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the magnitude of this error: A "safety factor" refers to the practice of building an object to be capable of withstanding more force than the force to which it will conceivably be subjected. To paraphrase
Feynman's example, if engineers built a bridge that could bear 3,000 pounds without any damage, even though it was never expected to bear more than 1,000 pounds in practice, the safety factor would be 3. If a 1,000-pound truck drove across the bridge and a crack appeared in a beam, even just a third of the way through a beam, the safety factor is now zero: The bridge is defective, there was no safety factor at all even though the bridge did not actually collapse.
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found that the bulk of the engineers' estimates fell between 1 in 50 and 1 in 200 (at the time of retirement, the
Shuttle suffered two catastrophic failures across 135 flights, for a failure rate of 1 in 67.5). Not only did this confirm that NASA management had clearly failed to communicate with their own engineers, but the disparity engaged Feynman's emotions. When describing these wildly differing estimates, Feynman briefly lapses from his damaging but dispassionate detailing of NASA's flaws to recognize the moral failing that resulted from a scientific failing: he was upset NASA presented its fantastical figures as fact to convince a member of the public, schoolteacher
1171:, a year earlier). The NASA managers challenged this and after a 30 minute offline caucus, Morton Thiokol's senior management overruled their engineers' decision and gave the launch the go-ahead. The concerns were not communicated beyond the Level III Flight Readiness Review (FRR). It is certain that even though members of higher FRR teams knew about the issues, there were plenty of members who could have stopped the launch but decided not to. This was done in large part because of the management structure at NASA and the lack of major checks and balances, which proved to be fatal in this scenario. The report concluded that:
66:
1256:. His style of investigating with his own direct methods rather than following the commission schedule put him at odds with Rogers, who once commented, "Feynman is becoming a real pain." During a televised hearing, Feynman famously demonstrated how the O-rings became less resilient and subject to seal failures at low temperatures by compressing a sample of the material in a clamp and immersing it in a glass of ice water. Feynman's own investigation reveals a disconnect between
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causes and consequences of this lack of agreement? Since 1 part in 100,000 would imply that one could put a
Shuttle up each day for 300 years expecting to lose only one, we could properly ask "What is the cause of management's fantastic faith in the machinery? ... It would appear that, for whatever purpose, be it for internal or external consumption, the management of NASA exaggerates the reliability of its product, to the point of fantasy.
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as NASA should continue without a suspension of operations and a major overhaul. His fellow commission members were alarmed by
Feynman's dissent, and it was only after much petitioning that Feynman's minority report was included at all. Feynman was so critical of flaws in NASA's "safety culture" that he threatened to remove his name from the report unless it included his personal observations on the reliability of the shuttle, which appeared as
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1332:, which made the solid fuel boosters, but communication failures had led to their concerns being ignored by NASA management. He found similar failures in procedure in many other areas at NASA, but singled out its software development for praise due to its rigorous and highly effective quality control procedures – then under threat from NASA management, which wished to reduce testing to save money given that the tests had always been passed.
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any scientific rigor. Secondly, Feynman was bothered not just by this sloppy science but by the fact that NASA claimed that the risk of catastrophic failure was "necessarily" 1 in 10. As the figure itself was beyond belief, Feynman questioned exactly what "necessarily" meant in this context, whether it meant that the figure followed logically from other calculations or that it reflected NASA management's desire to make the numbers fit.
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1167:, saying that it was seriously flawed. Morton Thiokol called a meeting the night before the launch to raise concerns over the forecast temperature in regards to the O-rings. During the meeting, Morton Thiokol's engineers issued a recommendation "not to launch below 53F", the previous lowest temperature of a launch (
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from
Shuttle launches until it could resolve its internal inconsistencies and present an honest picture of the shuttle's reliability. Feynman soon found that, while he respected the intellects of his fellow Commission members, they universally finished their criticisms of NASA with clear affirmations that the
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on its face; as he described, this assessment of risk would entail that NASA could expect to launch a shuttle every day for the next 274 years while suffering, on average, only one accident. Investigating the claim further, Feynman discovered that the 1 in 10 figure was stating what they claimed
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burning a third of the way through. These O-rings provided the gas-tight seal needed between the vertically stacked cylindrical sections that made up the solid fuel booster. NASA managers recorded this result as demonstrating that the O-rings had a "safety factor" of 3. Feynman incredulously explains
1175:... failures in communication ... resulted in a decision to launch 51-L based on incomplete and sometimes misleading information, a conflict between engineering data and management judgments, and a NASA management structure that permitted internal flight safety problems to bypass key Shuttle managers.
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Feynman suspected that the 1 in 10 figure was wildly fantastical, and made a rough estimate that the true likelihood of shuttle disaster was closer to 1 in 100. He then decided to poll the engineers themselves, asking them to write down an anonymous estimate of the odds of shuttle explosion. Feynman
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Feynman was disturbed by two aspects of this practice. First, NASA management assigned a probability of failure to each individual bolt, sometimes claiming a probability of 1 in 10, i.e. one in one hundred million. Feynman pointed out that it is impossible to calculate such a remote possibility with
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disaster should be addressed by NASA internally, but that there was no need for NASA to suspend its operations or to receive less funding. Feynman felt that the
Commission's conclusions misrepresented its findings, and he could not in good conscience recommend that such a deeply flawed organization
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sealing the aft field joint on the right solid rocket booster, causing pressurized hot gases and eventually flame to "blow by" the O-ring and contact the adjacent external tank, causing structural failure. The failure of the O-rings was attributed to a design flaw, as their performance could be too
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Feynman later reported that, although he had believed he was making discoveries about the problems at NASA on his own, he eventually realized that either NASA or contractor personnel, in an apparent effort to anonymously focus attention on these problem areas, had carefully led him to the evidence
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It appears that there are enormous differences of opinion as to the probability of a failure with loss of vehicle and of human life. The estimates range from roughly 1 in 100 to 1 in 100,000. The higher figures come from the working engineers, and the very low figures from management. What are the
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Feynman was clearly disturbed by the fact that NASA management not only misunderstood this concept, but inverted it by using a term denoting an extra level of safety to describe a part that was actually defective and unsafe. Feynman continued to investigate the lack of communication between NASA's
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Based on his experiences with NASA's management and engineers, Feynman concluded that the serious deficiencies in NASA management's scientific understanding, the lack of communication between the two camps, and the gross misrepresentation of the
Shuttle's dangers, required that NASA take a hiatus
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I took this stuff that I got out of your seal and I put it in ice water, and I discovered that when you put some pressure on it for a while and then undo it, it maintains, it doesn't stretch back. It stays the same dimension. In other words, for a few seconds at least and more seconds than that,
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disaster was the very part to which NASA management so mistakenly assigned a safety factor. The O-rings were rubber rings designed to form a seal in the shuttle's solid rocket boosters, preventing the rockets' hot gas from escaping and damaging other parts of the vehicle. Feynman suspected that
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The Rogers
Commission offered nine recommendations on improving safety in the space shuttle program, and NASA was directed by President Reagan to report back within thirty days as to how it planned to implement those recommendations. This is a summary of the chapter of Recommendations:
1511:. In particular, the agency had not set up a truly independent office for safety oversight; the CAIB felt that in this area, "NASA's response to the Rogers Commission did not meet the Commission's intent". The CAIB believed that "the causes of the institutional failure responsible for
1443:, the contractor responsible for the solid rocket boosters, included a clause stating that in the event of a failure leading to "loss of life or mission," Thiokol would forfeit $ 10 million of its incentive fee and formally accept legal liability for the failure. After the
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The unrealistically optimistic launch schedule pursued by NASA had been criticized by the Rogers
Commission as a possible contributing cause to the accident. After the accident, NASA attempted to aim at a more realistic shuttle flight rate: it added another orbiter,
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despite NASA's claims, the O-rings were unsuitable at low temperatures and lost their resilience when cold, thus failing to maintain a tight seal when rocket pressure distorted the structure of the solid fuel booster. Feynman's suspicions were corroborated by
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1148:, to respond adequately to the design flaw. The Commission found that as early as 1977, NASA managers had not only known about the flawed O-ring, but that it had the potential for catastrophe. This led the Rogers Commission to conclude that the
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In response to the commission's recommendation, NASA initiated a total redesign of the space shuttle's solid rocket boosters, which was watched over by an independent oversight group as stipulated by the commission. NASA's contract with
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NASA also created a new Office of Safety, Reliability and
Quality Assurance, headed as the commission had specified by a NASA associate administrator who reported directly to the NASA administrator. George Rodney, formerly of
1260:'s engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. One such concept was the determination of a
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management and its engineers, and was struck by management's claim that the risk of catastrophic malfunction on the shuttle was 1 in 10, i.e. 1 in 100,000. Feynman immediately realized that this claim was
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U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, Subcommittee on Science, Technology and Space. Date: 99th Congress, 2nd Session, February 18, June 10 and 17, 1986. See also
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there's no resilience in this particular material when it's at a temperature of 32 degrees . I believe that has some significance to our problem.
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More broadly, the report also determined the contributing causes of the accident. Most salient was the failure of both NASA and its contractor,
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1354:"For a successful technology," Feynman concluded, "reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled."
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2030:"Implementation of the Recommendations of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Recommendation VII"
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the failure rate ought to be, given that it was a crewed vehicle, and working backward to generate the failure rate of components.
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Feynman's investigations also revealed that there had been many serious doubts raised about the O-ring seals by engineers at
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accident, Thiokol agreed to "voluntarily accept" the monetary penalty in exchange for not being forced to accept liability.
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rather than the shuttle. In August 1986, President Reagan also announced that the shuttle would no longer carry commercial
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risk factor, but felt strongly that the recruitment of laypeople required an honest portrayal of the true risk involved.
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1940:"Report to the President: Actions to Implement the Recommendations of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle
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to improve and install new safety features on the shuttles and in its organizational handling of future missions.
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on June 9, 1986, determined both the cause of the disaster that took place 73 seconds after liftoff, and urged
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revealed that the O-ring insight had in fact come to Kutyna from the astronaut and fellow commission member
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have not been fixed," saying that the same "flawed decision-making process" that had resulted in the
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in 2003, attention once again focused on the attitude of NASA management towards safety issues. The
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Report to the President by the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident
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The Space Shuttle solid rocket booster field joint assembly (from the Rogers Commission report)
900:, and Deputy Manager, Space Station Project Office, Johnson Flight Space Center, Houston, Texas
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Hearing on the Space Shuttle Accident and the Rogers Commission Report. 219 pages (14.2 MB)
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1986:"Implementation of the Recommendations of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle
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What Do You Care What Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character
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What do you Care what Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character
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What do you Care what Other People Think? Further Adventures of a Curious Character
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1110:, Assistant General counsel, corporate offices, Rockwell International, corporation
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1589:"Hearings of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident"
1568:"Hearings of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident"
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easily compromised by factors including the low temperature on the day of launch.
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Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident
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2119:– the Rogers Commission report on the accident (NASA.gov parsed HTML version)
1549: – Planned United States spaceflight destroyed by accidental fire (1967)
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Feynman's investigation eventually suggested to him that the cause of the
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2012:"NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Biographical Data Sheet"
1748:"Volume 2: Appendix F - Personal Observations on Reliability of Shuttle"
1293:, to join the crew. Feynman was not uncomfortable with the concept of a
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Arnold Aldrich, Manager, National Space Transportation Systems Program,
103:(vice-chairman), retired astronaut and first human to walk on the Moon (
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1507:(CAIB) concluded that NASA had failed to learn many of the lessons of
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In one example, early tests resulted in some of the booster rocket's
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One of the commission's best-known members was theoretical physicist
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which would support the conclusions on which he would later report.
953:, Thermal Engineering Branch, Structures and Propulsion Laboratory,
944:, Propulsion Analysis Branch, Structures and Propulsion Laboratory,
935:, Chief, Structural Dynamics Division Systems Dynamics Laboratory,
406:, Chief, STS Resources Analysis Branch, Office of The Comptroller,
149:, Air Force general with experience in ICBMs and shuttle management
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1543: – NASA Internal commission re 2003 Shuttle Columbia loss
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Robert Lang, Shuttle Operations, Mechanical Systems Division,
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221:, retired Air Force general and the first person to break the
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senior vice president and engineering program director on the
2168:– Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle
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payloads. After a 32-month hiatus, the next shuttle mission,
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Feynman later wrote about the investigation in his 1988 book
1098:, Associate Administrator, (technical) for space flight, NASA
1042:, Department of solid rocket motor igniter and Final Assembly
5065:
Feynman's Lost Lecture: The Motion of Planets Around the Sun
2174:
Appendix F – Personal Observations on Reliability of Shuttle
1652:"Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle
1630:"Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle
1611:"Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle
764:
Ben Powers, Engineer, Structures and Propulsion Laboratory,
721:, Vice President, Space Transportation Systems Integration,
330:, and chairman, 51L Data Design and Analysis Test Task Force
261:, and chairman, 51L Data Design and Analysis Test Task Force
2179:
2123:
Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle
2113:
Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle
1690:"Richard Feynman dead at 69; Leading theoretical physicist"
1795:"An Oral History of the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster"
326:
Jesse W. Moore, Associate Administrator for space flight,
267:, Manager, National space transportation systems program,
16:
Government report on the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
863:, Director, Systems Analysis and Integration Laboratory,
1934:
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became chief of the Safety Division of the directorate.
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628:, Manager, Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster Program,
758:
Gene Thomas, Director, Launch and Landing Operations,
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Perfectly Reasonable Deviations from the Beaten Track
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The commission found that the immediate cause of the
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Al Martin, Site Director, Launch Support Operations,
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2243:
1086:, Technical Assistant To Solid Rocket Motor Manager
826:, Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Flight,
476:, and Head, Marshall Contingency Investigative Team
348:, Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Flight,
1846:
1162:decision-making process that led to the launch of
730:, Manager, National Space Transportation Systems,
652:, Deputy Manager, Marshall Shuttle Projects Office
49:. The report, released and submitted to President
2085:"Report of Columbia Accident Investigation Board"
2052:"Report of Columbia Accident Investigation Board"
887:, Chairman, Search, Recovery and Reconstruction,
381:, Associate Administrator for space Flight, NASA
291:Richard G. Smith, Director, Kennedy Space Center
113:, diplomat and son of former Secretary of State
1716:Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman
1347:
1239:
1173:
896:, Chairman, photo and television support team,
817:Operations, Lockheed Space Operations Company,
131:, theoretical physicist and winner of the 1965
25:Front page of the Commission Report to Congress
5159:Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science
3029:Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL)
2083:Columbia Accident Investigation Board (2003).
2050:Columbia Accident Investigation Board (2003).
1675:United States Government Accountability Office
1152:disaster was "an accident rooted in history".
1080:, Office of Associate Director For Engineering
1021:, Manager, Solid Rocket Booster Project Office
4883:
3452:
2607:
2398:
2195:
1885:Feynman, Richard P.; Leighton, Ralph (1988).
1845:Feynman, Richard P.; Leighton, Ralph (1989).
1820:Feynman, Richard P.; Leighton, Ralph (1988).
1769:Feynman, Richard P.; Leighton, Ralph (1988).
1683:
1681:
1219:. Please discuss this issue on the article's
1004:, manager of the space transportation systems
612:, Vice President, Shuttle Project, Huntsville
511:, Senior Vice President, Wasatch Operations,
417:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
415:, Acting Director, Shuttle Propulsion Group,
408:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
328:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
259:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
250:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
8:
637:, Deputy Director, Science and Engineering,
257:, Associate Administrator for space flight,
5032:QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
783:, Director of Operations, 6655TH ASTG, ESMC
646:, Manager, Marshall Shuttle projects Office
575:, Senior Vice President, Wasatch Division,
276:, Deputy Manager, Shuttle Projects office,
69:Members of the Rogers Commission arrive at
4890:
4876:
4868:
4039:
3870:
3831:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
3741:
3481:
3459:
3445:
3437:
2614:
2600:
2592:
2405:
2391:
2383:
2202:
2188:
2180:
1645:
1643:
998:, Associate Administrator for space flight
5054:What Do You Care What Other People Think?
4725:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
3187:Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle
2508:(destroyed) - January 28, 1986 (STS-51-L)
1849:What Do You Care What Other People Think?
1455:, was appointed to this position. Former
1360:What Do You Care What Other People Think?
354:Irvin Davids, Shuttle propulsion Division
181:executive and aviation consultant to NASA
1880:
1878:
1473:, to the space shuttle fleet to replace
1160:The report also strongly criticized the
1048:, Vice President, Space Booster Programs
5289:Reports of the United States government
5220:
4810:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
1559:
1027:, Manager, Solid Rocket Motor Project,
854:, Assistant Manager, Orbiter Projects,
5299:United States Presidential Commissions
3598:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
3383:Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation
1489:, was launched on September 29, 1988.
1403:Criticality Review and Hazard Analysis
917:, Associate Director for Engineering,
836:, Associate Director for Engineering,
429:, Deputy Manager, NST Program office,
231:, executive director of the commission
4388:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
3425:When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions
2563:When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions
1824:. W.W. Norton. An Inflamed Appendix.
1758:from the original on August 17, 2022.
1528:s destruction seventeen years later.
357:Lawrence B. Mulloy, project manager,
169:Columbia Accident Investigation Board
124:Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force
7:
5000:There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom
4850:
967:, Director of Flight Crew Operations
3404:Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space
1688:Gleick, James (February 17, 1988).
926:, Chief, Control Systems Division,
5087:The Pleasure of Finding Things Out
5043:Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!
3504:National Aeronautics and Space Act
2335:Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster
655:Charles Stevenson, Ice Team member
285:, Director of Shuttle operations,
142:Aviation Week and Space Technology
14:
5304:Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
4458:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
4012:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
2028:Rogers Commission report (1987).
2010:J.H. Greene (February 11, 2015).
1984:Rogers Commission report (1987).
1650:Rogers Commission report (1986).
1628:Rogers Commission report (1986).
1609:Rogers Commission report (1986).
5259:
5247:
5235:
5223:
4849:
4838:
4837:
4753:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
4511:Space Flight Operations Facility
3697:Operations and Checkout Building
2485:
2267:
2236:
2136:
1203:to read and navigate comfortably
1188:
979:, Deputy Chief, Astronaut Office
755:, Director, Kennedy Space Center
122:, aeronautics expert and former
83:United States Secretary of State
5172:Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology
5010:The Feynman Lectures on Physics
4923:Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory
3972:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
3149:Spartan Packet Radio Experiment
1140:"An accident rooted in history"
603:, Vice President, Engineering,
492:, Head, Failure Scenario Team,
37:charged with investigating the
3418:Orbiter Space Flight Simulator
2797:Multi-Purpose Logistics Module
1773:. W.W. Norton. Afterthoughts.
1718:(1992) by James Gleick, p. 423
1345:. In the appendix, he stated:
1131:accident was a failure in the
1010:, director of space operations
438:, Photographic Team Analysis,
375:, Acting Administrator of NASA
215:'s aerial surveillance program
91:United States Attorney General
1:
5021:The Character of Physical Law
3373:(2020 documentary miniseries)
3144:Inflatable Antenna Experiment
2582:(2020 documentary miniseries)
2566:(2008 documentary miniseries)
2373:(2020 documentary miniseries)
2057:. p. 178. Archived from
1519:accident was responsible for
211:, physicist and developer of
4790:Space program on U.S. stamps
4715:Gemini and Apollo medallions
4665:Solar System Family Portrait
4441:Joint Polar Satellite System
4310:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
3564:Vision for Space Exploration
3534:Space Exploration Initiative
3370:Challenger: The Final Flight
3271:Space Shuttle design process
3113:Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit
3108:Extravehicular Mobility Unit
2579:Challenger: The Final Flight
2370:Challenger: The Final Flight
1990:Accident, Recommendation IV"
1911:The Best Mind Since Einstein
1541:Accident Investigation Board
1505:Accident Investigation Board
1423:Launch Abort and Crew Escape
1390:Shuttle Management Structure
1029:Marshall Space Flight Center
955:Marshall Space Flight Center
946:Marshall Space Flight Center
937:Marshall Space Flight Center
928:Marshall Space Flight Center
919:Marshall Space Flight Center
865:Marshall Space Flight Center
838:Marshall Space Flight Center
766:Marshall Space Flight Center
741:Marshall Space Flight Center
639:Marshall Space Flight Center
630:Marshall Space Flight Center
474:Marshall Space Flight Center
393:Marshall Space Flight Center
363:Marshall Space Flight Center
278:Marshall Space Flight Center
4785:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
4742:We choose to go to the Moon
4705:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
4263:International Space Station
4243:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
3982:Great Observatories program
3826:International Space Station
3804:Roscosmos State Corporation
3721:Science Mission Directorate
3667:Manned Space Flight Network
3293:International Space Station
3077:Journalist in Space Project
3024:Orbiter Processing Facility
2146:public domain audiobook at
2129:– pdf version, compiled by
1917:. Boston, MA & London:
1211:content into sub-articles,
213:Central Intelligence Agency
167:. Later, she served on the
5347:
4968:Quantum cellular automaton
4602:NASA cameras on spacecraft
4413:James Webb Space Telescope
4325:Solar Dynamics Observatory
3546:U.S. National Space Policy
3411:Space Shuttle Mission 2007
2951:Approach and Landing Tests
2680:Orbital Maneuvering System
1960:chapter of Recommendations
1479:expendable launch vehicles
594:, Supervisor, Structures,
499:Day 6, February 14, 1986
422:Day 5, February 13, 1986
5294:1986 in the United States
4948:Path integral formulation
4833:
3677:Vehicle Assembly Building
3346:Columbia: The Tragic Loss
3123:Advanced Crew Escape Suit
3046:Shuttle Training Aircraft
2907:Shuttle Training Aircraft
2902:Shuttle Mission Simulator
2897:Rendezvous pitch maneuver
2787:Remote Controlled Orbiter
2782:Extended Duration Orbiter
2690:Thermal protection system
2629:
2483:
2265:
2234:
2217:
1076:, former Chief Engineer,
1070:, Science and Engineering
973:, Chief, Astronaut Office
672:Day 9, February 27, 1986
621:Day 8, February 26, 1986
558:Day 7, February 25, 1986
368:Day 4, February 11, 1986
340:Day 3, February 10, 1986
297:, Director, Engineering,
219:Charles E. (Chuck) Yeager
45:during its 10th mission,
4973:Rogers Commission Report
4933:Hellmann–Feynman theorem
4748:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
4672:The Day the Earth Smiled
4007:Solar Terrestrial Probes
3154:Shuttle pallet satellite
3082:Teacher in Space Project
3034:Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
3014:Mobile Launcher Platform
2840:Shuttle Landing Facility
2695:Booster separation motor
2330:Rogers Commission Report
1394:Astronauts in Management
1008:Clifford E. Charlesworth
870:Day 11, March 21, 1986
565:, Manager, SRM Project,
313:Day 2, February 7, 1986
248:, Acting Administrator,
240:Day 1, February 6, 1986
31:Rogers Commission Report
5199:The Challenger Disaster
4943:Feynman parametrization
4805:Other primates in space
4517:Deep Space Atomic Clock
4337:Mars Science Laboratory
4125:Spitzer Space Telescope
3714:Lunar Sample Laboratory
3657:Launch Services Program
3362:The Challenger Disaster
2685:Reaction control system
2571:The Challenger Disaster
2362:The Challenger Disaster
1413:Improved Communications
1180:Role of Richard Feynman
889:Cape Canaveral, Florida
879:Cape Canaveral, Florida
809:, Engineering Manager,
771:Day 10, March 7, 1986
650:Dr. Judson A. Lovingood
274:Dr. Judson A. Lovingood
199:Arthur B. C. Walker, Jr
35:Presidential Commission
4938:Feynman slash notation
4820:National Astronaut Day
4763:The Astronaut Monument
4585:Space Shuttle missions
4285:Mars Exploration Rover
4268:Hubble Space Telescope
4177:Kepler space telescope
3977:Earth Observing System
3951:Mars Exploration Rover
3662:Mercury Control Center
2830:Space Launch Complex 6
1949:. NASA. July 14, 1986.
1433:Maintenance Safeguards
1378:
1352:
1250:
1177:
1156:Flawed launch decision
1124:
960:Day 12, April 3, 1986
723:Rockwell International
714:Rockwell International
705:Rockwell International
695:Rockwell International
530:, Structures Section,
413:Mr. David Winterhalter
201:, solar physicist and
133:Nobel Prize in Physics
81:, chairman and former
74:
26:
5076:The Meaning of It All
4963:One-electron universe
4928:Bethe–Feynman formula
4768:Lunar sample displays
4758:Space Mirror Memorial
4700:Voyager Golden Record
4592:United States rockets
3784: (with the
3692:Launch Control Center
3390:Space Shuttle Project
3377:Space Shuttle America
3288:Payload Assist Module
2945:(engine test article)
2623:Space Shuttle program
1913:(video documentary).
1385:Independent Oversight
1122:
1014:Day 13, May 3, 1986
875:James R. Thompson Jr.
743:, Huntsville, Alabama
389:Solid Rocket Boosters
359:solid rocket boosters
111:David Campion Acheson
68:
24:
4978:Feynman checkerboard
4958:Sticky bead argument
3786:Soviet space program
3704:Johnson Space Center
3672:Kennedy Space Center
3635:spinoff technologies
3283:Inertial Upper Stage
3159:Wake Shield Facility
3139:Freestar experiments
2665:Solid Rocket Booster
2259:Timeline of STS-51-L
2131:Thomas ('thomasafb')
1398:Shuttle Safety Panel
856:Johnson Space Center
815:Solid Rocket Booster
788:Kennedy Space Center
760:Kennedy Space Center
732:Johnson Space Center
701:Kennedy Space Center
666:Edward F. Kolczynski
494:Johnson Space Center
440:Kennedy Space Center
431:Johnson Space Center
335:Johnson Space Center
308:Johnson Space Center
299:Johnson Space Center
287:Kennedy Space Center
269:Johnson Space Center
236:Commission witnesses
179:Trans World Airlines
159:as part of missions
71:Kennedy Space Center
4918:Feynman–Kac formula
4795:Apollo 17 Moon mice
4651:Pillars of Creation
4558:Space Shuttle crews
4036:(human and robotic)
4030:Individual featured
3613:Ranks and positions
3232:Space Launch System
3004:Crawler-transporter
2845:Abort landing sites
1408:Safety Organization
1054:, Seal Task Force,
951:Fredrick D. Bachtel
885:Edward O'Connor Jr.
845:, Deputy Director,
777:Edward O'Connor Jr.
684:Lieutenant Colonel
664:Lieutenant Colonel
585:, Seal Task Force,
540:, Design Engineer,
472:, Deputy Director,
387:, Project Manager,
203:Stanford University
5153:Cargo cult science
4597:NASA cancellations
4492:Deep Space Network
4482:Near Earth Network
3967:Living With a Star
3941:Project Prometheus
3921:Planetary Observer
3357:(2010 documentary)
3349:(2004 documentary)
3341:(1994 documentary)
3325:(1985 documentary)
3322:The Dream Is Alive
3317:(1982 documentary)
3019:NASA recovery ship
3009:Mate-Demate Device
2550:(1985 documentary)
2547:The Dream Is Alive
1801:. January 28, 2016
1125:
1078:Solid Rocket Motor
1068:James E. Kingsbury
1019:Lawrence B. Mulloy
924:Harold N. Scofield
719:Martin Cioffoletti
385:Lawrence B. Mulloy
229:Alton G. Keel, Jr.
129:Richard P. Feynman
75:
61:Commission members
27:
5211:
5210:
5203:
5182:
5128:Charles Hirshberg
4983:Feynman sprinkler
4865:
4864:
4778:stolen or missing
4575:uncrewed missions
4553:Apollo astronauts
4548:Gemini astronauts
4466:
4465:
4250:2001 Mars Odyssey
4025:
4024:
3901:Mars Surveyor '98
3859:
3858:
3802: (with
3735:Human spaceflight
3729:
3728:
3687:Launch Complex 48
3682:Launch Complex 39
3434:
3433:
3118:Launch Entry Suit
2946:
2938:
2928:
2873:
2813:Launch Complex 39
2778:
2770:
2589:
2588:
2523:Rogers Commission
2501:Out of service -
2380:
2379:
2314:Christa McAuliffe
1799:Popular Mechanics
1291:Christa McAuliffe
1247:Richard Feynman,
1238:
1237:
1002:Arnold D. Aldrich
903:Charles Stevenson
686:Edward Kolczynski
676:Charles Stevenson
661:, Ice Team member
563:Allan J. McDonald
548:Allan J. McDonald
436:Charlie Stevenson
373:William R. Graham
265:Arnold D. Aldrich
246:William R. Graham
209:Albert D. Wheelon
95:Dwight Eisenhower
79:William P. Rogers
33:was written by a
5336:
5264:
5263:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5228:
5227:
5219:
5201:
5193:
5180:
5133:
5124:
5104:
5093:
5082:
5071:
5060:
5049:
5038:
5027:
5016:
5005:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4869:
4853:
4852:
4841:
4840:
4679:Fallen Astronaut
4320:Van Allen Probes
4040:
3946:Mars Exploration
3871:
3742:
3510:Space Task Group
3482:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3438:
3338:Destiny in Space
2944:
2936:
2926:
2882:Mission timeline
2867:
2776:
2768:
2639:List of missions
2616:
2609:
2602:
2593:
2489:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2384:
2289:Michael J. Smith
2271:
2240:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2176:by R. P. Feynman
2140:
2139:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2064:on July 24, 2011
2063:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1852:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1746:(June 6, 1986).
1740:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1685:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1564:
1527:
1459:flight director
1302:
1301:
1297:
1248:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1096:L. Michael Weeks
1034:Brian G. Russell
1025:Lawrence O. Wear
996:Richard H. Truly
915:J. Wayne Littles
907:George McDonough
834:J. Wayne Littles
737:William R. Lucas
616:Brian G. Russell
480:Mr. George Hardy
445:William R. Lucas
346:L. Michael Weeks
304:Richard H. Kohrs
185:Joseph F. Sutter
175:Robert W. Rummel
147:Donald J. Kutyna
120:Eugene E. Covert
5346:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5309:Richard Feynman
5274:
5273:
5270:
5258:
5248:
5246:
5236:
5234:
5222:
5214:
5212:
5207:
5191:
5136:
5131:
5122:
5107:
5102:
5091:
5080:
5069:
5058:
5047:
5036:
5025:
5014:
5003:
4987:
4913:Feynman diagram
4901:
4899:Richard Feynman
4896:
4866:
4861:
4829:
4729:
4720:Mission patches
4695:Pioneer plaques
4658:Mystic Mountain
4635:Family Portrait
4628:The Blue Marble
4612:
4606:
4580:Apollo missions
4521:
4473:
4462:
4429:
4234:
4228:
4065:Mercury-Atlas 6
4035:
4031:
4021:
3955:
3891:Mariner Mark II
3855:
3836:Commercial Crew
3814:
3737:
3725:
3709:Mission Control
3608:Astronaut Corps
3603:Chief Scientist
3581:
3486:
3470:
3465:
3435:
3430:
3276:studied designs
3259:
3241:
3202:Shuttle-Centaur
3163:
3127:
3096:
3072:Getaway Special
3055:
2992:
2955:
2911:
2857:
2851:
2801:
2754:
2699:
2648:
2625:
2620:
2590:
2585:
2511:
2490:
2481:
2420:
2411:
2381:
2376:
2318:
2299:Ellison Onizuka
2272:
2263:
2241:
2230:
2213:
2208:
2137:
2133:– Volume I only
2109:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1970:Jensen, Claus.
1969:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1889:. W.W. Norton.
1884:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1742:
1741:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1534:
1525:
1453:Martin Marietta
1373:
1343:Appendix F
1299:
1295:
1294:
1254:Richard Feynman
1249:
1246:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1206:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1158:
1142:
1117:
1108:John R. Stocker
1102:Glynn S. Lunney
1062:George B. Hardy
1046:J.C. Kilminster
989:Hank Hartsfield
824:Thomas L. Moser
644:Stanley Reinarz
635:George C. Hardy
538:Arnold Thompson
460:Horace Lamberth
455:Milton Silveira
404:Michael B. Mann
399:Richard C. Cook
320:Stanley Klein,
295:Thomas L. Moser
238:
225:in level flight
63:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5319:Neil Armstrong
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5284:NASA oversight
5276:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5256:
5244:
5232:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5195:
5184:
5174:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5094:
5083:
5072:
5061:
5050:
5039:
5028:
5017:
5006:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4872:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4847:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4815:Astronauts Day
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4765:
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4503:
4498:
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4484:
4478:
4476:
4474:and navigation
4472:Communications
4468:
4467:
4464:
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4460:
4455:
4452:Europa Clipper
4448:
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3906:New Millennium
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3177:Saturn-Shuttle
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2309:Gregory Jarvis
2306:
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2251:Space Shuttle
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2222:Space Shuttle
2218:
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2209:
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2206:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2164:
2150:
2134:
2120:
2108:
2107:External links
2105:
2102:
2101:
2075:
2042:
2020:
2002:
1976:
1963:
1952:
1928:
1902:
1896:978-0393026597
1895:
1874:
1867:
1837:
1831:978-0393320923
1830:
1812:
1786:
1780:978-0393320923
1779:
1761:
1744:Feynman, R. P.
1720:
1708:
1695:New York Times
1677:
1668:
1639:
1620:
1601:
1580:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1552:
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1550:
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1533:
1530:
1494:Space Shuttle
1441:Morton Thiokol
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1418:Landing Safety
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1387:
1372:
1369:
1330:Morton Thiokol
1318:The Challenger
1313:General Kutyna
1244:
1236:
1235:
1229:September 2021
1215:it, or adding
1196:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1157:
1154:
1146:Morton Thiokol
1141:
1138:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1090:William L. Ray
1087:
1084:John O. Miller
1081:
1074:Robert G. Eudy
1071:
1065:
1059:
1056:Morton Thiokol
1052:Roger Boisjoly
1049:
1043:
1040:Robert Ebeling
1037:
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1012:
1011:
1005:
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992:
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948:
942:Garry M. Lyles
939:
933:Robert S. Ryan
930:
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912:
909:
904:
901:
898:Cape Canaveral
894:Dan M. Germany
891:
881:
868:
867:
858:
849:
840:
830:
821:
804:
801:Morton-Thiokol
793:Carver Kennedy
790:
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747:Jesse W. Moore
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610:Joe Kilminster
607:
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592:Arnie Thompson
589:
583:Roger Boisjoly
580:
577:Morton-Thiokol
573:Jerry E. Mason
570:
567:Morton-Thiokol
556:
555:
552:Morton Thiokol
545:
542:Morton Thiokol
535:
532:Morton Thiokol
528:Roger Boisjoly
525:
522:Morton Thiokol
515:
513:Morton Thiokol
509:Jerry E. Mason
506:
497:
496:
487:
482:
477:
467:
465:Jim Harrington
462:
457:
452:
450:Jesse W. Moore
447:
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379:Jesse W. Moore
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138:Robert B. Hotz
135:
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101:Neil Armstrong
98:
62:
59:
39:Space Shuttle
15:
13:
10:
9:
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2:
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5254:United States
5245:
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5196:
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5166:Tuva or Bust!
5163:
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4825:Nikon NASA F4
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4710:NASA insignia
4708:
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4690:Lunar plaques
4688:
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4642:Pale Blue Dot
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4570:NASA missions
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4487:Space Network
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4120:Space Shuttle
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4002:New Frontiers
4000:
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3911:Lunar Orbiter
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3851:Lunar Gateway
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3810:Constellation
3808:
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3792:Space Shuttle
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3630:NASA research
3628:
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3314:Hail Columbia
3311:
3309:
3308:Conroy Virtus
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3099:
3093:
3090:
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3083:
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3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:Deutschland-1
3065:
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3047:
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3040:
3037:
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2835:Landing sites
2833:
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2671:
2670:External tank
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2644:List of crews
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:Space Shuttle
2632:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2605:
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2328:
2327:
2325:
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2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Ronald McNair
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Judith Resnik
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:Main articles
2239:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2165:
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2160:
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2149:
2145:
2144:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2090:. p. 195
2086:
2079:
2076:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1933:
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1924:
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1657:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1621:
1617:. p. 72.
1616:
1614:
1605:
1602:
1590:
1584:
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1569:
1563:
1560:
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1314:
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1279:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1262:safety factor
1259:
1255:
1243:
1232:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1197:This section
1195:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
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1017:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:Rear Admiral
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
977:Paul J. Weitz
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
962:
961:
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949:
947:
943:
940:
938:
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931:
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925:
922:
920:
916:
913:
911:John Erickson
910:
908:
905:
902:
899:
895:
892:
890:
886:
882:
880:
876:
873:
872:
871:
866:
862:
861:George Hopson
859:
857:
853:
850:
848:
844:
841:
839:
835:
831:
829:
825:
822:
820:
816:
812:
811:External Tank
808:
805:
802:
798:
794:
791:
789:
785:
782:
778:
774:
773:
772:
767:
763:
761:
757:
754:
753:Dick G. Smith
751:
748:
745:
742:
738:
735:
733:
729:
728:Arnie Aldrich
726:
724:
720:
717:
715:
711:
708:
706:
702:
698:
696:
692:
691:Rocco Petrone
689:
687:
683:
681:
678:
675:
674:
673:
667:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
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623:
622:
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611:
608:
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602:
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590:
588:
584:
581:
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561:
560:
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296:
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270:
266:
263:
260:
256:
253:
251:
247:
243:
242:
241:
235:
230:
227:
224:
223:sound barrier
220:
217:
214:
210:
207:
204:
200:
197:
194:
190:
186:
183:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:Sally K. Ride
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
134:
130:
127:
125:
121:
118:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
88:
87:Richard Nixon
84:
80:
77:
76:
72:
67:
60:
58:
56:
52:
51:Ronald Reagan
48:
44:
42:
36:
32:
23:
19:
5329:Chuck Yeager
5271:
5198:
5187:
5177:
5164:
5157:
5119:Joan Feynman
5096:
5085:
5074:
5063:
5052:
5041:
5030:
5019:
5008:
4972:
4953:Parton model
4855:
4843:
4677:
4670:
4664:
4656:
4649:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4450:
4399:Perseverance
4398:
4360:
4353:
4330:
4290:
4273:
4257:New Horizons
4255:
4248:
4241:
4214:
4206:
4182:
4170:
4163:
4150:
4138:
4130:
4091:
4083:
4076:
4069:
3798:
3782:Apollo–Soyuz
3521:
3423:
3417:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3254:Independence
3253:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2933:
2923:
2858:and training
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2538:
2522:
2503:
2415:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2345:
2329:
2252:
2223:
2169:
2158:
2142:
2124:
2114:
2092:. Retrieved
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2059:the original
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2023:
2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1987:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1955:
1941:
1910:
1905:
1886:
1855:Bantam Books
1853:. New York:
1848:
1840:
1821:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1798:
1789:
1770:
1764:
1751:
1715:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1693:
1692:. Obituary.
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1653:
1631:
1623:
1612:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1562:
1538:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1327:
1316:
1307:
1305:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1266:
1251:
1240:
1226:
1198:
1174:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1143:
1128:
1126:
1013:
965:George Abbey
959:
869:
852:Gary Coultas
799:Operations,
795:, Director,
770:
739:, Director,
710:Bob Glaysher
671:
626:Larry Mulloy
620:
557:
504:Larry Mulloy
498:
485:Rick Bachtol
421:
367:
339:
312:
283:Robert Sieck
239:
156:
141:
115:Dean Acheson
40:
30:
28:
18:
5242:Spaceflight
5202:(2013 film)
5192:(2001 play)
5181:(1996 film)
4685:Deep fields
4613:and artwork
4611:NASA images
4183:Opportunity
3652:NASA Social
3478:and history
3365:(2013 film)
3333:(1990 film)
3169:Derivatives
3132:Experiments
3101:Space suits
3087:Shuttle-Mir
2937:(simulator)
2924:Inspiration
2892:Abort modes
2675:Main engine
2574:(2013 film)
2558:(1990 film)
2365:(2013 film)
2357:(1990 film)
2284:Dick Scobee
1972:No Downlink
1805:February 2,
1701:January 28,
1428:Flight Rate
1217:subheadings
991:, astronuat
985:, astronaut
983:Bob Crippen
843:T. Jack Lee
659:B. K. Davis
601:Robert Lund
518:Robert Lund
470:T. Jack Lee
5324:Sally Ride
5314:1986 works
5278:Categories
4773:Moon rocks
4533:Astronauts
4526:NASA lists
4383:OSIRIS-REx
4217:helicopter
4085:Pioneer 11
4078:Pioneer 10
3881:Hitchhiker
3756:suborbital
3593:Space Race
3330:Challenger
3303:Retirement
3092:Hitchhiker
2968:Challenger
2934:Pathfinder
2856:Operations
2728:Challenger
2714:Enterprise
2653:Components
2555:Challenger
2539:Challenger
2504:Challenger
2416:Challenger
2354:Challenger
2346:Challenger
2253:Challenger
2224:Challenger
2172:Accident,
2170:Challenger
2161:index page
2159:Challenger
2125:Challenger
2115:Challenger
1988:Challenger
1942:Challenger
1925:-TV. 1993.
1868:0553347845
1857:. p.
1661:January 1,
1654:Challenger
1632:Challenger
1613:Challenger
1554:References
1517:Challenger
1513:Challenger
1509:Challenger
1492:After the
1475:Challenger
1461:Jay Greene
1457:Challenger
1445:Challenger
1338:Challenger
1323:Sally Ride
1308:Challenger
1213:condensing
1164:Challenger
1150:Challenger
1129:Challenger
971:John Young
807:Bill Barsh
680:B.K. Davis
427:Dick Kohrs
317:Marv Jones
193:Boeing 747
157:Challenger
140:, editor,
41:Challenger
5148:Namesakes
4800:Moon tree
4621:Earthrise
4496:Goldstone
4393:Mars 2020
4362:Voyager 2
4355:Voyager 1
4291:Curiosity
4235:operating
4233:Currently
4215:Ingenuity
4152:MESSENGER
4131:Sojourner
4060:Mercury 3
4050:Apollo 11
3997:Discovery
3987:Explorers
3576:Augustine
3540:Augustine
3298:Criticism
3197:Shuttle-C
2960:Disasters
2887:Rollbacks
2749:Endeavour
2735:Discovery
1974:, p. 355.
1944:Accident"
1656:Accident"
1634:Accident"
1615:Accident"
1483:satellite
1470:Endeavour
1221:talk page
1209:splitting
1207:Consider
205:professor
105:Apollo 11
5230:Politics
5178:Infinity
5132:(nephew)
5123:(sister)
4844:Category
4506:Canberra
4418:timeline
4406:timeline
4342:timeline
4298:timeline
4195:observed
4190:timeline
4158:Aquarius
4098:timeline
4071:Magellan
4033:missions
3931:Surveyor
3867:programs
3797:Shuttle–
3738:programs
3570:Aldridge
3489:creation
3246:Replicas
2983:disaster
2981:Columbia
2970:disaster
2927:(design)
2870:canceled
2865:Missions
2792:Spacehab
2774:Canadarm
2766:Spacelab
2742:Atlantis
2721:Columbia
2705:Orbiters
2533:STS-61-M
2528:STS-61-F
2506:disaster
2477:STS-51-L
2472:STS-61-A
2467:STS-51-F
2462:STS-51-B
2457:STS-41-G
2452:STS-41-C
2447:STS-41-B
2419:(OV-099)
2323:See also
2226:disaster
2211:STS-51-L
2148:LibriVox
2127:Accident
2117:Accident
2094:July 12,
2068:July 12,
2035:July 12,
1995:July 12,
1756:Archived
1754:. NASA.
1594:June 30,
1573:June 30,
1547:Apollo 1
1539:Columbia
1532:See also
1522:Columbia
1503:Columbia
1498:disaster
1496:Columbia
1245:—
1201:too long
1115:Findings
883:Colonel
775:Colonel
490:T. Moser
195:aircraft
165:STS-41-G
47:STS-51-L
43:disaster
5216:Portals
5141:Related
5002:"
4856:Commons
4734:Related
4543:by year
4538:by name
4315:GOES 15
4305:GOES 14
4222:flights
4208:InSight
4164:Cassini
4092:Galileo
4017:SIMPLEx
3992:Voyager
3960:Current
3916:Pioneer
3886:Mariner
3865:Robotic
3846:Artemis
3819:Current
3762:Mercury
3754: (
3647:NASA TV
3586:General
3485:History
3397:Shuttle
3264:Related
3227:Liberty
3192:Jupiter
3060:Special
3051:STS-3xx
3039:flights
2997:Support
2916:Testing
2759:Add-ons
2660:Orbiter
2516:Related
2425:Flights
2017:. NASA.
1298:⁄
1278:risible
1269:O-rings
1199:may be
1169:STS-51C
1133:O-rings
605:Thiokol
596:Thiokol
587:Thiokol
93:(under
85:(under
5190:
5130:
5121:
5112:Family
5103:(2005)
5101:
5092:(1999)
5090:
5081:(1999)
5079:
5070:(1997)
5068:
5059:(1988)
5057:
5048:(1985)
5046:
5037:(1985)
5035:
5026:(1965)
5024:
5015:(1964)
5013:
5004:(1959)
4906:Career
4501:Madrid
4434:Future
4349:NuSTAR
4280:THEMIS
4202:RHESSI
4139:Spirit
3936:Viking
3926:Ranger
3777:Skylab
3772:Apollo
3767:Gemini
3625:Budget
3578:(2009)
3572:(2004)
3566:(2004)
3560:(2003)
3554:(2002)
3552:CFUSAI
3548:(1996)
3542:(1990)
3536:(1989)
3530:(1987)
3524:(1986)
3522:Rogers
3518:(1986)
3512:(1958)
3506:(1958)
3500:(1915)
3476:Policy
3354:Hubble
3182:Magnum
2987:report
2974:report
2495:Status
2340:TDRS-B
1921:&
1893:
1865:
1828:
1777:
1487:STS-26
1381:Design
1371:Result
1058:, Inc.
803:, Inc.
579:, Inc.
569:, Inc.
554:, Inc.
544:, Inc.
534:, Inc.
524:, Inc.
395:, NASA
189:Boeing
89:) and
5266:1980s
4992:Works
4446:NISAR
4401:rover
4373:MAVEN
4293:rover
4274:Swift
4185:rover
4146:LADEE
4141:rover
4133:rover
4110:GRAIL
4105:GALEX
3896:MESUR
3841:Orion
3642:NASA+
3618:Chief
3516:Paine
3237:OmegA
3206:Ares
2943:MPTA
2877:Crews
2806:Sites
2777:(CSA)
2769:(ESA)
2442:STS-8
2437:STS-7
2432:STS-6
2088:(PDF)
2062:(PDF)
2055:(PDF)
2015:(PDF)
1947:(PDF)
1526:'
161:STS-7
4425:PACE
4368:WISE
4331:Juno
4171:Dawn
4115:WMAP
4055:COBE
4043:Past
3874:Past
3752:X-15
3745:Past
3558:CAIB
3528:Ride
3498:NACA
3468:NASA
2541:flag
2348:flag
2277:Crew
2157:GPO
2096:2011
2070:2011
2037:2011
1997:2011
1919:WGBH
1915:NOVA
1891:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1807:2016
1775:ISBN
1703:2007
1663:2007
1596:2023
1575:2023
1396:and
1383:and
1258:NASA
847:MSFC
832:Dr.
828:NASA
781:USAF
350:NASA
244:Dr.
163:and
55:NASA
29:The
5188:QED
4378:MMS
3799:Mir
1923:BBC
1859:204
1300:100
819:KSC
797:VAB
344:Mr
322:FBI
5280::
3215:IV
1931:^
1877:^
1861:.
1797:.
1750:.
1723:^
1680:^
1642:^
1392:,
1264:.
779:,
703:,
550:,
520:,
391:,
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187:,
177:,
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813:/
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73:.
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