypt. His examination of the later 14th-Century work, particularly of the south transept, showed that Gloucester represented the earliest use of the
220:, Willis's major engineering work, provided a mathematical analysis of the "relations of motions". It contrasted with earlier approaches in that it was not concerned with utility – a crank is defined as a machine for converting reciprocating to circular motion, or
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on a respectable foundation. He is now best remembered for his extensive writings on architectural history, including many studies of mediaeval cathedrals and a four-volume treatise on the architecture of the University of Cambridge. He was described by
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at this time, a mechanical precursor of the digital computer. Willis drew detailed sketches of parts of the machinery. Whewell shared interests with Willis in science, history of architecture and mathematics, and was a lifelong colleague.
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One of the pieces of apparatus used by Willis to generate vowel sounds. The reed is at R, air is pumped through the L-shaped tube at the left. The plunger P-Q-O varies the acoustic length of the outer tube.
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Cambridge in the 1830s was a time in which science was becoming increasingly important, and was home to a group of scholars known as the "Cambridge Network". Two of these men were of particular importance,
1936:
Robert Willis : science, technology and architecture in the nineteenth century : proceedings of the International Symposium held in Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge UK, 16th–17th September
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Biographical history of Gonville and Caius college, 1349–1897 : containing a list of all known members of the college from the foundation to the present time : with biographical notes. Volume
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style (1842). Most of his cathedral studies were initially presented as lectures, often accompanied by guided tours of the buildings. Many, but not all, were subsequently written up for publication.
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Buchanan, A.C. (2019). "'Valuable matter' versus 'local twaddle': Peterborough Cathedral and architectural expertise in the nineteenth century". In Baxter, Ron; Hall, Jackie; Marx, Claudia (eds.).
40:(27 February 1800 – 28 February 1875) was an English academic. He was the first Cambridge professor to win widespread recognition as a mechanical engineer, and first to set the scientific study of
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206:, (also called "Odontograph") a device to allow a craftsman to determine the proper shape of teeth on wheels of different diameters. This was widely used for many years. In 1841 he published his
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Marsden, Ben (2004). "The Progeny of These Two "Fellows'": Robert Willis, William Whewell and the Sciences of Mechanism, Mechanics and Machinery in Early Victorian Britain".
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560:, Dean of Ely, was a reformer, and wished to open up the eastern part of the cathedral for the congregation. The Society's journal described the changes as 'desecration'.
2397:(contains after p. 463 a list of Willis' publications up to 1870 and these include the works on the chess player, and the articles on vowel sounds and the larynx)
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An Attempt to Analyse the Automaton Chess Player, of Mr. de Kempelen ... to which is Added, a ... Collection of the Knight's Moves Over the Chess Board
420:. Buchanan (2019) gives an account of the 1861 Peterborough meeting, contrasting the roles of local antiquarians and national experts such as Willis.
567:, and gave his paper on Canterbury Cathedral at their first meeting in 1844. Soon after this, the Association split, leading to the formation of the
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2291:
Facsimile of the sketch-book of Wilars de Honecort, an architect of the thirteenth century : illustrated by commentaries and descriptions
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Human speech : some observations, experiments, and conclusions as to the nature, origin, purpose and possible improvement of human speech
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Willis was born in London on 27 February 1800. His father was Dr Robert Darling Willis, physician to King George III. He was a grandson of
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de Andrés, Elena Pliego; Álvarez, Alberto Sanjurjo (2015). "Robert Willis' Contribution to Understanding the Gothic Flamboyant Style".
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at Cambridge, and from 1853 onward he was a lecturer in applied mechanics at the government school of mines. In 1837 he read a paper
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This article is about the 19th century engineer, phoneticist, and architectural historian. For other people with the same name, see
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Buchanan, Alexandrina (2012). "Building a Monument: Willis, Clark and "The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge"".
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692:, and Willis and Wheatstone figure prominently in the discussion of vowel theories given by Tsutomu Chiba and Masato Kajiyama.
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in Derbyshire as an example. The Cambridge History remains current, having been re-published by the University Press in 1988.
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Willis's illustration of the Canterbury crypt, showing a column inserted when the new choir was built in the late 12th-Century
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A glossary of terms used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic architecture : exemplified by seventeen hundred woodcuts
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1630:"Proceedings at the annual meeting of the Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Winchester, September 1845"
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1992:"On the pressure produced on a flat plate when opposed to a stream of air issuing from an orifice in a plane surface"
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Willis's analyses used both documentary evidence and a detailed examination of the building. As he put it in his
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Robert Willis: Science Technology and Architecture in the 19th Century. 2016 Symposium, Cambridge, Caius College
1367:"Some remarks upon the works of the early mediaeval architects, Gundulph, Flambard, William of Sens, and others"
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Willis's historical and descriptive work on architecture included works on individual buildings, including (
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90:, in which he showed how a human player could be concealed within the chest housing the supposed machinery.
1580:
Rose, Elliot (1966). "The Stone Table in the Round Church and the Crisis of the Cambridge Camden Society".
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Willis's version of the 12th-Century "Waterworks Plan" showing the buildings aligned to existing structures
316:
1934:
Huerta, Santiago (2016). "Willis's sources on gothic vault construction". In Buchanan, Alexandrina (ed.).
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178:(1858). Hart (1966) states that these observations are "basic to the laws of laryngeal physiology today".
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2373:"The Architectural History of the Conventual Buildings of the Monastery of Christ Church in Canterbury"
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The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge, and of the Colleges of Cambridge and Eton
2008:
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Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire Into the Application of Iron to Railway Structures
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1991:
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The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge and of the Colleges of Cambridge and Eton
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Transept of Sherborne Abbey showing perpendicular carved panel on column, destroyed in restoration
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Willis's 1821 illustration of how a human could be concealed within the supposed chess automaton
2474:"Notes on Norwich Cathedral. The Cloisters. (From Memoranda by the late Rev. Professor Willis)"
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2228:
Proceedings at the Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
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1608:"First annual meeting of the British Archaeological Association, Canterbury, September 1844"
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The Mechanics of Engineering: Intended for Use in Universities and in Colleges of Engineers
158:, partly on the basis of that work. In his work on vowel sounds, following on from that of
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A System of Apparatus for the use of Lecturers and Experimenters in Mechanical Philosophy
1525:"Report of the twenty-third meeting of the Cambridge Camden Society on December 6th 1841"
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Architectural Notes on German Churches: With Remarks on the Origin of Gothic Architecture
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A System of Apparatus for the Use of Lecturers and Experimenters in Mechanical Philosophy
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In 1828 and 1829, Willis presented two papers on the production of vowel sounds to the
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Report of a Survey of the Dilapidated Portions of Hereford Cathedral in the Year 1841
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231:. Willis's classification was influential, being adopted by other writers, including
2237:"Description of the Ancient Plan of the Monastery of St. Gall, in the Ninth Century"
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2528:
The Turk: The Life and Times of the Famous Eighteenth-century Chess-playing Machine
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1980:
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Marsden, Ben. "Willis, Robert (1800–1875), engineer and architectural historian".
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who completed it (published 1886). He was survived by four sons and one daughter.
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devotes two chapters to the discussion of these two theories in his 1928 book on
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By 1870, thirteen works on mechanism had used Willis's scheme of classification.
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2549:(2003). "Robert Willis and Franz Reuleaux: Pioneers in the Theory of Machines".
2449:"Notes on Norwich Cathedral. (From Memoranda by the late Rev. Professor Willis)"
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1024:"Von Kempelen et al.: remarks on the history of articulatory-acoustic modelling"
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In 1870, his wife Mary Ann died. After completing work on the second edition of
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was published in the following year. In 1855 he served as vice-president of the
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Willis's illustration of the structure of a fan vault in Peterborough Cathedral
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2196:"On the History of the Great Seals of England, Especially those of Edward III"
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723:(2008) gives the dates (1799–1878) for our Willis who worked in architecture.
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Hast, Malcolm H. (1966). "Mechanical properties of the cricothyroid muscle".
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1882:
Pevsner, Nikolaus (1959). "A Note on the East End of Winchester Cathedral".
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Doorway at Nevers illustrating the interpenetrations of the flamboyant style
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2599:. Vol. 6. London: Bradbury, Evans & Co. cc. 728–730 – via
202:, and in the following year published this in more detail, proposing the
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2312:"The Architectural History of the Cathedral and Monastery at Worcester"
1962:
Proceedings of the First Conference of the Construction History Society
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as "the greatest English architectural historian of the 19th century".
86:, a supposed automaton chess player, and the following year published
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On Machines and Tools for Working in Metal, Wood, and Other Materials
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Robert Willis (1800–1875) and the Foundation of Architectural History
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Entre raison et utopie: l'Histoire de l'architecture d'Auguste Choisy
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1142:
719:(1998). Sometimes, it is the other way round, and Thierry Mandoul's
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On machines and tools for working in metal, wood and other materials
2107:
Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects of London
2044:
Remarks on the architecture of the middle ages, especially of Italy
330:
Remarks on the architecture of the middle ages, especially of Italy
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The work of Willis on acoustics is often mistakenly attributed to
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Willis' Cymagraph, instrument for copying the outline of mouldings
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Robert Willis at about the time he lectured at the School of Mines
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2103:"On the characteristic interpenetrations of the flamboyant style"
1272:(PhD). UCL (University College London) Department of Art History.
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showing the real (a) and apparent (b) springing points of an arch
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Papers Read at the Royal Institute of British Architects 1863–64
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Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
2154:"A description of the Sextry Barn at Ely, lately demolished"
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Peterborough and the Soke: Art, Architecture and Archaeology
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Examples of classification of mechanisms, from Willis (1841)
1913:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 489n3.
1325:"The Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland"
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in 1875 at Cambridge, where his papers are archived at the
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Biography: or, Third Division of "The English Cyclopaedia"
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Includes full-text links to many of Willis' publications.
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Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects
1911:
French gothic architecture of the 12th and 13th centuries
328:
Willis's earliest published work on architecture was the
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Willis's diagram of the larynx as used in Gray's Anatomy.
1854:
The Vowel. Its Physiological Mechanism as Shown by X-Ray
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harvnb error: multiple targets (4×): CITEREFWillis1842 (
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harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFWillis1845 (
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harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFWillis1845 (
890:"Obituary. The Rev. Professor Robert Willis, 1800–1875"
2090:"On the Construction of the Vaults of the Middle Ages"
1831:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–.
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Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
715:(1799–1878). This is for instance the case in Beyer's
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to copy the shapes of architectural mouldings (1842).
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Willis is now best-known for his architectural work.
2178:. Cambridge: J. & JJ Deighton, and T. Stevenson.
2120:"Description of the Cymagraph for Copying Mouldings"
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Architectural History of the University of Cambridge
418:
On the Construction of the Vaults of the Middle Ages
2221:"The architectural history of Winchester Cathedral"
2030:
Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
2013:
Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
1996:
Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
1828:
Sounds of Our Times: Two Hundred Years of Acoustics
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Robert Willis and the rise of architectural history
2058:Transactions of the Institution of Civil Engineers
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1391:The Buildings of England: North East and East Kent
1301:. Cambridge: J & J.J. Deighton. pp. 5–10.
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1250:. Printed at the University Press for J.W. Parker.
435:As an aid to his descriptive work he invented the
2745:Presidents of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
2302:The architectural history of Chichester Cathedral
2186:The Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral
2158:Publications of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society
1393:(Second ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
2551:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
2337:"The architectural history of Sherborne Minster"
88:An attempt to Analyze the Automaton Chess Player
2735:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
1939:. Instituto Juan de Herrera. pp. 297–320.
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454:Compartment of the nave of Canterbury Cathedral
2363:The architectural history of Glastonbury Abbey
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1203:The British Journal for the History of Science
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988:Strutt, John William (Baron Rayleigh) (1896).
871:. Vol. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
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2172:Architectural Nomenclature of the Middle Ages
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389:Architectural history of Canterbury Cathedral
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1673:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2715:Jacksonian Professors of Natural Philosophy
2510:. Harvard University Press. pp. 149–.
2426:Parker, John Henry; Willis, Robert (1850).
959:. Cambridge: University press. p. 182.
744:(Second ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin.
2687:Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy
2668:
2009:"On vowel sounds, and on reed organ pipes"
994:(Second ed.). Macmillan. p. 470.
196:Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy
2147:. Dean and Chapter of Hereford Cathedral.
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291:Linking contact (Hooke's universal joint)
742:The buildings of England: Cambridgeshire
707:Confusion with Robert Willis (1799–1878)
315:
312:Architecture and the Cathedral Histories
152:On vowel sounds, and on reed-organ pipes
2392:Principles of Mechanism, Second Edition
1705:Cambridge University Library Repository
1670:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
732:
684:"harmonic" theory of vowel production.
632:
444:
245:
58:Early life and first years in Cambridge
2294:. London: John Henry and James Parker.
2127:Civil Engineer and Architects' Journal
1760:
1511:
1499:
1455:
1413:
1345:
1311:
1282:
1183:
1171:
947:
945:
591:Last years and posthumous publications
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
466:Eastern gable of the Sextry Barn, Ely
103:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
7:
2366:. Cambridge: Deighton, Bell, and Co.
1561:. Northampton, Mass: Smith College.
543:King's Walk Cemetery Chapel, Wisbech
2591:"Willis, Rev. Robert, MA, FRS, FGS"
2305:. Chichester: William Hayley Mason.
2047:. Cambridge: J & J.J. Deighton.
1869:The Vowel: Its Nature and Structure
1061:. London: J.W. Parker. p. 645.
619:The Cambridge History was Willis's
194:From 1837 to 1875 Willis served as
858:"Willis, Robert (1800-1875)"
608:. He willed his manuscript on the
565:British Archaeological Association
563:Willis was an early member of the
150:, which were published in 1830 as
14:
2507:Sublime Dreams of Living Machines
1159:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1916_090_017_02
1116:Journal of the Franklin Institute
1058:Anatomy: descriptive and surgical
1022:Pompino-Marschall, Bernd (2005).
929:The Willis family of Lincolnshire
478:Elevation of Chichester Cathedral
93:In 1821 he studied with the Rev.
2653:
2635:"Robert Willis: Digital Library"
2504:Minsoo Kang (14 February 2011).
2026:"On the mechanism of the larynx"
1867:Chiba, T.; Kajiyama, M. (1942).
1656:. William Clowes and sons. 1849.
1559:Smith College Studies in History
1086:10.1288/00005537-196603000-00011
868:Dictionary of National Biography
659:
654:King's College Old Court Gateway
647:
635:
519:
507:
495:
483:
471:
459:
447:
296:
284:
272:
260:
248:
97:, a noted classical scholar, at
1798:R. Linggard (10 January 1985).
1439:Records of Gloucester Cathedral
666:Nevile's Court, Trinity College
368:, 1866) as well as analyses of
148:Cambridge Philosophical Society
2490:10.1080/00665983.1875.10851677
2465:10.1080/00665983.1875.10851672
2353:10.1080/00665983.1865.10851315
2328:10.1080/00665983.1863.10851243
2253:10.1080/00665983.1848.10850686
2212:10.1080/00665983.1845.10850553
1896:10.1080/00665983.1959.10854145
1856:. Ohio State University Press.
1801:Electronic Synthesis of Speech
1777:. Cambridge University Press.
1264:Buchanan, Alexandrina (1994).
814:Buchanan, Alexandrina (2013).
642:Corpus Christi College library
168:On the Mechanism of the Larynx
1:
2472:Stewart, David James (1875).
2447:Stewart, David James (1875).
2405:. Cambridge University Press.
2740:Fellows of the Royal Society
2430:. London: John Henry Parker.
2385:Published as a book in 1869.
2322:: 83–132, 254–272, 301–318.
1687:UK public library membership
1128:10.1016/0016-0032(87)90204-3
818:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
606:Cambridge University Library
1433:Freeman, E.A. (1883–1884).
1329:The Illustrated London News
1041:10.21248/zaspil.40.2005.263
975:A Cambridge Alumni Database
583:, and in 1862 received the
156:Fellow of the Royal Society
117:. Babbage was building his
68:Rear Admiral Richard Willis
2761:
2395:. London: Longmans, Green.
1852:Russell, G. Oscar (1928).
1804:. CUP Archive. p. 9.
1551:Nikolaus, Pevsner (1970).
1435:"Gloucester and Its Abbey"
977:. University of Cambridge.
971:"Willis, Robert (WLS821R)"
925:"Dr Robert Darling Willis"
740:Pevsner, Nikolaus (1970).
18:
2693:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2441:Volume 2: Plates – Part 2
2437:Volume 2: Plates – Part 1
2083:. London: John W. Parker.
1871:. Tokyo: Tokyo-Kaiseikan.
1740:10.1017/S0066622X00000083
1707:. University of Cambridge
1365:Ferrey, Benjamin (1864).
1215:10.1017/S0007087404006144
1028:ZAS Papers in Linguistics
1011:. Kegan Paul. p. 15.
575:of 1851, and his lecture
535:Societies and commissions
66:. His paternal uncle was
2070:10.1680/itrcs.1838.24389
2054:"On the teeth of wheels"
1825:Robert T. Beyer (1999).
1763:, Volume 3 Pages 270–273
1244:William Whewell (1841).
1141:Adamson, Daniel (1916).
910:10.1680/imotp.1875.22684
569:Archaeological Institute
549:Cambridge Camden Society
395:(c. 1060 – c. 1126) and
154:. In 1830 he was made a
2616:"Robert Willis: Papers"
2401:—— (1886).
2389:—— (1870).
2371:—— (1868).
2360:—— (1866).
2335:—— (1865).
2310:—— (1863).
2299:—— (1861).
2288:—— (1859).
2274:—— (1852).
2260:—— (1851).
2235:—— (1848).
2219:—— (1846).
2194:—— (1845).
2183:—— (1845).
2169:—— (1844).
2152:—— (1843).
2138:—— (1842).
2118:—— (1842).
2101:—— (1842).
2088:—— (1842).
2080:Principles of Mechanism
2077:—— (1841).
2052:—— (1838).
2041:—— (1835).
2024:—— (1833).
2007:—— (1830).
1990:—— (1830).
1979:Willis, Robert (1821).
1773:Willis, Robert (1988).
1701:"Robert Willis: Papers"
903:(1875): 206–210. 1875.
597:Principles of Mechanism
502:Illustrations of vaults
218:Principles of Mechanism
208:Principles of Mechanism
2730:Deaths from bronchitis
2563:10.1098/rsnr.2003.0207
2478:Archaeological Journal
2453:Archaeological Journal
2341:Archaeological Journal
2316:Archaeological Journal
2241:Archaeological Journal
2200:Archaeological Journal
1884:Archaeological Journal
1679:10.1093/ref:odnb/29584
1634:Archaeological Journal
1612:Archaeological Journal
1335:(1216): 142–143. 1863.
1174:, Preface, pages i–xix
544:
428:
407:
384:
325:
200:On the teeth of wheels
191:
143:
135:
78:
33:
2525:Tom Standage (2003).
2377:Archaeologia Cantiana
1728:Architectural History
1389:Newman, John (1976).
542:
426:
405:
382:
340:, 1842; Sextry Barn,
319:
303:Reduplicating contact
189:
141:
133:
76:
31:
1295:Whewell, W. (1830).
1055:Gray, Henry (1858).
354:Chichester Cathedral
350:Winchester Cathedral
346:Canterbury Cathedral
2283:. London: D. Bogue.
2269:. London: J. Weale.
1909:Bony, Jean (1983).
1445:: 79–155 (134–149).
1112:"A new odontograph"
991:The Theory of Sound
952:Venn, John (1897).
717:Sounds of Our Times
358:Worcester Cathedral
2658:Works by or about
2189:. London: Longman.
1529:The Ecclesiologist
1005:Paget, R. (1930).
853:Clark, John Willis
545:
429:
408:
385:
338:Hereford Cathedral
326:
192:
144:
136:
79:
34:
2703:
2702:
2694:Succeeded by
2672:Academic offices
2538:978-0-425-19039-5
2531:. Berkley Books.
2517:978-0-674-05941-2
1838:978-0-387-98435-3
1811:978-0-521-24469-5
1784:978-0-521-35850-7
1685:(Subscription or
1582:Victorian Studies
1535:(2): 22–29. 1841.
1314:, pp. 40–48.
1285:, pp. 15–27.
825:978-1-84383-800-5
614:John Willis Clark
587:in architecture.
366:Glastonbury Abbey
362:Sherborne Minster
119:difference engine
2752:
2677:Preceded by
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2604:
2601:Internet Archive
2582:
2547:Moon, Francis C.
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229:universal joint
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32:Robert Willis
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2720:1800 births
2697:James Dewar
2644:28 February
2484:: 155–187.
2347:: 179–199.
1890:: 133–135.
1761:Willis 1886
1734:: 145–172.
1512:Willis 1868
1500:Willis 1868
1456:Willis 1842
1414:Willis 1845
1346:Willis 1845
1312:Willis 1835
1283:Willis 1835
1184:Willis 1841
1172:Willis 1841
1153:: 353–450.
1034:: 145–159.
863:Lee, Sidney
625:Haddon Hall
621:magnum opus
204:Odontagraph
182:Engineering
99:King's Lynn
95:Thomas Kidd
2709:Categories
2691:1837–1875
2664:Wikisource
2247:: 85–117.
2133:: 219–221.
2064:: 89–112.
2036:: 323–352.
2019:: 231–268.
2002:: 129–140.
1689:required.)
1373:: 127–143.
751:0140710108
727:References
602:bronchitis
374:Flamboyant
222:vice versa
2579:146383079
2459:: 16–47.
2206:: 14–41.
1567:0081-0193
1502:, Plate 2
1231:144018613
690:The Vowel
437:Cymagraph
126:Phonetics
53:Biography
2420:Volume 4
2416:Volume 3
2412:Volume 2
2408:Volume 1
2383:: 1–206.
2113:: 81–87.
1748:43489718
1711:19 March
1110:(1887).
1094:72949461
855:(1899).
370:vaulting
364:, 1865;
360:, 1863;
352:, 1846;
348:, 1845;
344:, 1843;
2625:3 March
2571:3557697
1594:3835186
1223:4028641
934:1 March
865:(ed.).
697:Pevsner
686:Russell
554:Wisbech
397:Gervase
356:,1861;
322:Remarks
226:Hooke's
176:Anatomy
47:Pevsner
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84:"Turk"
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1090:S2CID
893:(PDF)
861:. In
393:Edmer
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2627:2021
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2164:(7).
1941:ISBN
1937:2016
1915:ISBN
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