435:
47:
1768:
485:" when it is bound to proteins in this manner). Within the nucleosome, Kornberg found that roughly 200 bp of DNA are wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. With Yahli Lorch, Kornberg showed that a nucleosome on a promoter prevents the initiation of transcription, leading to the recognition of a functional role for the nucleosome, which serves as a general gene repressor.
1736:
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2028:
496:, a simple unicellular eukaryote, which they then used to isolate in a purified form all of the several dozen proteins required for the transcription process. Through the work of Kornberg and others, it has become clear that these protein components are remarkably conserved across the full spectrum of eukaryotes, from yeast to human cells.
505:. As noted by the Nobel Prize committee, "the great complexity of eukaryotic organisms is actually enabled by the fine interplay between tissue-specific substances, enhancers in the DNA and Mediator. The discovery of Mediator is therefore a true milestone in the understanding of the transcription process."
526:
As a graduate student at
Stanford University, Kornberg's studied the rotation of phospholipids and defined for the first time the dynamics of lipids in the membrane. Kornberg called the movement of lipid from one leaflet to the other flip-flop because he had studied only a few years before electronic
517:
of RNA polymerase at atomic resolution. He has recently extended these studies to obtain structural images of RNA polymerase associated with accessory proteins. Through these studies, Kornberg has created an actual picture of how transcription works at a molecular level. According to the Nobel Prize
509:
membranes gained from his graduate studies to devise a technique for the formation of two-dimensional protein crystals on lipid bilayers. These 2D crystals could then be analyzed using electron microscopy to derive low-resolution images of the protein's structure. Eventually, Kornberg was able to use
468:
Kornberg and his research group have made several fundamental discoveries concerning the mechanisms and regulation of eukaryotic transcription. While a graduate student working with Harden McConnell at
Stanford in the late 1960s, he discovered the "flip-flop" and lateral diffusion of phospholipids in
508:
At the same time as
Kornberg was pursuing these biochemical studies of the transcription process, he devoted two decades to the development of methods to visualize the atomic structure of RNA polymerase and its associated protein components. Initially, Kornberg took advantage of expertise with lipid
518:
committee, "the truly revolutionary aspect of the picture
Kornberg has created is that it captures the process of transcription in full flow. What we see is an RNA-strand being constructed, and hence the exact positions of the DNA, polymerase and RNA during this process."
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Using this system, Kornberg made the major discovery that transmission of gene regulatory signals to the RNA polymerase machinery is accomplished by an additional protein complex that they dubbed
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in
Cambridge, England and then an Assistant Professor of Biological Chemistry at Harvard Medical School in 1976, before moving to his present position as Professor of Structural Biology at
434:
4435:
3437:
1171:
Lorch, Yahli; LaPointe, Janice W.; Kornberg, Roger D. (1987). "Nucleosomes inhibit the initiation of transcription but allow chain elongation with the displacement of histones".
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Kornberg identified the role of RNA polymerase II and other proteins in DNA transcription, creating three-dimensional images of the protein cluster using
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as the basic protein complex packaging chromosomal DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells (chromosomal DNA is often termed "
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1699:
1411:
Gnatt, A. L. (2001). "Structural Basis of
Transcription: An RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complex at 3.3 A Resolution".
543:
Kornberg has served on the
Scientific Advisory Boards of the following companies: Cocrystal Discovery, Inc (Chairman),
4017:
37:
2123:
1480:
Bushnell, D. A. (2004). "Structural Basis of
Transcription: An RNA Polymerase II-TFIIB Cocrystal at 4.5 Angstroms".
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882:"The Decade-long Pursuit of a Reconstituted Yeast Transcription System: the Work of Roger D. Kornberg"
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1256:"A novel mediator between activator proteins and the RNA polymerase II transcription apparatus"
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Miracles in
Biochemistry: The contribution of the Nobel laureates to the field of Biochemistry
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1184:
1120:
Kornberg, R. D. (1974). "Chromatin
Structure: A Repeating Unit of Histones and DNA".
802:
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1832:
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594:
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172:
1644:
Hartl, Franz-Ulrich (2001). "Roger D. Kornberg Felix Hoppe-Seyler Lecturer 2001".
742:
1337:"Structural Basis of Transcription: RNA Polymerase II at 2.8 Angstrom Resolution"
1141:
609:
2001: Hoppe-Seyler Award, Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Germany
555:. Kornberg has also been a director for the following companies: OphthaliX Inc.,
4308:
4260:
4233:
4216:
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4059:
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3321:
3315:
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3205:
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3017:
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2726:
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2614:
2147:
2135:
2115:
2001:
1962:
1904:
780:
636:
613:
451:
447:
439:
142:
1557:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1063:
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243:
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2088:
1098:
964:
478:
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306:
17:
3173:
1665:
1509:
1450:
1381:
1281:
1149:
3968:
3602:
2578:
2204:
1577:
1501:
1432:
1363:
772:
544:
482:
426:
369:
334:
310:
293:
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1458:
1389:
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later succeeded in the development of a faithful transcription system from
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4244:
4227:
4205:
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4166:
4159:
4147:
4135:
1762:
1596:
1289:
1192:
1157:
532:
489:
325:
in 2006 for his studies of the process by which genetic information from
1719:
1657:
844:
548:
1254:
Kelleher, Raymond J.; Flanagan, Peter M.; Kornberg, Roger D. (1990).
469:
bilayer membranes. Meanwhile, as a postdoctoral fellow working with
237:
433:
425:
377:
1610:
Epand, Richard M.; Ruysschaert, Jean-Marie (September 25, 2017).
353:
3990:
3426:
3177:
1777:
1613:
The biophysics of cell membranes : biological consequences
699:
2009: Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)
275:
704:
330:
326:
113:
109:
1553:"Lateral diffusion of phospholipids in a vesicle membrane"
4426:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
408:
in 1978. Since 2004, Kornberg has been the editor of the
845:"Roger Kornberg wins the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry"
799:"Certificate of Election EC/2009/48: Roger D. Kornberg"
27:
American biochemist and professor of structural biology
4421:
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
1220:
Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial
531:. The term gave rise to the naming of proteins called
1086:"Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up"
4386:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
4332:
4281:
4032:
3331:
3306:
3281:
3256:
3232:
3213:
2832:
2533:
2274:
2035:
1815:
286:
270:
254:
236:
205:
195:
135:
127:
119:
104:
81:
56:
32:
4396:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
863:"Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006"
477:at the MRC in the 1970s, Kornberg discovered the
1720:The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
4436:Stanford University School of Medicine faculty
4002:
3438:
3189:
1789:
994:. India: Educreation Publishing. p. 99.
953:The Nobel Foundation 2006 prizes in Chemistry
931:BBC News report of Kornberg's Nobel Prize win
321:School of Medicine. Kornberg was awarded the
8:
1551:Kornberg, RD; McConnell, HM (October 1971).
988:Vasmatkar, Pashupat; Kamaljit, Kaur (2019).
570:Kornberg has received the following awards:
1079:
1077:
765:The Diffusion of Phospholipids in Membranes
244:The Diffusion of Phospholipids in Membranes
4009:
3995:
3987:
3445:
3431:
3423:
3196:
3182:
3174:
1796:
1782:
1774:
1766:
792:
790:
364:who was also a biochemist. He earned his
45:
29:
1586:
1576:
1440:
1371:
1271:
1231:
1097:
1039:
965:"Jewish Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry"
907:
897:
599:Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
438:Roger D. Kornberg (third from left) with
414:. He serves on the Board of Directors of
108:Transmission of genetic information from
1696:"The 2005 Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Laureate"
559:, Can-Fite BioPharma, Ltd, Simploud and
3454:Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry
1616:. Singapore: Springer. pp. 33–34.
737:
735:
731:
605:Gairdner Foundation International Award
577:Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry
1022:Richardson, Charles C. (2 June 2015).
849:Stanford University School of Medicine
1041:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-033850
758:
756:
356:family, the eldest son of biochemist
305:(born April 24, 1947) is an American
7:
4391:Foreign members of the Royal Society
1084:Stoddart, Charlotte (1 March 2022).
561:Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd.
384:from Stanford in 1972 supervised by
1312:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006"
1064:"Annual Reviews Board of Directors"
821:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006"
767:(PhD thesis). Stanford University.
4456:Annual Reviews (publisher) editors
25:
867:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
651:University of Southern California
551:, Ltd, Oplon Ltd (Chairman), and
2026:
1734:
631:Grand Prix Charles-Leopold Mayer
292:
1233:10.1590/S1676-24442001000400001
402:Laboratory of Molecular Biology
360:, who won the Nobel Prize, and
228:Laboratory of Molecular Biology
1442:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-8723-C
1373:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-8729-F
1024:"It Seems Like Only Yesterday"
763:Kornberg, Roger David (1972).
721:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
693:American Philosophical Society
223:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1:
1028:Annual Review of Biochemistry
899:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)38209-0
659:Cancer Research Foundation’s
581:1982: Passano Award from the
488:Kornberg's research group at
411:Annual Review of Biochemistry
4371:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
1273:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90685-8
1185:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90561-7
1142:10.1126/science.184.4139.868
942:Kornberg Nobel Prize lecture
880:N, Kresge; Al., Et (2009).
4472:
4431:Stanford University alumni
4406:Jewish American scientists
683:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
661:Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize
333:, "the molecular basis of
161:Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize
155:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
4441:Scientists from St. Louis
4401:Harvard University alumni
3460:
3350:
2024:
1539:A family story about life
1099:10.1146/knowable-022822-1
539:Industrial collaborations
291:
266:
188:
44:
4376:American Nobel laureates
4340:William, Prince of Wales
2950:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
2229:Wendell Meredith Stanley
1809:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
677:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
671:University of Pittsburgh
557:Protalix BioTherapeutics
547:Corporation (Chairman),
527:circuit elements called
344:Early life and education
323:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
149:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
4446:Massry Prize recipients
1578:10.1073/pnas.68.10.2564
1502:10.1126/science.1090838
1433:10.1126/science.1059495
1364:10.1126/science.1059493
703:2012: Honorary Fellow,
647:Keck School of Medicine
619:2002: ASBMB-Merck Award
515:3-dimensional structure
406:Stanford Medical School
4451:Chemists from Missouri
4416:Jewish Nobel laureates
3356:Nobel Prize recipients
3308:Physiology or Medicine
3114:Emmanuelle Charpentier
3102:M. Stanley Whittingham
2073:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
705:Ruppin Academic Center
458:
431:
218:Harvard Medical School
3657:Charles C. Richardson
2484:Christian B. Anfinsen
2124:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
511:X-ray crystallography
463:X-ray crystallography
437:
429:
398:postdoctoral research
348:Kornberg was born in
4381:American biochemists
3921:Christopher J. Chang
3897:Paul J. Hergenrother
3873:Benjamin Cravatt III
3771:Jacqueline K. Barton
3723:Christopher T. Walsh
3146:Karl Barry Sharpless
2643:Dudley R. Herschbach
2468:Luis Federico Leloir
1646:Biological Chemistry
1214:Capa, Nossa (2001).
303:Roger David Kornberg
4222:Henning Sirringhaus
3879:Dewey G. McCafferty
3807:Stuart L. Schreiber
3741:Harold M. Weintraub
3645:Phillips W. Robbins
3138:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
3050:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
2787:Jens Christian Skou
2755:F. Sherwood Rowland
2667:Charles J. Pedersen
2631:Herbert A. Hauptman
2324:Vincent du Vigneaud
1941:Richard Willstätter
1825:Jacobus van 't Hoff
1658:10.1515/BC.2001.139
1569:1971PNAS...68.2564K
1494:2004Sci...303..983B
1425:2001Sci...292.1876G
1419:(5523): 1876–1882.
1356:2001Sci...292.1863C
1350:(5523): 1863–1876.
1335:Cramer, P. (2001).
1216:"Our Journal Cover"
1134:1974Sci...184..868K
743:"Roger D. Kornberg"
687:Columbia University
553:Pacific Biosciences
386:Harden M. McConnell
350:St. Louis, Missouri
319:Stanford University
261:Harden M. McConnell
213:Stanford University
95:Stanford University
74:St. Louis, Missouri
4324:Steven D. Tanksley
4200:Richard Passingham
4183:Arthur B. McDonald
4136:Christopher Hunter
3903:Scott K. Silverman
3885:Linda Hsieh-Wilson
3867:Andreas Matouschek
3825:Gregory L. Verdine
3789:George L. McLendon
3591:Harold A. Scheraga
3501:Earl A. Evans, Jr.
3098:John B. Goodenough
3026:William E. Moerner
2906:Richard R. Schrock
2878:Roderick MacKinnon
2850:K. Barry Sharpless
2675:Johann Deisenhofer
2504:Geoffrey Wilkinson
2500:Ernst Otto Fischer
2424:Robert S. Mulliken
2360:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
2308:Hermann Staudinger
2128:Irène Joliot-Curie
1765:on Nobelprize.org
626:in Cancer Research
583:Passano Foundation
459:
432:
396:Kornberg became a
374:Harvard University
315:structural biology
200:Structural biology
89:Harvard University
4348:
4347:
4304:Roger D. Kornberg
4294:H. Robert Horvitz
4251:Jonathan Tennyson
4160:Dimitris Kioussis
3984:
3983:
3957:Bradley Pentelute
3927:Matthew D. Disney
3735:Roger D. Kornberg
3717:Charles R. Cantor
3693:James E. Dahlberg
3663:Mario R. Capecchi
3639:Gerald M. Edelman
3627:William P. Jencks
3585:Robert A. Alberty
3579:William F. Neuman
3507:Herbert E. Carter
3420:
3419:
3333:Economic Sciences
3223:Roger D. Kornberg
3171:
3170:
3154:Moungi G. Bawendi
3074:Richard Henderson
2918:Roger D. Kornberg
2886:Aaron Ciechanover
2719:Rudolph A. Marcus
2623:Robert Merrifield
2559:Peter D. Mitchell
2332:Cyril Hinshelwood
2093:Friedrich Bergius
2017:Richard Zsigmondy
1933:Theodore Richards
1881:Ernest Rutherford
1763:Roger D. Kornberg
1752:Roger D. Kornberg
1488:(5660): 983–988.
1128:(4139): 868–871.
1090:Knowable Magazine
635:2003: Elected to
566:Awards and honors
366:bachelor's degree
300:
299:
190:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
4463:
4245:Jesper Svejstrup
4228:Maurice Skolnick
4154:Jonathan Keating
4142:Graham Hutchings
4115:Nicholas Harberd
4045:Ross J. Anderson
4040:Robert Ainsworth
4011:
4004:
3997:
3988:
3831:Alanna Schepartz
3795:Peter G. Schultz
3765:James E. Rothman
3753:David V. Goeddel
3729:Phillip A. Sharp
3711:Robert G. Roeder
3681:Bruce M. Alberts
3651:Gordon G. Hammes
3567:Nathan O. Kaplan
3555:John M. Buchanan
3537:Dilworth Woodley
3513:Joseph S. Fruton
3495:David Rittenberg
3471:Harold S. Alcott
3465:William M. Allen
3447:
3440:
3433:
3424:
3358:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3175:
3164:
3162:Alexei I. Ekimov
3148:
3142:Morten P. Meldal
3132:
3120:
3108:
3092:
3076:
3066:Jacques Dubochet
3060:
3044:
3028:
3012:
2996:
2990:Robert Lefkowitz
2984:
2976:
2960:
2954:Thomas A. Steitz
2944:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2902:Robert H. Grubbs
2896:
2880:
2868:
2852:
2825:
2823:Hideki Shirakawa
2809:
2801:
2789:
2773:
2757:
2741:
2733:
2721:
2713:
2711:Richard R. Ernst
2705:
2697:
2685:
2669:
2653:
2637:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2589:
2587:Frederick Sanger
2573:
2567:Herbert C. Brown
2561:
2553:
2545:
2543:William Lipscomb
2526:
2514:
2506:
2494:
2478:
2476:Gerhard Herzberg
2470:
2462:
2450:
2442:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2352:Frederick Sanger
2346:
2338:
2336:Nikolay Semyonov
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2290:
2288:Glenn T. Seaborg
2267:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2215:
2213:Artturi Virtanen
2207:
2199:
2197:George de Hevesy
2191:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2158:
2150:
2138:
2130:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2095:
2083:
2075:
2063:
2055:
2053:Heinrich Wieland
2047:
2045:Theodor Svedberg
2030:
2029:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1857:Adolf von Baeyer
1851:
1843:
1841:Svante Arrhenius
1835:
1827:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1775:
1770:
1738:
1737:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1698:. Archived from
1692:
1686:
1685:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1580:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1444:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1375:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1275:
1266:(7): 1209–1215.
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
961:
955:
950:
944:
939:
933:
928:
922:
921:
911:
901:
877:
871:
870:
859:
853:
852:
841:
835:
834:
832:
831:
817:
811:
810:
805:. Archived from
794:
785:
784:
760:
751:
750:
739:
430:Kornberg in 2006
382:chemical physics
376:in 1967 and his
296:
282:
279:
277:
256:Doctoral advisor
250:
70:
66:
64:
51:Kornberg in 2016
49:
30:
21:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4411:Jewish chemists
4351:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4328:
4314:Joseph Stiglitz
4277:
4239:Malcolm Stevens
4212:Wolfram Schultz
4095:James Gimzewski
4070:Michel Chrétien
4050:Michael Ashfold
4028:
4015:
3985:
3980:
3975:Jordan L. Meier
3963:Neal K. Devaraj
3945:Elizabeth Nolan
3861:Kevan M. Shokat
3855:Jennifer Doudna
3801:William DeGrado
3759:Gerald M. Rubin
3675:David F. Wilson
3615:Frederick Crane
3561:David M. Bonner
3543:Irving M. Klotz
3531:Sidney Colowick
3456:
3451:
3421:
3416:
3354:
3346:
3343:(United States)
3327:
3324:(United States)
3318:(United States)
3302:
3299:(United States)
3293:(United States)
3277:
3252:
3228:
3225:(United States)
3209:
3202:
3172:
3167:
3151:
3135:
3126:David MacMillan
3123:
3118:Jennifer Doudna
3111:
3095:
3079:
3063:
3054:Fraser Stoddart
3047:
3038:Paul L. Modrich
3031:
3015:
2999:
2987:
2979:
2974:Ei-ichi Negishi
2966:Richard F. Heck
2963:
2947:
2934:Osamu Shimomura
2931:
2923:
2915:
2899:
2883:
2871:
2855:
2842:William Knowles
2839:
2828:
2819:Alan MacDiarmid
2812:
2804:
2792:
2776:
2771:Richard Smalley
2760:
2747:Paul J. Crutzen
2744:
2736:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2688:
2672:
2663:Jean-Marie Lehn
2656:
2640:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2592:
2576:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2529:
2524:Vladimir Prelog
2517:
2509:
2497:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2453:
2445:
2429:
2421:
2416:Robert Woodward
2413:
2408:Dorothy Hodgkin
2405:
2393:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2270:
2258:
2253:William Giauque
2250:
2242:
2237:Robert Robinson
2234:
2221:James B. Sumner
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2168:Leopold RuĹľiÄŤka
2164:Adolf Butenandt
2161:
2153:
2141:
2133:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2101:Irving Langmuir
2098:
2086:
2078:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1986:Frederick Soddy
1983:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1913:Victor Grignard
1910:
1902:
1894:
1889:Wilhelm Ostwald
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1811:
1802:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
1002:
987:
986:
982:
973:
971:
963:
962:
958:
951:
947:
940:
936:
929:
925:
879:
878:
874:
861:
860:
856:
843:
842:
838:
829:
827:
819:
818:
814:
796:
795:
788:
762:
761:
754:
747:people.embo.org
741:
740:
733:
729:
717:
712:
710:
637:EMBO Membership
589:Ciba-Drew Award
568:
541:
535:and floppases.
524:
522:Lipids membrane
424:
394:
358:Arthur Kornberg
346:
274:
248:
232:
184:
179:Ciba-Drew Award
100:
82:Alma mater
77:
71:
68:
62:
60:
52:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4469:
4467:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4353:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4319:Rashid Sunyaev
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4299:Thomas Kailath
4296:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4206:Guy Richardson
4202:
4197:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4167:Stephen Larter
4163:
4156:
4151:
4148:Peter Isaacson
4144:
4139:
4132:
4130:Christine Holt
4127:
4125:Brian Hemmings
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3991:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3915:Nathanael Gray
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3843:Chaitan Khosla
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3819:Jeremy M. Berg
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3783:Michael M. Cox
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3705:Joan A. Steitz
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3621:Jerard Hurwitz
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3597:Lester J. Reed
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3519:Max A. Lauffer
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3291:John C. Mather
3287:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3269:
3266:Muhammad Yunus
3262:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3241:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3149:
3133:
3121:
3109:
3093:
3086:Gregory Winter
3082:Frances Arnold
3077:
3061:
3045:
3029:
3013:
3006:Michael Levitt
3002:Martin Karplus
2997:
2985:
2977:
2961:
2945:
2942:Roger Y. Tsien
2938:Martin Chalfie
2929:
2921:
2913:
2897:
2881:
2869:
2853:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2815:Alan J. Heeger
2810:
2802:
2790:
2783:John E. Walker
2774:
2758:
2742:
2734:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2686:
2683:Hartmut Michel
2670:
2659:Donald J. Cram
2654:
2638:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2599:Roald Hoffmann
2590:
2583:Walter Gilbert
2574:
2562:
2554:
2551:Ilya Prigogine
2546:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2520:John Cornforth
2515:
2507:
2495:
2488:Stanford Moore
2479:
2471:
2463:
2451:
2443:
2436:Ronald Norrish
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2344:Alexander Todd
2339:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2291:
2284:Edwin McMillan
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2159:
2151:
2144:Norman Haworth
2139:
2131:
2119:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2084:
2076:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1978:Walther Nernst
1973:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1873:Eduard Buchner
1868:
1860:
1852:
1849:William Ramsay
1844:
1836:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:External links
1726:
1724:
1723:
1712:
1687:
1636:
1622:
1602:
1563:(10): 2564–8.
1543:
1531:
1472:
1403:
1327:
1316:NobelPrize.org
1303:
1246:
1206:
1179:(7): 203–210.
1163:
1112:
1073:
1068:Annual Reviews
1055:
1014:
1001:978-9388910743
1000:
980:
956:
945:
934:
923:
892:(43): e18-20.
872:
854:
836:
825:NobelPrize.org
812:
809:on 2017-03-21.
786:
752:
730:
728:
725:
724:
723:
716:
713:
708:
707:
701:
696:
689:
679:
673:
663:
657:General Motors
653:
639:
633:
627:
620:
617:
610:
607:
601:
591:
585:
579:
572:
567:
564:
540:
537:
523:
520:
456:John C. Mather
423:
420:
416:Annual Reviews
400:fellow at the
393:
390:
362:Sylvy Kornberg
345:
342:
298:
297:
289:
288:
284:
283:
272:
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
252:
251:
240:
234:
233:
231:
230:
225:
220:
215:
209:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
186:
185:
183:
182:
176:
170:
167:Gairdner Award
164:
158:
152:
146:
139:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
106:
105:Known for
102:
101:
99:
98:
92:
85:
83:
79:
78:
72:
67:April 24, 1947
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
36:
34:Roger Kornberg
33:
26:
24:
18:Roger Kornberg
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4468:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4366:Living people
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4188:Angela McLean
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:Chris Goodnow
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Richard Ellis
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:Peter Buneman
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:Michael Batty
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4022:Royal Society
4019:
4012:
4007:
4005:
4000:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3909:Alice Y. Ting
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3849:Xiaodong Wang
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3669:Lubert Stryer
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3549:William Shive
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3525:John D. Ferry
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3477:Abraham White
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3342:
3341:Edmund Phelps
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3163:
3159:
3158:Louis E. Brus
3155:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3130:Benjamin List
3127:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3106:Akira Yoshino
3103:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3070:Joachim Frank
3067:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:Tomas Lindahl
3030:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3010:Arieh Warshel
3007:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2994:Brian Kobilka
2991:
2986:
2983:
2982:Dan Shechtman
2978:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2958:Ada E. Yonath
2955:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2890:Avram Hershko
2887:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2866:Kurt WĂĽthrich
2863:
2862:Koichi Tanaka
2859:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2779:Paul D. Boyer
2775:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2731:Michael Smith
2728:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2691:Sidney Altman
2687:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2595:Kenichi Fukui
2591:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2492:William Stein
2489:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2440:George Porter
2437:
2433:
2432:Manfred Eigen
2428:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2376:Melvin Calvin
2372:
2369:
2368:Willard Libby
2364:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2316:Linus Pauling
2312:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2300:Richard Synge
2297:
2296:Archer Martin
2292:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2245:Arne Tiselius
2241:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2225:John Northrop
2222:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2069:Arthur Harden
2065:
2062:
2061:Adolf Windaus
2057:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2018:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1994:Francis Aston
1990:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1925:Alfred Werner
1921:
1918:
1917:Paul Sabatier
1914:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1865:Henri Moissan
1861:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1837:
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1829:
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1764:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1727:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1702:on 2006-10-19
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:(8): 1101–2.
1651:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1625:
1623:9789811062438
1619:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1603:
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1579:
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1570:
1566:
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1544:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
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1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
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1456:
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1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
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1407:
1404:
1399:
1395:
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1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1003:
997:
993:
992:
984:
981:
970:
969:www.jinfo.org
966:
960:
957:
954:
949:
946:
943:
938:
935:
932:
927:
924:
919:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
873:
868:
864:
858:
855:
850:
846:
840:
837:
826:
822:
816:
813:
808:
804:
803:Royal Society
800:
797:Anon (2009).
793:
791:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
759:
757:
753:
748:
744:
738:
736:
732:
726:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
706:
702:
700:
697:
694:
690:
688:
684:
680:
678:
674:
672:
668:
667:Dickson Prize
664:
662:
658:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
638:
634:
632:
628:
625:
624:Pasarow Award
621:
618:
615:
611:
608:
606:
602:
600:
596:
592:
590:
586:
584:
580:
578:
574:
573:
571:
565:
563:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
538:
536:
534:
530:
521:
519:
516:
513:to solve the
512:
506:
504:
503:
497:
495:
494:baker's yeast
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
475:Francis Crick
472:
466:
464:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
428:
421:
419:
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
399:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
343:
341:
339:
338:transcription
336:
332:
329:is copied to
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
295:
290:
285:
281:
273:
269:
265:
262:
259:
257:
253:
246:
245:
241:
239:
235:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
208:
204:
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
84:
80:
75:
69:(age 77)
59:
55:
48:
43:
39:
31:
19:
4303:
4289:John Holdren
4267:John Vederas
4265:
4243:
4226:
4204:
4192:
4178:David MacKay
4165:
4158:
4146:
4134:
4100:David Glover
4080:Michael Duff
3891:Anna K. Mapp
3837:John Kuriyan
3813:Peter S. Kim
3777:Peter Walter
3747:Richard Axel
3734:
3699:Mark Ptashne
3609:James Watson
3573:Harvey Itano
3489:Eric G. Ball
3386:
3297:George Smoot
3274:(Bangladesh)
3272:Grameen Bank
3268:(Bangladesh)
3222:
3090:George Smith
2970:Akira Suzuki
2926:Gerhard Ertl
2917:
2910:Yves Chauvin
2858:John B. Fenn
2846:Ryoji Noyori
2833:2001–present
2807:Ahmed Zewail
2767:Harold Kroto
2751:Mario Molina
2679:Robert Huber
2651:John Polanyi
2635:Jerome Karle
2571:Georg Wittig
2456:Derek Barton
2448:Lars Onsager
2400:Giulio Natta
2396:Karl Ziegler
2388:John Kendrew
2156:Richard Kuhn
2081:Hans Fischer
1897:Otto Wallach
1833:Emil Fischer
1750:
1749:
1748:profile for
1745:
1715:
1704:. Retrieved
1700:the original
1690:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1612:
1605:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1534:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1347:
1343:
1330:
1319:. Retrieved
1315:
1306:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1223:
1219:
1209:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1103:. Retrieved
1089:
1067:
1058:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
990:
983:
972:. Retrieved
968:
959:
948:
937:
926:
889:
885:
875:
857:
839:
828:. Retrieved
824:
815:
807:the original
764:
746:
709:
643:Massry Prize
616:in Chemistry
595:Harvey Prize
569:
542:
525:
507:
501:
498:
487:
467:
460:
444:George Smoot
409:
395:
347:
302:
301:
242:
206:Institutions
189:
173:Harvey Prize
4361:1947 births
4309:Yakov Sinai
4261:Burt Totaro
4234:Karen Steel
4217:Keith Shine
4173:David Leigh
4075:Jenny Clack
4060:Martin Buck
3951:Howard Hang
3687:C. Fred Fox
3483:George Wald
3322:Craig Mello
3316:Andrew Fire
3247:Orhan Pamuk
3206:Nobel Prize
3058:Ben Feringa
3042:Aziz Sancar
3022:Stefan Hell
3018:Eric Betzig
2795:Walter Kohn
2763:Robert Curl
2739:George Olah
2727:Kary Mullis
2703:Elias Corey
2695:Thomas Cech
2647:Yuan T. Lee
2615:Henry Taube
2148:Paul Karrer
2136:Peter Debye
2116:Harold Urey
2002:Fritz Pregl
1963:Fritz Haber
1905:Marie Curie
1629:8 September
1239:8 September
1034:(1): 1–34.
1007:8 September
886:J Biol Chem
614:Welch Award
452:Craig Mello
448:Dick Cheney
440:Andrew Fire
143:EMBO Member
123:Yahli Lorch
4355:Categories
4194:David Owen
4120:John Hardy
4110:Wendy Hall
4090:Jeff Ellis
3939:Minkui Luo
3633:Bruce Ames
3234:Literature
2894:Irwin Rose
2874:Peter Agre
2799:John Pople
2607:Aaron Klug
2512:Paul Flory
2460:Odd Hassel
2384:Max Perutz
2265:Kurt Alder
2261:Otto Diels
2089:Carl Bosch
1706:2006-10-04
1321:2020-06-01
1226:(4): 231.
974:2023-03-30
830:2020-06-01
801:. London:
727:References
695:Membership
529:flip-flops
479:nucleosome
471:Aaron Klug
335:eukaryotic
307:biochemist
63:1947-04-24
4273:John Wood
4256:John Todd
3969:Yimon Aye
3603:Paul Berg
3215:Chemistry
3208:laureates
2579:Paul Berg
2534:1976–2000
2275:1951–1975
2205:Otto Hahn
2036:1926–1950
1816:1901–1925
1805:Laureates
1666:1431-6730
1510:0036-8075
1451:0036-8075
1382:0036-8075
1282:0092-8674
1150:0036-8075
781:302673759
645:from the
597:from the
545:ChromaDex
533:flippases
483:chromatin
370:chemistry
352:, into a
311:professor
287:Signature
278:.stanford
4024:elected
3249:(Turkey)
1682:41857405
1674:11592389
1526:36598301
1518:14963322
1467:12379905
1459:11313499
1390:11313498
1201:21270171
1105:25 March
1050:26034887
918:19847957
777:ProQuest
773:38611465
715:See also
502:Mediator
490:Stanford
422:Research
276:kornberg
128:Children
38:ForMemRS
4282:Foreign
4033:Fellows
4026:in 2009
4020:of the
4018:Fellows
3933:Yi Tang
3283:Physics
1807:of the
1744:has an
1742:Scholia
1597:4332815
1565:Bibcode
1490:Bibcode
1482:Science
1421:Bibcode
1413:Science
1398:4993438
1352:Bibcode
1344:Science
1298:4971987
1290:2163759
1193:3568125
1158:4825889
1130:Bibcode
1122:Science
909:2785628
549:StemRad
271:Website
3977:(2021)
3971:(2020)
3965:(2019)
3959:(2018)
3953:(2017)
3947:(2016)
3941:(2015)
3935:(2014)
3929:(2013)
3923:(2012)
3917:(2011)
3911:(2010)
3905:(2009)
3899:(2008)
3893:(2007)
3887:(2006)
3881:(2005)
3875:(2004)
3869:(2003)
3863:(2002)
3857:(2001)
3851:(2000)
3845:(1999)
3839:(1998)
3833:(1997)
3827:(1996)
3821:(1995)
3815:(1994)
3809:(1993)
3803:(1992)
3797:(1991)
3791:(1990)
3785:(1989)
3779:(1988)
3773:(1987)
3767:(1986)
3761:(1985)
3755:(1984)
3749:(1983)
3743:(1982)
3737:(1981)
3731:(1980)
3725:(1979)
3719:(1978)
3713:(1977)
3707:(1976)
3701:(1975)
3695:(1974)
3689:(1973)
3683:(1972)
3677:(1971)
3671:(1970)
3665:(1969)
3659:(1968)
3653:(1967)
3647:(1966)
3641:(1965)
3635:(1964)
3629:(1963)
3623:(1962)
3617:(1961)
3611:(1960)
3605:(1959)
3599:(1958)
3593:(1957)
3587:(1956)
3581:(1955)
3575:(1954)
3569:(1953)
3563:(1952)
3557:(1951)
3551:(1950)
3545:(1949)
3539:(1948)
3533:(1947)
3527:(1946)
3521:(1945)
3515:(1944)
3509:(1943)
3503:(1942)
3497:(1941)
3491:(1940)
3485:(1939)
3479:(1938)
3473:(1937)
3467:(1935)
3152:2023:
3136:2022:
3124:2021:
3112:2020:
3096:2019:
3080:2018:
3064:2017:
3048:2016:
3032:2015:
3016:2014:
3000:2013:
2988:2012:
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2964:2010:
2948:2009:
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2924:2007:
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2900:2005:
2884:2004:
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2793:1998:
2777:1997:
2761:1996:
2745:1995:
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2725:1993:
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2701:1990:
2689:1989:
2673:1988:
2657:1987:
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2122:1935:
2114:1934:
2099:1932:
2087:1931:
2079:1930:
2067:1929:
2059:1928:
2051:1927:
2043:1926:
2015:1925:
2000:1923:
1992:1922:
1984:1921:
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1961:1918:
1939:1915:
1931:1914:
1923:1913:
1911:1912:
1903:1911:
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1871:1907:
1863:1906:
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