1141:
the ages of 16 and 18. Although the desires of the teenage spouses are rarely taken into account, if a son says he is in love with a particular Roma girl, his feelings may be considered, although the same is rarely true for girls. An unmarried woman who has reached 20 is often thought to be doomed to be left at home unmarried. Matchmaking for marriages is typically carried out without the consent of the two spouses, and orchestrated by a matchmaker who is experienced in matchmaking. When wishing to make a proposal on behalf of his son, a father customarily goes to the house of the desired wife, and states âwe have come to seek a piece of breadâ. Weddings, meanwhile, typically consist of feasts, dancing and music, and take place on
Saturday or Sunday. They are often not recognized because the spouses are typically below the Albanian legal age of marriage. Roma rarely if ever have religious leaders preside over weddings.
1067:"gadjo" groups on the other are often quite cordial in the rural, traditional and "non-profit life" and both the majority of the Albanian intelligentsia and the working class are said to typically have positive views of Roma, who rarely if ever are cast as an "ethnic enemy". On the other hand, "gadjos" may be reluctant to accept Roma as equals in the urban and "profit-making life". However, Roma may suffer from the refusal to recognize the distinctness of their identity and traditions while Roma complain that although Albanians do not openly express derision, they may view Roma as poor, dirty, stupid, noisy and involved in theft, and as a result they are widely but tacitly discriminated against in the job market.
1098:, a non-Roma, with a Roma necessarily being someone of Roma blood and/or someone who consistently demonstrates membership in and solidarity with the Roma peopleâin this way, although in the Carpathian Mountains the definition of Roma is strictly based on blood, in Albania and surrounding Balkan areas, a child of gadjo blood who was raised in a Roma family and in Roma culture and demonstrates consistent solidarity with the Roma is viewed as a proper Rom individual, whereas a Roma who has abandoned their roots is not, while the identification of "half-breed Roma" as either
975:, Roma were not harshly persecuted and/or sent to death camps in Albania during the Second World War. For most of the duration of the war, Albania was under the control of an Italian puppet regime. Roma did participate in the war, with many fighting in the Albanian military, and Roma in Albania, Macedonia and Kosovo were typically supportive of the Italians and the Albanian authorities. However, although left mostly untouched by both the Italians and by Albanian nationalists, the Roma were persecuted during the brief
161:
950:, Albanians and Roma shared an "oppressed" position of being socioeconomically disadvantaged minority populations inhabiting a crumbling state. In this way, the Ottoman era has been considered one of relative "equality" for the Roma and gadjo populations in Albania, with the two populations typically living peacefully in harmony, with Roma camps typically being located on the outskirts of Albanian cities.
935:
and various other restrictions, factors which ultimately induced conversions to Islam. Additionally, responding to seasonal rebellions, there were episodes where regional governors in
Albanian territories coerced conversions, despite such compulsion being traditionally prohibited by Islamic and Ottoman law. For these reasons, the majority of Roma in Albania and most neighboring regions converted to Islam,
671:
1352:
De Soto, Hermine G., Sabine
Beddies and Ilir Gedeshi (2005). ââRoma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusionââ. Page 16 : âA Roma woman explained: âthe Roma womanâs style of dress is completely different from the âwhite handsâ styleââ, a term which Roma use to describe
1140:
The virginity of the female before marriage is considered to be of utmost importance, and a marriage may be called off if it is discovered that the female is not in fact a virgin. Partly for this reason, girls are typically married young, between the ages of 13 and 15, while males are married between
1184:
Roma folkdances and music are considered an important part of Roma culture and another distinguishing factor. The majority of Roma neighborhoods have individuals who are professional musicians present. Roma musicians acknowledge in particular notable
Turkish and Greek influences on their music, with
1180:
Handcrafts have also long been an important part of the economic culture of Roma, with 15% of Roma being involved in their production as of 2005. Handcraft production used to be a major part of the Roma economy, but with the collapse of communism, many Roma handcraft enterprises also floundered, and
1074:
In 2007, it was written by a Roma organization that about 90% of Roma are unemployed, 40% of Roma have bad living conditions, 20% don't have the resources necessary to buy medicine, 40% of Roma families ask their kids to work rather than complete education to fulfill primary familial needs, and that
1188:
Although traditional Roma folktales had long been passed down through the generations, today this custom is eroding as only a minority of Roma remember the folktales. In attempt to stem this cultural loss, publications have been made of the local Roma folklore, but they are made in
Albanian, not in
1066:
Contrary to the expectations of many foreigners, investigations have found that discrimination against Roma in
Albania is typically subtle rather than overt, and Roma typically do not face any open discrimination. In some cases, relations between Roma on one hand and the Albanian majority and other
962:
Even after
Albania itself achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire, the Roma had a better situation than in Yugoslavia, but they were still treated with contempt, with large socioeconomic gaps between Roma and Albanians, segregated neighborhoods, and "practically no intermarriages between Roma
1109:
Gender relations are patriarchal, as is also true among
Albanians, but patriarchal values have been described as much stricter among the Roma than among ethnic Albanians, although this could be because of recent cultural change among the ethnic Albanian population. Sexual mores among the Roma have
942:
Under certain
Ottoman rulers, Muslim Roma were considered to not be proper Muslims because of certain ritual differences, and they were taxed and discriminated against in similar ways to Christians. Under Mehmed IV, a tax was placed on dead Roma that would continue to be paid until enough had been
934:
system by which the right of
Christians to practice their religion was legally protected, but they were given second class citizenship with higher taxes, inability to bear witness against Muslims, inability to bear arms or have horses, restrictions on church building, forbidden from proselytizing,
958:
In the late 19th and early 20th century, many Roma, mostly Muslims, fled areas that were newly independent from the Ottomans, where as Muslims they were identified as "Ottoman collaborators". Roma came to Albania especially from Macedonia, Kosovo and Serbia. Roma also fled to Albania from Romania
1176:
The traditional dress of Roma is starkly different from that of Albanians, and is perceived by Roma as a major symbol of their identity and their differentiation from ethnic Albanians. Roma women typically wearing blouses with printed flowers and embroidered gold threads. At weddings and other
1007:
Despite inequalities and suppression during the communist era, the collapse of communism brought more misfortune to Roma, as they were the first to be heavily unemployed and rapidly fell to the bottom of society; as a result many Roma today are nostalgic for the days of communism.
1397:: âWhile a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than Europeanâ
994:
regime upon Albania, attempting to homogenize the population by repressing religious and cultural differences. Although as a minority the Roma were supposedly accorded benefits and protections, in reality this was not always the case, and in 1960, Prime Minister
853:
The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts and daily routines.
1070:
During the communist period, Roma of Gjirokastra, Korça, Tirana and Berati worked in handcraft enterprises. However, eventually demand for their products declined, and the enterprises were mostly shut down as Albania transitioned away from communism.
1964:
Reviews of National Policies for Education Reviews of National Policies for Education: South Eastern Europe 2003 Volume 1: Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo: Volume 1: Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,
815:
Among the Romani, ethnic Albanians, in addition to being ââgadjoââ, may be referred to as âwhitesâ. "White hand" may also be used by them to refer to Albanians as well as non-Roma minorities such as Greeks, Aromanians and Slavs.
1132:
It has long been taboo for Roma to marry non-Roma, and indeed the large majority of Roma prefer to marry their group rather than with the other major Roma people. Roma marriages were in fact typically done within the same
1820:
Koinova, Maria (2000). "Minorities of Southeast Europe: Romani of Albania". CEDIME-SE. Page 4: "In the Ottoman time, many Roma had converted to Islam for safety reasons, as many ethnic Albanians did or were forced to do
876:
Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group. According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of
1027:
estimates 120,000 Roma in Albania. The most recent 2011 census counted 8301 Romani in Albania but it has been accused of drastically undercounting the number of Romani in the country, drawing criticism from the
730:) are believed to constitute a large minority in Albania, though in the country's official census in 2011, only 8301 were counted in what was reported to be a deliberate undercounting by Albanian authorities.
943:
gathered from living Roma to replace their supposed dues, while other rulers made attempts to âreeducateâ Roma. There were also cases where the presence of Roma was forbidden in mosques or cemeteries.
1011:
In the late 1990s, Roma began temporarily migrating to Greece where they found more employment opportunities, beginning a recurrent pattern of seasonal Roma migration to Greece from Albania.
1668:
Rai, N; Chaubey, G; Tamang, R; Pathak, AK; Singh, VK (2012), "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations",
1075:
the literacy rate of Roma has fallen since the end of communism, and is now 47.6%, with more women illiterate than men, with all these problems being attributed to a "bustle for racism".
2112:
2885:
1091:
Roma culture is distinguishable from the culture of the ethnic Albanian majority, as well as those of other minorities such as Aromanians and Greeks, in a number of ways.
2124:
Koinova, Maria. âMinorities of Southeast Europe: Roma of Albaniaâ. Center for Documentation and Information of Minorities in Europe â Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE). Page 2
1185:
Greek pop music more recently being very influential due to the regular immigration to Greece, so much so that it is accused of âeroding Roma cultureâ in some quarters.
646:
1638:
ZatĂmco romskĂĄ lexika je bliĆŸĆĄĂ hindĆĄtinÄ, marvĂĄrĆĄtinÄ, pandĆŸĂĄbĆĄtinÄ atd., v gramatickĂ© sfĂ©Će nachĂĄzĂme mnoho shod s vĂœchodoindickĂœm jazykem, s bengĂĄlĆĄtinou.
2458:
1177:
traditional events, women wear dressed decorated with gold threads and roses, older men wear dark red suits, and younger men wear flower-printed shirts.
2330:
1124:
Roma social order revolves around the ââfisââ, a borrowed Albanian word that in the Roma context refers to a âtribeâ based on close familial kinship.
738:
Ethnic Albanians have historically used various different names to refer to Romani people, most of them today being considered offensive, including:
3123:
1222:
3053:
2591:
700:
423:
2997:
2878:
1113:
Roma public life has been described as very communal, with most things considered to be belonging to the community rather than the individual.
1799:
674:
2299:
2051:
1973:
1945:
1755:
1392:
632:
2046:. United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. 1 January 2006. p. 15.
1164:
The feast of Saint George, celebrated on the sixth of May, is an occasion of paramount importance for Muslim and Christian Roma alike, and
892:
2017:
3260:
3073:
2852:
2786:
2626:
1336:
636:
628:
453:
3098:
2656:
1181:
conditions of dire poverty created situation where it was difficult for Roma to pass down their traditional handcraft making customs.
483:
3372:
2964:
2871:
1782:
1609:
1596:
1569:
1526:
1294:
2199:⊠Today however, the youth donât care about this tradition, and theyâve even started marrying whites, Egyptians or Roma from other
1480:
914:
The oldest attestation of Romani people in Albania is from 1635, and they may have been present since the 12th and 13th centuries.
3185:
3180:
2741:
2731:
2453:
553:
543:
332:
170:
2631:
458:
2178:
De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi (2005). ââRoma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusionââ. Pages 21-24
1235:
2949:
2230:
De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi (2005). ââRoma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion. Pages 16-17
1408:
160:
1267:
979:
in 1943, although the shortness of the German presence limited the damage they were able to wreak upon the Roma population.
1924:
De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi (2005). ââRoma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusionââ. Page 14.
2323:
2102:
De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi (2005). ââRoma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusionââ. Page 17
2075:
Courthiades, Marcel. 1990s. âA Social and Historical Profile of the Roma in Albania, Part III.â Conference Papers: page 34
1516:
3321:
3245:
2944:
2810:
2499:
1198:
976:
608:
538:
200:
2005:
1722:
1023:, the Romani number between 60,000 and 100,000 people. A 1994 estimation put the number at 95,000 Roma in Albania. The
898:
stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the
292:
3336:
3288:
3175:
3155:
3135:
3038:
2726:
1024:
693:
533:
3293:
3145:
1915:
Kurtiade, Marcel. 1995 "Between Conviviality and Antagonism: The Ambiguous Position of Romanies in Albania". Page 10
1063:
The poverty rate among Roma in Albania is particularly high (78%) when compared to the Albanian poverty rate (22%).
3377:
3367:
3298:
3150:
2990:
2711:
2571:
2566:
2348:
657:
523:
403:
398:
235:
220:
180:
3230:
3225:
3215:
3200:
3058:
2776:
2771:
2751:
2611:
2601:
593:
588:
568:
438:
433:
3326:
3346:
3331:
3278:
3255:
3205:
3165:
3118:
3113:
3103:
3088:
3083:
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3063:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3028:
2894:
2847:
2830:
2820:
2756:
2721:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2646:
2636:
2616:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2561:
2316:
1158:
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where they had recently been enslaved, to settle in Albania and other territories still under Ottoman control.
652:
618:
573:
548:
503:
498:
488:
473:
468:
463:
443:
418:
413:
408:
3023:
3341:
3170:
3316:
3283:
3250:
3240:
3220:
3210:
3195:
3190:
3160:
3140:
3108:
3093:
3068:
2825:
2805:
2766:
2761:
2746:
2736:
2716:
2701:
2696:
2666:
2651:
2621:
2606:
2596:
1203:
1035:
Roma people live all over the country, but some of the biggest communities can be found around the capital,
936:
613:
603:
583:
578:
563:
558:
528:
518:
513:
493:
478:
448:
428:
3235:
3130:
2954:
2815:
2800:
2781:
2706:
2691:
2641:
2066:
Courthiades, Marcel. 2000. No Record On Case: Roma in Albania, Report. European Roma Rights Center (ERRC).
2004:"Third Opinion on Albania, adopted on 23 November 2011. Published Strasbourg 4 June 2012. Available here:
751:
tribe root), occasionally used to distinguish the traditionally nomadic and less assimilated Roma Albanian
686:
508:
2983:
2934:
2924:
2918:
2676:
2483:
1650:
225:
1632:
HĂŒbschmannovĂĄ, Milena (1995). "RomaĆi Ähib â romĆĄtina: NÄkolik zĂĄkladnĂch informacĂ o romskĂ©m jazyku".
775:(bear tamer, previously an occupation also taken by Roma in Romania and Turkey) predominantly used in
2791:
1677:
830:
112:
937:
as did much of the surrounding Albanian and Slavic populations with the exception of certain regions
2929:
2463:
899:
352:
1342:. Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe - Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE).
2084:
Courthiades. 2000. No Record On Case: Roma in Albania, Report. European Roma Rights Center (ERRC)
2018:"Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe - Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE)"
1402:
926:
saw the conversion of most Roma populations in Albania as well as the surrounding territories to
866:
1371:
Kurtiade, Marcel. "A Social and Historical Profile of the Roma in Albania, Part III". Page 30-31
2939:
2295:
2047:
1969:
1941:
1935:
1778:
1751:
1745:
1705:
1605:
1565:
1561:
1522:
1458:
1388:
1029:
723:
312:
132:
116:
2289:
1962:
1382:
2842:
1695:
1685:
1604:, ĂstĂ nad Labem: PedagogickĂĄ fakulta Univerzity J. E. PurkynÄ v ĂstĂ nad Labem, p. 4,
1448:
1438:
1150:
870:
862:
642:
1515:
K. Meira Goldberg; Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum; Michelle Heffner Hayes (28 September 2015).
2384:
2339:
1154:
972:
923:
903:
385:
267:
205:
195:
144:
1615:
1298:
2191:. Quoted on page 18-19: ââMany marriages today happen between members of different Roma
1681:
2686:
1700:
175:
92:
1083:
On the other hand, currently there is no schooling for Roma in their native language.
3361:
2468:
2436:
2374:
1774:
Nihil obstat: religion, politics, and social change in East-Central Europe and Russia
1554:
1137:, although some members of the youngest generation are now disregarding this custom.
895:
847:
776:
714:
372:
357:
262:
230:
152:
108:
2006:
http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/3_fcnmdocs/PDF_3rd_OP_Albania_en.pdf
2835:
2519:
2514:
2404:
2399:
1239:
1165:
1020:
996:
622:
307:
282:
215:
210:
190:
185:
2271:
2041:
1989:
1772:
1690:
2531:
2443:
2431:
2257:
De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi (2005) . ââRoma and Egyptians in Albaniaââ. Page 18
2248:
De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi (2005). ââRoma and Egyptians in Albaniaââ, Page 17
1427:"Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data"
1048:
987:
878:
836:
337:
252:
1518:
Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives
17:
2526:
2504:
2448:
2394:
2239:
De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi(2005). ââRoma and Egyptians in Albaniaââ. Page 17
1443:
1426:
947:
347:
342:
322:
80:
72:
2905:
2409:
2389:
2212:
De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi. ââRoma and Egyptians in Albaniaââ. Pages 19-20
991:
902:
to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the
843:
297:
277:
2863:
1709:
1462:
885:
60:
2975:
2426:
2419:
1052:
792:
748:
327:
96:
76:
2291:
Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion
2509:
1453:
788:
718:
598:
302:
287:
64:
1110:
similarly been described as much more "puritan" than among Albanians.
2478:
2414:
2379:
2369:
1094:
An important distinction is made between the Roma individual and the
1036:
931:
367:
317:
272:
257:
56:
888:, are the likely ancestral populations of the modern European Roma.
84:
2288:
Hermine G. De Soto; Sabine Beddies; Ilir Gedeshi (1 January 2005).
2536:
2473:
2308:
1870:
Kolsti, John. "Albanian Gypsies: the Silent Survivors". Page 51-52
1044:
927:
881:
858:
839:
362:
128:
88:
1861:
Kovacs, Petra. "The Invisible Minority: Roma in Albania". Page 18
1040:
891:
In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the
68:
2979:
2867:
2312:
2276:. European Centre for Traditional and Regional Cultures. 1993.
2093:
Kovacs, Petra. 1996. "The Invisible Minority: Roma in Albania"
1744:
Andreas Hemming; Gentiana Kera; Enriketa Pandelejmoni (2012).
2195:, whereas before they didnât. Everybody wanted from his own
2160:
Koinova, Maria (2000). "Roma of Albania". CEDIME-SE. Page 11
2151:
Koinova, Maria (2000). "Roma of Albania". CEDIME-SE. Page 10
1362:
Koinova, Maria (2000). "Roma of Albania". CEDIME-SE. Page 13
971:
Unlike in many Eastern European countries, and similarly to
1839:
Kolsti, John. "Albanian Gypsies: the Silent Survivors", in
2221:
De Soto et al. ââRoma and Egyptians in Albaniaââ. Page 21.
1598:
NĂĄstin mluvnice slovenskĂ© romĆĄtiny (pro pedagogickĂ© ĂșÄely)
1747:
Albania: Family, Society and Culture in the 20th Century
1552:
Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999).
1106:
is done solely based on their adherence to Roma values.
1330:
1328:
2133:
Koinova, Maria. "Roma of Albania". CEDIME-SE. Page 10.
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1295:"Final census findings lead to concerns over accuracy"
1157:. A minority of Roma are Christians belonging to the
1830:
Fraser, Angus (1992). ââThe Gypsiesââ. Pages 174-175
803:(of Greek origin and typically used in Gjirokaster),
3307:
3269:
3011:
2549:
2492:
2362:
2355:
2169:
Fonseca, Isabel (1995). "Bury Me Standing". Page 89
2142:
Fonseca, Isabel (1995). "Bury Me Standing". Page 95
2043:
At Risk: Roma and the Displaced in Southeast Europe
1777:. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 203â204.
1420:
1418:
857:More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with
122:
102:
50:
40:
1553:
842:, presumably from the northwestern Indian states
1337:"Minorities of Southeast Europe: Roma f Albania"
1297:. Tirana Times. 19 December 2012. Archived from
999:tried to ban Roma from entering Albanian towns.
884:, traditionally referred to collectively as the
2113:"The situation of the Roma minority in Albania"
1556:World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East
811:(of Turkish origin and meaning "tent-dweller").
806:
798:
782:
770:
762:
754:
742:
2991:
2879:
2454:Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, RomanisĂŠl)
2324:
1888:Kolsti, John. "Silent Survivors". Pages 53-54
1800:"Religion in Albania during the Ottoman rule"
1481:"Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India"
767:(also related to a supposed origin in Egypt),
694:
8:
2273:Anthropological Journal on European Cultures
1906:Kovacs, Petra. "Invisible Minority". Page 19
35:
1940:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 388â.
1387:. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 70.
2998:
2984:
2976:
2886:
2872:
2864:
2359:
2331:
2317:
2309:
1547:
1545:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1289:
1287:
1168:is seen as the symbol of the Roma people.
759:(related to the supposed origin in Egypt),
701:
687:
139:
34:
1699:
1689:
1452:
1442:
1474:
1472:
865:. It shares many phonetic features with
1897:Kolsti. "Silent Survivors". Pages 53-54
1852:Kolsti. "Silent Survivors". Pages 51-52
1723:"Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?"
1636:(4/1995). Brno: Muzeum romské kultury.
1595:Ć ebkovĂĄ, Hana; ĆœlnayovĂĄ, Edita (1998),
1215:
391:
381:
250:
243:
151:
2111:Mile, Ramazan and Lleshi, Alma. 2007.
1994:. ACCESS Association. 2000. p. 2.
1425:Mendizabal, Isabel (6 December 2012).
1400:
1750:. LIT Verlag MĂŒnster. pp. 132â.
1479:Sindya N. Bhanoo (11 December 2012).
1225:, Minority Rights Group International
7:
1725:. khaleejtimes.com. 29 February 2016
1262:
1260:
1149:The majority of Roma in Albania are
747:("stranger", the word coming from a
51:Regions with significant populations
2115:. Albanian Roma Union "Amaro-Drom".
1879:Kolsti, "Silent Survivors", page 52
1651:"5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma"
893:Indian Minister of External Affairs
670:
1223:Roma /Gypsies: A European Minority
869:, while its grammar is closest to
25:
1968:. OECD Publishing. pp. 75â.
835:The Romani people originate from
1937:Historical Dictionary of Albania
669:
159:
1238:. instat.gov.al. Archived from
2187:De Soto, Beddies and Gedeshi.
1335:Koinova, Maria (August 2000).
1153:, having converted during the
1:
2189:Roma and Egyptians in Albania
1841:The Gypsies of Eastern Europe
1634:Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury
2500:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians
1691:10.1371/journal.pone.0048477
1199:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians
977:German occupation of Albania
946:In the late Ottoman Empire,
2294:. World Bank Publications.
1043:, as well as the cities of
791:emigration and used around
3394:
1407:: CS1 maint: postscript (
828:
247:Romani people by sub-group
2914:
2901:
2346:
1444:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039
1381:Hancock, Ian F. (2005) .
1051:, and around the town of
127:
107:
55:
45:
3373:Ethnic groups in Albania
2895:Ethnic groups in Albania
1961:OECD (2 December 2003).
1560:. Rough Guides. p.
1384:We are the Romani People
1159:Albanian Orthodox Church
930:. Ottoman rule set up a
36:Romani people in Albania
3006:Romani people in Europe
1798:Skendi, Stavro (1956).
1771:Ramet, Sabrina (1998).
1204:Romani people in Kosovo
27:Ethnic group in Albania
3054:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2965:Serbs and Montenegrins
2592:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1268:"Albanian census 2011"
1236:"Albanian census 2011"
954:Early independence era
807:
799:
783:
771:
763:
755:
743:
727:
1934:Robert Elsie (2010).
1583:Roma Rajastan Penjab.
1189:the Romani language.
46:â 90,000-100,000
1301:on 26 December 2012.
1245:on 24 September 2015
910:Migration to Albania
831:Origin of the Romani
3270:States with limited
2459:Scottish Travellers
1682:2012PLoSO...748477R
967:During World War II
900:Government of India
308:Kale (Finnish Roma)
303:Kale (Iberian Roma)
37:
2395:English Romanichal
1804:SĂŒdost Forschungen
1657:. 23 October 2013.
1353:âwhiteâ Albanians.
1039:, the villages of
424:Bosnia-Herzegovina
3378:Romani by country
3368:Romani in Albania
3355:
3354:
2973:
2972:
2861:
2860:
2545:
2544:
2301:978-0-8213-6171-9
2053:978-92-95042-53-7
1991:Balkan Neighbours
1975:978-92-64-10072-5
1947:978-0-8108-6188-6
1757:978-3-643-50144-8
1437:(24): 2342â2349.
1394:978-1-902806-19-8
1030:Council of Europe
777:Southern dialects
728:Romët në Shqipëri
711:
710:
313:Kale (Welsh Roma)
138:
137:
133:Eastern Orthodoxy
16:(Redirected from
3385:
3308:Dependencies and
3012:Sovereign states
3000:
2993:
2986:
2977:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2865:
2795:
2360:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2310:
2305:
2277:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1703:
1693:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1614:, archived from
1603:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1559:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1398:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1303:
1302:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1151:cultural Muslims
990:imposed a harsh
810:
802:
786:
774:
766:
758:
746:
703:
696:
689:
673:
672:
647:Hungarian-Slovak
353:SepeÄides Romani
163:
140:
41:Total population
38:
21:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3309:
3303:
3289:Northern Cyprus
3271:
3265:
3186:North Macedonia
3007:
3004:
2974:
2969:
2910:
2897:
2892:
2862:
2857:
2789:
2732:North Macedonia
2541:
2488:
2385:Burgenland Roma
2351:
2342:
2340:Romani diaspora
2337:
2302:
2287:
2284:
2282:Further reading
2270:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1621:on 4 March 2016
1618:
1612:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1514:
1513:
1504:
1498:Current Biology
1496:
1492:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1431:Current Biology
1424:
1423:
1416:
1399:
1395:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1306:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1195:
1174:
1147:
1130:
1122:
1089:
1081:
1061:
1017:
1005:
1003:After Communism
985:
983:Under Communism
973:Jews in Albania
969:
956:
920:
912:
904:Indian diaspora
833:
827:
822:
808:Cergetar/Cergar
736:
707:
662:
544:North Macedonia
390:
389:
386:Romani diaspora
377:
268:Burgenland Roma
249:
248:
33:
28:
23:
22:
18:Roma in Albania
15:
12:
11:
5:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3310:other entities
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3261:United Kingdom
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:Czech Republic
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2853:United Kingdom
2850:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2787:Basque Country
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2632:Czechoslovakia
2629:
2627:Czech Republic
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2052:
2033:
2009:
1997:
1981:
1974:
1953:
1946:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1832:
1823:
1813:
1790:
1783:
1763:
1756:
1736:
1714:
1676:(11): e48477,
1660:
1642:
1624:
1610:
1587:
1570:
1541:
1527:
1521:. p. 50.
1502:
1490:
1485:New York Times
1468:
1414:
1393:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1345:
1304:
1283:
1256:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1173:
1170:
1146:
1143:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1060:
1059:Socioeconomics
1057:
1016:
1013:
1004:
1001:
984:
981:
968:
965:
963:and non-Roma"
955:
952:
919:
916:
911:
908:
826:
823:
821:
818:
813:
812:
804:
796:
787:(referring to
780:
768:
760:
752:
735:
732:
709:
708:
706:
705:
698:
691:
683:
680:
679:
678:
677:
664:
663:
661:
660:
655:
650:
640:
629:United Kingdom
626:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
459:Czechoslovakia
456:
454:Czech Republic
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
384:
383:
382:
379:
378:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
246:
245:
244:
241:
240:
239:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
165:
164:
156:
155:
149:
148:
136:
135:
125:
124:
120:
119:
105:
104:
100:
99:
53:
52:
48:
47:
43:
42:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3390:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:Faroe Islands
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:South Ossetia
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Liechtenstein
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:United States
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:Servitka Roma
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Bergitka Roma
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2034:
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3299:Transnistria
3018:
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2405:Finnish Kale
2400:Erromintxela
2290:
2272:
2265:Bibliography
2253:
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2024:. Retrieved
2012:
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1773:
1766:
1746:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1717:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1655:Live Science
1654:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1616:the original
1597:
1590:
1582:
1575:. Retrieved
1555:
1532:. Retrieved
1517:
1497:
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1484:
1434:
1430:
1383:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1348:
1299:the original
1274:. Retrieved
1247:. Retrieved
1240:the original
1230:
1218:
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1166:Saint George
1163:
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1021:Robert Elsie
1018:
1015:Demographics
1010:
1006:
997:Mehmet Shehu
986:
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921:
913:
890:
875:
856:
852:
834:
814:
737:
713:
712:
393:
293:Judeo-Romani
283:Crimean Roma
32:Ethnic group
29:
3337:Isle of Man
3272:recognition
3246:Switzerland
3181:Netherlands
2955:Macedonians
2811:Switzerland
2790: [
2742:Netherlands
2444:Polska Roma
2432:Muslim Roma
2363:Uncontested
2349:Settlements
1454:10230/25348
1155:Ottoman era
1049:Gjirokaster
988:Enver Hoxha
924:Ottoman era
918:Ottoman Era
764:Evgjit/Jevg
734:Terminology
675:WikiProject
609:Switzerland
554:Netherlands
539:New Zealand
338:Polska Roma
253:Afro-Romani
236:Settlements
171:Archaeology
113:Vlax Romani
93:Gjirokastër
3362:Categories
3216:San Marino
3176:Montenegro
3156:Luxembourg
3136:Kazakhstan
3039:Azerbaijan
2935:Bulgarians
2919:Aromanians
2727:Montenegro
2550:By country
2484:Welsh Kale
2449:Ruska Roma
1810:: 321â323.
1249:7 December
1210:References
1172:Traditions
948:Aromanians
829:See also:
534:Montenegro
388:by country
348:Ruska Roma
343:Romanichal
3327:Gibraltar
3151:Lithuania
2906:Albanians
2712:Lithuania
2572:Australia
2567:Argentina
2527:Bosha/Lom
2493:Contested
2464:SepeÄides
2410:Kalderash
2390:Cascarots
2356:Subgroups
1843:. Page 51
1403:cite book
992:Stalinist
844:Rajasthan
658:Venezuela
524:Lithuania
404:Australia
399:Argentina
333:RomanisĂŠl
298:Kalderash
278:Cascarots
103:Languages
3347:Svalbard
3332:Guernsey
3279:Abkhazia
3231:Slovenia
3226:Slovakia
3201:Portugal
3059:Bulgaria
2945:Italians
2930:Bosniaks
2921:(Vlachs)
2777:Slovenia
2772:Slovakia
2752:Portugal
2612:Colombia
2602:Bulgaria
2427:Manouche
2420:Machvaya
1710:23209554
1670:PLOS ONE
1463:23219723
1193:See also
1145:Religion
1128:Marriage
1079:Language
879:northern
837:Northern
749:Kalbelia
724:Albanian
637:Scotland
594:Slovenia
589:Slovakia
569:Portugal
439:Colombia
434:Bulgaria
328:Machvaya
231:Religion
206:Language
196:Folklore
145:a series
143:Part of
123:Religion
117:Albanian
3256:Ukraine
3206:Romania
3166:Moldova
3124:Ireland
3119:Iceland
3114:Hungary
3104:Germany
3099:Georgia
3089:Finland
3084:Estonia
3079:Denmark
3064:Croatia
3049:Belgium
3044:Belarus
3034:Austria
3029:Armenia
3024:Andorra
3019:Albania
2925:Ashkali
2848:Uruguay
2831:Ukraine
2821:Tunisia
2757:Romania
2722:Moldova
2682:Ireland
2672:Hungary
2662:Germany
2657:Georgia
2647:Estonia
2637:Denmark
2617:Croatia
2587:Belgium
2582:Belarus
2577:Austria
2562:Algeria
2557:Albania
2515:Kawliya
2510:Garachi
2437:Zargari
2026:8 April
1729:4 March
1701:3509117
1678:Bibcode
1276:8 April
1087:Culture
871:Bengali
867:Marwari
863:Punjabi
820:History
789:Gurbeti
719:Albania
653:Uruguay
619:Ukraine
574:Romania
549:Moldova
504:Ireland
499:Hungary
489:Germany
484:Georgia
474:Finland
469:Estonia
464:Denmark
444:Croatia
419:Belgium
414:Belarus
409:Austria
394:Albania
373:Zargari
323:LÄutari
288:Gurbeti
201:History
181:Culture
176:Cuisine
81:Sarandë
73:Shkodër
65:Elbasan
3342:Jersey
3284:Kosovo
3251:Turkey
3241:Sweden
3221:Serbia
3211:Russia
3196:Poland
3191:Norway
3171:Monaco
3141:Latvia
3109:Greece
3094:France
3069:Cyprus
2940:Greeks
2836:Crimea
2826:Turkey
2806:Sweden
2767:Serbia
2762:Russia
2747:Poland
2737:Norway
2717:Mexico
2702:Latvia
2697:Kosovo
2687:Israel
2667:Greece
2652:France
2622:Cyprus
2607:Canada
2597:Brazil
2479:Ursari
2415:Lovari
2380:Boyash
2370:Arlije
2298:
2050:
1972:
1965:Kosovo
1944:
1781:
1754:
1708:
1698:
1608:
1577:21 May
1568:
1534:21 May
1525:
1461:
1391:
1037:Tirana
932:millet
848:Punjab
825:Origin
784:Kurbat
772:Arixhi
756:Magjup
623:Crimea
614:Turkey
604:Sweden
584:Serbia
579:Russia
564:Poland
559:Norway
529:Mexico
519:Latvia
514:Kosovo
494:Greece
479:France
449:Cyprus
429:Brazil
368:Ursari
318:Lovari
273:Boyash
258:Arlije
226:People
61:Durrës
57:Tirana
3317:Ă
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3236:Spain
3161:Malta
3131:Italy
2816:Syria
2801:Sudan
2794:]
2782:Spain
2707:Libya
2692:Italy
2642:Egypt
2537:Lyuli
2520:Nawar
2474:Sinti
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1619:(PDF)
1602:(PDF)
1340:(PDF)
1271:(PDF)
1243:(XLS)
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1096:gadjo
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928:Islam
882:India
859:Hindi
840:India
800:Qifto
793:Korça
744:Gabel
599:Spain
509:Italy
363:Sinti
221:Names
216:Music
211:Media
191:Dress
186:Dance
129:Islam
97:Korça
89:Berat
77:Vlorë
2960:Roma
2950:Jews
2677:Iraq
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1731:2016
1706:PMID
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1566:ISBN
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1523:ISBN
1459:PMID
1409:link
1389:ISBN
1278:2023
1251:2015
1117:The
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