638:. The length of the dry-time is important because rapid freezing creates less tissue distortion (i.e.; shrinkage, warping, and wrinkling) The process can be done with reptiles, birds, and small mammals such as cats, rodents, and some dogs. Large specimens may require up to six months in the freeze dryer before they are completely dry. Freeze-drying is the most popular type of pet preservation. This is because it is the least invasive in terms of what is done to the animal's body after death, which is a concern of owners (Most owners do not opt for a traditional skin mount). In the case of large pets, such as dogs and cats, freeze-drying is also the best way to capture the animal's expression as it looked in life (another important concern of owners). Freeze-drying equipment is costly and requires much upkeep. The process is also time-consuming; therefore, freeze-drying is generally an expensive method to preserve an animal. The drawback to this method is that freeze-dried mounts are extremely susceptible to insect damage. This is because they contain large areas of dried tissue (meat and fat) for insects to feed upon. Traditional mounts are far less susceptible because they contain virtually no residual tissues (or none at all). Regardless of how well a taxidermy mount is prepared, all taxidermy is susceptible to insect damage. Taxidermy mounts are targeted by the same
775:
799:
787:
763:
543:, as it can be abstract and does not need to resemble an animal. It can be a small decorative object or a large-scale room-sized installation. There is a very broad spectrum of styles within the genre, some of which falls into the category of mainstream art. "Rogue taxidermy" describes a wide variety of work, including work that is classified and exhibited as fine art. Neither the term, nor the genre, emerged from the world of traditional taxidermy. The genre was born from forms of fine art that utilize some of the components found in the construction of a traditional taxidermy mount. The term "rogue taxidermy" was coined in 2004 by an artist collective called The Minnesota Association of Rogue Taxidermists. The Minneapolis-based group was founded by artists
547:, Scott Bibus, and Robert Marbury as a means to unite their respective mediums and differing styles of sculpture. The definition of rogue taxidermy set forth by the individuals who formed the genre (Brewer, Bibus, and Marbury) is: "A genre of pop-surrealist art characterized by mixed media sculptures containing conventional taxidermy-related materials that are used in an unconventional manner". Interest in the collective's work gave rise to an artistic movement referred to as the Rogue Taxidermy art movement, or alternately, the Taxidermy Art movement. Apart from describing a genre of fine art, the term "rogue taxidermy" has expanded in recent years and has also become an adjective applied to unorthodox forms of traditional taxidermy such as
42:
476:
592:
taxidermist usually does not see internal organs or blood. Depending on the type of skin, preserving chemicals are applied or the skin is tanned. It is then either mounted on a mannequin made from wood wool and wire, or a polyurethane form. Clay is used to install glass eyes and can also be used for facial features like cheekbones and a prominent brow bone. Modeling clay can be used to reform features as well; if the appendage was torn or damaged, clay can hold it together and add muscle detail. Forms and eyes are commercially available from a number of suppliers. If not, taxidermists carve or cast their own forms.
573:
223:
700:
691:, are hunted with rifles loaded with tranquilizer darts rather than real bullets. While the animal is unconscious, the hunter poses for photos with the animal while it is measured for the purpose of creating a replica, or to establish what size of prefabricated fiberglass trophy head can be purchased to most closely approximate the actual animal. The darted animal is not harmed. The hunter then displays the fiberglass head on the wall in lieu of the real animal's head to commemorate the experience of the hunt.
406:
614:
655:
725:"Re-creations, for the purpose of this category, are defined as renderings which include no natural parts of the animal portrayed. A re-creation may include original carvings and sculptures. A re-creation may use natural parts, provided the parts are not from the species being portrayed. For instance, a re-creation eagle could be constructed using turkey feathers, or a cow hide could be used to simulate African game".
354:, he mounted a series of stuffed birds as an exhibit. They generated much interest among the public and scientists alike who considered them superior to earlier models, and they were regarded as the first lifelike and artistic specimens on display. A judge remarked that Hancock's exhibit "... will go far towards raising the art of taxidermy to a level with other arts which have hitherto held higher pretensions".
511:
371:
2443:
630:
into the desired pose, then placed into the chamber of a special freeze-drying machine designed specifically for this application. The machine freezes the animal and also creates a vacuum in the chamber. Pressure in the chamber helps vaporize moisture in the animal's body, allowing it to dry out. The rate of drying depends on
498:. These and other taxidermists developed anatomically accurate figures which incorporated every detail in artistically interesting poses, with mounts in realistic settings and poses that were considered more appropriate for the species. This was quite a change from the caricatures popularly offered as hunting trophies.
755:
or cedar dust to help it dry faster. The animal is then stuffed with cotton and sewn up. Mammals are laid flat on their belly. Birds are prepared lying on their back. Study skins are dried in these positions to keep the end product as slender and streamlined as possible so large numbers of specimens
599:
Animal specimens can be frozen, then thawed at a later date to be skinned and tanned. Numerous measurements are taken of the body. A traditional method that remains popular today involves retaining the original skull and leg bones of a specimen and using these as the basis to create a mannequin made
629:
the animal. For all intents and purposes, a freeze-dried mount is a mummified animal. The internal organs are removed during preparation; however, all other tissue remains in the body. (The skeleton and all accompanying musculature is still beneath the surface of the skin) The animal is positioned
604:
form is made for final production. The carcass is then removed and the mould is used to produce a cast of the animal called a 'form'. Forms can also be made by sculpting the animal first in clay. Many companies produce stock forms in various sizes. Glass eyes are then usually added to the display,
591:
The methods taxidermists practice have been improved over the last century, heightening taxidermic quality and lowering toxicity. The animal is first skinned in a process similar to removing the skin from a chicken prior to cooking. This can be accomplished without opening the body cavity, so the
451:
featuring boxing squirrels. Both
William and Edward created multiple sets of these dioramas. One 4-piece set of boxing squirrel dioramas (circa 1850) sold at auction in 2013 for record prices. The four dioramas were created as a set (with each diorama portraying the squirrels at a different stage
747:
prepared in a minimalistic fashion that is concerned only with preserving the animal's skin, not the shape of the animal's body. As the name implies, study skins are used for scientific study (research), and are housed mainly by museums. A study skin's sole purpose is to preserve data, not to
748:
replicate an animal in a lifelike state. Museums keep large collections of study skins in order to conduct comparisons of physical characteristics to other study skins of the same species. Study skins are also kept because DNA can be extracted from them when needed at any point in time.
308:
shops, where the upholsterers would sew up the animal skins and stuff them with rags and cotton. The term "stuffing" or a "stuffed animal" evolved from this crude form of taxidermy. Professional taxidermists prefer the term "mounting" to "stuffing". More sophisticated cotton-wrapped
600:
primarily from wood wool (previously tow or hemp wool was used) and galvanised wire. Another method is to mould the carcass in plaster, and then make a copy of the animal using one of several methods. A final mould is then made of polyester resin and glass cloth, from which a
501:
Additional modern uses of
Taxidermy have been the use of "Faux Taxidermy" or fake animal heads that draw on the inspiration of traditional taxidermy. Decorating with sculpted fake animal heads that are painted in different colors has become a popular trend in interior design.
756:
can be stored side-by-side in flat file drawers, while occupying a minimum amount of space. Since study skins are not prepared with aesthetics in mind they do not have imitation eyes like other taxidermy, and their cotton filling is visible in their eye openings.
539:. Rogue taxidermy art references traditional trophy or natural history museum taxidermy, but is not always constructed out of taxidermied animals; it can be constructed entirely from synthetic materials. Additionally, rogue taxidermy is not necessarily
272:
in France. Techniques for mounting were described in 1752 by M. B. Stollas. There were several pioneers of taxidermy in France, Germany, Denmark, and
England. For a while, clay was used to shape some of the soft parts, but this made specimens heavy.
595:
Taxidermists seek to continually maintain their skills to ensure attractive, lifelike results. Mounting an animal has long been considered an art form, often involving months of work; not all modern taxidermists trap or hunt for prized specimens.
774:
798:
1332:
357:
Hancock's display sparked great national interest in taxidermy, and amateur and professional collections for public view proliferated rapidly. Displays of birds were particularly common in middle-class
Victorian homes – even
662:
Some methods of creating a trophy mount do not involve preserving the actual body of the animal. Instead, detailed photos and measurements are taken of the animal so a taxidermist can create an exact replica in resin or
2057:
786:
762:
389:
taxidermy became popular. A 'Victorian whimsy', mounted animals were dressed as people or displayed as if engaged in human activities. An early example of this genre was displayed by Herman
Ploucquet, from
723:
species that are created using materials not found on the animal being rendered. They utilize the fur, feathers, and skin of other species of animals. According to the
National Taxidermy Association:
559:
or other fictional creatures) In addition to being the impetus for the art movement, the inception of the genre also marked a resurgence of interest in conventional (traditional) forms of taxidermy.
667:
that can be displayed in place of the real animal. No animals are killed in the creation of this type of trophy mount. One situation where this is practiced is in the world of sport fishing where
634:. (The higher the pressure, the faster the specimen dries.) Vapor pressure is determined by the temperature of the chamber; the higher the temperature, the higher the vapor pressure is at a given
452:
during their boxing match); however, the set was broken up and each was sold separately at the same auction. The set was one of a number they created over the years featuring boxing squirrels.
316:
Dufresne's methods spread to
England in the early 19th century, where updated and non-toxic methods of preservation were developed by some of the leading naturalists of the day, including
2203:
1848:
751:
A study skin's preparation is extremely basic. After the animal is skinned, fat is methodically scraped off the underside of the hide. The underside of the hide is then rubbed with
1874:
447:
Other
Victorian taxidermists known for their iconic anthropomorphic taxidermy work are William Hart and his son Edward Hart. They gained recognition with their famous series of
2024:
2049:
1816:
46:
343:
is considered to be the father of modern taxidermy. An avid collector of birds, which he had shot personally, he began modeling them with clay and casting in plaster.
1156:
1776:
1706:
1987:
304:(1803–1804). This technique enabled the museum to build an immense collection of taxidermy birds. In the 19th century, some hunters took their trophies to
424:. Among his other scenes were "a rat's den being raided by the local police rats ... village school ... featuring 48 little rabbits busy writing on tiny
1609:
291:
959:
1126:
687:. Another situation where reproduction trophies are created is when endangered species are involved. Endangered and protected species, such as the
41:
269:
2211:
1402:
1840:
934:(1957–), American taxidermist and founder of King Sailfish Mounts, Inc., known for introducing the release mount concept for Atlantic sailfish
2365:
2090:
1579:
1386:
1342:
1295:
1268:
1242:
1093:
1933:
475:
1882:
362:
amassed an impressive bird collection. Taxidermy was also increasingly used by the bereaved owners of dead pets to 'resurrect' them.
1754:
2236:
2016:
2473:
1234:
Practical
Taxidermy – A Manual of Instruction to the Amateur in Collecting, Preserving, and Setting up Natural History Specimens
2412:
1806:
941:
79:) or stuffing, for the purpose of display or study. Animals are often, but not always, portrayed in a lifelike state. The word
1667:
1450:"Anthropomorphic taxidermy and the death of nature: The curious art of Hermann Ploucquet, Walter Potter and Charles Waterton"
1232:
837:
519:
167:
displays. Unlike meat harvesting, taxidermy does not require killing an animal that could have otherwise remained alive.
1311:
340:
83:
describes the process of preserving the animal, but the word is also used to describe the end product, which are called
850:(1854–1937), American zoologist, conservationist, and taxidermist who was the first director of what is now called the
841:
572:
1542:
1714:
1085:
An
Annotated Bibliography on Preparation, Taxidermy, and Collection Management of Vertebrates with Emphasis on Birds
432:." Apart from the simulations of human situations, he had also added examples of bizarrely deformed animals such as
324:. However, the art of taxidermy remained relatively undeveloped, and the specimens remained stiff and unconvincing.
222:
2307:
1964:
1028:
880:
821:
281:
35:
1007:
577:
1643:
1750:
931:
699:
321:
2080:
1621:
605:
and in some cases, artificial teeth, jaws, tongue, or for some birds, artificial beaks and legs can be used.
171:
use taxidermy as a method to record species, including those that are extinct and threatened, in the form of
866:
847:
526:
441:
2508:
1134:
265:
164:
1359:
551:
and composite mounts where two or more animals are spliced together. (e.g.; sideshow gaffs of conjoined "
2513:
876:
831:
2447:
1449:
1434:
863:, taxidermist, and artist who was the first female naturalist to obtain and taxidermy her own specimens
2518:
2503:
2456:
2431:
1406:
925:
643:
310:
234:
76:
744:
732:
2388:
2151:
2498:
1472:
1213:
921:
664:
456:
226:
31:
671:
is becoming increasingly prevalent. Reproduction mounts are commonly created for (among others)
1941:
495:
490:
In the early 20th century, taxidermy was taken forward under the leadership of artists such as
405:
320:
and Montague Brown. Ward established one of the earliest taxidermy firms, Rowland Ward Ltd. of
2289:
2086:
1979:
1575:
1382:
1338:
1291:
1264:
1238:
1205:
1110:
1089:
980:
668:
277:
211:
2380:
2279:
1464:
1376:
1285:
1258:
1195:
954:
902:
399:
386:
347:
2126:
1491:
30:
This article is about practice of stuffing and mounting animals. For field of biology, see
2477:
2460:
2366:"The ornithological cabinet of Jean-Baptiste Bécoeur and the secret of the arsenical soap"
2334:
1811:
613:
581:
494:, James L. Clark, William T. Hornaday, Coleman Jonas, Fredrick, and William Kaempfer, and
484:
425:
1742:
1334:
Taxidermy Vol.10 Collecting Specimens – The Collection and Displaying Taxidermy Specimens
467:, known for her Siamese twin squirrels and flying monkeys partaking in human activities.
2244:
873:, and taxidermist who discovered many new species and authored many notable publications
654:
986:
911:
856:
646:
that destroy wool sweaters and fur coats and that infest grains and flour in pantries.
631:
540:
370:
359:
285:
175:
and life-size mounts. Taxidermy is sometimes also used as a means to memorialize pets.
160:
95:
2470:
844:(1959–), retired British taxidermist, known for his restorations of existing specimens
159:
under some circumstances. Taxidermy takes on a number of forms and purposes including
2492:
1287:
Manual of Taxidermy – A Complete Guide in Collecting and Preserving Birds and Mammals
1217:
1057:
975:
898:
894:
870:
704:
544:
480:
464:
414:
374:
337:
333:
1476:
1672:
1496:
1002:
992:
964:
716:
601:
336:, when mounted animals became a popular part of interior design and decor. English
317:
261:
245:
1571:
Taxidermy Art: A Rogue's Guide to the Work, the Culture, and How to Do It Yourself
244:
Preserving animal skins has been practiced throughout human history. For example,
1569:
1083:
2426:
1617:
937:
825:
815:
728:
684:
676:
639:
618:
533:
491:
440:. Potter's museum was so popular that an extension was built to the platform at
433:
257:
253:
128:
68:
2284:
2267:
1519:
1200:
1183:
731:
created by taxidermist Ken Walker that he constructed out of dyed and bleached
455:
Famous examples of modern anthropomorphic taxidermy include the work of artist
17:
2384:
1468:
1420:
860:
688:
626:
556:
510:
460:
420:
305:
148:
1983:
1209:
884:
851:
680:
536:
437:
391:
249:
203:
191:
156:
58:
2293:
2176:
2442:
1157:"Would You Like Your Pet Stuffed, Freeze-dried, or Cryonically Preserved?"
1648:
997:
969:
888:
448:
207:
195:
144:
2268:"Utility of hair shafts from study skins for mitochondrial DNA analysis"
1032:
532:
Rogue taxidermy (sometimes referred to as "taxidermy art") is a form of
428:, while the Kittens' Tea Party displayed feline etiquette and a game of
906:
720:
585:
515:
429:
395:
297:
199:
152:
132:
54:
2483:
1965:"Animal Magic; Sculpting Queer Encounters through Rogue Taxidermy Art"
413:
The best-known practitioner in this genre was the English taxidermist
1707:"The Renaissance of Handcrafts and Fine Arts Celebrates Dark Culture"
915:
708:
635:
351:
187:
183:
168:
72:
715:
Re-creation mounts are accurate life-size representations of either
252:
incorporates lifelike poses, it is not considered taxidermy. In the
2204:"Exotic, Extinct, and On Display: Robert Clark's Take on Taxidermy"
1260:
Taxidermy Vol.12 Tanning – Outlining the Various Methods of Tanning
928:, known for its furniture and household items made of animal parts
752:
698:
672:
653:
612:
571:
552:
509:
474:
404:
369:
221:
136:
50:
40:
140:
1904:
1127:"Life After Death: Extinct Animals Immortalized With Taxidermy"
707:, created with the wings and feathers of an extant variety of
703:
A taxidermy re-creation of an extinct ancestral bird species,
284:
in particular, that taxidermy became a more serious practice.
1082:
Stephen P. Rogers; Mary Ann Schmidt; Thomas Gütebier (1989).
115:
110:
104:
99:
1841:"Head of Goat, Tail of Fish, More Than a Touch of Weirdness"
1188:
Collections: A Journal for Museum and Archives Professionals
2465:
1934:"Rogue Taxidermy Artists Who Create Imaginative Sculptures"
972:, internationally known purveyor of taxidermy located Paris
940:(1918–1971), the first African American taxidermist at the
780:
2. Animal is Skinned. Notes on internal organs are recorded
891:
who organized the US's first scientific expedition in 1801
2453:
1777:"The Curious Occurrence Of Taxidermy In Contemporary Art"
621:
damage to a freeze-dried taxidermy mount of a rattlesnake
296:
in France, rediscovered Bécœur's taxidermy process using
280:
business. It was around the same time, with the work of
1668:"Rogue Taxidermy, at the crossroads of art and wildlife"
1403:"John Hancock: A Biography by T. Russell Goddard (1929)"
2341:. Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University
2056:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 25 October 2017.
1029:"Learning to Look: Taxidermy in Museums – MSU Museum"
658:
Reproduction mount of a rhinoceros made of fiberglass
2231:
2229:
1927:
1925:
1312:"11 Things You Probably Didn't Know About Taxidermy"
264:. The earliest methods of preservation of birds for
1263:. Read Books Limited. 26 August 2016. pp. 3–.
918:, ornithologist, and taxidermy collector and trader
2243:. Colchester & Ipswich Museums. Archived from
2017:"Chimaera Taxidermy – The Weird and the Wonderful"
1610:"Crave Profile: Sarina Brewer and Rogue Taxidermy"
1184:"The History of Taxidermy: Clues for Preservation"
804:4. Completed study skin is labeled with a data tag
47:Rahmat International Wildlife Museum & Gallery
1972:Gender Forum: Internet Journal for Gender Studies
525:For the album by folk punk band Days N Daze, see
300:soap and made it known through an article in the
1807:"Women Are Dominating the Rogue Taxidermy Scene"
924:(1848–1912), British taxidermist and founder of
256:, crude examples of taxidermy were displayed by
248:have been found with Egyptian mummies. Although
182:. They may practice professionally, catering to
514:An example of rogue taxidermy in the form of a
459:, who gained international attention with her "
276:By the 18th century, a majority of towns had a
989:, a sideshow performer preserved via taxidermy
548:
313:supporting sewn-on cured skins soon followed.
198:). A taxidermist is aided by familiarity with
27:Stuffing and mounting dead animals for display
1868:
1866:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1661:
1659:
834:(1863–1948), 19th-century British taxidermist
828:, taxidermist, and inventor of arsenical soap
727:A famous example of a re-creation mount is a
178:A person who practices taxidermy is called a
8:
2044:
2042:
1783:. David Winton Bell Gallery. 23 January 2016
289:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2010:
2008:
818:(1864–1926), the father of modern taxidermy
576:Two examples of traditional skin-mounts, a
463:" sculpture series, and the work of artist
385:In the late 19th century, a style known as
332:The golden age of taxidermy was during the
1736:
1734:
1732:
679:, and large saltwater species such as the
2283:
1644:"HuffPost is now a part of Verizon Media"
1543:"Stuffed Squirrels Fight for High Prices"
1537:
1535:
1199:
960:Conservation and restoration of taxidermy
302:Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle
2177:"World Taxidermy Competition categories"
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1435:"Morbid Outlook – Memento Mori Animalia"
1115:. C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 242, 243.
1051:
1049:
2364:Rookmaaker, L. C.; et al. (2006).
2152:"Identifying Museum Insect Pest damage"
1800:
1798:
1020:
758:
45:Primate and pachyderm taxidermy at the
2157:. National Park Service. November 2008
1549:. Kovels Auction House. 2 October 2013
1088:. Carnegie Museum of Natural History.
87:or referred to simply as "taxidermy".
2266:Kurihara, Nozomi (11 February 2013).
2202:Rowell, Meloday (14 September 2014).
240:Tanning and early stuffing techniques
124:translates to "arrangement of skin".
7:
2060:from the original on 26 October 2017
2027:from the original on 19 January 2018
1819:from the original on 11 October 2017
1705:Lundy, Patricia (16 February 2016).
901:British creator of iconic whimsical
625:An increasingly popular trend is to
292:Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
229:'s taxidermy kit, private collection
127:Taxidermy is practiced primarily on
2082:Still Life: Adventures in Taxidermy
1993:from the original on 2 October 2017
1873:Gyldenstrom, Freja (17 June 2017).
1381:. Read Books Limited. pp. 8–.
1155:Pierce, Jessica (January 5, 2012).
2183:. Breakthrough Magazine, Inc. 2015
2110:(documentary film). Century Films.
2106:Morgan Mathews (director) (2005).
1932:Evans, Hayley (22 February 2016).
1909:The Taxidermy Art of Sarina Brewer
1757:from the original on 11 April 2016
869:(1845–1929), American naturalist,
25:
1741:Langston, Erica (30 March 2016).
270:René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur
151:) but can also be done to larger
2441:
2079:Melissa Milgrom (8 March 2010).
1905:"The History of Rogue Taxidermy"
1875:"Mortality and Taxidermy in Art"
1851:from the original on 29 May 2015
1805:Voon, Claire (14 October 2014).
1457:Victorian Literature and Culture
1284:C. J. Maynard (25 August 2017).
983:, example of a taxidermied human
797:
785:
773:
761:
172:
2471:Methods in the Art of Taxidermy
2339:Bird Collections Bulletin Board
2272:Genetics and Molecular Research
2015:Leggett, David (7 April 2017).
1940:. Scene 360 LLC. Archived from
1839:Topcik, Joel (3 January 2005).
1490:Morris, Pat (7 December 2007).
1361:Methods in the art of taxidermy
1337:. Tobey Press. 26 August 2016.
1231:Mantagu Browne (31 July 2015).
879:(1741–1827), American painter,
1608:Rivera, Erica (8 April 2016).
792:3. Skin is stuffed with cotton
1:
2085:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
768:1. Measurements are collected
743:A study skin is a taxidermic
520:Zoological Museum, Copenhagen
417:, whose most famous work was
409:Taxidermy frogs playing pool.
75:'s body by mounting (over an
2432:Resources in other libraries
1881:. Culturised. Archived from
1666:Ode, Kim (15 October 2014).
1364:. Philadelphia: David McKay.
1182:Péquignot, Amandine (2006).
1112:The American Boys Handy Book
1109:Daniel Carter Beard (1890).
116:
105:
2373:Archives of Natural History
1963:Niittynen, Miranda (2015).
1743:"When Taxidermy Goes Rogue"
1062:Online Etymology Dictionary
2535:
2285:10.4238/2013.November.11.1
2108:Taxidermy: Stuff the World
2023:. CataWiki Auction House.
1448:Henning, Michelle (2007).
1375:Leon Pray (31 July 2015).
1201:10.1177/155019060600200306
524:
268:were published in 1748 by
232:
111:
100:
36:Taxidermy (disambiguation)
29:
2484:Free Taxidermy School.Com
2427:Resources in your library
2385:10.3366/anh.2006.33.1.146
2312:Queensland Museum Network
1469:10.1017/S1060150307051704
1008:Taxidermy art and science
366:Anthropomorphic taxidermy
109:(order, arrangement) and
1751:National Audubon Society
1163:. Sussex Publishers, LLC
555:" animals and mounts of
419:The Death and Burial of
266:natural history cabinets
2050:"Dead Animals into Art"
1574:. Artisan. p. 14.
1568:Robert Marbury (2014).
867:Charles Johnson Maynard
848:William Temple Hornaday
527:Rogue Taxidermy (album)
442:Bramber railway station
288:, a taxidermist at the
147:, and less commonly on
2314:. The State Queensland
1520:"Mr Potter of Bramber"
1358:Davie, Oliver (1900).
1290:. Read Books Limited.
859:(1831–1881), American
712:
659:
622:
588:
568:Traditional skin-mount
549:anthropomorphic mounts
522:
487:
410:
382:
290:
230:
165:natural history museum
61:
34:. For other uses, see
2127:"Feeze Dry Taxidermy"
1237:. Read Country Book.
877:Charles Willson Peale
832:Harry Ferris Brazenor
702:
657:
616:
575:
513:
478:
408:
373:
225:
44:
2450:at Wikimedia Commons
1421:"Taxidermy Articles"
926:Rowland Ward Limited
914:(1807–1873), French
824:(1718–1777), French
822:Jean-Baptiste Bécœur
810:Notable taxidermists
438:four-legged chickens
282:Jean-Baptiste Bécœur
235:History of taxidermy
94:is derived from the
2247:on 19 November 2015
2214:on October 14, 2014
2208:National Geographic
1670:. Variety section.
1620:LLC. Archived from
1131:National Geographic
745:zoological specimen
518:, exhibited in the
194:), or as amateurs (
2476:2010-10-31 at the
2459:2021-06-24 at the
1944:on 18 October 2017
1845:The New York Times
1717:on 12 January 2017
1624:on 1 December 2016
922:James Rowland Ward
887:, naturalist, and
713:
660:
650:Reproduction mount
623:
609:Freeze-dried mount
589:
523:
488:
483:and calf diorama,
411:
383:
231:
227:Theodore Roosevelt
186:and sportspeople (
62:
32:Taxonomy (biology)
2446:Media related to
2413:Library resources
2092:978-0-547-48705-2
1938:illusion magazine
1885:on 3 October 2017
1581:978-1-57965-558-7
1388:978-1-4733-7688-5
1344:978-1-4733-5354-1
1297:978-1-4733-3900-2
1270:978-1-4733-5355-8
1244:978-1-4733-7689-2
1095:978-0-911239-32-4
1056:Harper, Douglas.
981:Negro of Banyoles
881:Revolutionary War
695:Re-creation mount
669:catch and release
71:of preserving an
16:(Redirected from
2526:
2445:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2387:. Archived from
2370:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2335:"Relaxing Skins"
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2278:(4): 5396–5404.
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2241:ciMuseums.org.uk
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2210:. Archived from
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2123:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2012:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1879:culturised.co.uk
1870:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1781:Brown University
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1738:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1713:. Archived from
1702:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1605:
1586:
1585:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1518:Ketteman, Tony.
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1405:. Archived from
1399:
1393:
1392:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1203:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1161:Psychology Today
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1133:. Archived from
1123:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1031:. Archived from
1025:
955:Bird collections
801:
789:
777:
765:
619:dermestid beetle
434:two-headed lambs
400:Great Exhibition
348:Great Exhibition
328:Taxidermy as art
295:
246:embalmed animals
161:hunting trophies
119:
114:
113:
108:
103:
102:
85:taxidermy mounts
21:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2489:
2488:
2480:by Oliver Davie
2478:Wayback Machine
2461:Wayback Machine
2438:
2437:
2436:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2358:Further reading
2355:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2333:Rogers, Steve.
2332:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2131:freezedryco.com
2125:
2124:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1704:
1703:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1607:
1606:
1589:
1582:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1012:
950:
932:Raymond Douglas
903:anthropomorphic
838:James Dickinson
812:
805:
802:
793:
790:
781:
778:
769:
766:
741:
697:
652:
611:
582:Blue Wildebeest
570:
565:
530:
508:
506:Rogue taxidermy
485:Manitoba Museum
473:
387:anthropomorphic
368:
330:
242:
237:
220:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Rogue taxidermy
15:
12:
11:
5:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2468:
2463:
2454:Taxidermy.blog
2451:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:External links
2405:
2404:
2403:
2379:(1): 146–158.
2359:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2325:
2299:
2258:
2225:
2194:
2168:
2143:
2113:
2098:
2091:
2071:
2038:
2004:
1955:
1921:
1896:
1862:
1830:
1794:
1768:
1728:
1711:Dirge magazine
1686:
1655:
1635:
1587:
1580:
1560:
1531:
1510:
1492:"Animal magic"
1482:
1463:(2): 663–678.
1440:
1426:
1412:
1409:on 2013-12-14.
1394:
1387:
1367:
1350:
1343:
1324:
1303:
1296:
1276:
1269:
1250:
1243:
1223:
1194:(3): 245–255.
1174:
1147:
1118:
1101:
1094:
1074:
1045:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
987:Julia Pastrana
984:
978:
973:
967:
962:
957:
951:
949:
946:
945:
944:
935:
929:
919:
912:Jules Verreaux
909:
892:
874:
864:
857:Martha Maxwell
854:
845:
835:
829:
819:
811:
808:
807:
806:
803:
796:
794:
791:
784:
782:
779:
772:
770:
767:
760:
740:
737:
696:
693:
651:
648:
632:vapor pressure
610:
607:
569:
566:
564:
561:
507:
504:
472:
469:
367:
364:
360:Queen Victoria
329:
326:
286:Louis Dufresne
241:
238:
233:Main article:
219:
216:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2531:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Death customs
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Taxidermy.Net
2464:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2406:
2394:on 2016-03-04
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:"Study Skins"
2232:
2230:
2226:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2182:
2181:Taxidermy.net
2178:
2172:
2169:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2072:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:. 9 May 2013.
1651:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1561:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1137:on 2015-07-16
1136:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1075:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1035:on 2023-12-16
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
977:
976:Green hunting
974:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
947:
943:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
923:
920:
917:
913:
910:
908:
904:
900:
899:Victorian era
897:(1835–1918),
896:
895:Walter Potter
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:
872:
871:ornithologist
868:
865:
862:
858:
855:
853:
849:
846:
843:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
826:ornithologist
823:
820:
817:
814:
813:
809:
800:
795:
788:
783:
776:
771:
764:
759:
757:
754:
749:
746:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
706:
705:Archaeopteryx
701:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
656:
649:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
620:
615:
608:
606:
603:
597:
593:
587:
583:
579:
574:
567:
562:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
545:Sarina Brewer
542:
538:
535:
528:
521:
517:
512:
505:
503:
499:
497:
493:
486:
482:
477:
470:
468:
466:
465:Sarina Brewer
462:
458:
453:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
416:
415:Walter Potter
407:
403:
401:
397:
393:
388:
380:
379:Rabbit School
376:
375:Walter Potter
372:
365:
363:
361:
355:
353:
349:
344:
342:
339:
338:ornithologist
335:
334:Victorian era
327:
325:
323:
319:
314:
312:
307:
303:
299:
294:
293:
287:
283:
279:
274:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
236:
228:
224:
217:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
120:(skin). Thus
118:
107:
97:
96:Ancient Greek
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2514:Animal death
2417:
2396:. Retrieved
2389:the original
2376:
2372:
2343:. Retrieved
2338:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2311:
2302:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2249:. Retrieved
2245:the original
2240:
2216:. Retrieved
2212:the original
2207:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2180:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:
2107:
2101:
2081:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2053:
2029:. Retrieved
2020:
1995:. Retrieved
1975:
1971:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:the original
1937:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1883:the original
1878:
1853:. Retrieved
1844:
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1810:
1785:. Retrieved
1780:
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1746:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:the original
1710:
1677:. Retrieved
1673:Star Tribune
1671:
1647:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:the original
1613:
1570:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1546:
1523:. Retrieved
1513:
1502:. Retrieved
1497:The Guardian
1495:
1485:
1460:
1456:
1443:
1429:
1415:
1407:the original
1397:
1377:
1370:
1360:
1353:
1333:
1327:
1316:. Retrieved
1314:. 2012-11-13
1306:
1286:
1279:
1259:
1253:
1233:
1226:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1165:. Retrieved
1160:
1150:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:the original
1130:
1121:
1111:
1104:
1084:
1077:
1065:. Retrieved
1061:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1023:
1003:Skull mounts
993:Plastination
965:Dermestarium
942:Field Museum
750:
742:
724:
714:
661:
644:fabric moths
624:
602:polyurethane
598:
594:
590:
531:
500:
489:
471:20th century
454:
446:
418:
412:
384:
378:
356:
345:
341:John Hancock
331:
318:Rowland Ward
315:
301:
275:
262:apothecaries
243:
179:
177:
126:
121:
91:
89:
84:
80:
64:
63:
2519:Visual arts
2504:Handicrafts
2308:"Taxidermy"
2251:13 December
2218:13 December
2187:13 December
1787:24 November
1761:24 November
1679:12 December
1628:12 December
1618:CraveOnline
1614:CraveOnline
1058:"taxidermy"
938:Carl Cotton
816:Carl Akeley
739:Study skins
729:giant panda
685:blue marlin
617:Example of
534:mixed media
492:Carl Akeley
457:Adele Morse
402:in London.
350:of 1851 in
311:wire bodies
258:astrologers
254:Middle Ages
180:taxidermist
173:study skins
129:vertebrates
2493:Categories
2398:2015-12-31
2345:7 November
2161:7 November
2064:19 January
2031:19 January
1997:19 January
1948:19 January
1914:19 January
1889:19 January
1855:19 January
1823:19 January
1721:3 November
1553:12 October
1547:Kovels.com
1525:2009-02-14
1504:2009-02-14
1318:2017-09-13
1141:2015-07-16
1039:2023-10-10
1015:References
905:taxidermy
861:naturalist
733:black bear
689:rhinoceros
665:fiberglass
627:freeze-dry
557:jackalopes
541:figurative
461:Stoned Fox
421:Cock Robin
322:Piccadilly
306:upholstery
149:amphibians
2499:Taxidermy
2448:Taxidermy
2418:Taxidermy
2054:CBC Radio
1984:1613-1878
1978:: 14–34.
1378:Taxidermy
1218:191989601
1210:1550-1906
883:veteran,
852:Bronx Zoo
681:swordfish
537:sculpture
496:Leon Pray
398:, at the
392:Stuttgart
298:arsenical
250:embalming
204:sculpture
196:hobbyists
157:arachnids
122:taxidermy
92:taxidermy
90:The word
81:taxidermy
65:Taxidermy
59:Indonesia
2474:Archived
2457:Archived
2294:24301912
2058:Archived
2025:Archived
2021:CataWiki
1988:Archived
1849:Archived
1817:Archived
1755:Archived
1649:HuffPost
1500:. London
1477:59405158
998:Skinning
970:Deyrolle
948:See also
916:botanist
907:dioramas
889:polymath
885:inventor
449:dioramas
346:For the
208:painting
145:reptiles
77:armature
2318:22 June
1747:Audubon
1167:2 March
1067:17 July
721:extinct
640:beetles
586:Namibia
563:Methods
516:griffin
479:Mother
430:croquet
396:Germany
381:, 1930s
278:tannery
218:History
212:tanning
200:anatomy
192:fishers
188:hunters
184:museums
169:Museums
153:insects
133:mammals
67:is the
55:Sumatra
2415:about
2292:
2089:
1982:
1578:
1475:
1385:
1341:
1294:
1267:
1241:
1216:
1208:
1092:
717:extant
709:grouse
636:vacuum
426:slates
352:London
210:, and
98:words
73:animal
2392:(PDF)
2369:(PDF)
2155:(PDF)
2136:5 May
1991:(PDF)
1968:(PDF)
1473:S2CID
1453:(PDF)
1214:S2CID
753:borax
735:fur.
673:trout
584:from
553:freak
481:moose
137:birds
117:derma
112:δέρμα
106:taxis
101:τάξις
51:Medan
2347:2017
2320:2018
2290:PMID
2253:2016
2220:2016
2189:2016
2163:2017
2138:2017
2087:ISBN
2066:2018
2033:2018
1999:2018
1980:ISSN
1950:2018
1916:2018
1891:2018
1857:2018
1825:2018
1812:Vice
1789:2017
1763:2017
1723:2016
1681:2016
1630:2016
1576:ISBN
1555:2017
1383:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1206:ISSN
1169:2017
1090:ISBN
1069:2010
683:and
677:bass
642:and
580:and
578:Lion
436:and
260:and
190:and
163:and
155:and
141:fish
2381:doi
2280:doi
1465:doi
1196:doi
842:MBE
719:or
377:'s
69:art
2495::
2377:33
2375:.
2371:.
2337:.
2310:.
2288:.
2276:12
2274:.
2270:.
2239:.
2228:^
2206:.
2179:.
2129:.
2116:^
2052:.
2041:^
2019:.
2007:^
1986:.
1976:55
1974:.
1970:.
1936:.
1924:^
1907:.
1877:.
1865:^
1847:.
1843:.
1815:.
1809:.
1797:^
1779:.
1753:.
1749:.
1745:.
1731:^
1709:.
1689:^
1658:^
1646:.
1616:.
1612:.
1590:^
1545:.
1534:^
1494:.
1471:.
1461:35
1459:.
1455:.
1212:.
1204:.
1190:.
1186:.
1159:.
1129:.
1060:.
1048:^
840:,
675:,
444:.
394:,
214:.
206:,
202:,
143:,
139:,
135:,
57:,
53:,
49:,
2401:.
2383::
2349:.
2322:.
2296:.
2282::
2255:.
2222:.
2191:.
2165:.
2140:.
2095:.
2068:.
2035:.
2001:.
1952:.
1918:.
1893:.
1859:.
1837:"
1827:.
1791:.
1765:.
1725:.
1683:.
1632:.
1584:.
1557:.
1528:.
1507:.
1479:.
1467::
1437:.
1423:.
1391:.
1347:.
1321:.
1300:.
1273:.
1247:.
1220:.
1198::
1192:2
1171:.
1144:.
1098:.
1071:.
1042:.
711:.
529:.
131:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
