692:
44:
503:
492:
1022:
Ojibwa interpretation of this treaty held "Copway's Road", an Indian pathway from
Saugeen village to Lake Huron, to be the boundary of the land ceded by them on the north side of the Saugeen River. Lord Bury, Superintendent General of Indian Affairs and the government's principal representative, accepted this interpretation which granted the Indians increased frontage on Lake Huron and removed a major source of friction.
750:
said Lakes, opposite to the Shores thereof, and inland to the Height of land which separates the
Territory covered by the charter of the Honorable Hudson Bay Company from Canada; as well as all unconceded lands within the limits of Canada West to which they have any just claim, of the other part, save and except for the reservations set forth in the schedule.
753:
The annuity provision of both treaties is subject to an augmentation clause under which the annuities could increase if the land subject to the treaties was sufficiently productive and without loss to the Crown. The annuities were never increased since they were capped at $ 4 per person in 1874.
995:
initially refused to relinquish entitlement of their
Saugeen and Owen Sound Indian Reserve and negotiations for this land became increasingly difficult for the British government. In the end the British government threatened that if the Ojibway did not agree the Crown would be unable to guarantee
1021:
In July, 1855, at nearby "Floodwood
Crossing" (now Allenford), representatives of the Ojibwa Indians conferred with government officials at a meeting later called the "Allenford Pow-Wow". The conference resolved a boundary dispute which had arisen over the terms of the Saugeen treaty of 1854. The
749:
These principal men on behalf of their respective Tribes or Bands, voluntarily surrendered, ceded, granted, and convey unto Her
Majesty, her heirs and successors for ever, all their right, title, and interest to, and in the whole of, the territory above described, together with the Islands in the
996:
protection from the
European settlers moving into the area. After tense negotiations the Ojibway reluctantly agreed to surrender their reserve in exchange for "the interest on the principal sum arising out of the sale of the land". Five smaller reserves were to be set aside in perpetuity:
920:
On July 26, 2024, the
Supreme Court of Canada issued a unanimous decision regarding the Robinson Treaties. The court ruled that for the past 150 years, the governments of Ontario and Canada had made a "mockery" of their treaty obligations to the Anishinaabe of the upper Great Lakes.
904:. The treaty gave each band a reserve of 16 square miles, which was much smaller than what the signatories expected. As soon as the error was noticed, the first nations notified the Crown of the issue, and surveyors corrected the problem except for a few reserves, such as the
1112:
reserve, and may purchase 80 acres of the land being sold at the selling price (with government-established conditions). The bands were also given $ 1,200 divided amongst themselves, and all "improvements" to the lands being sold could be compensated after survey.
754:
Litigation between the First
Nations and the Crown over the failure to augment the annuities is ongoing. The potential damages owed to the First Nations for failure to honor the augmentation clause has been estimated to be in the billions of dollars (Canadian).
886:
SEVENTEENTH—For Chief
Muckatamishaquet and his Band, a tract of land on the east side of the River Naishconteong, near Pointe aux Barils, three miles square; and also a small tract in Washauwenega Bay—now occupied by a part of the Band—three miles
1016:
A historical plaque, erected by the
Province of Ontario, provides the following summary of developments during that era. (Location: Allenford, picnic area on the south side of Highway 21 just west of Allenford Road.) The plaque reads as follows:
948:
The court emphasized the need for the parties to "return to the council fire and rekindle the perpetual relationship that the Robinson treaties envision," stating that this is necessary to demonstrate the Crown's commitment to reconciliation.
875:
FIFTEENTH—For Nebenaigoching and his Band, a tract of land extending from Wanabekineyunnung west of Gros Cap to the boundary of the lands ceded by the Chiefs of Lake Superior, and inland ten miles throughout the whole distance, including
924:
The ruling focused on the ongoing failure to increase the annual per-head resource extraction revenues since 1875 for the residents of two First Nations groups. The court stated that this failure has undermined the honour of the Crown.
883:
SIXTEENTH—For Chief Mekis and his Band, residing at Wasaquesing (Sandy Island), a tract of land at a place on the main shore opposite the Island; being the place now occupied by them for residence and cultivation, four miles square.
654: ; thence westerly six miles, parallel to the shores of the lake ; thence northerly five miles, thence easterly to the right bank of the said river, so as not to interfere with any acquired rights of the Honorable
941:
For the Superior Anishinaabe, who had taken their claim to the Ontario Superior Court, the Supreme Court ordered that the settlement ruling remain unreleased for six months to allow time for negotiation.
1414:
The Red Sky MĂ©tis Independent Nation bases its claim to Robinson Treaty rights as the descendants of the 84 "half-breeds" individually listed in the Robinson-Superior Treaty, but are considered
1108:. The Crown, in return, would sell the land, and all interest accrued from the sale of the land would be distributed to band members annually. Each family could receive 40 acres of land on the
2462:
2274:
1431:
ruled that the Teme-Augama Anishnabai gave up rights to the land via the 1850 Robinson Treaty despite the Tema-Augama Anishnabai claiming that they never signed or consented to the treaty.
2757:
691:
531:
2747:
428:
95:
152:
2752:
1782:
1123:
478:
938:
The court ordered the Ontario and federal governments to use a standard of honour when striking future revenue-sharing agreements with the Huron and Superior Anishinaabe.
2905:
932:
The court did not award a specific settlement but set out the obligations of the Crown to negotiate an increase to resource revenues retrospectively and into the future.
453:
357:
2854:
2384:
2193:
1141:
2508:
2521:
327:
2849:
322:
2806:
2472:
2467:
2188:
1792:
124:
2689:
2203:
2157:
935:
The ruling emphasized that the Crown must increase the annuity under the Robinson treaties beyond $ 4 per person retrospectively, from 1875 to the present.
241:
90:
524:
1104:", and the Crown. The chiefs and warriors agreed to relinquish to the Crown the reserved lands set aside in the Robinson Treaty (Reserve 15), save for
2890:
2568:
1797:
1759:
1631:
1360:
1147:
1044:
909:
496:
221:
112:
774:
The Schedule of Reservations created as a result of the Robinson Huron Treaty and signed by the subscribing Chiefs and Principal Men are as follows:
638:
The Schedule of Reservations created as a result of the Robinson Huron Treaty and signed by the subscribing Chiefs and Principal Men are as follows:
2269:
1944:
1207:
1037:
788:
SECOND—Wagemake and his Band, a tract of land to commence at a place called Nekickshegeshing, six miles from east to west, by three miles in depth.
1374:
231:
107:
2493:
2167:
2289:
2080:
1848:
1129:
992:
337:
246:
211:
175:
2844:
848:
TENTH—Shabokishick and his Band, from their present planting grounds on Lake Nipissing to the Hudson Bay Company's post, six miles in depth.
517:
458:
352:
269:
236:
201:
2601:
2304:
2141:
2123:
216:
944:
If no agreement is reached within six months, the Crown must determine an amount to compensate the Superior plaintiffs for past breaches.
2915:
2910:
2113:
2839:
2558:
2314:
2264:
2259:
821:
977:
834:
EIGHTH—Ponekeosh and his Band, the land contained between the River Mississaga and the River Penebewabecong, up to the first rapids.
2864:
2284:
1641:
274:
85:
473:
2869:
2573:
1888:
1732:
1240:
806:
616:
463:
186:
1390:
The $ 10-billion settlement announced this week between the Robinson-Huron first nations, Ontario and the federal government ...
2829:
2811:
1452:
196:
147:
1489:
1542:
1515:
1077:
851:
ELEVENTH—Tagawinini and his Band, two miles square at Wanabitibing, a place about forty miles inland, near Lake Nipissing.
2596:
2198:
2135:
1752:
400:
395:
347:
157:
102:
2457:
2162:
1928:
1633:
From New Peoples to New Nations: Aspects of Metis History and Identity from the Eighteenth to the Twenty-first Centuries
1294:
390:
342:
33:
2920:
2701:
2279:
2238:
1063:
2706:
2514:
2441:
1903:
1893:
1264:
1252:
861:
THIRTEENTH—Mishequanga and his Band, two miles on the lake shore east and west of Ogawaminang, by one mile inland.
828:
284:
820:
SIXTH—Shawenakishick and his Band, a tract of land now occupied by them, and contained between two rivers, called
2652:
2089:
1988:
1970:
1868:
1863:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1213:
1195:
1183:
1177:
1165:
1159:
1109:
985:
865:
810:
796:
792:
739:
715:
695:
671:
665:
643:
628:
612:
581:
572:. The second treaty, signed two days later, included Ojibwa chiefs from along the eastern and northern shores of
332:
2073:
2859:
2824:
2742:
2299:
1878:
1745:
1201:
310:
43:
2716:
2647:
2591:
1965:
1923:
1918:
1873:
1853:
1671:
1428:
1288:
1282:
1189:
1135:
1101:
814:
795:
westward, six miles inland, by two miles in front, so as to include the small Lake Nessinassung a tract for
779:
655:
142:
54:
1685:
1667:
2900:
2895:
2834:
2773:
2695:
2586:
1975:
1913:
1898:
1883:
1827:
1300:
1276:
1258:
1225:
1219:
869:
855:
2816:
2791:
2611:
2553:
2066:
1908:
1807:
1787:
1270:
1171:
905:
679:
647:
660:
SECOND—Four miles square at Gros Cap, being a valley near the Honorable Hudson's Bay Company's post of
2786:
2677:
2657:
2642:
2563:
1949:
1832:
1246:
1231:
1072:
1032:
901:
802:
FOURTH—Wabakekik, three miles front, near Shebawenaning, by five miles inland, for himself and Band.
2801:
2502:
2294:
2232:
2128:
1690:
1053:
651:
375:
315:
1721:
1709:
1349:
1337:
968:, was entered into agreement on October 13, 1854, at Saugeen between Ojibwa Chiefs inhabiting the
2796:
2711:
2683:
2626:
2389:
2225:
1858:
1536:
1153:
838:
561:
771:
396,741.53 in 2023) distributed amongst themselves, and an annual payment of ÂŁ600 to each band.
68:
2737:
2431:
2103:
1637:
206:
872:
on the front, and inland ten miles, throughout the whole distance; and also Squirrel Island.
2721:
2621:
2616:
2172:
2118:
1516:"Crown made a 'mockery' of 2 treaties with First Nations for 150 years, Supreme Court rules"
1105:
783:
1490:"Gull Bay First Nation files claim to fix 166-year-old error in size of reserve | CBC News"
2402:
1097:
969:
731:
405:
380:
117:
817:; then four miles up the south bank of said river, and across to the place of beginning.
1556:
2395:
1467:
877:
842:
759:
719:
620:
468:
433:
302:
1026:
The lands have been distributed to the Chippewas' successor First Nations as follows:
868:, a tract of land extending from Maskinongé Bay, inclusive, to Partridge Point, above
2884:
2436:
2408:
702:(centre) and Chief Nebenaigoching (right) at the signing of the Robinson Treaty, 1850
661:
604:
565:
507:
410:
226:
191:
1326:
2606:
2548:
2219:
880:; and also the small island at Sault Ste. Marie used by them as a fishing station.
675:
279:
162:
896:
The First Nations signatories of this treaty were unfamiliar with the unit of the
1315:
912:
with the government of Canada on the issue of the size of their reserve in 2016.
2778:
1462:
385:
831:, the Peninsula east of Serpent River, and formed by it, now occupied by them.
17:
2578:
2323:
1058:
727:
707:
573:
168:
2379:
2058:
2035:
735:
718:, between Ojibwa Chiefs inhabiting the Northern Shore of Lake Superior from
699:
624:
615:, between Ojibwa Chiefs inhabiting the Northern Shore of Lake Superior from
557:
264:
181:
1520:
1415:
858:, four miles front from Thessalon River eastward, by four miles inland.
813:, at the Hudson Bay Company's boundary; thence westerly to the mouth of
2374:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2329:
2243:
1583:
908:, considered too far and too remote. The Gull Bay First Nation filed a
960:
The second Robinson Treaty for the Lake Huron region, commonly called
723:
553:
549:
1737:
584:
did not sign either treaty, and their land is considered "unceded".
988:, thus not a "Robinson Treaty", it is commonly included with them.
564:. The first treaty involved Ojibwa chiefs along the north shore of
27:
Treaties between the indigenous First Nations and the British Crown
690:
61:
1375:"The Ontario treaty deal is a game-changer for Indigenous rights"
782:, a tract of land to commence seven miles, from the mouth of the
2359:
2339:
897:
2062:
1741:
1733:
Manitoba Chiefs: First Nations Treaties with the British Crown
786:, and extending six miles east and west by three miles north.
768:
1605:
2275:
Engracia de Jesus Matias Archives and Special Collections
1317:
Canada: Indian treaties and surrenders, from 1680 to 1890
2758:
Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Toronto and Eastern Canada
2463:
Conseil scolaire de district du Grand Nord de l'Ontario
976:, and the Crown, represented by a delegation headed by
1726:
Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
1714:
Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
1354:
Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
1342:
Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
1332:(Report). Vol. 1. Ottawa. 1996. pp. 445–446.
714:, was entered into agreement on September 9, 1850, at
611:, was entered into agreement on September 7, 1850, at
726:
Chiefs inhabiting the eastern and northern shores of
1664:
Ontario (Attorney General) v. Bear Island Foundation
1338:"Robinson Treaties and Douglas Treaties (1850-1854)"
1327:
Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
1320:. Ottawa: Brown Chamberline. 1891. pp. 147–152.
1237:
Red Sky MĂ©tis Independent Nation (Robinson Superior)
2766:
2730:
2670:
2635:
2541:
2481:
2450:
2424:
2417:
2313:
2252:
2212:
2181:
2150:
2096:
1958:
1937:
1841:
1775:
1722:"Treaty Texts - Ojibewa Indians of Lake Superior"
1102:Batchewananny Bay and Goulais Bay Band of Indians
2855:Sault Ste. Marie/Partridge Point Water Aerodrome
1142:Biinjitiwaabik Zaaging Anishinaabek First Nation
1686:"Indian leaders give land ruling mixed reviews"
1124:Animbiigoo Zaagi'igan Anishinaabek First Nation
1019:
776:
646:, the reserve to commence about two miles from
640:
2850:Sault Ste. Marie International Railroad Bridge
1710:"Treaty Texts - Ojibewa Indians of Lake Huron"
1461:Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2024).
791:THIRD—Kitcheposkissegan (by Papasainse), from
2587:Sault Ste. Marie Canal National Historic Site
2473:Conseil scolaire catholique du Nouvel-Ontario
2468:Huron-Superior Catholic District School Board
2074:
1753:
845:and the island near the Fall of Okickandawt.
841:, three miles square at Wanabeyakokaun, near
525:
8:
2748:Roman Catholic Diocese of Sault Sainte Marie
757:The bands were given a one-time payment of
2632:
2421:
2081:
2067:
2059:
1760:
1746:
1738:
532:
518:
29:
2569:Ermatinger Clergue National Historic Site
1148:Bingwi Neyaashi Anishinaabek First Nation
1045:Saugeen and Cape Croker Fishing Islands 1
2906:Treaties of Indigenous peoples in Canada
2270:Children of Shingwauk Alumni Association
1208:Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation
1043:
1038:Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation
1028:
824:, and Wanabitaseke, seven miles inland.
738:, represented by a delegation headed by
627:, represented by a delegation headed by
2622:Whitefish Island National Historic Site
1444:
1407:
1325:"The Saugeen and the Bruce Peninsula".
807:Namassin and Naoquagabo and their Bands
678:, on both sides of said river, for the
595:of 1859 altered the original treaties.
32:
2290:Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation
1630:Ens, Gerhard J.; Sawchuk, Joe (2016).
1534:
1130:Atikameksheng Anishnawbek First Nation
993:Chippewas of Saugeen Ojibway Territory
176:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
2845:Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge
2602:Shingwauk Hall National Historic Site
1586:. Batchewana First Nation of Ojibways
1117:List of Robinson Treaty First Nations
202:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
7:
2305:Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre
2194:Sault Ste. Marie (provincial riding)
2124:1903 Consolidated Lake Superior riot
1584:"Treaties - 1859 Pennefather Treaty"
1100:between the "Chiefs and Warriors of
928:Key points from the ruling include:
2114:Shingwauk Indian Residential School
1670:, 2 SCR 570 (15 August 1991),
900:, and assumed it was the size of a
650:(inland), on the right bank of the
2559:Canadian Bushplane Heritage Centre
2265:Algoma Treatment and Remand Centre
2260:49th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA
1350:"Pre-1975 Treaties Map in Ontario"
962:Surrender of the Saugeen Peninsula
809:, a tract of land commencing near
706:The first Robinson Treaty for the
25:
2865:Sault Ste. Marie Transit Services
2285:Ontario Forest Research Institute
2189:Sault Ste. Marie (federal riding)
644:Joseph Pean-de-chat and his Tribe
2891:First Nations history in Ontario
2870:Sault Ste. Marie Water Aerodrome
2574:Gateway Casinos Sault Ste. Marie
1684:Santin, Aldo (August 16, 1991).
1610:Red Sky MĂ©tis Independent Nation
1582:Carol Nadjiwon (February 2011).
1514:Zimonjic, Peter (Jul 26, 2024).
1459:"consistent series" supplied in
1362:Pre-1975 Treaties Map in Ontario
1241:Sagamok Anishnawbek First Nation
501:
490:
42:
2830:Sault Ste. Marie Bridge Company
2812:Sault Canal Emergency Swing Dam
1453:Gross Domestic Product deflator
148:British Columbia Treaty Process
1776:Robinson Superior Treaty, 1850
1557:""The Allenford Pow-Wow" 1855"
1078:Cape Croker Hunting Ground 60B
1:
2807:Ontario Secondary Highway 550
2597:Sault Ste. Marie Walk of Fame
2199:Sault Ste. Marie City Council
2136:R v Sault Ste-Marie (City of)
1463:"What Was the U.K. GDP Then?"
1279:(Robinson Huron, Pennefather)
1168:(Robinson Huron, Pennefather)
1138:(Robinson Huron, Pennefather)
1096:was signed on 9 June 1859 at
829:Windawtegawinini and his Band
780:Pamequonaishcung and his Band
2458:Algoma District School Board
1561:Ontario's Historical Plaques
1373:Coates, Ken (23 June 2023).
1295:Whitefish River First Nation
984:. Though not negotiated by
722:to Sault Ste. Marie and the
680:Chief Mishimuckqua and Tribe
631:. It is registered as the
603:The Robinson Treaty for the
153:Crown and Indigenous peoples
2702:Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds
2280:Great Lakes Forestry Centre
2239:Sault Ste. Marie Solar Park
1842:Robinson Huron Treaty, 1850
1064:Saugeen Hunting Grounds 60A
670:THIRD—Four miles square on
391:Indigenous English Dialects
2937:
2916:History of Algoma District
2911:History of the Great Lakes
2738:Anglican Diocese of Algoma
2707:Sault Ste. Marie Marlboros
2515:Sault Collegiate Institute
2442:Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig
1541:: CS1 maint: url-status (
1265:Sheshegwaning First Nation
1253:Serpent River First Nation
1049:
980:. It is registered as the
797:themselves and their Bands
742:. It is registered as the
2840:Sault Ste. Marie Heliport
2653:International Bridge Walk
2527:Superior Heights C&VS
2498:École Notre-Dame-du-Sault
2090:Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
1989:William Benjamin Robinson
1984:
1823:Netmizaaggamig Nishnaabeg
1214:Netmizaaggamig Nishnaabeg
1196:Michipicoten First Nation
1184:Long Lake 58 First Nation
1178:Henvey Inlet First Nation
1166:Garden River First Nation
1160:Fort William First Nation
986:William Benjamin Robinson
970:Saugeen (Bruce) Peninsula
866:Shinguacouse and his Band
740:William Benjamin Robinson
730:from Sault Ste. Marie to
716:Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
629:William Benjamin Robinson
613:Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
582:Wiikwemkoong First Nation
497:Indigenous North Americas
2860:Sault Ste. Marie station
2825:Sault Ste. Marie Airport
2743:Precious Blood Cathedral
2300:Sault Symphony Orchestra
1959:Pennefather Treaty, 1859
1938:Saugeen Surrenders, 1854
1202:Mississauga First Nation
710:region, commonly called
609:Robinson Superior Treaty
607:region, commonly called
599:Robinson Superior Treaty
570:Robinson Superior Treaty
275:Indigenous personalities
2717:Soo Curlers Association
2648:Bon Soo Winter Carnival
2592:Sault Ste. Marie Museum
2549:Agawa Canyon Tour Train
2522:Sir James Dunn C&VS
2142:English-only resolution
1429:Supreme Court of Canada
1289:Wasauksing First Nation
1283:Wahnapitae First Nation
1190:Magnetawan First Nation
1136:Batchewana First Nation
2835:Sault Ste. Marie Canal
2774:Algoma Central Railway
2696:Sault Memorial Gardens
1301:Whitesand First Nation
1277:Thessalon First Nation
1259:Shawanaga First Nation
1226:Pays Plat First Nation
1220:Nipissing First Nation
1024:
982:Crown Treaty Number 72
889:
744:Crown Treaty Number 61
703:
684:
633:Crown Treaty Number 60
576:, and is known as the
568:, and is known as the
2792:Huron Central Railway
2612:Voyageur Hiking Trail
2554:Art Gallery of Algoma
2109:Robinson Huron Treaty
1793:Biinjitiwabik Zaaging
1788:Biigtigong Nishnaabeg
1783:Animbiigoo Zaagi'igan
1563:. Allan L Brown. 2017
1271:Temagami First Nation
1172:Gull Bay First Nation
906:Gull Bay First Nation
856:Keokouse and his Band
763:2,160 (equivalent to
712:Robinson Huron Treaty
694:
687:Robinson Huron Treaty
578:Robinson Huron Treaty
2787:Gros Cap Reefs Light
2753:St. Luke's Cathedral
2678:GFL Memorial Gardens
2643:Algoma Fall Festival
2564:Entomica Insectarium
2530:White Pines C&VS
1397:Notes and references
1249:(Saugeen Surrenders)
1247:Saugeen First Nation
1232:Red Rock Indian Band
1210:(Saugeen Surrenders)
1073:Neyaashiinigmiing 27
1033:Saugeen First Nation
916:Supreme Court Ruling
656:Hudson's Bay Company
401:Aboriginal syllabics
376:Indigenous languages
2802:Ontario Highway 17B
2503:St. Basil Secondary
2295:Sault Area Hospital
2244:Tenaris AlgomaTubes
2129:Angelina Napolitano
1691:Winnipeg Free Press
1455:figures follow the
1418:, not First Nation.
1344:. 15 February 2013.
1303:(Robinson Superior)
1234:(Robinson Superior)
1228:(Robinson Superior)
1216:(Robinson Superior)
1198:(Robinson Superior)
1186:(Robinson Superior)
1174:(Robinson Superior)
1162:(Robinson Superior)
1150:(Robinson Superior)
1144:(Robinson Superior)
1126:(Robinson Superior)
696:William B. Robinson
666:Totominai and Tribe
552:signed between the
429:Traditional beliefs
270:Indigenous cultures
113:Residential schools
103:Settler colonialism
2921:Eponymous treaties
2797:Ontario Highway 17
2712:Sault Thunderbirds
2684:Gouin Street Arena
2627:Windsor Park Hotel
2509:St. Mary's College
2390:Huron Broadcasting
2226:Northern Breweries
1728:. 3 November 2008.
1716:. 3 November 2008.
1379:The Globe and Mail
1154:Dokis First Nation
1094:Pennefather Treaty
1088:Pennefather Treaty
966:Saugeen Surrenders
956:Saugeen Surrenders
839:Dokis and his Band
784:River Maganetawang
704:
652:River Kiminitiquia
593:Pennefather Treaty
589:Saugeen Surrenders
562:Province of Canada
34:Indigenous peoples
2878:
2877:
2666:
2665:
2537:
2536:
2489:Bawating C&VS
2482:Secondary schools
2432:Algoma University
2104:Mica Bay Incident
2056:
2055:
1999:Kitcheposkissegan
1769:Robinson Treaties
1085:
1084:
978:Laurence Oliphant
878:Batchewanaung Bay
546:Robinson Treaties
542:
541:
508:Canada portal
454:Index of articles
207:Numbered Treaties
16:(Redirected from
2928:
2819:Sault Ste. Marie
2722:Soo Thunderbirds
2633:
2617:Waterfront Trail
2422:
2233:St. Mary's Paper
2173:Whitefish Island
2119:Chicora incident
2083:
2076:
2069:
2060:
2049:Windawtegawinini
2020:Pamequonaishcung
2008:Muckatamishaquet
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1297:(Robinson Huron)
1291:(Robinson Huron)
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1273:(Robinson Huron)
1267:(Robinson Huron)
1261:(Robinson Huron)
1255:(Robinson Huron)
1243:(Robinson Huron)
1222:(Robinson Huron)
1204:(Robinson Huron)
1192:(Robinson Huron)
1180:(Robinson Huron)
1156:(Robinson Huron)
1132:(Robinson Huron)
1106:Whitefish Island
1054:Chief's Point 28
1029:
766:
762:
591:of 1854 and the
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506:
505:
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495:
494:
493:
212:Royal Commission
118:Indian hospitals
91:Pre-colonization
46:
30:
21:
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2927:
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2403:Sault This Week
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2177:
2168:St. Marys River
2146:
2092:
2087:
2057:
2052:
1980:
1954:
1933:
1929:Whitefish River
1837:
1798:Bingwi Neyaashi
1771:
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1720:
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1636:. p. 616.
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1356:. 21 June 2013.
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1309:Further reading
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972:, led by Chief
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864:FOURTEENTH—For
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222:Specific claims
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1668:1991 CanLII 75
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1496:. 1 March 2016
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1468:MeasuringWorth
1457:MeasuringWorth
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843:Lake Nipissing
793:Point Grondine
777:
720:Batchawana Bay
698:(left), Chief
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621:Batchawana Bay
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125:Reconciliation
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2437:Sault College
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1904:Sheshegwaning
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1894:Serpent River
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1003:Chief's Point
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1000:Saugeen Tract
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815:Spanish River
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411:Inuit grammar
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1971:Garden River
1869:Henvey Inlet
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1813:Long Lake 58
1803:Fort William
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2542:Attractions
2005:Mishequanga
1879:Mississauga
1567:28 February
1384:10 February
1009:Cape Croker
556:chiefs and
406:Chinuk pipa
386:Chinuk Wawa
370:Linguistics
353:Territories
323:Atlantic CA
187:Land claims
2885:Categories
2658:Rotaryfest
2324:Algoma Ink
2182:Government
2163:Root River
2040:Tagawinini
2023:Papasainse
2014:Naoquagabo
1966:Batchewana
1924:Wasauksing
1919:Wahnapitae
1874:Magnetawan
1854:Batchewana
1615:26 January
1606:"About Us"
1500:2019-03-04
1439:References
1059:Saugeen 29
1006:Owen Sound
728:Lake Huron
708:Lake Huron
672:Gull River
574:Lake Huron
459:Indigenous
197:Land title
169:Indian Act
2418:Education
2151:Geography
2043:Wabakekik
2026:Ponekeosh
1976:Thessalon
1914:Thessalon
1899:Shawanaga
1884:Nipissing
1828:Pays Plat
1590:9 January
1537:cite news
736:The Crown
700:Shingwauk
625:The Crown
558:the Crown
423:Religions
182:Land Back
36:in Canada
2781:Algorail
2731:Religion
2213:Industry
2046:Wagemake
2011:Namassin
1996:Keokouse
1909:Temagami
1833:Red Rock
1808:Gull Bay
1674:(Canada)
1649:July 17,
1527:July 27,
1521:CBC News
1474:July 15,
1098:Gros Cap
974:Waabadik
854:TWELFTH—
827:SEVENTH—
811:Qacloche
550:treaties
548:are two
247:Politics
237:Case law
232:Genocide
137:Politics
108:Genocide
96:Genetics
86:Timeline
2581:Norgoma
2380:CKCY-AM
2375:CJTK-FM
2370:CJQM-FM
2365:CJIC-TV
2360:CJIC-AM
2355:CHIM-FM
2350:CHBX-TV
2345:CHAS-FM
2340:CFYM-AM
2335:CBSM-FM
2330:CBON-FM
2097:History
1950:Saugeen
1889:Sagamok
1666:,
887:square.
674:, near
259:Culture
80:History
2671:Sports
2636:Events
1945:Nawash
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1368:(Map).
902:league
837:NINTH—
805:FIFTH—
778:FIRST—
734:, and
724:Ojibwa
664:, for
642:FIRST—
623:, and
580:. The
554:Ojibwa
2817:HMCS
2385:Films
2315:Media
2002:Mekis
1993:Dokis
1859:Dokis
1416:MĂ©tis
1402:Notes
1366:(PDF)
1330:(PDF)
910:claim
479:Stubs
474:MĂ©tis
469:Inuit
448:Index
316:MĂ©tis
285:Music
69:MĂ©tis
62:Inuit
2131:case
1651:2023
1638:ISBN
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1592:2016
1569:2017
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2779:MV
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