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660:. Most large roller coasters have the ability to run two or more trains at once, and the block system prevents these trains from colliding. In this system, the track is divided into two or more sections known as blocks. Only one train is permitted in each block at any given time. There is a section of track at the end of each block where a train can be stopped if necessary, such as preventing dispatch from the station, stopping a lift, or applying brakes. Sensors detect when a train passes so that the system's computer is aware of which blocks are occupied. If a train attempts to enter an occupied block, the stopping mechanisms in all blocks are engaged.
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1195:, is a roller coaster specifically designed for younger riders. Following World War II, parks began pushing for more of them to be built in contrast to the height and age restrictions of standard designs at the time. Companies like Philadelphia Toboggan Company (PTC) developed scaled-down versions of their larger models to accommodate the demand. These typically featured lift hills smaller than 25 feet (7.6 m), and still do today. The rise of kiddie coasters soon led to the development of "junior" models that had lift hills up to 45 feet (14 m). A notable example of a junior coaster is the
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857:, which utilize a mixture of wood and steel elements for the track and structure. Many, for example, have a track made out of steel and a support structure made from wood. RMC has notably redesigned wood coasters that have either deteriorated from age or been deemed by parks as too costly to maintain. RMC often replaces the wood track with their patented steel I-Box track design, while reusing much of the ride's wooden structure, resulting in a smoother ride with the incorporation of new design elements, such as inversions, sharper turns, and steeper drops.
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mechanical restraints, there is no feeling of physical or sound of clicks from the restraint being locked in place. Most modern day roller coasters have sensors that are used to make sure each restraint is locked. If all the restraints are locked, it will send a signal to the ride computer letting it know that it is clear for dispatch. If all restraints are not locked, the train will not be able to move out of the station until each restraint is locked.
683:(PLC), an essential component of a roller coaster's computer system. Multiple PLCs work together to detect faults associated with operation and automate decisions to engage various elements (e.g. lift, brakes, etc.). Periodic maintenance and visual inspection by ride engineers are also important to verify that structures and materials are within expected wear tolerances and functioning correctly. Effective operating procedures further enhance safety.
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704:(40–60 m s) as a maximum for positive g-force acceleration, which increases the feeling of weight and pushes riders downward into their seat. For negative g-force, or the feeling of weightlessness, the target is 1.5–2Gs (15–20 m s) as a maximum. These fall into a range considered safe to a majority of the population. Lateral acceleration is also typically kept under 2Gs using various techniques including the banking of curves.
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818:. Steel coasters have tubular steel tracks, and compared to wooden coasters, they are typically known for offering a smoother ride and their ability to turn riders upside-down. Wooden coasters have flat steel tracks, and are typically renowned for producing "air time" through the use of negative G-forces when reaching the crest of some hill elements. Newer types of track, such as I-Box and Topper introduced by
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333:, in 1884. Passengers climbed to the top of a platform and rode a bench-like car down the 600-foot (183 m) track up to the top of another tower where the vehicle was switched to a return track and the passengers took the return trip. This track design was soon replaced with an oval complete circuit. In 1885, Phillip Hinkle introduced the first full-circuit coaster with a
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167:. It had a trail with five hills which can be covered with ice in winter. In the summer time the trails used trolleys on wheels secured in the steel grooves mounted on the wooden trails. Due to a pendulum-like motion based on inertia all five hills could be traversed in one ride. The ride was engineered by Russian scientist
719:(IAAPA) reports that a rider has one chance in 15.5 million of being injured on a ride. Also, "In a typical year, more than 385 million guests enjoyed in excess of 1.7 billion rides at approximately 400 North American fixed-site facilities". IAAPA is required to report annual ride incidents to the National Safety Council.
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and in grooves to keep it on its right direction, and it descends with a wonderful rapidity. Under the hill, is a machine worked by horses for drawing the carriages back again, with the company in them. Such a work as this would have been enormous in most countries for the labour and expense in cost,
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You will observe that there are five mounts of unequal height: the first and the highest is full thirty feet perpendicular altitude; the momentum with which they descend this carries them over the second, which is about five or six feet lower, just sufficient to allow for the friction and resistance;
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in 2005 as the tallest roller coaster in the world with a height of 456 feet (139 m). Top Thrill
Dragster closed in 2021 following a serious incident in which a bracket came off the top of the ride and hit a woman in the head while she was waiting in line. The woman did not die, and she reached
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Braking systems such as pivoting pawls are used on the bottom of the train and on the inclined lift hill. While the cart goes up the lift hill, it is usually pulled by a chain. The pawl moves over bumps that are separated closely apart. In the event that the train ever becomes disconnected from the
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Wheels are a critical part in rollercoaster design. The purpose of wheels is to keep the train on the track and to prevent it from flying off. A majority of roller coaster wheels are made from polyurethane. There are 3 kinds of roller coaster wheels which include road wheels, side friction wheels,
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to enhance ride comfort and avoid harmful strain to the rider. Ride designers must carefully analyze the movement a ride subjects its riders to, ensuring it is within a reasonable tolerance. The human body needs sufficient time to react to sudden changes in force in order to control muscle tension
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safety mechanisms are used within the restraints. Mechanical restraints use a system known as a ratchet and pawl. When riding a roller coaster with a ratchet and pawl system, the sound of clicks can be heard when pulling down the restraint. Hydraulic restraints use a piston and cylinder. Unlike
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in the 1930s, however, significantly impacted the amusement park industry and brought an end to the rapid growth experienced during the Golden Age. This aside, roller coasters were still built with varying success from location to location. In May 1932, the Scene
Railway witnessed somewhat of a
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as well as the vast quantity of wood used in it. At the same place, there is another artificial mount which goes in a spiral line, and in my opinion, for I have tried it also, is very disagreable; as it seems always leaning on one side, and the person feels in danger of falling out of seat.
393:, the tubular track was unlike standard rail design on wooden coasters, allowing the track to bend in sharper angles in any direction, leading to the incorporation of loops, corkscrews, and inversion elements into track layouts. A little more than a decade later, the immediate success of
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Modern roller coasters are constantly evolving to provide a variety of different experiences. More focus is being placed on the position of riders in relation to the overall experience. Traditionally, riders sit facing forward, but newer variations such as
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and a half in length, are made of wood, that may be used in summer as well as in winter. The process is, two of four persons fit in a little carriage and one stands behind, for more there are in it the greater the swiftness with which it goes; it runs on
442:. It is said to have originated from an early American design where slides or ramps were fitted with rollers over which a sled would coast. This design was abandoned in favor of fitting the wheels to the sled or other vehicles, but the name endured.
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and up-stop wheels. Road wheels ride on top of the track. Side friction wheels ride on the side of the track to keep the train on the track throughout turns. Up-stop wheels ride below the track and prevent the train from lifting off the track.
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that carries passengers on a train through tight turns, steep slopes, and other elements usually designed to produce a thrilling experience. Trains consist of open cars connected in a single line, and the rides are often found in
483:, the roller coaster is referred as "mountain-and-valley railway". German knows the word "Achterbahn", stemming from "Figur-8-Bahn", like Dutch "Achtbaan", relating to the form of the number 8 ("acht" in German and also Dutch).
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242:, opened in Parc Beaujon in Paris on July 8, 1817 had wheeled cars securely locked to the track, guide rails to keep them on course, and higher speeds. It spawned half a dozen imitators, but their popularity soon declined.
341:, which became the most popular attraction at Coney Island. Not to be outdone, in 1886 Thompson patented his design of roller coaster that included dark tunnels with painted scenery. "Scenic railways" were soon found in
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361:. Over the next decade, roller coasters spread to amusement parks around the world and began an era in the industry often referred to as the "Golden Age". One of the most well known from the period is the historical
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A Letter to the Right
Reverend the Lord Bishop of Durham: Containing Some Observations on the Climate of Russia and the Northern Countries, with a View of the Flying Mountains at Zarsko Sello Near St. Petersbourg
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where the riders lie facing forward and down with their chests and feet strapped in. Other ways of enhancing the experience involve removing the floor beneath passengers riding above the track, as featured in
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121:. Built in the 17th century, the slides were built to a height of between 21 and 24 m (70 and 80 feet), had a 50-degree drop, and were reinforced by wooden supports. Later, in 1784,
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Restraints are another critical aspect to roller coaster safety. Roller coasters usually have two different types: Over-the-shoulder-restraints and lap bar restraints. With both, either
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then took off down gently rolling hills to the floor. The inventors of this ride, Stephen E. Jackman and Byron B. Floyd, claim that they were the first to use the term "roller coaster".
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Several height classifications have been used by parks and manufacturers in marketing their roller coasters, as well as enthusiasts within the industry. One classification, the
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and so on to the last, from which they are conveyed by a gentle descent, with nearly same velocity, over a piece of water into a little island. These slides, which are about a
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Some sources have shown concern over the ability of roller coasters to cause head trauma and serious injury such as the tearing of axons and damaging of blood vessels.
600:. A properly-designed, outdoor track will result in a train having enough kinetic energy to complete the entire course under a variety of stressful weather conditions.
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The oldest roller coasters are believed to have originated from the so-called "Russian
Mountains", specially constructed hills of ice located in the area that is now
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A strata coaster is a type of roller coaster with a height or drop of at least 400 feet (120 m). As with the other two height classifications, the term
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chain, the anti roll-back system will engage and it will fall back into the nearest downhill stop preventing the train from falling down the lift hill.
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A giga coaster is a type of roller coaster with a height or drop of at least 300 feet (91 m). The term was coined during the construction of the
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261:, "Russian Mountains of Belleville" with 656 feet (200 m) of track laid out in a double-eight, later enlarged to four figure-eight-shaped loops.
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in 1972 sparked a new era of roller coaster enthusiasm, which led to a resurgence across the amusement park industry over the next several decades.
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at the end of the circuit is the most common method of stopping a roller coaster train as it returns to the station. One notable exception is a
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was first introduced by Cedar Point with the release of Top Thrill
Dragster, a 420-foot-tall (130 m) roller coaster that opened in 2003.
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in 2011. Many in the industry, however, continue to classify coasters strictly by their track type only, labeling them either steel or wood.
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In 2006, NASA announced that it would build a system using principles similar to those of a roller coaster to help astronauts escape the
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a settlement with Cedar Point amusement park in 2023. The ride was subsequently refurbished and modified, and it reopened in 2024 as
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are capable of reaching greater speeds using less track when compared to traditional coasters that rely on a conventional lift hill.
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4021:"Settlement reached after Michigan woman hurt in 2021 Top Thrill Dragster accident at Cedar Point: Read a statement from the park"
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3288:, Weigand, Frank K.; Black, Alan & Drobnis, Nick, "Ride attraction anti-roll back system", issued 1998-02-10
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in 1989. Hypercoasters have become one of the most predominant types of roller coasters in the world, now led by manufacturers
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1222:, occasionally stylized as hyper coaster, is a type of roller coaster with a height or drop of at least 200 feet (61 m).
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Roller coasters are statistically very safe when compared to other activities, but despite all the safety measures in place,
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Not all coasters feature a lift hill, however. A train may also be set into motion by a launch mechanism such as a flywheel,
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In many languages, the name refers to "Russian mountains". Contrastingly, in
Russian, they are called "Американские горки" (
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4047:"Cedar Point's Top Thrill 2 will replace Top Thrill Dragster coaster, with second 420-foot tower and 120 mph top speed"
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822:(RMC), improve the ride experience on wooden coasters, lower maintenance costs, and add the ability to invert riders.
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4100:"Six Flags unveils world's tallest, fastest roller coaster that sends riders speeding 150 mph off a 600-foot cliff"
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Tracks are typically built and designed as a complete circuit in which trains depart from and return to the same
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Valérie RANSON-ENGUIALE, " Promenades aériennes ", Histoire par l'image , consulté le 26 Mai 2017. URL :
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National Safety
Council (August 2021). "North America Fixed-Site Amusement Ride Injury Survey, 2020 Update".
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An exa coaster is a type of roller coaster with a height or drop of at least 600 feet (180 m). The term
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mentioned that some
Englishmen visiting Russia called them "Flying Mountains" and described them as follows:
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was first introduced by
Intamin for Falcon's Flight, a 640-foot (200 m) coaster expected to open at
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models position the rider in different ways to change the experiences. A flying model, for example, is a
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Although the term wasn't widely used or accepted until the 21st century, one of the oldest examples is
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Kuo, Calvin; Wu, Lyndia C.; Ye, Patrick P.; Laksari, Kaveh; Camarillo, David B.; Kuhl, Ellen (2017).
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1199:– the oldest operating roller coaster from PTC's legendary designer John Allen – which opened at
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89:, reverses at some point throughout the course of the ride to traverse the same track backwards.
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launch pad in an emergency, although this has since been scrapped along with the rest of the
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The Roller
Coaster Lover's Companion: A Thrill Seeker's Guide to the World's Best Coasters
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is the world's tallest roller coaster and is the second strata coaster in the world after
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obtained one of the first known patents for a roller coaster design in 1885, based on the
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461:-like sled was raised to the top of a track which consisted of hundreds of rollers. This
163:(Катальная гора, literally "Mountain for riding") It was a huge building in the shape of
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is used for roller coasters in Japan, where such amusement park rides are very popular.
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4453:– Information, statistics and photos for over 3700 roller coasters throughout the world
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2199:, a steel inverted coaster, is located at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, United States.
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Roller coaster design is another important aspect that requires a working knowledge of
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in October 2024. Upon completion, it will be the tallest roller coaster in the world.
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A variety of safety mechanisms protect riders on roller coasters. One of these is the
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3184:"Pilot Findings of Brain Displacements and Deformations during Roller Coaster Rides"
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was dismantled in 1792–1795. Currently in its place is the Granite Terrace in the
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3521:"State of the Arts: A New Kind of Wooden Coaster Twists and Turns at Cedar Point"
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4149:"World's tallest, longest & fastest rollercoaster to debut in Saudi Arabia"
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389:, the first permanent roller coaster to use a tubular steel track. Designed by
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Chris Sheedy (2007-01-07). "Icons – In the Beginning... Roller-Coaster".
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3995:"National Roller Coaster Day: Ten incredible records for every thrill seeker"
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5057:
4637:
4608:
2721:
Originally built in 2003 by Intamin and later renovated by Zamperla in 2024.
2623:
2536:
2502:
2375:
is the first steel inverted coaster in Pennsylvania, located at Hersheypark.
2123:
1996:
1960:
1669:
1574:
1467:
1181:
1095:
796:
619:
581:
376:. Today it is one of only two scenic railways still in operation in the UK.
334:
125:
is said to have constructed a sledding hill in the gardens of her palace at
5338:
4486:
Magic Mountain Announces ‘Twisted’ Plans for Iconic Colossus Roller Coaster
3217:
2230:
Lightning Racer at Hersheypark is a racing, dueling roller coaster made by
1151:
445:
Another explanation is that the phrase originated from a ride located in a
4715:
3199:
66:
around the world. Roller coasters first appeared in the 17th century, and
6158:
6093:
5623:
5308:
5197:
4354:
Russia and Europe in the Nineteenth Century - Edward Strachan, Roy Bolton
2619:
2463:
2338:
2082:
1650:
1455:
634:
593:
573:
458:
326:
4262:
Roller Coasters: A Thrill Seeker's Guide to the Ultimate Scream Machines
3362:
International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions Orlando, FL
2850:
Roller Coasters: A Thrill Seeker's Guide to the Ultimate Scream Machines
5918:
5658:
5613:
5403:
5112:
5082:
2582:
2119:
2011:
1981:
1762:
1745:
1716:
1686:
1646:
1508:
1400:
1328:
1263:
1247:
804:
757: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
701:
527: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
298:
In 1827, a mining company in Summit Hill, Pennsylvania constructed the
181:
45:, is the world's second-oldest operating roller coaster, built in 1912.
580:
Roller coaster trains are not typically powered. Most are pulled up a
6163:
6123:
5963:
5603:
5202:
5187:
5087:
3274:. Espoo, Finland: Aalto University School of Engineering. p. 11.
2303:
outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States was built in 1920.
2087:
2077:
1426:
800:
630:
186:
4462:
3320:
2826:"First roller coaster in America opens - Jun 16, 1884 - HISTORY.com"
1096:
Chain-lift/cable lift/Elevator lift/Ferris Wheel lift roller coaster
3916:"Carowinds reopens Fury 325 rollercoaster, closed for over a month"
159:
royal residence was built in 1754–1757. In Russian it was known as
5213:
4496:
4197:
Roller Coaster: Wooden and Steel Coasters, Twisters and Corkscrews
3590:
2871:
Roller Coaster: Wooden and Steel Coasters, Twisters and Corkscrews
1498:
1354:
1172:
1150:
1128:
846:
824:
790:
554:
410:
263:
219:
213:
203:
131:
36:
3431:
Throgmorton, Todd H.; Throgmorton, Samantha K. (April 30, 2016).
1180:
The tallest coaster in the world, the 456-foot tall (139 m)
306:
used to deliver coal to Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania – now known as
6189:
5958:
5177:
3524:
2265:
in Brooklyn, New York was built in 1927 and refurbished in 1975.
2071:
1596:. It is not typically classified as a strata coaster due to its
5217:
4948:
4719:
4500:
4243:
The Incredible Scream Machine: A History of the Roller Coaster
2626:
is the tallest roller coaster to use a traditional chain lift.
1877:(acquired by Huss Trading Corporation, formed into Arrow-Huss)
1230:
in 1984, was the first to break this barrier, though the term
726:
496:
3973:
3955:
3937:
3897:
3349:. Worcester, MA: Worcester Polytechnic Institute. p. 11.
2246:
This all-wooden roller coaster, built in 1951, dominates the
1849:
Alton Towers (Alton, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom)
4588:
3989:
3987:
3879:
3861:
912:
717:
International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions
3843:
3545:
238:
had wheels attached to carriages and locked on tracks. The
3404:
Coasters 101: An Engineer's Guide to Roller Coaster Design
3304:
Fairgrounds and amusement parks: Guidance on safe practice
2505:
outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US was built in 1968.
2218:
before being refurbished into a hybrid steel-wood coaster.
3546:"Cyclone - Luna Park (Brooklyn, New York, United States)"
3232:"Griffin Schobel - Rollercoaster Restraint System (2019)"
3009:
http://www.histoire-image.org/etudes/promenades-aeriennes
1282:, both have also produced roller coasters in this class.
4073:"Watch the plunge from this new 325-foot roller coaster"
3770:"310-Foot-Tall "Giga-Coaster" Nears End of Construction"
2394:, at one point the highest and fastest coaster in Canada
249:
they returned to fashion. In 1887, Spanish entrepreneur
110:"Russian Mountains" redirects here. For other uses, see
4472:– Classic physics explained in terms of roller coasters
4351:
Sphinx Fine Art; Strachan, Edward; Bolton, Roy (2008).
3490:
3488:
2950:"Seven record-setting roller coasters around the world"
1931:(acquired by Michael Chance, formed into Chance Morgan)
1600:
design, where trains do not travel a complete circuit.
853:
A third classification type is often referred to as a
810:
Roller coasters are divided into two main categories:
367:
that opened at Coney Island in 1927. The onset of the
1592:, a 415-foot (126 m) coaster, opened in 1997 at
3956:"Red Force – Ferrari Land (Salou, Tarragona, Spain)"
2284:
was the only wooden coaster to have a vertical loop.
588:
accumulated by the rise in height is transferred to
6172:
5768:
5682:
5251:
4886:
4780:
4754:
4599:
4547:
4450:
3469:"What Is a Hybrid Wooden and Steel Roller Coaster?"
3463:
3461:
3731:
3729:
2773:"Roller coaster: Definition, History, & Facts"
226:Two roller-coasters were built in France in 1817.
4418:(Paperback). Createspace Independent Publishing.
4416:The 50 Most Terrifying Roller Coasters Ever Built
4276:Francis, David W.; Francis, Diane DeMali (2002).
3133:"NASA will build Rollercoaster for Ares I escape"
4123:"Six Flags Qiddiya eyes an October 2024 opening"
3158:"The link between roller coasters and headaches"
3039:. John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd. p. 10.
3020:"Roller Coaster History: Early Years In America"
2805:"Gravity switch-back railway; US patent# 332762"
1577:was the second strata coaster, and it opened at
880:became more prominent after the introduction of
372:revival in the UK, including the opening of the
3397:
3395:
584:by a chain or cable and released downhill. The
104:The Russian Mountains and the Aerial Promenades
4215:Brady, Matthew K.; Knight, David Alan (2001).
2577:A small roller coaster at a local festival in
700:. Designers typically stay in the range of 4–6
5229:
4960:
4731:
4512:
4491:National Roller Coaster Museum & Archives
3050:
3048:
3046:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
611:(LSM), hydraulic launch, or drive tire. Some
8:
438:There are several explanations for the name
4279:Ohio's Amusement Parks in Vintage Postcards
3406:(Paperback) (1st ed.). United States:
5236:
5222:
5214:
4967:
4953:
4945:
4738:
4724:
4716:
4519:
4505:
4497:
1781:
4172:"Intamin Reveals Falcon's Flight Details"
3207:
2697:List of theme park management video games
2322:in Elysburg, Pennsylvania, United States.
1213:Hypercoaster § List of hypercoasters
773:Learn how and when to remove this message
543:Learn how and when to remove this message
4414:Weisenberger, Nick (September 2, 2014).
3738:"Just How Tall Can Roller Coasters Get?"
3310:. November 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
3098:East England theme parks during COVID-19
2164:was the first strata coaster ever built.
1835:Nagashima Spa Land (Kuwana, Mie, Japan)
1721:
1602:
1284:
568:Video from inside a roller coaster car (
3712:"Coaster Landmark Award: Magnum XL-200"
3104:. 13 June 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
2895:
2893:
2891:
2733:
2714:
2098:
696:and avoid harmful consequences such as
4493:– Collection of historic ride vehicles
4481:3D Animated Roller Coaster in MS Excel
4459:– With links to the U.S. Patent office
3862:"Steel Dragon 2000-Nagashima Spa Land"
3135:. NASA Spaceflight.com. Archived from
383:introduced a design breakthrough with
5133:Roller Coaster Corporation of America
5013:China Metallurgical Group Corporation
4170:Stilwell, Andrew (14 November 2023).
3818:"Bolliger & Mabillard – Products"
2984:The Roller Coaster Lover's Companion;
2057:(formerly known as S&S Worldwide)
2044:Roller Coaster Corporation of America
1896:(defunct, reformed as Arrow Dynamics)
357:roller coaster had been developed by
151:) entertainment pavilion designed by
7:
6099:Sudden Impact! Entertainment Company
4698:
4304:Night+Day Mexico City - Pedro Romero
3974:"Orion – Kings Island (Mason, Ohio)"
3750:from the original on August 17, 2015
3257:Personal restraint hydraulic lock LE
2250:amusement park in Helsinki, Finland.
1234:was first coined by Cedar Point and
755:adding citations to reliable sources
687:Roller coaster design and statistics
525:adding citations to reliable sources
4246:(Paperback). Amusement Park Books.
4053:from the original on August 1, 2023
3442:McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers
2785:from the original on August 6, 2023
2752:from the original on August 6, 2023
1871:(defunct, merged with Chance Rides)
432:eighth longest steel roller coaster
424:Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom
4147:Malayil, Jijo (20 November 2023).
3736:Murphy, Mekado (August 17, 2015).
3496:"What Is A Hybrid Roller Coaster?"
3444:. pp. 21, 49, 116, 223, 231.
3434:Coasters: United States and Canada
3408:Createspace Independent Publishing
3347:Design Analysis of Roller Coasters
2659:, Revere Beach, Massachusetts, USA
1862:Major roller coaster manufacturers
958:Swinging mine train roller coaster
293:Scenic Railway (Dreamland Margate)
112:Russian Mountains (disambiguation)
25:
6039:Ride & Show Engineering, Inc.
5874:George Washington Gale Ferris Jr.
4386:Kensington Publishing Corporation
3131:Chris Bergin (November 3, 2006).
2962:Histoire et Dictionnaire de Paris
2939:The World's First Roller Coasters
1211:For a list of hypercoasters, see
232:Les Montagnes Russes à Belleville
6213:
6212:
4697:
4686:
4685:
4045:Glaser, Susan (August 1, 2023).
3657:"New Texas Giant Roller Coaster"
2649:
2631:
2612:
2605:Zator, Lesser Poland Voivodeship
2589:
2570:
2548:
2529:
2510:
2494:
2475:
2456:
2437:
2423:
2399:
2380:
2365:
2346:
2327:
2308:
2289:
2270:
2255:
2239:
2223:
2204:
2189:
2169:
2150:
2131:
2104:
1824:Top Speed: 149.1 mph (240 km/h)
1751:
1675:
1635:
1533:
1497:
1461:
1425:
1389:
1353:
1317:
731:
649:Safety mechanisms and technology
501:
422:(right), two roller coasters at
374:roller coaster at Great Yarmouth
349:Popularity, decline, and revival
4447:– History of the roller coaster
4264:. New York: Metrobooks. 14.
3898:"Leviathan-Canada's Wonderland"
3680:Meskil, Paul (August 6, 1989).
3633:"Roller Coaster Search Results"
3609:"Roller Coaster Search Results"
3591:"Arrow Dynamics - Coasterforce"
3376:"Amusement Ride Safety | IAAPA"
3121:. Retrieved on March 18, 2008.
3115:"Theme Park Review: Japan 2004"
3037:Sunday Life (Weekly Supplement)
2852:. New York: Metrobooks. 14.
2692:List of roller coaster rankings
2687:List of roller coaster elements
2466:, a spinning roller coaster at
2341:in Kaatsheuvel, The Netherlands
2141:, the world's first production
1807:Six Flags Great Adventure, USA
944:Fourth-dimension roller coaster
742:needs additional citations for
512:needs additional citations for
74:which opened a year earlier at
32:Roller coaster (disambiguation)
6024:Pretzel Amusement Ride Company
6009:Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters
5108:Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters
4378:Urbanowicz, Steven J. (2002).
4098:Cost, Ben (17 November 2023).
3844:"Millennium Force-Cedar Point"
3714:. American Coaster Enthusiasts
2982:Urbanowicz, Steven J. (2002).
2742:"Definition of roller coaster"
2356:splashing down into a pool at
2007:Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters
1810:Height: 456 feet (139 meters)
967:Mountain/Alpine roller coaster
872:, many of which were built by
300:Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway
259:Montagnes Russes de Belleville
153:Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli
27:Rail-based amusement park ride
1:
6064:S&S – Sansei Technologies
5138:S&S – Sansei Technologies
5023:Custom Coasters International
3661:Guide to Six Flags over Texas
3022:. Retrieved on July 26, 2007.
2055:S&S - Sansei Technologies
1923:Custom Coasters International
1590:Superman: Escape From Krypton
795:Cyclon roller coaster in the
681:programmable logic controller
679:Another key to safety is the
99:History of the roller coaster
57:employing a form of elevated
5791:B.A. Schiff & Associates
5158:B.A. Schiff & Associates
5068:Great Coasters International
3880:"Project 305-Kings Dominion"
1972:Great Coasters International
1900:B.A. Schiff & Associates
1262:, a roller coaster built by
1002:Virginia Reel roller coaster
977:Side friction roller coaster
479:, "American hills"). In the
313:Using this idea as a basis,
283:Side friction roller coaster
257:music hall, constructed the
218:The Promenades-Aériennes in
6195:Family entertainment center
5859:Frank Hrubetz & Company
5128:Rocky Mountain Construction
4330:The American Roller Coaster
3402:Weisenberger, Nick (2012).
3308:Health and Safety Executive
3057:The American Roller Coaster
2489:in Salou (Tarragona), Spain
2039:Rocky Mountain Construction
1883:(defunct, assets bought by
1203:in 1956 near Powell, Ohio.
1064:Out and back roller coaster
1054:Dual-tracked roller coaster
992:Steeplechase roller coaster
820:Rocky Mountain Construction
228:Les Montagnes de Belleville
209:Les Montagnes de Belleville
6270:
6244:17th-century introductions
5826:D. H. Morgan Manufacturing
5028:D. H. Morgan Manufacturing
5018:Clermont Steel Fabricators
4539:Roller coasters by country
4328:Rutherford, Scott (2004).
3345:Hunt, Kristen (May 2018).
3055:Rutherford, Scott (2004).
2358:Busch Gardens Williamsburg
2034:Ride Engineers Switzerland
1929:D. H. Morgan Manufacturing
1909:Bradley and Kaye (defunct)
1210:
870:mine train roller coasters
784:
493:Physics of roller coasters
490:
286:
280:
109:
96:
29:
6208:
4983:
4681:
4586:
4534:
4240:Cartmell, Robert (1987).
4151:. Interesting Engineering
3774:UltimateRollercoaster.com
3272:Design of Roller Coasters
2912:Chopin na rollercoasterze
2643:Six Flags Great Adventure
2320:Knoebels Amusement Resort
1852:Number of Inversions: 14
1682:Six Flags Great Adventure
1579:Six Flags Great Adventure
1378:306.8 feet (93.5 m)
1270:amusement park. Although
1186:Six Flags Great Adventure
1163:Six Flags Great Adventure
1084:Wild Mouse roller coaster
1020:Wild Mouse Roller Coaster
954:Mine train roller coaster
907:floorless roller coasters
171:. The Anglican clergyman
6134:Walt Disney Imagineering
6044:Ride Entertainment Group
5831:Dentzel Carousel Company
5801:Bolliger & Mabillard
5043:E&F Miler Industries
4998:Bolliger & Mabillard
4476:How Roller Coasters Work
4334:Motorbooks International
3999:guinnessworldrecords.com
3270:Väisänen, Antti (2018).
2676:Lists of amusement parks
1946:E&F Miler Industries
1905:Bolliger & Mabillard
1594:Six Flags Magic Mountain
1545:Bolliger & Mabillard
1473:Bolliger & Mabillard
1437:Bolliger & Mabillard
1375:318.3 feet (97.0 m)
1276:Bolliger & Mabillard
1244:Bolliger & Mabillard
1167:Bolliger & Mabillard
1049:Corkscrew roller coaster
1044:Boomerang roller coaster
997:Suspended roller coaster
962:Motorbike roller coaster
934:Floorless roller coaster
902:suspended roller coaster
613:launched roller coasters
609:linear synchronous motor
317:began work on a gravity
289:The Great Scenic Railway
287:Not to be confused with
119:Saint Petersburg, Russia
5849:Eyerly Aircraft Company
5776:Allan Herschell Company
5073:Allan Herschell Company
4451:Roller Coaster Database
4440:Roller Coaster Glossary
4199:. Edison, New Jersey:
4195:Bennett, David (1998).
3918:. WRAL. August 10, 2023
3113:Robb and Elissa Alvey.
2873:. Edison, New Jersey:
2869:Bennett, David (1998).
2778:Encyclopædia Britannica
2682:Fear of roller coasters
2560:Disney's Animal Kingdom
2416:Busch Gardens Tampa Bay
2412:inverted roller coaster
1869:Allan Herschell Company
1829:Longest Roller Coaster
1815:Fastest Roller Coaster
1801:Tallest Roller Coaster
1278:have not used the term
1145:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
1101:Launched roller coaster
1059:Figure 8 roller coaster
987:Stand-up roller coaster
982:Spinning roller coaster
972:Pipeline roller coaster
949:Inverted roller coaster
787:Roller coaster elements
428:Allentown, Pennsylvania
6074:Sanoyas Hishino Meisho
6019:Preston & Barbieri
5969:LaMarcus Adna Thompson
5143:Sanoyas Hishino Meisho
5123:Preston & Barbieri
5098:Martin & Vleminckx
4593:
4463:Roller Coaster Physics
4457:Roller Coaster Patents
4445:Roller Coaster History
4301:Romero, Pedro (2007).
4260:Coker, Robert (2002).
3188:Journal of Neurotrauma
2986:Kensington, New YorK:
2848:Coker, Robert (2002).
2558:, a roller coaster at
2023:Preston & Barbieri
2002:Martin & Vleminckx
1773:640 feet (200 m)
1700:456 feet (139 m)
1664:420 feet (130 m)
1188:
1170:
1148:
1106:Powered roller coaster
1079:Twister roller coaster
1074:Terrain roller coaster
1069:Shuttle roller coaster
1016:Zipline roller coaster
924:Bobsled roller coaster
850:
816:wooden roller coasters
807:
624:powered roller coaster
605:linear induction motor
577:
576:in Gothenburg, Sweden)
481:Scandinavian languages
435:
315:LaMarcus Adna Thompson
273:
223:
211:
192:
140:
87:shuttle roller coaster
68:LaMarcus Adna Thompson
46:
41:The Scenic Railway at
6139:Wendell "Bud" Hurlbut
5914:HUSS Park Attractions
4755:Construction material
4592:
3200:10.1089/neu.2016.4893
1558:300 feet (91 m)
1519:367 feet (112 m)
1486:320 feet (98 m)
1450:306 feet (93 m)
1414:300 feet (91 m)
1342:300 feet (91 m)
1176:
1154:
1132:
939:Flying roller coaster
855:hybrid roller coaster
837:
812:steel roller coasters
794:
567:
430:. Steel Force is the
414:
339:Gravity Pleasure Road
267:
217:
207:
177:
135:
40:
6034:Reverchon Industries
5821:Crown Metal Products
4218:Rollercoaster Tycoon
3259:. Alabama: Hoebiger.
2702:Roller coaster train
2318:, built in 1947, at
2263:Coney Island Cyclone
2216:Six Flags Over Texas
2028:Reverchon Industries
1555:287 feet (87 m)
1483:325 feet (99 m)
1447:306 feet (93 m)
1411:305 feet (93 m)
1339:310 feet (94 m)
1238:with the opening of
1169:out and back coaster
886:Six Flags Over Texas
843:steel roller coaster
751:improve this article
521:improve this article
253:, co-founder of the
245:However, during the
240:Promenades Aériennes
43:Luna Park, Melbourne
30:For other uses, see
6079:Sansei Technologies
6029:ProSlide Technology
5816:Charles I. D. Looff
5173:Skyline Attractions
5148:Sansei Technologies
4781:Train configuration
4357:. Sphinx Fine Art.
3938:"Fury325-Carowinds"
3686:New York Daily News
3682:"A Rolling Revival"
3119:themeparkreview.com
2900:"ГРАНИТНАЯ ТЕРРАСА"
2541:Top Thrill Dragster
2522:Canada's Wonderland
2392:Canada's Wonderland
2158:Top Thrill Dragster
2050:Sansei Technologies
1821:Ferrari World, UAE
1783:
1432:Canada's Wonderland
1226:, which debuted at
1156:Mega/Hyper coaster:
1111:Accelerator Coaster
1012:Wing roller coaster
929:Dive roller coaster
477:Amerikanskiye gorki
447:roller skating rink
386:Matterhorn Bobsleds
353:By 1919, the first
345:across the county.
136:La Grande Glisade,
129:in St. Petersburg.
123:Catherine the Great
85:. One variation, a
6249:Russian inventions
6200:Traveling carnival
6154:William F. Mangels
6114:Universal Creative
6104:Tivoli Enterprises
5840:Eli Bridge Company
5836:Dynamic Structures
5705:Haunted attraction
5038:Dynamic Structures
4594:
4468:2016-03-16 at the
4284:Arcadia Publishing
3796:"Millennium Force"
3743:The New York Times
3692:on August 16, 2017
3597:. 17 October 2016.
3236:griffinschobel.com
3162:Medical News Today
2771:Pescovitz, David.
2556:Expedition Everest
2178:Expedition GeForce
1941:Dynamic Structures
1832:Steel Dragon 2000
1782:
1767:Under construction
1360:Nagashima Spa Land
1224:Moonsault Scramble
1189:
1171:
1149:
851:
808:
799:amusement park in
578:
436:
319:Switchback Railway
274:
270:Switchback Railway
224:
212:
141:
72:Switchback Railway
47:
6254:French inventions
6226:
6225:
6185:Animal theme park
6069:Sally Corporation
5884:The Gravity Group
5786:Arrow Development
5781:Anton Schwarzkopf
5725:River rapids ride
5304:Bungee trampoline
5211:
5210:
5163:Anton Schwarzkopf
5063:The Gravity Group
4988:Arrow Development
4942:
4941:
4713:
4712:
4307:. ASDavis Media.
4121:Anwar, Shaheera.
4049:. Cleveland.com.
4001:. August 16, 2016
3502:. 29 October 2019
3500:coastercritic.com
3255:Hoebiger (2017).
3194:(22): 3198–3205.
3085:patimg2.uspto.gov
2639:Superman The Ride
2564:Walt Disney World
2487:PortAventura Park
1967:The Gravity Group
1875:Arrow Development
1856:
1855:
1777:
1776:
1758:Six Flags Qiddiya
1717:Six Flags Qiddiya
1704:
1703:
1562:
1561:
1348:Steel Dragon 2000
1121:
1120:
835:
783:
782:
775:
715:still occur. The
565:
553:
552:
545:
391:Arrow Development
236:Belleville, Paris
149:La Grande Glisade
16:(Redirected from
6261:
6216:
6215:
6173:Related articles
6014:Polin Waterparks
5864:Frederick Church
5844:ETF Ride Systems
5464:Motion simulator
5439:Looping Starship
5274:Booster (Fabbri)
5238:
5231:
5224:
5215:
5033:Dinn Corporation
4969:
4962:
4955:
4946:
4788:Fourth dimension
4740:
4733:
4726:
4717:
4701:
4700:
4689:
4688:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4498:
4429:
4403:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4347:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4297:
4257:
4236:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3991:
3982:
3981:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3820:. Archived from
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3688:. Archived from
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3440:(4th ed.).
3439:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3364:. pp. 1–14.
3357:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3317:
3311:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3128:
3122:
3111:
3105:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3052:
3041:
3040:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2980:
2965:
2960:Fierro, Alfred,
2958:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2922:John Glen King,
2920:
2914:
2910:Agata Pietrzak,
2908:
2902:
2897:
2886:
2867:
2861:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2738:
2722:
2719:
2653:
2635:
2616:
2593:
2574:
2552:
2533:
2514:
2498:
2479:
2470:in Rust, Germany
2460:
2441:
2431:Millennium Force
2427:
2403:
2384:
2369:
2350:
2331:
2312:
2293:
2274:
2259:
2243:
2227:
2208:
2193:
2173:
2154:
2135:
2108:
1935:Dinn Corporation
1843:Most Inversions
1787:Record Category
1784:
1756:
1755:
1722:
1680:
1679:
1640:
1639:
1603:
1538:
1537:
1502:
1501:
1466:
1465:
1430:
1429:
1394:
1393:
1358:
1357:
1322:
1321:
1312:Millennium Force
1285:
1260:Millennium Force
1141:Dutch Wonderland
1025:Infinity Coaster
913:
836:
778:
771:
767:
764:
758:
735:
727:
586:potential energy
566:
548:
541:
537:
534:
528:
505:
497:
369:Great Depression
304:gravity railroad
21:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6239:Roller coasters
6229:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6204:
6168:
6149:WhiteWater West
6119:US Thrill Rides
5904:Herbert Schmeck
5764:
5745:Summer toboggan
5678:
5554:Shoot the Chute
5549:Screamin' Swing
5454:Mechanical bull
5369:Flying Scooters
5289:Bulgy the Whale
5247:
5245:Amusement rides
5242:
5212:
5207:
5183:US Thrill Rides
4979:
4973:
4943:
4938:
4882:
4863:Summer toboggan
4776:
4750:
4744:
4714:
4709:
4677:
4653:Stadium seating
4595:
4584:
4543:
4530:
4528:Roller coasters
4525:
4470:Wayback Machine
4436:
4426:
4413:
4400:
4377:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4350:
4344:
4327:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4300:
4294:
4275:
4254:
4239:
4233:
4214:
4201:Chartwell Books
4192:
4190:Further reading
4187:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4103:
4102:. New York Post
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4079:. March 6, 2015
4071:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4030:
4028:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4004:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3825:
3824:on 21 June 2012
3816:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3776:. March 9, 2000
3768:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3665:
3663:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3641:
3639:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3617:
3615:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3477:
3475:
3467:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3437:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3382:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3240:
3238:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3142:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3112:
3108:
3096:
3092:
3081:"Patent Images"
3079:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3054:
3053:
3044:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2981:
2968:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2933:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2889:
2875:Chartwell Books
2868:
2864:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2746:Merriam-Webster
2740:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2617:
2608:
2594:
2585:
2575:
2566:
2553:
2544:
2534:
2525:
2515:
2506:
2501:Thunderbolt at
2499:
2490:
2480:
2471:
2461:
2452:
2442:
2433:
2428:
2419:
2404:
2395:
2385:
2376:
2370:
2361:
2351:
2342:
2332:
2323:
2313:
2304:
2294:
2285:
2275:
2266:
2260:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2228:
2219:
2212:New Texas Giant
2209:
2200:
2194:
2185:
2174:
2165:
2155:
2146:
2143:Thrust Air 2000
2136:
2127:
2109:
2100:Roller Coasters
2097:
2092:
1890:ART Engineering
1864:
1858:
1796:Record Details
1790:Roller Coaster
1779:
1750:
1746:Falcon's Flight
1709:
1674:
1634:
1598:shuttle coaster
1567:
1532:
1496:
1460:
1424:
1388:
1352:
1316:
1256:
1228:Fuji-Q Highland
1216:
1209:
1178:Strata coaster:
1137:Kingdom Coaster
1134:Family coaster:
1127:
1122:
1092:
1040:
1038:By track layout
920:
882:New Texas Giant
839:Thunder Dolphin
825:
789:
779:
768:
762:
759:
748:
736:
725:
689:
651:
643:
555:
549:
538:
532:
529:
518:
506:
495:
489:
463:Roller Toboggan
409:
351:
343:amusement parks
321:that opened at
296:
285:
279:
277:Scenic railways
145:Riding Mountain
115:
106:
101:
95:
83:loading station
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Roller coasters
15:
12:
11:
5:
6267:
6265:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6231:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6180:Amusement park
6176:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6144:Werner Stengel
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6084:SBF Visa Group
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6059:Ronald Bussink
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5999:New Wave Rides
5996:
5991:
5986:
5984:Marcus Illions
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5929:John A. Miller
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5894:Harry C. Baker
5891:
5889:Gustav Dentzel
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5735:Simulator ride
5732:
5730:Roller coaster
5727:
5722:
5720:Reverse bungee
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5419:Jump and Smile
5416:
5411:
5409:Helter skelter
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5374:Flying theatre
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5279:Booster (HUSS)
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5218:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5153:SBF Visa Group
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4993:Arrow Dynamics
4990:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4976:Roller coaster
4974:
4972:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4748:roller coaster
4745:
4743:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4720:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4695:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4673:Wheel assembly
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4643:On-ride camera
4640:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4442:
4435:
4434:External links
4432:
4431:
4430:
4424:
4411:
4398:
4375:
4363:
4348:
4342:
4325:
4313:
4298:
4292:
4273:
4258:
4252:
4237:
4231:
4225:. p. 40.
4212:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4162:
4139:
4127:Fact Magazines
4113:
4090:
4064:
4037:
4012:
3983:
3965:
3947:
3929:
3907:
3889:
3871:
3853:
3835:
3809:
3787:
3761:
3725:
3703:
3672:
3648:
3624:
3600:
3582:
3561:
3537:
3512:
3484:
3457:
3450:
3423:
3416:
3410:. p. 18.
3391:
3367:
3352:
3337:
3321:"CoasterForce"
3312:
3296:
3277:
3262:
3247:
3223:
3174:
3149:
3123:
3106:
3090:
3072:
3065:
3042:
3035:The Sun-Herald
3024:
3012:
3000:
2966:
2953:
2942:
2931:
2915:
2903:
2887:
2862:
2841:
2817:
2796:
2763:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2672:Amusement park
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2516:
2509:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2481:
2474:
2472:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2443:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2420:
2405:
2398:
2396:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2301:Kennywood Park
2295:
2288:
2286:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2186:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2139:Hypersonic XLC
2137:
2130:
2128:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2061:SBF Visa Group
2058:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1881:Arrow Dynamics
1878:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1818:Formula Rossa
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1644:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1566:
1565:Strata coaster
1563:
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1550:
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1524:
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1494:
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1480:March 25, 2015
1478:
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1403:
1398:
1396:Kings Dominion
1386:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:August 1, 2000
1370:
1367:
1362:
1350:
1344:
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1340:
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1334:
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1326:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1255:
1252:
1236:Arrow Dynamics
1208:
1205:
1193:kiddie coaster
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1091:
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1087:
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964:
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951:
946:
941:
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931:
926:
919:
916:
911:
874:Arrow Dynamics
781:
780:
739:
737:
730:
724:
721:
688:
685:
650:
647:
642:
639:
590:kinetic energy
551:
550:
509:
507:
500:
491:Main article:
488:
485:
440:roller coaster
408:
405:
350:
347:
278:
275:
199:Catherine Park
195:Katalnaya gora
173:John Glen King
161:Katalnaya gora
157:Tsarskoye Selo
138:Tsarskoye Selo
105:
102:
97:Main article:
94:
91:
59:railroad track
55:amusement ride
51:roller coaster
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6266:
6255:
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6137:
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6132:
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6129:Vernon Keenan
6127:
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6115:
6112:
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6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5994:Moser's Rides
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5934:John C. Allen
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5924:Jason Surrell
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5909:Hopkins Rides
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
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5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
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5857:
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5842:
5839:
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5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5806:Chance Morgan
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5769:Manufacturers
5767:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5755:Tow boat ride
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5740:Slot car ride
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5715:Pendulum ride
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
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5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5469:Music Express
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
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5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5399:Haunted swing
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5334:Devil's wheel
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
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5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
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5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
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5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5234:
5232:
5227:
5225:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5193:WGH (company)
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5118:Premier Rides
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5078:Hopkins Rides
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:Chance Morgan
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4978:manufacturers
4977:
4970:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
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4910:
4907:
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4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4868:Virginia Reel
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4838:Side friction
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
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4779:
4773:
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4759:
4757:
4753:
4749:
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4729:
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4718:
4706:
4705:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:Underfriction
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4619:Vertical loop
4617:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:Manufacturers
4563:
4561:
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4553:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
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4533:
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4479:
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4474:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4425:9781500699963
4421:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4409:9780806523095
4406:
4401:
4399:9780806523095
4395:
4391:
4390:Citadel Press
4387:
4384:(Paperback).
4383:
4382:
4376:
4366:
4364:9781907200021
4360:
4356:
4355:
4349:
4345:
4343:9780760319291
4339:
4335:
4332:(Paperback).
4331:
4326:
4316:
4314:9780977624560
4310:
4306:
4305:
4299:
4295:
4293:9780738519975
4289:
4285:
4282:(Paperback).
4281:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4270:9781586631727
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4253:9780879723422
4249:
4245:
4244:
4238:
4234:
4232:9780761537656
4228:
4224:
4221:(Paperback).
4220:
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4209:9780786508853
4206:
4202:
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4189:
4173:
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3863:
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3849:
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3839:
3836:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3798:. Cedar Point
3797:
3791:
3788:
3775:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3749:
3745:
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3739:
3732:
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3628:
3625:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3571:
3570:"The Cyclone"
3565:
3562:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3451:9781476622118
3447:
3443:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3417:9781468013559
3413:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3381:
3380:www.iaapa.org
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3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3139:on 2006-11-15
3138:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3099:
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3091:
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3036:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2996:9780806523095
2993:
2989:
2988:Citadel Press
2985:
2979:
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2896:
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2892:
2888:
2884:
2883:9780785808855
2880:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2858:9781586631727
2855:
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2497:
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2454:
2450:
2449:Phantasialand
2446:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:", a popular
2409:
2402:
2397:
2393:
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2363:
2359:
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2349:
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2198:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2148:
2145:(now defunct)
2144:
2140:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2114:, located at
2113:
2107:
2102:
2099:
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2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Premier Rides
2016:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Hopkins Rides
1975:
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1970:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
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1927:
1924:
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1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Chance Morgan
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:S&S Arrow
1882:
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1516:April 7, 2017
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1408:April 2, 2010
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1240:Magnum XL-200
1237:
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1007:Water coaster
1005:
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922:
921:
918:By train type
917:
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914:
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740:This section
738:
734:
729:
728:
722:
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718:
714:
709:
705:
703:
699:
694:
693:basic physics
686:
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583:
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515:
510:This section
508:
504:
499:
498:
494:
486:
484:
482:
478:
473:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
455:Massachusetts
452:
448:
443:
441:
434:in the world.
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
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404:
402:
398:
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360:
356:
355:underfriction
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
302:, a downhill
301:
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176:
174:
170:
169:Andrey Nartov
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
139:
134:
130:
128:
124:
120:
113:
108:
103:
100:
92:
90:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
56:
53:is a type of
52:
44:
39:
33:
19:
6004:O.D. Hopkins
5949:Keith Sparks
5939:John Wardley
5899:Harry Traver
5854:Fabbri Group
5811:Chance Rides
5729:
5629:Topple Tower
5619:Tilt-A-Whirl
5594:Swing Around
5529:Roll-O-Plane
5519:Rock-O-Plane
5434:Loop-O-Plane
5359:Ferris Wheel
5294:Bumper boats
5269:Bayern Kurve
5264:Balloon Race
5048:Fabbri Group
5008:Chance Rides
4975:
4914:Out and back
4899:Dual-tracked
4887:Track layout
4853:Steeplechase
4747:
4702:
4690:
4626:Launch track
4527:
4415:
4380:
4368:. Retrieved
4353:
4329:
4318:. Retrieved
4303:
4278:
4261:
4242:
4217:
4196:
4176:. Retrieved
4174:. Coaster101
4165:
4153:. Retrieved
4142:
4130:. Retrieved
4126:
4116:
4104:. Retrieved
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4076:
4067:
4055:. Retrieved
4040:
4029:. Retrieved
4027:. 2024-04-15
4024:
4015:
4003:. Retrieved
3998:
3977:
3968:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3932:
3920:. Retrieved
3910:
3901:
3892:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3856:
3847:
3838:
3826:. Retrieved
3822:the original
3812:
3800:. Retrieved
3790:
3778:. Retrieved
3773:
3764:
3752:. Retrieved
3741:
3716:. Retrieved
3706:
3694:. Retrieved
3690:the original
3685:
3675:
3664:. Retrieved
3660:
3651:
3640:. Retrieved
3636:
3627:
3616:. Retrieved
3612:
3603:
3595:Coasterforce
3594:
3585:
3576:
3564:
3553:. Retrieved
3549:
3540:
3529:. Retrieved
3527:. 2018-05-04
3515:
3504:. Retrieved
3499:
3476:. Retrieved
3472:
3433:
3426:
3403:
3383:. Retrieved
3379:
3370:
3361:
3355:
3346:
3340:
3328:. Retrieved
3325:CoasterForce
3324:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3280:
3271:
3265:
3256:
3250:
3239:. Retrieved
3235:
3226:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3166:. Retrieved
3164:. 2023-06-15
3161:
3152:
3141:. Retrieved
3137:the original
3126:
3118:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3084:
3075:
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2849:
2844:
2833:. Retrieved
2829:
2820:
2808:. Retrieved
2799:
2787:. Retrieved
2776:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2736:
2717:
2601:Energylandia
2282:Kings Island
2278:Son of Beast
2182:Holiday Park
1951:Fabbri Group
1918:Chance Rides
1857:
1778:
1770:October 2024
1731:Manufacturer
1712:
1710:
1694:May 21, 2005
1630:Top Thrill 2
1612:Manufacturer
1588:
1584:Top Thrill 2
1570:
1568:
1552:July 2, 2020
1540:Kings Island
1504:Ferrari Land
1336:May 13, 2000
1294:Manufacturer
1279:
1257:
1254:Giga coaster
1232:hypercoaster
1231:
1220:hypercoaster
1217:
1207:Hypercoaster
1201:Wyandot Lake
1192:
1190:
1177:
1155:
1133:
1115:
1090:By mechanics
1030:Euro-Fighter
890:
877:
859:
852:
809:
769:
760:
749:Please help
744:verification
741:
710:
706:
690:
678:
674:
662:
655:
652:
644:
635:Ares program
628:
617:
602:
579:
539:
530:
519:Please help
514:verification
511:
476:
474:
469:
467:
462:
444:
439:
437:
401:Kings Island
394:
384:
378:
362:
352:
338:
323:Coney Island
312:
297:
258:
255:Moulin Rouge
251:Joseph Oller
247:Belle Epoque
244:
239:
231:
227:
225:
208:
194:
193:
178:
160:
148:
142:
116:
107:
80:
76:Coney Island
50:
48:
6109:Tony Baxter
6089:Senyo Kogyo
6049:RoboCoaster
5944:Jora Vision
5710:Kiddie ride
5559:Sky Swatter
5524:Rockin' Tug
5499:Power Surge
5494:Pirate Ship
5489:Paratrooper
5344:Double Shot
5319:Cliffhanger
5314:Caterpillar
5299:Bumper cars
5168:Senyo Kogyo
4648:Single-rail
4223:Prima Games
4178:11 December
4155:11 December
4132:11 December
4106:11 December
3828:13 February
2830:HISTORY.com
2657:The Cyclone
2483:Dragon Khan
2468:Europa-Park
2445:Black Mamba
2297:Jack Rabbit
2162:Cedar Point
2116:Särkänniemi
2066:Schwarzkopf
1987:Jinma Rides
1838:8,133.2 ft
1707:Exa coaster
1661:May 4, 2024
1658:May 4, 2003
1642:Cedar Point
1444:May 6, 2012
1384:Project 305
1324:Cedar Point
1268:Cedar Point
876:. The term
470:jet coaster
457:in 1887. A
420:Thunderhawk
418:(left) and
416:Steel Force
359:John Miller
268:Thompson's
127:Oranienbaum
64:theme parks
6233:Categories
6054:Ron Toomer
5979:Mack Rides
5974:Lee Eyerly
5760:Water ride
5750:Swing ride
5700:Gyro tower
5695:Drop tower
5649:Turbo Drop
5644:Tumble Bug
5599:Swing boat
5589:Super Star
5584:Super Shot
5574:Space Shot
5564:Skycoaster
5449:Matterhorn
5349:Enterprise
5329:Desperados
5284:Breakdance
5093:Mack Rides
5053:Gerstlauer
4934:Wild mouse
4818:Mine train
4601:Technology
4370:2013-07-26
4320:2013-07-26
4057:August 10,
4031:2024-08-02
3922:August 10,
3718:August 16,
3696:August 16,
3666:2021-04-28
3642:2021-04-28
3618:2021-04-27
3555:2021-04-26
3531:2021-04-26
3506:2021-04-26
3478:2021-04-26
3385:2022-05-02
3286:US5715756A
3241:2022-05-02
3168:2024-02-07
3143:2007-01-08
3066:0760319294
2835:2016-12-30
2729:References
2373:Great Bear
2335:Baron 1898
2248:Linnanmäki
1992:Mack Rides
1956:Gerstlauer
1894:Arrow-Huss
1804:Kingda Ka
1197:Sea Dragon
785:See also:
763:March 2009
669:mechanical
533:March 2009
381:Disneyland
308:Jim Thorpe
281:See also:
5879:Giovanola
5796:Bertazzon
5690:Dark ride
5544:Scrambler
5514:Red Baron
5429:Log flume
5414:Hurricane
5394:Gravitron
5389:Fun Slide
5364:Fire Ball
5354:Evolution
5103:Maurer AG
5058:Giovanola
4894:Boomerang
4858:Suspended
4823:Motorbike
4803:Floorless
4746:Types of
4638:Lift hill
4614:Inversion
4609:Brake run
4077:USA Today
3473:TripSavvy
3102:RideRater
2928:pp. 18,19
2789:August 6,
2756:August 6,
2624:Carowinds
2537:Kingda Ka
2518:Leviathan
2503:Kennywood
2451:, Germany
2184:, Germany
2126:, Finland
2124:Pirkanmaa
2074:(defunct)
2068:(defunct)
2046:(defunct)
2030:(defunct)
2014:(defunct)
1997:Maurer AG
1963:(defunct)
1961:Giovanola
1937:(defunct)
1925:(defunct)
1793:Location
1691:Operating
1670:Kingda Ka
1575:Kingda Ka
1549:Operating
1513:Operating
1492:Red Force
1477:Operating
1468:Carowinds
1441:Operating
1420:Leviathan
1405:Operating
1369:Operating
1333:Operating
1182:Kingda Ka
1125:By height
866:Luna Park
849:, at dusk
797:Nokkakivi
713:accidents
665:hydraulic
620:brake run
582:lift hill
487:Mechanics
468:The term
451:Haverhill
407:Etymology
396:The Racer
379:In 1959,
335:lift hill
6218:Category
6159:Zamperla
6094:Sonacase
5664:The Whip
5624:Top Scan
5569:Skydiver
5539:Round Up
5479:Old Mill
5444:Madhouse
5424:Kamikaze
5379:Freefall
5309:Carousel
5259:Ali Baba
5198:Zamperla
4909:Launched
4904:Figure 8
4848:Stand-up
4843:Spinning
4828:Pipeline
4813:Inverted
4692:Category
4631:Rollback
4575:Rankings
4555:Elements
4548:Overview
4466:Archived
4051:Archived
4025:wkyc.com
3978:rcdb.com
3960:rcdb.com
3942:rcdb.com
3902:rcdb.com
3884:rcdb.com
3866:rcdb.com
3848:rcdb.com
3748:Archived
3637:rcdb.com
3613:rcdb.com
3550:rcdb.com
3438:(E-book)
3218:28683585
2783:Archived
2750:Archived
2665:See also
2620:Fury 325
2607:, Poland
2597:Hyperion
2464:Euro-Mir
2388:Behemoth
2339:Efteling
2083:Zamperla
1651:Zamperla
1621:Modified
1456:Fury 325
894:stand-up
698:whiplash
598:air drag
594:friction
574:Liseberg
459:toboggan
331:New York
327:Brooklyn
147:(a.k.a.
5989:Mondial
5919:Intamin
5869:Funtime
5669:Wipeout
5659:Waltzer
5634:Tornado
5614:Teacups
5504:Rainbow
5484:Orbiter
5474:Octopus
5459:Monster
5404:Hayride
5384:Frisbee
5113:Pinfari
5083:Intamin
4929:Twister
4924:Terrain
4919:Shuttle
4833:Powered
4793:Bobsled
4704:Commons
4658:Station
4570:Physics
4560:History
3577:nyc.gov
3209:6436029
3059:. MBI.
2810:May 28,
2583:Croatia
2579:Čakovec
2354:Griffon
2316:Phoenix
2176:Riding
2120:Tampere
2112:Tornado
2095:Gallery
2012:Pinfari
1982:Intamin
1846:Smiler
1763:Intamin
1740:Height
1737:Opening
1687:Intamin
1647:Intamin
1624:Height
1509:Intamin
1401:Intamin
1329:Intamin
1264:Intamin
1248:Intamin
862:Cyclone
805:Finland
607:(LIM),
364:Cyclone
187:castors
182:furlong
165:rotunda
93:History
6164:Zierer
6124:Vekoma
5964:Kumbak
5674:Zipper
5639:Troika
5604:Tagada
5509:Ranger
5339:Disk'O
5324:Condor
5203:Zierer
5188:Vekoma
5088:Kumbak
4808:Flying
4772:Hybrid
4767:Wooden
4422:
4407:
4396:
4361:
4340:
4311:
4290:
4268:
4250:
4229:
4207:
4083:May 3,
4005:May 3,
3802:May 3,
3780:May 3,
3754:May 3,
3448:
3414:
3292:
3216:
3206:
3063:
2994:
2964:p. 613
2881:
2856:
2197:Raptor
2088:Zierer
2078:Vekoma
1734:Status
1618:Opened
1615:Status
1571:strata
1365:Morgan
1303:Height
1300:Opened
1297:Status
1272:Morgan
1116:
898:flying
878:hybrid
801:Laukaa
658:system
641:Safety
631:Ares I
337:, the
272:, 1884
222:, 1817
5683:Types
5609:Tango
5579:Speed
5534:Rotor
5252:Rides
4873:Water
4762:Steel
4663:Train
4580:Types
4203:. 9.
3573:(PDF)
3330:9 May
2877:. 9.
2709:Notes
2408:Montu
2390:, at
2360:, US.
1528:Orion
1306:Drop
1159:Nitro
847:Tokyo
723:Types
656:block
570:Helix
234:) in
220:Paris
6190:Fair
5959:KUKA
5178:TOGO
4878:Wing
4798:Dive
4420:ISBN
4405:ISBN
4394:ISBN
4359:ISBN
4338:ISBN
4309:ISBN
4288:ISBN
4266:ISBN
4248:ISBN
4227:ISBN
4205:ISBN
4180:2023
4157:2023
4134:2023
4108:2023
4085:2018
4059:2023
4007:2018
3924:2023
3830:2012
3804:2018
3782:2018
3756:2018
3720:2017
3698:2017
3525:WKSU
3446:ISBN
3412:ISBN
3332:2022
3214:PMID
3061:ISBN
2992:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2854:ISBN
2812:2017
2791:2023
2758:2023
2418:, US
2072:TOGO
1728:Park
1725:Name
1655:SBNO
1649:and
1609:Park
1606:Name
1522:N/A
1291:Park
1288:Name
1280:giga
1274:and
1246:and
1165:, a
896:and
841:, a
814:and
596:and
155:for
143:The
5954:KMG
5654:UFO
3204:PMC
3196:doi
2641:at
2622:at
2603:in
2599:at
2562:in
2520:at
2485:at
2447:at
2414:at
2337:at
2299:at
2280:in
2232:GCI
2214:at
2180:at
2160:at
2118:in
1713:exa
1266:on
1184:at
1161:at
1143:in
1139:at
884:at
864:at
845:in
753:by
667:or
572:at
523:by
449:in
426:in
399:at
325:in
291:or
6235::
4392:.
4388:,
4336:.
4286:.
4125:.
4075:.
4023:.
3997:.
3986:^
3976:.
3958:.
3940:.
3900:.
3882:.
3864:.
3846:.
3772:.
3746:.
3740:.
3728:^
3684:.
3659:.
3635:.
3611:.
3593:.
3575:.
3548:.
3523:.
3498:.
3487:^
3471:.
3460:^
3394:^
3378:.
3323:.
3306:.
3234:.
3212:.
3202:.
3192:34
3190:.
3186:.
3160:.
3117:,
3100:.
3083:.
3045:^
2990:.
2969:^
2926:,
2890:^
2828:.
2781:.
2775:.
2748:.
2744:.
2581:,
2122:,
1586:.
1250:.
1218:A
803:,
702:Gs
637:.
618:A
453:,
329:,
201:.
78:.
49:A
5237:e
5230:t
5223:v
4968:e
4961:t
4954:v
4739:e
4732:t
4725:v
4520:e
4513:t
4506:v
4428:.
4402:.
4373:.
4346:.
4323:.
4296:.
4272:.
4256:.
4235:.
4211:.
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4159:.
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4110:.
4087:.
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4034:.
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3868:.
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3832:.
3806:.
3784:.
3758:.
3722:.
3700:.
3669:.
3645:.
3621:.
3579:.
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3534:.
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3388:.
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3198::
3171:.
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2998:.
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2678:)
2674:(
2543:.
2406:"
2234:.
1887:)
1697:—
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776:)
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765:)
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230:(
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34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
