495:
709:
526:. A few days later, de Umfraville was summoned to Henry's presence; Summmerson has speculated that Henry suspected de Umfraville of involvement, and perhaps "harbouring a residual loyalty to the Percys", the restoration of which family in the north was one of the plotters' aims. Perhaps indicating the king's displeasure, de Umfraville was also relieved of his captaincy of Roxburgh at the same time. On the other hand, de Umfraville had valuable military experience, and Henry subsequently confirmed him in his £40 annuity. Either way, de Umfraville is known to have been present at the
246:
22:
749:. How much these lands were actually worth, however, Summerson has queried. While his manors around Redesdale covered over 25,000 acres (10,000 ha), the near-permanent state of war that existed in the region makes it likely that these estates had been greatly ravaged, possibly to the point of worthlessness. It may be that the only lands of de Umfraville's that were worth their full value at the time, Summerson says, were those of Gilbert's in
699:
for those that died during the course of their dispute. A tripartite indenture was eventually agreed and delivered at
Newcastle on 24 May 1431, which de Umfraville attended, and where he received the first instalment of the 250 marks compensation he and Heron's widow were now due from John Manners.
549:
has suggested that de
Umfraville might have encouraged the Scots to raid over the border deliberately, "only to destroy them". He spent the next two years leading retaliatory, and savage, raids of "almost continuous harassment" into southern Scotland. This climaxed in 1419 with his assault upon the
786:
An indenture in late medieval
England was a legal contract written in duplicate on the same sheet, which was then divided into two portions along a jagged line. The tooth-like appearance of this division provided the name. Subsequently, when one or other parties to the contract needed to prove its
656:
to assist with ongoing negotiations, although the results of that particular embassy are unknown. His duties also involved administrative work such as presiding over the Warden's
Marcher Court, negotiating temporary truces and attending peace conferences. He continued to keep the peace in his home
445:
that King Henry made an effort to reconcile to him; as a "border warlord with impeccable lineage", he earned great rewards from the crown while still commanding the respect of what remained of the Percy affinity in the northwest. At the same time, his diplomatic work with
Scotland increased as the
694:
of 400 marks to Heron's widow. De
Umfraville also demanded that Manners helped him redeem the Heron estates from royal custody, in return for which he would try and persuade the widow to reduce the amount of compensation she was claiming. On 23 April, Manners indentured himself to de Umfraville's
449:
Robert de
Umfraville had a close relationship with his nephew Gilbert, the son of Robert's elder brother Thomas, who had died in 1391. By 1413, Gilbert had married Anne, daughter of Ralph, Earl of Westmorland, further strengthening de Umfraville's position in the northeast. He was probably
737:
brave and wise in war, generous and loyal to his followers, a lover of justice and protector of the common good". De
Umfraville received his last commission to organise a truce with Scotland in March 1436; he died on 27 January the following year, leaving no will. He was buried in
562:"Robin Mendmarket". Hardyng describes how de Umfraville, being determined that not all the glory should be earned solely by those fighting the French, "made the warre on Scottes to have a name" for himself. As Alexander Rose put it, while Henry V was "sacking
384:
has said this was designed "to ensure his loyalty against the Percys, his former lords" who were growing increasingly dissatisfied with the new king. As part of the same strategy, in 1404 Henry instructed the Earl of
Northumberland to hand over command of
678:, "abounds with incident, characterising, at the same time, the pugnacious state of the borders the total absence of everything in the shape of legal redress". De Umfraville's associate, Prior Wessington, acted as an umpire in the subsequent
169:
in 1421. He remained in royal service almost to the last months of his life, but this service was of uncertain financial profitability. Most of his northern lands would have been prone to frequent ravaging by marauding armies, so his
629:, one of the few that was free-standing. The chapel, de Umfraville instructed, should be devoted to the souls of himself, his wife, Kings Henry IV and V, and to each past, present and future member of the Order of the Garter.
428:
that year. De
Umfraville appears to have played no part in the downfall of his old master. However, uncommonly for a younger son, shortly after—and reflecting his high standing with the king—de Umfraville was elected to the
732:
to your most renowned honour and praise and to the advantage of us and our whole realm". Hardyng called de Umfraville "a Jewell for a kynge, in wyse consayle and knyghtly dede of werre" as well as a "vision of the ideal
276:. Hotspur was defeated and captured by the Scots. Otterburn was followed, says Hardyng, in 1390 by the first of many border raids de Umfraville led into Scotland. These raids were continued even after the deposition of
673:
to Heron—and being one of "the two most powerful knights in the county"—de Umfraville took the part of Heron's wife, Isabel, after Heron was killed by Manners while assaulting Etal castle. This event, comments
534:. He had presumably cleared himself, in Henry's eyes, by the following year when he indentured with the king to serve in Normandy until 1417. That year he returned to Northumberland and to border service.
299:
in 1400, although in the event the campaign achieved little, neither gaining territory for the English nor inflicting heavy damage on the Scots. De Umfraville subsequently defeated a large Scots army at
652:. It was with this Henry Percy that Sir Robert spent much of the remainder of his military career in the East March. This was as both a warrior and a diplomat—for instance in 1425, he was sent to
284:
in 1399. In spite of the regime change, de Umfraville's duties continued in the same vein, and the "old truths remained: royal service, local administration and the defence of the realm", as the
578:
Sir Robert de Umfraville, his most ruthless lieutenant free rein to tear south-eastern Scotland savagely apart for two years". Hardying commented benevolently upon de Umfraville's winning of
150:, lauded him as the perfect knight. De Umfraville's successes in the north attracted praise and reward from the king. One campaign deep into Scottish territory resulted in his destroying
348:. It is thought that Hardyng received the king's permission to enter de Umfraville's service around this point, following the death of Hardyng's previous patron, Hotspur, at the
796:"Bayte" in this context means to unleash, i.e. de Umfraville gladly unleashed Gilbert over the border, making, so Hardyng continues, the Scottish wives swear "by Seynt Rynyon".
657:
county as well; in his own words, he wished to see "gude rest and pece to be had in the cuntre". A major case he was involved in was between the feuding gentry families led by
424:
In 1408 the continuing tension between the crown and the Earl of Northumberland came to a head, and the Earl rebelled, albeit unsuccessfully: he was defeated and killed at the
590:
Sir Robert had married by 1419; nothing is known of his wife except that she was named Isabella. The same year he is also recorded, with his wife, as taking membership of the
466:. In this capacity, following the burning of Roxburgh by the Scots, de Umfraville commanded a force of ten ships and 600 men and destroyed Scottish shipping sheltered in the
541:
attacked Berwick in 1417. His "foul raid"—"foul" being a contemporary corruption for "fool" or "foolish"—broke the existing truce. On 3 August that year de Umfraville (as
458:. De Umfraville's service for the king was not confined to the northern border, and neither was it confined to fighting on land. In 1410, he was appointed lieutenant to
201:
as a bulwark against the Scots. The original grant refers to de Umfraville as having to defend England against "enemies and wolves". The de Umfravilles also counted the
87:
family with whom de Umfraville was closely associated. Much of Sir Robert's career continued on the same path as his ancestors, being primarily focused on defending the
720:
has described de Umfraville as one of "the most renowned warriors of their day". This reflects a contemporary image of him as a fifteenth-century hero: in 1426 the
1691:
Memorials of the Order of the Garter; From its Foundation to the Present Time With Biographical Notices of the Knights in the Reigns of Edward III and Richard II
2433:
609:
on at least one occasion. Wessington had not only granted him his letters of confraternity but had been entrusted by de Umfraville with important family
450:
responsible for Gilbert's military training, as the two spent the years prior to 1410 on the border. In 1408, for example, they jointly led a raid into
454:: Hardyng describes how de Umfraville was like an "olde dogge hath grete joy to bayte his whelpe". The raids continued, with another soon after on
397:, rebelled. De Umfraville persuaded Ralph, Earl of Westmorland to strike swiftly, and with a hastily-raised force, they suppressed the uprising at
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273:
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The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales: Comprising a Registry of Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time
1734:
1715:
1679:
1660:
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Since Gilbert had been de Umfraville's closest relative, and he and Isabelle had had no children, his estates passed to a distant relative,
515:
2443:
2438:
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511:
296:
249:
The Battle of Otterburn, 1388, from a fifteenth-century depiction; this was probably one of de Umfraville's earliest military campaigns.
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2423:
2354:
2314:
438:
177:
may have been his main source of income. He carried out his last mission to Scotland in March 1436 and died early the next year.
135:
1670:
Armstrong, J. W. (2006). "Violence and Peacemaking in the English Marches towards Scotland, c. 1425–1440". In Clark, L. (ed.).
459:
52:
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538:
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regime, waging both offensive and defensive military operations against the Scots. Where necessary, he was also an effective
130:
of the Hundred Years' War in 1415—when de Umfraville travelled with the king to France, where he may have taken part in the
189:, who died in 1387. His family had been important in Anglo-Scottish relations and on the border since the twelfth century;
2073:
MacDonald, A. J. (2005). "John Hardyng, Northumbrian Identity and the Scots". In Liddy, C. D.; Britnell, R. H. (eds.).
708:
317:
1780:
Curry, A.; Bell, A.; King, A.; Simpkin, D. (2010). "New Regime, New Army? Henry IV's Scottish Expedition of 1400".
325:
658:
474:, and captured 13 or 14 others. As a result of these successes, he was appointed captain of Roxburgh in place of
305:
475:
398:
2390:. Vol. XI: The Parishes of Carham, Branxton, Kirknewton, Wooler, and Ford. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: A. Reid.
221:. However, both the impact of the Scottish wars and the growth of other, newer regional families, such as the
774:
545:
of Berwick) was informed that Albany intended to invade England with an army of 60,000 and besiege Berwick.
390:
329:
309:
162:
2251:
The History and Antiquities of North Durham, as Subdivided into the Shires of Norham Island and Bedlington
425:
186:
401:. In acknowledgement of the role he had played in defending the crown's interests, de Umfravile was made
2413:
313:
301:
277:
269:
103:
95:
88:
56:
2418:
753:, which could have been worth up to £400 per annum. Robert de Umfraville's garter stall was taken by
542:
463:
349:
2448:
1706:
Brown, A. L. (1974). "The English Campaign in Scotland, 1400". In Hearder, H.; Lyon, H. R. (eds.).
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111:
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166:
21:
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2197:
2174:
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76:
2140:
Neville, C. J. (1994). "Keeping the Peace on the Northern Marches in the Later Middle Ages".
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through the next decade, and his expertise in local politics saw him appointed to advise the
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406:
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742:, where his wife, who died less than two years later in 1438, was to be buried beside him.
819:
602:
598:
579:
499:
483:
381:
333:
225:, had led to a decline in the family's status by the fifteenth century. Robert himself, a
91:, which had been in a state of near-permanent warfare since the late thirteenth century.
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418:
386:
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345:
198:
80:
2407:
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695:"lytill and esy tretye", as it was termed, to pay all Heron's debts and to establish
606:
594:
202:
158:; he brought back so much booty that he was popularly nicknamed "Robin Mendmarket".
750:
712:
The overgrown ruins of de Umfraville's burial place, Newminster Abbey, seen in 2006
369:
337:
261:
143:
2378:
2338:
1674:. The Fifteenth Century. Vol. VI. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 53–72.
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to repair the walls of Berwick Castle, which by this time were in some disrepair.
161:
De Umfraville married but did not have children. His nephew and closest relative,
94:
Robert de Umfraville fought under three English kings. Beginning his career under
2077:. Regions and Regionalism in History. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. 29–42.
482:
for his naval expedition. Two years later, Bishop Langley paid de Umfraville 100
253:
Robert de Umfraville spent his early career in the military. He began sitting on
682:. On 3 April 1428, de Umfraville told Wessington that he would request Isabel's
679:
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estates and £400. He had already lost his lordship of Langley in 1414 when the
389:
to de Umfraville. The king's support for de Umfraville paid off when, in 1405,
245:
641:
610:
478:, the Earl of Westmorland's son. By now, de Umfraville was owed £666 from the
451:
230:
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64:
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479:
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410:
402:
292:
258:
206:
139:
134:—all his military activity was on the Scottish border. He was famed for his
119:
72:
40:
1932:
1698:
1963:. Vol. II. Newcastle: Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
2111:
Milner, J. (2006). "The Battle of Baugé, March 1421: Impact and Memory".
1793:
1708:
British Government and Administration: Studies Presented to S. B. Chrimes
649:
633:
455:
218:
171:
115:
1847:
Gillingham, J. (2010). "The Early Middle Ages". In Morgan, K. O. (ed.).
554:, which he burnt to the ground on market day; this earned him both much
683:
670:
571:
559:
555:
551:
324:. This was probably in the capacity of sub-warden to the duke, in the
308:
in 1401 and may have taken part in the defeat of the Scots army at the
214:
151:
147:
1887:
Historical Writing in England: c. 1307 to the Early Sixteenth Century
691:
567:
441:, who had died earlier in the year. De Umfraville was the only Percy
377:
48:
2188:
Peverley, S. L. (2012). "Anglo-Scottish Relations in John Hardyng's
636:, following Gilbert's death in the disastrous English defeat at the
1851:(new ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 120–191.
707:
493:
244:
20:
2173:. The Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
728:, wrote to him, thanking him for his "great and notable services…
2194:
The Anglo-Scottish Border and the Shaping of Identity, 1300–1600
787:
authenticity, the teeth of the two parts would match perfectly..
563:
510:, as King Henry V. The new king's attention soon focused on the
414:
210:
205:
amongst their ancestors. The family owned much land around the
1269:
1267:
1118:
1116:
1114:
489:
360:
De Umfraville's loyalty to the new regime was appreciated by
1727:
A Guide to Western Historical Scripts from Antiquity to 1600
1522:
1520:
1518:
1196:
1194:
122:
to Scotland and negotiating treaties. With the exception of
27:
Gules a cinquefoil within an orle of eight crosses pattée or
1223:
1221:
597:. De Umfraville also appears to have been friends with the
2094:
The Revolt of Owain Glyndwr in Medieval English Chronicles
1433:
1431:
1429:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
506:
Henry IV died in March 1413 and was succeeded by his son,
2268:
Kings in the North: The House of Percy in British History
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933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
1133:
1131:
773:
The chronicle was transcribed and published in 1812 by
502:(in 2007), the focus of much of de Umfraville's career.
1906:
The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670
1710:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 40–54.
852:
850:
640:. From him, de Umfraville inherited the Redesdale and
413:. De Umfraville also received a lifetime grant of the
1028:
988:
986:
984:
982:
490:
The 'Southampton Plot,' service in France and return
304:after an attempted Scottish raid. He was appointed
2347:
2303:
409:for life the same year, and appointed Hardyng his
518:. Just before the English army was due to depart
1672:Identity and Insurgency in the Late Middle Ages
264:reports that de Umfraville fought at the 1388
110:in 1399, de Umfraville loyally served the new
185:Robert de Umfraville was the youngest son of
71:for centuries and also held major estates in
8:
2358:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2349:"Umfraville, de, Family (per. c. 1100–1245)"
2318:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2270:(1st ppbk ed.). St Ives: Phoenix.
2213:Wolves and the Wilderness in the Middle Ages
1610:
1285:
1273:
1258:
1212:
1185:
1173:
669:, between 1428 and 1431. In this case, as a
632:In 1421 de Umfraville acted as his nephew's
2075:North-East England in the Later Middle Ages
2287:Thomas Langley and the Bishopric of Durham
1016:
973:
880:
868:
1908:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1813:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1622:
1437:
1246:
1227:
1105:
312:in 1403. He continued his defence of the
55:who took part in the later stages of the
1729:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1360:
1200:
1122:
1093:
613:. In 1428, he was licensed to grant his
2355:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2315:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1562:
1538:
1497:
1384:
1333:
1309:
916:
834:
766:
537:De Umfraville's return was timely; the
209:area, consisting of the around 138,000-
2056:An Encyclopaedia of North-East England
1598:
1586:
1574:
1526:
1509:
1485:
1473:
1449:
1420:
1396:
1348:
1297:
1081:
1069:
724:, on behalf of the then-four-year-old
106:in 1388. After Richard was deposed by
25:Arms of Sir Robert de Umfraville, KG:
2192:". In Terrell, K.; Bruce, M. (eds.).
2018:North-East England in the Middle Ages
1942:Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461
1923:Hardyng, J. (1812). Ellis, H. (ed.).
1634:
1550:
1461:
1372:
1321:
1161:
1137:
1052:
1040:
1004:
892:
856:
841:
7:
2196:. London: Springer. pp. 69–86.
2096:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
1870:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1832:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
1408:
1149:
992:
904:
822:equivalent to two-thirds of a pound.
690:be withdrawn if Manners would pay a
257:in Northumberland in the 1390s. The
165:, predeceased him, perishing at the
1982:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1889:. Vol. II. London: Routledge.
1927:. London: F. C. and J. Rivington.
755:Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury
512:English claim to the French throne
235:Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmorland
79:, and his nephew married into the
14:
1655:. London: Yale University Press.
328:. In 1407, with his young nephew
16:English knight, Lord of Redesdale
2434:People of the Hundred Years' War
2232:Late Medieval England, 1399–1509
2125:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2006.00375.x
1980:The Fifteenth Century, 1399–1485
229:at his father's death, became a
2253:. London: John Bowyer Nichols.
2171:Scotland: The Later Middle Ages
1999:England and Scotland, 1286–1603
818:A medieval English mark was an
376:40. At some point, he was also
67:family had been influential in
2037:The Fall of the House of Percy
566:and advancing into undefended
522:, the king received word of a
516:war with France was inevitable
1:
2388:The History of Northumberland
2142:The English Historical Review
1925:The Chronicle of John Hardyng
1849:The Oxford History of Britain
1782:The English Historical Review
1693:. London: William Pickering.
646:second Earl of Northumberland
446:result of the Percys' fall.
274:Henry, Earl of Northumberland
146:, who was in de Umfraville's
44:
2379:UK public library membership
2339:UK public library membership
1830:Henry V: New Interpretations
193:had granted de Umfraville's
98:, he probably fought at the
2444:15th-century English people
2439:14th-century English people
1997:King, A.; Etty, C. (2016).
1944:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
318:Warden of the Eastern March
291:puts it. De Umfraville was
2470:
2454:People from Northumberland
2289:. London: William Clowes.
2039:. Edinburgh: John Donald.
2305:"Umfraville, Sir Robert (
1866:Given-Wilson, C. (2016).
306:Sheriff of Northumberland
2424:Medieval English knights
1811:Durham Priory: 1400–1450
605:, with whom he dined at
187:Sir Thomas de Umfraville
34:Sir Robert de Umfraville
2386:Vickers, K. H. (1922).
2346:Summerson, H. (2004b).
2302:Summerson, H. (2004a).
2230:Pollard, A. J. (2000).
2215:. Woodbridge: Boydell.
2211:Pluskowski, A. (2006).
2020:. Bodmin: John Donald.
1961:Northumberland Families
1940:Harriss, G. L. (2005).
665:), and John Manners of
498:Part of the remains of
380:by the king; historian
310:Battle of Homildon Hill
59:, particularly against
2364:10.1093/ref:odnb/54515
2324:10.1093/ref:odnb/27992
2285:Storey, R. L. (1961).
2169:Nicholson, R. (1974).
2058:. Edinburgh: Birlinn.
1959:Hedley, W. P. (1970).
805:Occasionally rendered
713:
503:
426:Battle of Bramham Moor
250:
118:, taking part in many
30:
2429:Knights of the Garter
2154:10.1093/ehr/CIX.430.1
2092:Marchant, A. (2014).
2001:. London: Macmillan.
1978:Jacob, E. F. (1993).
1885:Gransden, A. (1996).
1765:. London: Macmillan.
1763:The Hundred Years War
1725:Brown, M. P. (1993).
1689:Beltz, J. F. (1841).
844:, pp. 1042–1043.
711:
497:
330:Gilbert de Umfraville
322:John, Duke of Bedford
248:
219:Regality of Redesdale
195:ancestor and namesake
104:Henry "Hotspur" Percy
75:. His ancestors were
53:late-medieval England
24:
1904:Harding, V. (2002).
1748:. London: Harrison.
1651:Allmand, C. (1992).
1361:King & Etty 2016
747:Sir William Tailboys
648:was restored to his
514:, and by early 1415
439:Edmund, Earl of Kent
350:Battle of Shrewsbury
332:, he attended, as a
297:invasion of Scotland
89:border with Scotland
2234:. London: Longman.
1809:Dobson, R. (1973).
1541:, pp. 379–380.
1529:, pp. 142–143.
1488:, pp. 156–157.
1464:, pp. 120–121.
1411:, pp. 447–448.
1288:, p. 474 n.32.
1261:, pp. 324–325.
1176:, pp. 483–484.
623:Newcastle upon Tyne
532:Battle of Agincourt
530:, and possibly the
464:Admiral of the Seas
460:Sir Thomas Beaufort
431:Order of the Garter
295:to join Henry IV's
266:Battle of Otterburn
138:; one contemporary
132:Battle of Agincourt
100:Battle of Otterburn
83:, a powerful local
47:1363 – 1437) was a
2249:Raine, J. (1852).
2054:Lomas, R. (2009).
2016:Lomas, R. (1992).
1794:10.1093/ehr/ceq343
1788:(517): 1382–1413.
1761:Curry, A. (1993).
1744:Burke, B. (1884).
1125:, p. 52 n.69.
718:Chris Given-Wilson
714:
504:
395:Archbishop of York
320:, the king's son,
272:, son and heir of
251:
57:Hundred Years' War
31:
2377:(Subscription or
2337:(Subscription or
2277:978-1-84212-485-7
2266:Rose, A. (2003).
2241:978-0-58203-135-7
2222:978-1-84383-236-2
2203:978-1-13710-891-3
2180:978-0-05002-038-8
2103:978-1-90315-355-0
2084:978-1-84383-127-3
2065:978-1-84158-804-9
2046:978-0-85976-647-0
2035:Lomas, R (2007).
2027:978-0-85976-361-5
2008:978-1-13749-155-8
1989:978-0-19285-286-1
1970:978-0-90108-203-9
1951:978-0-19822-816-5
1915:978-0-52181-126-2
1896:978-0-41515-125-2
1877:978-0-30015-419-1
1858:978-0-19957-925-9
1839:978-1-90315-346-8
1828:Dodd, G. (2013).
1820:978-0-52120-140-7
1772:978-0-33353-175-4
1736:978-0-80207-206-1
1717:978-0-70830-538-6
1681:978-1-84383-270-6
1662:978-0-30007-370-6
1611:Given-Wilson 2016
1324:, pp. 96–98.
1286:Given-Wilson 2016
1274:Given-Wilson 2016
1259:Given-Wilson 2016
1213:Given-Wilson 2016
1203:, pp. 71–72.
1186:Given-Wilson 2016
1174:Given-Wilson 2016
1164:, p. clviii.
1152:, pp. 94–95.
1055:, pp. 35–36.
1029:Curry et al. 2010
1007:, pp. 78–79.
625:for the use of a
528:siege of Harfleur
508:Henry of Monmouth
470:, possibly using
368:for life with an
282:Henry Bolingbroke
255:royal commissions
197:major estates in
77:mormaers of Angus
69:northeast England
2461:
2399:
2382:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2351:
2342:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2311:
2298:
2281:
2262:
2245:
2226:
2207:
2184:
2165:
2136:
2119:(304): 484–507.
2107:
2088:
2069:
2050:
2031:
2012:
1993:
1974:
1955:
1936:
1919:
1900:
1881:
1862:
1843:
1824:
1805:
1776:
1757:
1740:
1721:
1702:
1685:
1666:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1231:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1126:
1120:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
977:
971:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
845:
839:
823:
816:
810:
803:
797:
794:
788:
784:
778:
771:
740:Newminster Abbey
736:
731:
704:Death and legacy
577:
524:plot against him
520:Southampton Dock
407:Warkworth Castle
342:Bishop of Durham
46:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2385:
2376:
2368:
2366:
2345:
2336:
2328:
2326:
2301:
2284:
2278:
2265:
2248:
2242:
2229:
2223:
2210:
2204:
2187:
2181:
2168:
2139:
2110:
2104:
2091:
2085:
2072:
2066:
2053:
2047:
2034:
2028:
2015:
2009:
1996:
1990:
1977:
1971:
1958:
1952:
1939:
1922:
1916:
1903:
1897:
1884:
1878:
1865:
1859:
1846:
1840:
1827:
1821:
1808:
1779:
1773:
1760:
1743:
1737:
1724:
1718:
1705:
1688:
1682:
1669:
1663:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:, p. clix.
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1234:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1031:, p. 1386.
1027:
1023:
1017:Gillingham 2010
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
991:
980:
974:Summerson 2004a
972:
923:
915:
911:
903:
899:
891:
887:
881:Summerson 2004b
879:
875:
869:Pluskowski 2006
867:
863:
855:
848:
840:
836:
832:
827:
826:
820:accounting unit
817:
813:
804:
800:
795:
791:
785:
781:
772:
768:
763:
734:
729:
706:
638:Battle of Baugé
603:John Wessington
599:Prior of Durham
588:
575:
500:Roxburgh Castle
492:
382:Henry Summerson
358:
334:tenant-in-chief
278:King Richard II
243:
183:
167:Battle of Baugé
136:martial prowess
17:
12:
11:
5:
2467:
2465:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2383:
2343:
2299:
2282:
2276:
2263:
2246:
2240:
2227:
2221:
2208:
2202:
2185:
2179:
2166:
2137:
2108:
2102:
2089:
2083:
2070:
2064:
2051:
2045:
2032:
2026:
2013:
2007:
1994:
1988:
1975:
1969:
1956:
1950:
1937:
1920:
1914:
1901:
1895:
1882:
1876:
1863:
1857:
1844:
1838:
1825:
1819:
1806:
1777:
1771:
1758:
1741:
1735:
1722:
1716:
1703:
1686:
1680:
1667:
1661:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1627:
1623:MacDonald 2005
1615:
1613:, p. 396.
1603:
1601:, p. 201.
1591:
1589:, p. 199.
1579:
1577:, p. 198.
1567:
1565:, p. xiv.
1555:
1553:, p. 209.
1543:
1531:
1514:
1512:, p. 197.
1502:
1490:
1478:
1476:, p. 486.
1466:
1454:
1452:, p. 187.
1442:
1438:Armstrong 2006
1425:
1423:, p. 106.
1413:
1401:
1399:, p. 153.
1389:
1377:
1375:, p. 146.
1365:
1353:
1351:, p. 151.
1338:
1336:, p. 591.
1326:
1314:
1302:
1300:, p. 146.
1290:
1278:
1276:, p. 324.
1263:
1251:
1247:MacDonald 2005
1232:
1230:, p. 231.
1228:Nicholson 1974
1217:
1215:, p. 323.
1205:
1190:
1188:, p. 460.
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1140:, p. 149.
1127:
1110:
1106:MacDonald 2005
1098:
1096:, p. 274.
1086:
1084:, p. 104.
1074:
1072:, p. 215.
1057:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1019:, p. 126.
1009:
997:
978:
921:
909:
897:
885:
873:
861:
859:, p. 481.
846:
833:
831:
828:
825:
824:
811:
798:
789:
779:
765:
764:
762:
759:
705:
702:
627:chantry chapel
587:
584:
539:Duke of Albany
491:
488:
468:Firth of Forth
433:. He took the
391:Richard Scrope
387:Berwick Castle
357:
354:
346:Thomas Langley
280:by his cousin
242:
239:
203:Earls of Angus
199:Northumberland
182:
179:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2466:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:(430): 1–25.
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1625:, p. 32.
1624:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1500:, p. 21.
1499:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1440:, p. 56.
1439:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1387:, p. 84.
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1363:, p. 66.
1362:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1312:, p. 58.
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1249:, p. 33.
1248:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:Peverley 2012
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:Marchant 2014
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:, p. 31.
1107:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1094:Gransden 1996
1090:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1043:, p. 40.
1042:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
989:
987:
985:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
922:
918:
913:
910:
907:, p. 94.
906:
901:
898:
895:, p. 85.
894:
889:
886:
882:
877:
874:
871:, p. 28.
870:
865:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
838:
835:
829:
821:
815:
812:
808:
802:
799:
793:
790:
783:
780:
776:
770:
767:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
727:
726:King Henry VI
723:
722:royal council
719:
710:
703:
701:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:William Heron
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:Durham Priory
604:
600:
596:
595:confraternity
593:
585:
583:
581:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
501:
496:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
447:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:King Henry IV
356:Royal service
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:Henry Hotspur
267:
263:
260:
256:
247:
240:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:(56,000
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
180:
178:
176:
173:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:de Umfraville
62:
58:
54:
50:
42:
38:
35:
28:
23:
19:
2414:1360s births
2387:
2367:. Retrieved
2353:
2327:. Retrieved
2313:
2306:
2286:
2267:
2250:
2231:
2212:
2193:
2189:
2170:
2145:
2141:
2116:
2112:
2093:
2074:
2055:
2036:
2017:
1998:
1979:
1960:
1941:
1924:
1905:
1886:
1867:
1848:
1829:
1810:
1785:
1781:
1762:
1745:
1726:
1707:
1690:
1671:
1652:
1644:Bibliography
1630:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1563:Harding 2002
1558:
1546:
1539:Vickers 1922
1534:
1505:
1498:Neville 1994
1493:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1385:Pollard 2000
1380:
1368:
1356:
1334:Harriss 2005
1329:
1317:
1310:Allmand 1992
1305:
1293:
1281:
1254:
1208:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
995:, p. 5.
917:Hardyng 1812
912:
900:
888:
876:
864:
837:
814:
806:
801:
792:
782:
769:
751:Lincolnshire
744:
715:
631:
589:
536:
505:
476:John Neville
448:
423:
399:Shipton Moor
366:retained him
359:
338:enthronement
326:middle march
262:John Hardyng
252:
241:Early career
191:King Henry I
184:
160:
144:John Hardyng
93:
33:
32:
26:
18:
2419:1437 deaths
1599:Dobson 1973
1587:Dobson 1973
1575:Dobson 1973
1527:Storey 1961
1510:Dobson 1973
1486:Storey 1961
1474:Milner 2006
1450:Storey 1961
1421:Dobson 1973
1397:Storey 1961
1349:Storey 1961
1298:Storey 1961
1082:Storey 1961
1070:Hedley 1970
775:Henry Ellis
757:, in 1438.
680:arbitration
676:James Raine
663:Ford Castle
611:title deeds
586:Later years
582:and glory.
547:E. F. Jacob
543:chamberlain
340:of the new
302:Fulhope Law
289:Gwilym Dodd
286:medievalist
112:Lancastrian
2449:Umfraville
2408:Categories
2381:required.)
2369:5 February
2341:required.)
1635:Beltz 1841
1551:Raine 1852
1462:Lomas 1992
1373:Jacob 1993
1322:Curry 1993
1162:Beltz 1841
1138:Lomas 2007
1053:Jacob 1993
1041:Brown 1974
1005:Brown 1993
893:Lomas 1992
857:Lomas 2009
842:Burke 1884
830:References
716:Historian
654:King James
472:fire ships
452:Teviotdale
293:indentured
259:chronicler
181:Background
140:chronicler
128:resumption
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