784:
1019:
844:
1965:
391:
1975:
61:
1077:. Rojas invoked the notion of a "Third Force" in society that could stand up to the "odious politicians" and "oligarchs" of the historic Liberal and Conservative Parties, by uniting the armed forces and organized labor. His efforts to formalize this "Third Force" into a political party were not successful.
762:
told me: "Well, given the facts, there is no remedy in this case other than to accept it." I told them, "I think you should be the first to offer your support." I took the two of them to Rojas and I surprised him by saying: "Dr. Ospina and Dr. Urdaneta have come to offer you their support, aware that
1000:
were both running for office. Rojas seemed to be winning the elections until a nationwide malfunction of communication systems happened. After these were restored, the votes had already been counted. The results were very close, giving a slight margin in favor of
Pastrana Borrero. The supporters of
651:(at the time, an agency of the Ministry of War). It was there where he presented his project for airports in Colombia under the title "Landing Strips in Colombia," which served as a dissertation for his promotion to colonel of the Army; he would subsequently bring this initiative into being with the
827:
Rojas enacted legislation that gave women the right to vote. He introduced television and constructed several hospitals and universities and the
National Astronomic Observatory. He was also a strong supporter of public works and infrastructure, promoting and conducting projects such as the Atlantic
691:
who was elected in 1950. Gómez was highly unpopular with
Liberals, and even many Conservatives did not trust him to stem the escalating violence. Rojas himself belonged to the "Ospinist" camp, as evidenced by his promotion by Ospina over other officers with longer service time. On December 3, 1949,
757:
I told Rojas... "there is no choice but for you to assume power, otherwise anarchy will reign." I opened the door of the office where Dr. Ospina and Dr. Urdaneta were speaking, and I told them: "I have come to tell you that
General Rojas has just assumed the Presidency of the Republic." Dr. Ospina
1110:
inspiration, causing the
Liberal and Conservative oligarchies to unite to overthrow him and establish the National Front. With ANAPO, he emphasized the social dimension , attracting various left-wing groups — yet his attitude towards electoral fraud was rather timid and the birth of M-19 was more
815:
Initially, the Rojas government hewed a moderately-conservative line, and he appointed many
Ospinists to his cabinet. Nevertheless, he earned the confidence of many Liberals when he announced amnesty for political prisoners and guerillas, and promised to lift censorship restrictions that had been
866:
The
Liberals, on the other hand, viewed Rojas' rule as increasingly authoritarian. His promises of freedom of the press were not kept, and Liberal newspapers critical of the government were again shuttered. Rojas established a national radio station which consisted mostly of government-sponsored
752:
and, with Gómez nowhere to be found, offered power to interim president
Urdaneta. Urdaneta, however, refused to take power without Gómez's resignation. At this point, Rojas and the coup plotters hesitated, apparently unsure of their next course of action. The testimony of Minister of War Pabón,
854:
The government's development programs alienated certain members of the industrial and mercantile sectors, who were especially displeased with the higher taxes that were imposed to fund the president's projects. Rojas' detractors compared his "demagogic" economic programme to the rule of
2064:
636:, in order to obtain necessary machinery for munitions production in Bogotá. On his return to Colombia, he was named chief of the factory's technical department. In 1943, he visited the United States to secure weapons and other material, this time in the form of
1094:, who attacked the parliamentary establishment and supported the interest of small business owners and the lower middle class. Rojas attacked the ruling elite, and especially the Conservative government of Guillermo León Valencia, as corrupt and cronyistic.
811:
of
Colombia from 1953 to 1954, when he was officially designated President of Colombia . The National Constituent Assembly, by its Legislative Act Number 1 of 1953, appointed him as President of Colombia without a popular election.
686:
The ascension of Rojas in the military occurred during a schism in the ruling
Conservative Party, between the moderate "Ospinists", supporters of the outgoing president, and the "Laureanists", supporters of the extreme right-wing
1105:
He came to power with the support of the Liberals and the Ospinist Conservatives against Laureanism, and with very close relations with the United States. However, once in power, he forged his own program (the Third Force) of
916:
Shortly after making his bid for reelection, Lleras and the Liberals called for a general strike starting on May 6, demanding Rojas resignation. On the morning of May 10, Rojas announced that he would cede power to a
1005:
of fraud. The case was brought before the Electoral Court, which ruled in favor of Pastrana Borrero on July 15, 1970, certifying him as President of Colombia. This alleged electoral fraud led to the formation of the
185:
1329:
775:, solidifying Rojas' assumption of power. The coup was supported by the Ospinist Conservatives as well as Liberals, who hoped that Rojas would reestablish peace and political order in the nation.
1244:, trans. Mariano Ospina Pérez, a man of action and principles; Universidad Nacional; Fundación de Estudios Históricos, Misión Colombia; Editorial El Globo, S.A.; Page 151; Bogotá, Colombia; 1991
1515:
1182:
1137:
671:. There, he gained major recognition in the country for having managed to appease the rebellion that happened in this region as a consequence of the assassination of the popular leader
586:, he was promoted to lieutenant in the army. He became dissatisfied with the army and in 1924 he requested permission to retire from active service. He continued his education at
1623:
1065:
Though Rojas was himself a Conservative, his rule drew support from both sides of the Colombian political spectrum. His regime was characterized by populism, influenced by the
647:
During this period, Rojas Pinilla also served as director of the Artillery School (from 1942) and assistant director of the School of War (from 1944). In 1945, he was named as
137:
909:
in July 1956, signing a memorandum committing both their factions to "a return to juridical normalcy." Over the course of several months, figures like Ospina, Urdaneta, and
726:, who was serving as interim president while Gómez took a leave of ill health. When Gómez returned to office, he ordered the immediate removal of Rojas; the Minister of War
901:
Through the armed forces, Rojas communicated that he planned to rule for at least one more president term, until 1962. As opposition to his regime deepened, Liberal leader
1266:, trans. Mariano Ospina Pérez, the Presidente; Cámara de Comercio de Medellín para Antioquia; Imprenta Universidad de Antioquia; Page 146; Medellín, Colombia; June 2001,
2069:
1698:
925:, General Rafael Navas, General Luis E. Ordóñez, General Deogracias Fonseca and Admiral Rubén Piedrahita. The junta ruled until 1958, when a plebiscite re-adopted the
829:
517:
2024:
2019:
833:
978:
597:
Returning to Colombia, he started taking part in the construction of highways and other works of engineering, managing the construction of the highway from
575:
354:
715:. Rojas took offense at the overseas posting, which he interpreted as an intentional slight on Gómez's part, and returned to Colombia in September 1952.
539:. However, Rojas Pinilla and his supporters alleged that the election had been fraudulent and illegitimate; the results caused ANAPO supporters to form
1284:
1823:
1807:
1571:
1507:
1086:
was crystallized by opposition to the National Front agreement. It drew from Peronism (which suffered a similar setback in Argentina after Peron was
867:
Catholic propaganda. Thousands of radios were distributed across the country, but these radios could only tune to the government-controlled station,
625:, a port city that was believed to be vulnerable to Peruvian attack. Buenaventura never came under attack, but the war concluded that year with the
1179:
1129:
2049:
1163:
708:
621:. Recommissioned as a captain, he was posted to the 1st Artillery Group in Bogotá. In 1933, being assigned to command the coastal batteries of
828:
railway, the hydroelectric dam of Lebrija, and the oil refinery of Barrancabermeja. He also allied himself with organized labor, forming the
1691:
962:
946:
1057:, a successor party to ANAPO and M-19. Samuel Moreno, along with his brother Iván, would be arrested and charged with corruption in 2011.
837:
1508:"BOGOTA SMASHES ATTEMPTED COUP; Four Members of Colombian Junta Are Kidnapped but 5th Suppresses Rising BOGOTA CRUSHES A POLICE REVOLT"
1253:
1946-1950 De La Unidad Nacional a la Hegemonia Conservadora, Hernán Jaramillo Ocampo, Editorial Pluma, Printer Colombiana, Bogotá, 1980
783:
2044:
1619:
874:
From 1955, the Colombian economy began to struggle, as the price of coffee fell on the international market and the country entered a
648:
949:
from going forward with an attempted coup d'état. The coup ultimately failed, and Lleras assumed power as the first president of the
2054:
1271:
887:
945:. Loyalists to Rojas opposed the military junta's plan to turn over control to a civilian government, and attempted to prevent the
1593:
520:, implementing infrastructure programs, and extending female suffrage. He was forced to step down due to public pressure in 1957.
2039:
1927:
2029:
1968:
1684:
1292:
1042:
986:
652:
618:
532:
1725:
1978:
926:
475:
969:
opposition party. He came in fourth, but his result was nonetheless declared invalid due to him being a former coup leader.
531:, the power-sharing agreement which the Conservatives and Liberals had brokered after he had been deposed. He contested the
1917:
1755:
1038:
804:
336:
1227:
1301:
723:
676:
489:
891:
2034:
1947:
1054:
879:
738:
At this point, Ospina resolved to move decisively against Gómez. The former president contacted Rojas, who was at his
571:, he studied at the Tunja School of Presentation and earned a secondary degree at the Normal School of Tunjasu Leiva.
488:, the period of civil strife in Colombia during the late 1940s and early 1950s that saw infighting between the ruling
1937:
1877:
1743:
1050:
792:
2009:
1871:
1853:
1791:
1737:
1553:; trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda Edición; Page 223; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983
1540:, trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda Edición; Page 243; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983
1497:, trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda Edición; Page 227; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983
1426:, trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda Edición; Page 225; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983
1413:, trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda Edición; Page 226; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983
1397:, trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda Edición; Page 263; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983
1384:, trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda Edición; Page 216; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983
1356:, trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda Edición; Page 217; Bogotá, Colombia; 1983
910:
848:
683:. On October 11, 1949, he was promoted to Lieutenant General and on October 19 assigned to the Army General Staff.
672:
590:
in the United States, where he obtained a degree in civil engineering in 1927 while working the assembly line at a
632:
In 1936, he became the lead engineer of the army's ammunition factory; that same year, he was sent as an envoy to
2059:
1819:
1803:
1087:
950:
922:
704:
563:, on March 12, 1900, to Julio Rojas Jiménez and his wife, Hermencia Pinilla Suárez. Spending his youth in Tunja,
528:
524:
468:
305:
123:
871:. Rojas also established a national gun permit system, making it more difficult for Colombians to obtain a gun.
1668:
719:
128:
1651:
1098:
913:
all joined the "Pact of Benidorm," pledging to oppose Rojas' intended reelection by the Constituent Assembly.
692:
Rojas was appointed as Minister of Posts and Telegraphs. in the government of President Mariano Ospina Pérez.
505:
315:
748:, on June 13, 1953. Rojas, who had been waiting for the situation to erupt, took the Caldas Battalion to the
1865:
1829:
1761:
997:
680:
536:
497:
493:
221:
764:
1859:
1847:
1813:
1767:
1563:
1018:
1007:
1002:
902:
622:
540:
2014:
1889:
1797:
1707:
1658:
860:
513:
478:
73:
1773:
1451:
1161:
2004:
1999:
821:
771:
Shortly after the bloodless coup was consolidated, it emerged that Gómez had fled with his family to
583:
560:
273:
1731:
1046:
977:
582:
as a cadet in 1917, graduating as a second lieutenant in 1920. In 1923 while serving in Manizales,
598:
1923:
1883:
1321:
1045:
as the leader of ANAPO, on an explicitly socialist platform. His grandson through María Eugenia,
989:
he ran again for the presidency, with a populist platform. He was defeated by a narrow margin by
938:
591:
544:
1907:
1835:
1313:
1267:
1034:
808:
796:
767:
began to applaud and all the people applauded and thus Rojas was elected, very democratically.
749:
688:
614:
501:
437:
294:
158:
111:
1895:
1785:
1779:
1305:
1030:
700:
641:
587:
406:
358:
290:
1186:
1167:
990:
942:
875:
868:
843:
1913:
847:
Rojas' cabinet included the first woman appointed to such a position, Education Minister
996:
The presidential election of April 19, 1970, was difficult and controversial. Rojas and
1901:
1091:
918:
883:
759:
745:
718:
In 1952, he was ascended to General of the Army and appointed as Chief of Staff of the
696:
564:
373:
791:
Rojas was the first president of Colombia to assume power through a coup d'état since
1993:
1943:
1933:
1325:
1070:
895:
856:
800:
772:
2065:
Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1436:
727:
1749:
633:
626:
485:
448:
31:
663:
In 1946, now a colonel, Rojas was nominated as commander of the First Brigade in
1023:
965:
Rojas ran for the first time as the presidential candidate of his newly created
509:
816:
imposed on the press. Almost immediately, Liberal guerillas began to surrender
712:
637:
442:
349:
1317:
17:
1074:
753:
corroborated by Urbaneta, described the confusion of the next few minutes:
579:
60:
1309:
1676:
1107:
1066:
906:
568:
396:
763:
you have assumed the presidency." Rojas didn't know what to do. General
905:
met with the exiled Conservative Laureano Gómez in the Spanish city of
799:, and the first to hold power with an active military commission since
471:
424:
35:
535:
but was defeated by the National Front candidate, Conservative lawyer
1001:
Rojas challenged the results and accused the government of President
1130:"Gustavo Rojas Pinilla Dies at 74; Dictator of Colombia in 1953-57"
1101:
summed up Rojas' shifting ideological position and support bases:
1017:
976:
966:
842:
782:
740:
664:
602:
574:
After graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1917, he entered the
512:. Seeking to reduce political violence, he ruled the country as a
496:
guerillas, and was named to the cabinet of Conservative President
269:
1180:
Gustavo Rojas Pinilla Dies at 74; Dictator of Colombia in 1953-57
730:, an ally of Rojas, resigned rather than comply with the order.
668:
556:
504:
against Ospina's successor as president, the extreme right-wing
1680:
882:. The Rojas government was also embroiled in scandal after the
629:, which recognized Colombia's claim to the disputed territory.
1437:
Cambridge History of Latin America 8. Latin America Since 1930
937:
After resigning the presidency, Rojas went into exile in the
675:
on April 9, 1948, for which he was honoured by the incumbent
824:
called the whole turn of events a “coup of public opinion”.
695:
In 1951, he was nominated as a delegate for Colombia to the
543:
guerilla movement, which would contribute to the country's
1242:
Mariano Ospina Pérez, Un Hombre de Acción y de Principios
787:
Rojas Pinilla announcing his assumption of the presidency
859:
in Argentina. Opposition from the Conservatives and the
667:
and in 1948 was named commander of the Third Brigade in
613:
In 1932, Rojas returned to the Army as Colombia went to
481:
in a military dictatorship from June 1953 to May 1957.
484:
Rojas Pinilla gained prominence as a colonel during
1714:
1620:"Los secretos presidenciales de la CIA en Colombia"
832:, or CNT, as an independent alternative to the two
430:
420:
412:
402:
384:
379:
369:
348:
326:
311:
301:
280:
256:
251:
237:
227:
217:
184:
174:
164:
154:
136:
117:
105:
71:
51:
467:(12 March 1900 – 17 January 1975) was a Colombian
1440:. Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996. p. 625
993:, but alleged that this was the result of fraud.
1594:"Corruption Charges Bolster Colombia Opposition"
1090:) as well as the ideas of French trade unionist
1405:
1403:
1228:"El golpe de Rojas y el poder de los militares"
1103:
929:; Lleras was elected president that same year.
755:
42: and the second or maternal family name is
1692:
1157:
1155:
474:, civil engineer and politician who ruled as
8:
1222:
1368:La paz, la violencia, testigos de excepción
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1974:
1699:
1685:
1677:
1640:
1464:"Radio classes help priest whip commies".
1111:than anything a reaction to his passivity.
59:
48:
1370:. Bogotá, Colombia: Planeta. p. 114.
886:was accused of negligence, in an episode
863:forced Rojas to shutter the CNT in 1955.
1285:"The Colombian Army in Korea, 1950–1954"
1037:, on January 17, 1975. Rojas' daughter,
547:in the second half of the 20th century.
138:General Commander of the Military Forces
1121:
1283:Coleman, Bradley Lynn (October 2005).
1140:from the original on November 11, 2018
27:19th President of Colombia (1953–1957)
2070:Burials at Central Cemetery of Bogotá
2025:National Popular Alliance politicians
1574:from the original on January 22, 2023
1518:from the original on January 18, 2023
527:(ANAPO) in 1961 in opposition to the
7:
2020:Colombian people of Spanish descent
1264:Mariano Ospina Pérez, El Presidente
941:, under the protection of dictator
921:of five military officers: General
500:. In 1953, he mounted a successful
206: – 7 August 1950
150:31 May 1953 – 13 June 1953
830:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo
649:Director General of Civil Aviation
576:José María Córdova Military School
355:José María Córdova Military School
25:
94: – 10 May 1957
1973:
1964:
1963:
707:, then attached to the American
389:
186:Minister of Posts and Telegraphs
1626:from the original on 2023-01-18
1335:from the original on 2016-03-03
1293:The Journal of Military History
1043:1974 Colombian general election
703:, and as such he inspected the
2050:Leaders who took power by coup
1230:(in Spanish). January 7, 2022.
555:Rojas was born in the city of
1:
1479:"Colombia has killing wave".
1080:After leaving power in 1957,
838:Conservative-dominated unions
1302:Society for Military History
34:, the first or paternal
1549:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio;
1536:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio;
1493:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio;
1422:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio;
1409:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio;
1393:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio;
1380:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio;
1352:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio;
1055:Alternative Democratic Pole
333:Gustavo Emilio Rojas Correa
2086:
1738:Manuel Antonio Sanclemente
1049:, would go on to serve as
878:, forcing a loan from the
876:balance of payments crisis
805:Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
760:markedly Antioquian accent
533:1970 presidential election
523:Rojas Pinilla founded the
337:María Eugenia Rojas Correa
29:
2045:Colombian civil engineers
1959:
1665:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1483:. Associated Press. 1955.
1468:. Associated Press. 1961.
1053:as part of the left-wing
724:Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez
525:National Popular Alliance
458:
306:National Popular Alliance
247:
243:José Tomás Angulo Lourido
233:José Vicente Dávila Tello
198:3 December 1949
191:
143:
79:
67:
58:
2055:Leaders ousted by a coup
720:Armed Forces of Colombia
551:Early life and education
359:Tri-State Normal College
2040:Trine University alumni
1872:Alfonso López Michelsen
1866:Misael Pastrana Borrero
1854:Guillermo León Valencia
1762:Carlos Eugenio Restrepo
1756:Ramón González Valencia
1564:"COLOMBIA: Third Force"
1551:Gobernantes Colombianos
1538:Gobernantes Colombianos
1495:Gobernantes Colombianos
1452:ADIDA, 50 años de lucha
1424:Gobernantes Colombianos
1411:Gobernantes Colombianos
1395:Gobernantes Colombianos
1382:Gobernantes Colombianos
1354:Gobernantes Colombianos
1262:Ocampo Marín , Héctor;
1166:2 December 2020 at the
998:Misael Pastrana Borrero
911:Guillermo León Valencia
849:Josefina Valencia Muñoz
537:Misael Pastrana Borrero
516:, allying himself with
2030:Presidents of Colombia
1860:Carlos Lleras Restrepo
1848:Alberto Lleras Camargo
1820:Alfonso López Pumarejo
1814:Eduardo Santos Montejo
1804:Alfonso López Pumarejo
1708:Presidents of Colombia
1481:Marshfield News Herald
1449:Benavides L, Eduardo.
1240:Lozano, Miguel Angel;
1113:
1029:Rojas Pinilla died in
1026:
1008:19th of April Movement
1003:Carlos Lleras Restrepo
982:
923:Gabriel París Gordillo
903:Alberto Lleras Camargo
892:Gabriel García Márquez
851:
788:
769:
709:21st Infantry Regiment
180:Hernando Camilo Zuniga
86:13 June 1953
1890:Virgilio Barco Vargas
1842:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
1798:Enrique Olaya Herrera
1744:José Manuel Marroquín
1659:President of Colombia
1652:Laureano Gómez Castro
1366:Arturo Alape (1985).
1310:10.1353/jmh.2005.0215
1067:policies and rhetoric
1021:
981:Rojas Pinilla in 1972
980:
861:Roman Catholic Church
846:
793:José Manuel Marroquín
786:
689:Laureano Gómez Castro
514:military dictatorship
506:Laureano Gómez Castro
479:President of Colombia
465:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
413:Years of service
316:Carola Correa Londoño
74:President of Colombia
53:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
1830:Mariano Ospina Pérez
1792:Miguel Abadía Méndez
795:in 1900, during the
681:Mariano Ospina Pérez
673:Jorge Eliécer Gaitán
498:Mariano Ospina Pérez
222:Mariano Ospina Pérez
1768:José Vicente Concha
1732:Miguel Antonio Caro
1300:(4). Project Muse (
1047:Samuel Moreno Rojas
1039:María Eugenia Rojas
1022:A bust of Rojas in
341:Carlos Rojas Correa
2035:Colombian generals
1924:Juan Manuel Santos
1884:Belisario Betancur
1878:Julio César Turbay
1774:Marco Fidel Suárez
1644:Political offices
1598:The New York Times
1512:The New York Times
1466:The Daily Register
1193:, 19 January 1975
1191:The New York Times
1185:2018-11-11 at the
1134:The New York Times
1099:Daniel García-Peña
1027:
983:
939:Dominican Republic
852:
789:
758:got up and with a
733:
705:Colombia Battalion
127:(President of the
2010:People from Tunja
1987:
1986:
1675:
1674:
1666:Succeeded by
1570:. June 25, 1956.
1088:forced from power
973:Elections of 1970
957:Elections of 1962
927:1886 constitution
809:military dictator
797:Thousand Days War
728:Lucio Pabón Núñez
653:El Dorado Airport
588:Tri-State College
545:insurgency unrest
462:
461:
438:Colombia-Peru War
365:
322:
320:(1930–1975)
16:(Redirected from
2077:
2060:Colombian exiles
1977:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1786:Pedro Nel Ospina
1701:
1694:
1687:
1678:
1649:Preceded by
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1600:. August 4, 1964
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1560:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1504:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1447:
1441:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1197:
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1136:. Jan 18, 1975.
1126:
1041:, contested the
1014:Death and legacy
987:election of 1970
963:election of 1962
807:in 1867. He was
711:fighting in the
642:Second World War
615:war against Peru
395:
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1908:Andrés Pastrana
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1051:Mayor of Bogotá
1016:
991:Misael Pastrana
975:
959:
943:Rafael Trujillo
935:
933:Post-presidency
869:Radio Sutatenza
820:. Liberal poet
781:
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640:aid during the
611:
609:Military career
553:
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1902:Ernesto Samper
1899:
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1836:Laureano Gómez
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1092:Pierre Poujade
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947:1958 elections
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919:military junta
884:Colombian Navy
822:Darío Echandía
780:
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490:Conservatives
487:
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267:12 March 1900
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170:Régulo Gaitán
169:
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147:
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135:
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125:
124:Gabriel París
122:
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104:
83:
78:
75:
70:
66:
62:
57:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Rojas Pinilla
2015:Rojas family
1948:2022–present
1914:Álvaro Uribe
1841:
1750:Rafael Reyes
1726:Rafael Núñez
1717:presidencies
1657:
1628:. Retrieved
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1597:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1567:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1511:
1502:
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1489:
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1431:
1423:
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1389:
1381:
1376:
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1361:
1353:
1348:
1337:. Retrieved
1297:
1291:
1278:
1263:
1258:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1195:(in English)
1190:
1175:
1142:. Retrieved
1133:
1124:
1104:
1096:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1064:
1028:
995:
984:
960:
936:
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873:
865:
853:
826:
817:
814:
790:
770:
765:Berrío Muñoz
756:
739:
737:
717:
694:
685:
677:Conservative
662:
659:La Violencia
646:
634:Nazi Germany
631:
627:Rio Protocol
623:Buenaventura
612:
596:
573:
554:
522:
486:La Violencia
483:
464:
463:
449:La Violencia
447:
431:Battles/wars
286:(1975-01-17)
239:Succeeded by
193:
176:Succeeded by
145:
119:Succeeded by
81:
43:
39:
32:Spanish name
2005:1975 deaths
2000:1900 births
1910:(1998–2002)
1904:(1994–1998)
1898:(1990–1994)
1892:(1986–1990)
1886:(1982–1986)
1880:(1978–1982)
1874:(1974–1978)
1868:(1970–1974)
1862:(1966–1970)
1856:(1962–1966)
1850:(1958–1962)
1844:(1953–1957)
1838:(1950–1953)
1832:(1946–1950)
1816:(1938–1942)
1800:(1930–1934)
1794:(1926–1930)
1788:(1922–1926)
1782:(1921–1922)
1776:(1918–1921)
1770:(1914–1918)
1764:(1910–1914)
1758:(1909–1910)
1752:(1904–1909)
1746:(1900–1904)
1740:(1898–1900)
1734:(1894–1898)
1728:(1887–1894)
734:Coup d'etat
510:martial law
508:, imposing
502:coup d'état
363:(BCE, 1927)
229:Preceded by
166:Preceded by
107:Preceded by
1994:Categories
1934:Iván Duque
1663:1950–1953
1630:2023-01-18
1339:2014-02-18
1116:References
1097:Historian
1071:Juan Perón
888:chronicled
857:Juan Perón
803:overthrew
779:Presidency
713:Korean War
701:Washington
679:President
638:Lend Lease
443:Korean War
385:Allegiance
370:Profession
350:Alma mater
297:, Colombia
276:, Colombia
263:1900-03-12
210:1950-08-07
202:1949-12-03
98:1957-05-10
90:1953-06-13
1938:2018–2022
1928:2010–2018
1918:2002–2010
1824:1942–1946
1808:1934–1938
1326:159487629
1318:0899-3718
1075:Argentina
617:over the
594:factory.
218:President
194:In office
155:President
146:In office
82:In office
72:26th
1969:Category
1624:Archived
1572:Archived
1516:Archived
1330:Archived
1183:Archived
1164:Archived
1138:Archived
1108:Peronist
1061:Ideology
1024:Medellín
907:Benidorm
818:en masse
569:Arcabuco
397:Colombia
327:Children
30:In this
1604:Jan 22,
1578:Jan 22,
1522:Jan 17,
1083:Rojismo
985:In the
961:In the
834:Liberal
494:Liberal
472:general
425:General
208: (
200: (
96: (
88: (
44:Pinilla
36:surname
1324:
1316:
1270:
1144:May 6,
1035:Tolima
1031:Melgar
746:Melgar
619:region
584:Caldas
580:Bogotá
567:, and
561:Boyacá
394:
312:Spouse
295:Tolima
291:Melgar
274:Boyacá
1333:(PDF)
1322:S2CID
1288:(PDF)
967:ANAPO
741:finca
665:Tunja
603:Socha
599:Belén
270:Tunja
40:Rojas
1979:List
1606:2023
1580:2023
1568:TIME
1524:2023
1314:ISSN
1268:ISBN
1146:2019
836:and
669:Cali
592:Ford
557:Ohio
541:M-19
492:and
476:19th
469:army
421:Rank
407:Army
281:Died
257:Born
1306:doi
1073:in
1069:of
894:in
890:by
880:IMF
744:in
722:by
699:in
601:to
578:in
38:is
1996::
1622:.
1596:.
1566:.
1510:.
1402:^
1328:.
1320:.
1312:.
1298:69
1296:.
1290:.
1201:^
1189:,
1154:^
1132:.
1033:,
1010:.
953:.
898:.
840:.
655:.
644:.
605:.
559:,
293:,
272:,
1950:)
1946:(
1940:)
1936:(
1930:)
1926:(
1920:)
1916:(
1826:)
1822:(
1810:)
1806:(
1700:e
1693:t
1686:v
1633:.
1608:.
1582:.
1526:.
1342:.
1308::
1170:.
1148:.
265:)
261:(
212:)
204:)
131:)
100:)
92:)
46:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
