1265:, first to hold the elections—in which he was returned as consul for the following year—and on multiple occasions between October 48 BC and his death in 44. It is unclear which of Caesar's acts were undertaken under his overlapping dictatorial, proconsular, consular, or private authority. Unlike the consulship, which was limited by hundreds of years of precedent, the dictatorship, by virtue of its "separat from its foundations by 120 years of disuse", as well as Sulla's example, offered Caesar a position that gave him vast, ill-defined, and largely unconstrained powers. His dictatorship built on that of Sulla's as well: he changed the number of magistracies and reformed the state, but Caesar's dictatorship was administrative rather than one given up at the completion of a task. To that end, shortly before his death Caesar had himself appointed
1282:
38:
1202:. "Sulla never aimed at permanent tyranny"; wishing his settlement to succeed, and conceiving of it in quasi-republican terms, he resigned the dictatorship in place of ordinary magistrates. Sulla's reforms and proscriptions did stabilize a republic—albeit on radically reformed grounds with Sulla as a "law-giver" who gave Rome "a new constitution that would put an end to political and social strife"—and restore somewhat free elections for the next few decades, at an enormous cost. But the precedent that he set by twice marching on Rome with his armies would prove an equally destabilizing influence.
783:'s united armies. While Rome was not a formal member of the League, it did require the Latins to serve in Rome's wars under a Roman commander, which could have been a dictator appointed for the occasion. One argument of this is the siege of Veii: for nine years of siege, Rome did not resort to a dictator, until the last year when Etruscan intervention compelled Rome to call in its Latin allies. Moreover, it is plausible that the dictatorship was borrowed from other Latin municipalities that had a
906:, for quelling sedition and for war). However, by the middle Republic the historical record clearly shows that dictators were appointed more as temporary extraordinary magistrates to do some very specifically defined action before resigning, acting as proxies or substitutes for the ordinary magistrates of that year; the historicity of the dictators appointed in the early period to quell sedition—who usually took the side of the protestors—is also debated.
1119:
1061:. In this role, the dictators always took the side of the plebs, implying that the later tradition of the dictatorship as a tool of patrician tyranny is a post-Sullan anachronism. Their efforts may have been decisive in that legislation passed in the Assemblies called by dictators did not need the approval of the Senate, serving to break impasses between an obstinate patrician-heavy Senate and popular demands.
755:, although Livy thought this improbable, as he had not previously been consul and, had a Valerius been desired, Manius' father, Marcus, who was consul in 505 BC, could have been chosen instead. However, few modern scholars put much faith in these traditional accounts: by the time Roman history started being written down, the dictatorship as a military commander had already lapsed out of living memory.
74:
791:
1232:
ineffective path to the mastery of Rome" with the dictatorship as an "obvious tool for republican regime change" informed by Sulla's proscriptions and reforms. The phraseology of how
Crassus would supposedly have been elevated to the dictatorship also suggests it was seen as an available instrument for ambitious factional leaders to force through self-serving change.
1373:
2083:, p. 89. If a consul were trapped, there would be only one consul able to move about, necessitating a dictator; if the consuls are both occupied at war, a dictator might be appointed to hold elections; if one of the consuls were killed, a dictator might be appointed as substitute before a successor could be elected.
1239:
in 52 BC also is reported to have been initially intended as a dictatorship; it was, however, aborted by his election as sole consul (without colleague) to restore order. Scholars disagree as to the reasons why Pompey was made sole consul: ancient sources (Appian, Dio, and
Plutarch) all believed
1000:
could not then take up a military command against the wishes of the Senate. Dictators could carry out functions which fell outside the scope of their initial appointments, but only at the direction of the Senate; this included the drawing of funds from the public treasury, which a dictator could only
766:
The Roman view stresses that the dictatorship is said to have existed from the earliest years of the
Republic, created as "an integral part of the republican constitution". And while other Latin cities had dictatorships, they emerged from their abolished monarchies as ordinary magistrates rather than
1103:
The religious purpose of the dictatorship in undertaking rituals to appease the gods in cases of pestilence or other disasters also was replaced. Dictators appointed to appease the gods was highly reactive but, over time, the accumulation of precedent formalised a spiritual process. Instead of an ad
1085:
At the same time, the new promagistrates also meant the consuls could spend more time in Rome, meaning it became less necessary to appoint dictators to conduct elections. During the various wars of the 140s BC, the ability to have more commanders under praetorian or proconsular leadership meant
909:
The Romans were not consistent in classifying specific threats and then appointing a dictator if they met some criteria. Rather, they judged the matter subjectively such that a dictator in military matters would only be appointed if there were converging threats from multiple enemies, all-consuming
758:
The dictatorship seems to have been conceived as a way to bypass normal Roman politics and create a short-term magistrate with special powers, serving to defend the
Republic in war, or otherwise to cow internal civil unrest, especially if such unrest imperilled the conduct of war. There are broadly
1240:
this occurred to deny him a dictatorship; "recent scholarship has emphasised Pompey’s consulship rather as a means of resolving a political impasse". If this were an abortive dictatorship, it would have been "a final echo of the archaic dictators" with the sole goal of restoring order to the city.
1349:
In theory, the magister equitum was commander of the cavalry, but he was not limited to that role. The dictator and magister equitum did not always take the field together; in some instances the magister equitum was assigned the defense of the city while the dictator took an army into the field,
1345:
The magister equitum was also a curule magistrate, with powers to summon the Senate and perhaps also powers to summon the
Assembly; however, he had only six lictors, symbolizing his subordination to the dictator, and his expectation of quickly vacating office. The magister equitum was necessarily
1041:
starting in 264 BC, when Rome established hegemony over Italy, dictators were overwhelmingly appointed to conduct military campaigns and also appointed regularly. However, these dictators were not given the best commands—they rarely won triumphs: only five of some 75 triumphs between 363 and
1008:
of the other magistrates was not vacated by the nomination of a dictator. They continued to perform the duties of their office, although subject to the dictator's authority, and continued in office until the expiration of their year, by which time the dictator had typically resigned. Dictatorial
811:
Consular nomination occurred in a nocturnal ritual, usually preceded by advice from the Senate asking for a specific person to be appointed, but this was not strictly necessary. A vote of the people could be held, but this was unusual, perhaps except in cases with a non-consular nominator. In the
807:
The dictator was the only important official in the Roman state that was appointed. The power to appoint a dictator vested in the consuls, one of whom could nominate a man to serve in the office; he did not need to consult his colleague, and no other magistrates had such authority. A dictator,
696:
The reasons for which someone might be appointed dictator were varied. The purpose of the dictatorship was to return Rome to the status quo before some threat emerged. The dictatorship existed "to eliminate whatever had arisen that was out of bounds and then eliminate themselves so that normal
1042:
264 BC—suggesting that they functioned as substitutes for the ordinary magistrates. The middle
Republic also shows significant use of the dictatorship to hold elections in place of consuls: this occurred twelve times during the First Punic War and eight times during the following Second.
1231:
as magister equitum. Suetonius' version of events may be anachronistic, with
Crassus and Caesar's involvement being an embellishment. Regardless, the suggestion of a dictatorship "belongs, perhaps to a late-republican school of thought that saw the antiquated office of the consulship as an
1130:
The new dictatorships of Sulla and Caesar differed greatly from the traditional dictatorship. The long period of abeyance in which the dictatorship had lain meant that men like Sulla and Caesar were no longer bound by the chains of centuries of tradition requiring any man appointed to the
826:
Dictatorial powers likely extended beyond the term of the nominating magistrate, and most dictators are recorded to have given up their powers as quickly as possible. Customary law may have required dictators to give up their powers immediately after completion of their assigned task.
910:
ongoing wars, or extinction-level threats to the city which could be handled by a man "whose empowerment with the dictatorship offered more assurance of success than the incumbent magistrates". Alternatively, dictators might be appointed if another consul-like magistrate was needed.
913:
Normally there was only one dictator at a time, although a new dictator could be appointed following the resignation of another. A dictator could be compelled to resign his office without accomplishing his task or serving out his term if there were found to be a fault in the
1028:
Some sources, both ancient and modern in summaries of the office, assert that the dictator was limited to a term for six months, but this is contradicted by recorded practice and Livy has a dictator object to a six-month limitation explicitly as objectionably unorthodox.
1190:, he completed this task on 1 January 79 BC and resigned to take up an ordinary consulship. This dictatorship aligned with one aspect of the archaic dictatorship—restoring stability—as the state was, in fact, in a shambles after the domination and proscriptions of
1072:
and usually lasted several years, making the short term of the dictatorship unsuitable. Moreover, the fact that these conflicts occurred far from Rome radically limited the possibility of panicked tumult that could result in a dictatorial appointment. The rise of
767:
as an extraordinary magistrate only appointed in time of crisis. Others have argued that the dictatorship existed as a means to slip through the inefficiency of a new collegiate magistracy, arguing that the Romans would not have made it – with regal powers – an
1077:
also meant that the Romans had, by jettisoning the annual term, more generals in the field than they had in the past. These promagistrates resembled archaic dictators as well, being exempt from normal consular responsibilities while being assigned a limited
2570:, p. 133. "As has been persuasively argued, Sulla conceived of his dictatorship in quasi-republican terms, as a special office undertaken to perform a specific task, namely, the establishment of a constitutional (republican) form of government".
989:, and to a considerable degree depended on the dictator's ability to work together with other magistrates. The precise limitations of this power were not sharply defined, but subject to debate, contention, and speculation throughout Roman history.
660:
to veto his actions or of the people to appeal them were retained. The extent of a dictator's mandate strictly controlled the ends to which his powers could be directed. Dictators were also liable to prosecution after their terms completed.
1342:, or "master of the horse". The first act of a dictator was to choose this lieutenant, usually at his own discretion. It was customary for the dictator to nominate a magister equitum, even if he were appointed for a non-military reason.
972:
was superior to that of the consuls or that he was endowed with the power of both consuls. As the kings had been accustomed to appear on horseback, this right was forbidden to the dictator unless he first received permission from the
2238:
seems that the dictator's supreme power did not necessarily extend into the city... that the power of a dictator did not override that of the tribunes—a point attested also by the tradition about appeals against the dictator
1269:, i.e., in a dictatorship that continued each year without the need to seek the senate's approval or appointment by one of the consuls. This new and transformed dictatorship, endowed with a kingly power, ended with
1020:
Most authorities hold that a dictator could not be held to account for his actions after resigning his office. However, there are cases where this is asserted in the literary sources and the surviving text of the
1299:
After Caesar's death, it became unlawful to propose, vote for, or accept any dictatorship. Any person who became dictator also could be summarily executed. Essentially, the title was cursed and excised from the
1321:
to accept the dictatorship, and
Augustus refused, knowing that the title would bring only hatred, and that his own informal authority, "encumbered by neither ancient nor recent precedent", would be sufficient.
1009:
power also did not override that of the tribunes. While some sources assert there was no appeal to the tribunes from a dictator's actions, other sources document the extent of a dictator's powers within the
771:
part of their constitution in the immediate aftermath of the monarchy's abolition, confining it therefore to a peripheral and extraordinary role. Other scholars have advanced theories that the consuls came
1094:, dictators were not appointed: in the former, the consul refused to act, precluding a dictatorial nomination, and in the latter, the Senate authorised the consul to use force via the so-called
968:
The Latin theory of the dictatorship's origin has also suggested that the twenty-four lictors emerged from the uniting of "two governments". It may have also simply signalled that a dictator's
1738:, p. 304. Ridley attributes this view to Mommsen; he also adds "The often quoted line that the dictatorship was a 'temporary restoration of monarchy' was not in fact Mommsen's real view".
1025:
implies the dictator and his magister equitum could be prosecuted after their terms ended. Rather, some modern scholars hold the position that unaccountability is a "legalistic illusion".
985:
The full extent of the dictatorial power was considerable, but not unlimited. It was circumscribed by the conditions of a dictator's appointment, as well as by the evolving traditions of
787:
serving as a military commander. This view also stresses continuity between the Roman kingdom and the succeeding republic, with the dictatorship as a bridge between the two periods.
3332:
957:
In a notable exception to the Roman reluctance to reconstitute the symbols of the kings, the lictors of the dictator never removed the axes from their fasces, even within the
649:
endowed with full authority to resolve some specific problem to which he had been assigned. He received the full powers of the state, subordinating the other magistrates,
624:
2486:, p. 290-91. "Valerius likely oversaw not an election per se... but the passage of a law naming Sulla dictator, following the manner established for Fabius Maximus".
2378:, p. 269. "It is not a coincidence that the first years of extensive use of the proconsulship overlapped with the last years of reliance on the dictatorship".
996:, the dictator's authority was nearly absolute. However, as a rule he could not exceed the mandate for which he was appointed; a dictator nominated to hold the
3219:
3761:
3803:
3791:
823:
most attested dictators were ex-consuls; it does not appear, however, that this emerged from any kind of legislation, as implied in Livy, to that effect.
3850:
2658:, p. 305, describing the dictatorship as "a sword lying ready for any with the stature and ambition to take it up of the dictator and his faction".
1530:
was nominated in 352 BC in order to carry on a war but was actually appointed to procure the election of two patrician consuls, in violation of the
1317:
The need for the dictatorship—especially as an instrument of pseudo-royal power—was clearly already gone: in 22 BC, a senatorial delegation begged
1131:
dictatorship—traditionally a man trusted by all Romans—to act for all Romans, resolve the issue to which he was appointed, and then immediately resign.
1281:
3766:
1468:
1350:
while on other occasions the dictator remained at Rome to see to some important duty, and entrusted the magister equitum with an army in the field.
5138:
3776:
1591:, reverting it to the condition of normality in which it existed before the need or crisis arose that required resolution" (emphasis in original).
1164:
668:(218–201 BC), but the magistracy then went into abeyance for over a century. It was later revived in a significantly modified form, first by
656:
A dictator was still controlled and accountable during his term in office: the Senate still exercised some oversight authority and the rights of
5083:
3771:
3505:
617:
221:
5053:
3878:
3405:
3135:
3108:
3069:
2976:
2947:
2520:
211:
1223:(which itself is now held in modern scholarship to be fictitious) related by Suetonius would have had the creation of a dictatorship led by
5143:
5018:
4171:
3088:
3049:
1527:
1199:
1086:
it was possible to keep at least one consul in Rome while the other fought abroad. Even when the Senate wanted to act against men such as
948:. The dictator, however, was accompanied by twenty-four lictors rather than the normal twelve lictors of the consul. However, within the
3724:
1210:
After Sulla's dictatorship, there are a few cases where a dictatorship was supposedly considered as a means of effecting regime change.
382:
779:
The Latin view argues that the dictatorship emerged from the need to rotate command between Latin states in the role of commanding the
747:
It is not certain who the first dictator was or in what year he was appointed. Livy gives two versions: in one, the first dictator was
3395:
1386:
1301:
684:
just before his death. This later dictatorship was used to effect wide-ranging and semi-permanent changes across Roman society. After
204:
187:
5063:
3823:
3390:
3385:
3361:
3212:
2997:
2918:
2052:
2050:
872:
813:
795:
653:
included, for the specific purpose of resolving that issue, and that issue only, and then dispensing with those powers immediately.
610:
182:
1046:
had a knack of winning elections when held by dictators, which may explain why this limited dictatorship also fell into abeyance.
2243:, and by the threat of a tribune to veto an election held by a dictator". On the threatened veto of elections, see Livy 27.6.2–11.
1517:. He proceeded to levy troops, but was compelled to resign before he could take the field, and was prosecuted the following year.
5174:
5078:
3751:
3400:
3327:
2235:
199:
3344:
3277:
2897:
2885:
2329:
2327:
1183:
1144:
706:
192:
4098:
4023:
3781:
1294:
1286:
685:
1467:
There is indication that the consuls could appoint anyone they wished. For example, after being defeated in a naval battle,
5169:
4594:
3187:
1214:
37:
2511:
Badian, Ernst (2012). "Cornelius, Sulla Felix, Lucius". In
Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.).
808:
however, could be created by comitial legislation at the proposal of other magistrates, as Sulla and Caesar later were.
4434:
4038:
3490:
3205:
597:
5133:
5058:
4817:
3873:
3756:
3302:
1391:
5093:
4757:
4649:
4419:
4191:
4013:
3921:
3786:
3729:
3183:
2257:
395:
5113:
4206:
4161:
4088:
4008:
3956:
3946:
3898:
3245:
1549:, contra certain ancient accounts, to prevent Milo from becoming consul and acquiring immunity from prosecution.
1270:
1096:
722:. The creation of the dictatorship is part of this tradition, which is somewhat confused. Its original title was
460:
162:
4714:
4624:
4133:
4113:
4108:
4093:
4046:
3986:
3941:
3743:
1049:
In domestic affairs, the dictators were at times—according to tradition—appointed to resolve issue between the
64:
5184:
5179:
5164:
5123:
5103:
5043:
5033:
5023:
4429:
4118:
4018:
3998:
3913:
3903:
3608:
3548:
3240:
1359:
1224:
961:, symbolising their power over life and death and setting the dictator apart from the ordinary magistrates.
871:, to create a dictator for an important religious rite involving the driving of a nail into the wall of the
752:
741:
498:
5128:
5118:
5068:
5048:
4862:
4837:
4802:
4684:
4409:
4056:
3818:
3349:
2231:
1472:
1191:
1154:
1123:
1058:
5098:
5028:
4852:
4604:
4404:
4399:
4196:
4103:
4028:
3991:
3976:
3951:
3931:
3833:
1262:
1249:
5108:
5073:
4762:
4752:
4629:
4529:
4454:
4319:
4282:
3658:
3322:
1150:
1140:
1065:
657:
140:
1526:
A dictator could also be appointed for a reason other than the one publicly announced; for example,
5038:
4887:
4689:
4559:
4509:
3828:
3425:
1485:
1378:
1017:, appeals against dictatorial action, and threats by tribunes to veto elections held by dictators.
275:
1157:
had the dictatorship revived. In 82 BC the consuls were absent from the city, he induced the
965:
the lictors of other magistrates could not bear fasces at all when appearing before the dictator.
5088:
4812:
4619:
4474:
4414:
4334:
4277:
4141:
3377:
3356:
3036:
2732:
2724:
1532:
1493:
1159:
533:
172:
4727:
1394: – Form of government in which emergency dictatorial powers are limited by the constitution
1171:, to pass a law directly appointing Sulla as dictator to write laws and reconstitute the state (
2859:
2857:
842:, spheres of command assigned to a magistrate which bound their freedom of action. The various
4722:
4574:
4329:
4289:
4267:
3475:
3141:
3131:
3104:
3100:
3075:
3065:
3061:
3028:
3003:
2993:
2972:
2953:
2943:
2924:
2914:
2716:
2526:
2516:
1947:
1945:
1314:. Antony's supporters lionised him for having rid the Republic of this instrument of tyranny.
1253:
1118:
1105:
1087:
679:
452:
445:
248:
51:
4787:
4747:
4679:
4614:
4539:
4534:
4306:
4229:
4176:
3971:
3966:
3855:
3714:
3663:
3623:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3495:
3442:
3435:
3420:
3415:
3339:
3267:
3096:
3057:
2708:
1489:
1346:
subordinate to the dictator, although this did not always prevent the two from disagreeing.
1333:
895:
728:
665:
642:
574:
568:
561:
547:
376:
355:
300:
285:
280:
265:
149:
928:—bringing that matter before the Assembly himself—in a manner akin to that of the consuls.
4882:
4694:
4674:
4634:
4569:
4519:
4514:
4389:
4339:
4247:
4081:
4061:
3981:
3430:
3255:
1038:
924:
290:
664:
Dictators were frequently appointed from the earliest period of the
Republic down to the
1416:
Literally, of the "people", referring to the common soldiers, as opposed to the cavalry.
4937:
4579:
4314:
4262:
4234:
4181:
4166:
4146:
3961:
3936:
3893:
3883:
3683:
3613:
3598:
3563:
3523:
3284:
1458:
were elected. Dictators, however, were appointed by the sole discretion of one consul".
1172:
1091:
938:
867:
646:
579:
526:
345:
254:
102:
31:
5158:
4469:
4439:
4354:
3888:
3865:
3678:
3533:
3518:
3465:
3272:
2736:
2240:
1228:
1069:
748:
673:
475:
325:
93:
45:
4947:
4807:
4252:
4201:
4156:
4151:
4003:
3813:
3699:
3643:
3638:
3528:
3410:
3294:
3228:
1195:
1187:
944:
780:
719:
650:
388:
340:
310:
236:
111:
790:
2966:
1488:
was nominated dictator in order to fill up the ranks of the Senate following the
4742:
4364:
4186:
4076:
3470:
3192:. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Cary, Earnest. Harvard University Press.
2712:
1311:
1306:
1179:); he was also given immunity for all actions (including those past and future)
885:
431:
73:
918:
under which he had been nominated. After nomination, a dictator would have his
4967:
4907:
4872:
4664:
4599:
4589:
4484:
4369:
4257:
3840:
3808:
3553:
3480:
3312:
3307:
3175:
3167:
3145:
1368:
1074:
1050:
718:, according to tradition, devolved the royal powers onto two annually elected
512:
242:
122:
17:
3079:
3032:
2957:
2720:
2530:
1104:
hoc approach, the Senate would advise—in moments of need—consultation of the
4997:
4992:
4952:
4877:
4847:
4827:
4704:
4644:
4554:
4504:
4499:
4424:
4384:
4272:
4242:
4051:
3926:
3719:
3603:
3578:
3457:
3007:
1471:
was told to nominate a dictator; he nominated a lowborn subordinate of his,
1054:
986:
584:
554:
420:
402:
365:
3125:
2928:
2309:, "Role and Significance in the Early and Middle Republic" paragraphs 3, 4.
2937:
816:, the people may have created him dictator directly by legislation. After
4957:
4942:
4932:
4917:
4832:
4822:
4792:
4782:
4777:
4767:
4669:
4584:
4464:
4449:
4379:
4359:
4349:
4344:
4324:
4123:
3704:
3668:
3558:
3485:
3317:
2987:
1497:
1397:
1318:
1012:
950:
519:
409:
320:
231:
129:
3040:
3016:
2728:
2696:
1545:
Specifically, Pompey was made sole consul by means of election from the
4977:
4972:
4962:
4927:
4922:
4912:
4857:
4842:
4659:
4654:
4639:
4609:
4564:
4544:
4524:
4479:
4211:
4066:
3845:
3653:
3648:
3538:
2321:, "Role and Significance in the Early and Middle Republic" paragraph 4.
2059:, "Role and Significance in the Early and Middle Republic" paragraph 3.
1514:
1438:"Every other important official in the Roman state was elected... the
505:
484:
335:
315:
3197:
4987:
4867:
4797:
4737:
4732:
4699:
4459:
4444:
4394:
4374:
3796:
3673:
3568:
1258:
1236:
915:
760:
751:
in 501 BC. His other version states that the first dictator was
540:
330:
2515:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 384, 385.
732:, "master of the horse". The dictator may have also been called the
3052:. In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.).
4772:
4494:
4221:
3513:
2336:, "Role and Significance in the Early and Middle Republic" para 5.
2297:, "Role and Significance in the Early and Middle Republic" para 2.
1978:, "Role and Significance in the Early and Middle Republic" para 3.
1280:
1117:
894:
in one extraordinary case, for appointment of senators, after the
789:
759:
two views on the dictatorship's origin: that it descends from the
669:
853:, "for the conduct of the matter", used for military emergencies,
4982:
4549:
4489:
4071:
3447:
3162:
936:
Like other curule magistrates, the dictator was entitled to the
30:"Dictatores" redirects here. For the medieval rhetoricians, see
3201:
2939:
Commanders & command in the Roman republic and early empire
3543:
3056:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 448.
736:, as mentioned by Livy, referring to an old law requiring the
491:
438:
3017:"The origin of the Roman dictatorship: an overlooked opinion"
1442:
was elected by, and from among, the patrician senators; the
688:
in 44, the office was formally abolished and never revived.
2904:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
2892:. Vol. 1. New York: American Philological Association.
2037:
2035:
1986:
1984:
1939:, "Key Features as a Magistracy of the People" paragraph 2.
3166:
2844:
2842:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2118:
2116:
2114:
1304:. Curiously, the person who did this was not one of the
1108:
and direct implementation of the Books' recommendations.
2678:
2676:
2359:
2357:
1836:
1834:
1797:
1795:
1770:
1768:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
830:
A dictator could be nominated for different reasons, or
2348:
The Roman dictatorship: its character and its evolution
1666:
1664:
1513:
in 363 BC, but wished to lead an army against the
1509:
For instance, Lucius Manlius Capitolinus was appointed
2546:, "The Dictatorship of L. Cornelius Sulla, 82–79 BCE".
2149:, "Key Features as a Magistracy of the People" para 1.
1966:, "Key Features as a Magistracy of the People" para 2.
1289:
in 44 BC, by Jean-LĂ©on GĂ©rĂ´me (mid 19th century).
863:, or elections, when the consuls were unable to do so;
1400: – Political leader who possesses absolute power
2158:
697:
operation of the ordinary government" could resume.
48:
on the obverse. The legend mentions that Caesar was
44:
of Publius Sepullius Macer, 44 BC, with the head of
5006:
4900:
4713:
4305:
4298:
4220:
4132:
4037:
3912:
3864:
3742:
3692:
3631:
3622:
3504:
3456:
3376:
3293:
3254:
2942:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
2697:"How and why was Pompey made sole consul in 52 BC?"
726:, "master of the infantry". His lieutenant was the
1484:The chief exception occurred in 216 BC, when
1310:but rather, Caesar's own former magister equitum,
3127:Dictator: the evolution of the Roman dictatorship
1177:legibus scribundis et rei publicae constituendae
2506:
2504:
763:, or that it was a uniquely Roman institution.
740:to put a nail into the wall of a temple on the
1589:A dictator's purpose was to move Rome backward
27:Extraordinary magistrate of the Roman Republic
3213:
618:
8:
3174:. Translated by Roberts, Canon – via
3130:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
3048:Sherwin-White, AN; Lintott, Andrew (2012).
1126:. Sulla was dictator from 82 to 79 BC.
1010:
677:
49:
4302:
3628:
3260:
3220:
3206:
3198:
2350:(PhD). University of California, Berkeley.
625:
611:
59:
2971:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2701:Historia: Zeitschrift fĂĽr Alte Geschichte
2495:
2459:
2253:
2215:
2191:
2093:
2041:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1852:
1825:
1261:also revived the dictatorship during the
904:seditionis sedandae et rei gerundae causa
3087:Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan (2015-12-22).
1572:
1068:, all major wars were then conducted by
36:
3101:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2151
3062:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2151
2863:
2543:
2423:
2333:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2227:
2179:
2146:
2122:
2056:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1891:, "Procedures and Powers", paragraph 1.
1888:
1864:
1786:
1723:
1655:
1647:
1635:
1612:
1565:
1409:
902:These reasons could be combined (e.g.,
891:for investigating certain actions; and,
467:
419:
354:
299:
264:
220:
171:
84:
62:
2989:The constitution of the Roman Republic
2913:. London: Cambridge University Press.
2848:
2833:
2821:
2809:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2682:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2627:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2483:
2471:
2447:
2435:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2282:
2270:
2134:
2105:
2080:
2068:
1900:
1876:
1840:
1813:
1801:
1774:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1711:
1694:
1670:
1600:
1584:
1475:, who resigned in the ensuing outrage.
963:In an extraordinary sign of deference,
676:between 49 and 44 BC, who became
672:between 82 and 79 BC and then by
2902:The magistrates of the Roman republic
2890:The magistrates of the Roman republic
881:for establishing a religious holiday;
875:, as a protection against pestilence;
798:. Fabius was dictator in 217 BC.
776:the dictatorship rather than before.
7:
2230:, p. 111. "The quarrel between
1429:, sometimes translated as "knights".
1001:do with the Senate's authorisation.
711:The abolition of the Roman monarchy
2285:, pp. 248 et seq, 252–53, 256.
1064:After the Second Punic War and the
2256:, p. 118 (noting prosecution
1496:held the military command against
1387:Constitution of the Roman Republic
1338:The dictator's lieutenant was the
25:
3021:Rheinisches Museum fĂĽr Philologie
2866:, "Procedures and Powers" para 4.
1954:, "Procedures and Powers" para 3.
1915:, "Procedures and Powers" para 2.
1867:, "Procedures and Powers" para 1.
873:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
814:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
796:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
2898:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
2886:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon
2203:
2159:Sherwin-White & Lintott 2012
1682:
1651:
1371:
888:, an ancient religious festival;
72:
3054:The Oxford classical dictionary
2513:The Oxford classical dictionary
1184:significant changes to the laws
1145:Constitutional reforms of Sulla
707:Overthrow of the Roman monarchy
1446:was originally elected by the
1295:Assassination of Julius Caesar
1287:Assassination of Julius Caesar
954:he may have displayed twelve.
1:
1217:
1215:First Catilinarian conspiracy
817:
712:
3792:Frontiers and fortifications
2909:Crawford, Michael H (1974).
2630:, p. 304. Citing Suet.
2346:Hartfield, Marianne (1982).
1213:One version of the supposed
1122:Head presumed to be that of
1112:Late republican dictatorship
3851:Decorations and punishments
3093:Oxford Classical Dictionary
2992:. Oxford University Press.
2713:10.25162/historia-2016-0017
2236:Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus
1392:Constitutional dictatorship
857:comitiorum habendorum causa
5201:
4758:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3333:historiography of the fall
3184:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2462:, pp. 66, 74, 79, 82.
2258:Lucius Manlius Capitolinus
1650:, pp. 27–28. (citing
1357:
1331:
1292:
1247:
1138:
704:
29:
5139:External wars and battles
3263:
3236:
3015:Ridley, Ronald T (1979).
1097:senatus consultum ultimum
1033:Decline and disappearance
878:for quelling of sedition;
461:Senatus consultum ultimum
356:Extraordinary magistrates
2986:Lintott, Andrew (1999).
2965:Flower, Harriet (2010).
2911:Roman republican coinage
2234:and his master of horse
1469:Publius Claudius Pulcher
1235:The later consulship of
1206:Between Sulla and Caesar
692:Traditional dictatorship
65:Politics of ancient Rome
5175:Ancient Roman dictators
5134:Roman–Iranian relations
3609:Optimates and populares
2695:Ramsey, John T (2016).
1492:, even as the dictator
1360:List of Roman dictators
1354:List of Roman dictators
1302:republican constitution
1225:Marcus Licinius Crassus
1165:Lucius Valerius Flaccus
753:Manius Valerius Maximus
5144:Civil wars and revolts
4410:Sextus Pompeius Festus
4057:Conflict of the Orders
3416:Legislative assemblies
2936:Drogula, Fred (2015).
1587:, pp. 333, 334. "
1473:Marcus Claudius Glicia
1290:
1271:Caesar's assassination
1192:Lucius Cornelius Cinna
1176:
1155:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
1135:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
1127:
1124:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
1059:Conflict of the Orders
1011:
992:In the pursuit of his
981:Powers and limitations
799:
686:Caesar's assassination
678:
222:Political institutions
57:
50:
4853:Simplicius of Cilicia
4605:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3834:Siege in Ancient Rome
3443:Executive magistrates
3124:Wilson, Mark (2021).
1284:
1200:Gnaeus Papirius Carbo
1121:
1057:during the so-called
793:
641:was an extraordinary
40:
5170:Ancient Roman titles
4863:Stephanus Byzantinus
4768:Eusebius of Caesaria
4630:Sidonius Apollinaris
4320:Ammianus Marcellinus
3659:Tribune of the plebs
2670:, pp. 307, 308.
1816:, pp. 307, 308.
1750:, pp. 304, 305.
1066:Third Macedonian War
301:Ordinary magistrates
5039:Distinguished women
4690:Velleius Paterculus
4530:Nicolaus Damascenus
4510:Marcellus Empiricus
3899:Republican currency
2618:, p. 303 n. 1.
2474:, pp. 334–336.
2450:, p. 286, 287.
1511:clavi figendi causa
1486:Marcus Fabius Buteo
1379:Ancient Rome portal
868:clavi figendi causa
4813:Phlegon of Tralles
4620:Seneca the Younger
4094:Naming conventions
3824:Personal equipment
3357:Later Roman Empire
2812:, pp. 328–29.
2558:, p. 291–293.
2426:, pp. 112–13.
2232:L. Papirius Cursor
1726:, pp. 109–10.
1654:, 7.3.5; see also
1533:lex Licinia Sextia
1528:Gaius Julius Iulus
1494:Marcus Junius Pera
1425:Literally, of the
1291:
1250:Caesar's civil war
1160:comitia centuriata
1128:
859:, for holding the
851:rei gerundae causa
800:
716: 509 BC
534:Triumvir monetalis
468:Titles and honours
58:
5152:
5151:
5114:Pontifices maximi
4896:
4895:
4753:Diogenes Laërtius
4575:Pliny the Younger
4330:Asconius Pedianus
4290:Romance languages
4162:Civil engineering
3904:Imperial currency
3777:Political control
3738:
3737:
3372:
3371:
3189:Roman Antiquities
3137:978-0-472-12920-1
3110:978-0-19-938113-5
3071:978-0-19-954556-8
2978:978-0-691-14043-8
2949:978-1-4696-2314-6
2522:978-0-19-954556-8
1927:, p. 110-11.
1789:, pp. 29–30.
1285:Depiction of the
1267:dictator perpetuo
1254:Dictator perpetuo
1221: 65 BC
1151:Sulla's civil war
1141:Sulla's civil war
1088:Tiberius Gracchus
1023:lex repetundarium
742:ides of September
680:dictator perpetuo
658:plebeian tribunes
635:
634:
453:Quaestio perpetua
446:Senatus consultum
249:Roman citizenship
52:dictator perpetuo
16:(Redirected from
5192:
5104:Magistri equitum
5019:Cities and towns
5012:
4938:Constantinopolis
4748:Diodorus Siculus
4680:Valerius Maximus
4615:Seneca the Elder
4535:Nonius Marcellus
4303:
3856:Hippika gymnasia
3819:Infantry tactics
3725:Consular tribune
3715:Magister equitum
3664:Military tribune
3629:
3589:Pontifex maximus
3584:Princeps senatus
3574:Magister militum
3340:Byzantine Empire
3261:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3199:
3193:
3179:
3173:
3155:Ancient sources
3149:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3083:
3044:
3027:(3/4): 303–309.
3011:
2982:
2961:
2932:
2905:
2893:
2867:
2861:
2852:
2846:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2606:, p. 301-2.
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2508:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2260:in 362 BC).
2250:
2244:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2039:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1659:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1524:
1518:
1507:
1501:
1490:Battle of Cannae
1482:
1476:
1465:
1459:
1444:princeps senatus
1436:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1340:magister equitum
1334:Magister equitum
1327:Magister equitum
1222:
1219:
1044:Magistri equitum
1016:
964:
896:Battle of Cannae
884:for holding the
822:
819:
729:magister equitum
717:
714:
683:
666:Second Punic War
627:
620:
613:
569:Pontifex maximus
562:Princeps senatus
548:Magister militum
383:Consular tribune
377:Magister equitum
205:Augustan reforms
76:
60:
55:
21:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5010:
5008:
5002:
4892:
4728:AĂ«tius of Amida
4709:
4695:Verrius Flaccus
4675:Valerius Antias
4635:Silius Italicus
4570:Pliny the Elder
4515:Marcus Aurelius
4390:Cornelius Nepos
4340:Aurelius Victor
4294:
4216:
4128:
4062:Secessio plebis
4033:
3908:
3860:
3734:
3688:
3618:
3500:
3452:
3368:
3289:
3250:
3232:
3226:
3196:
3182:
3169:History of Rome
3161:
3152:
3138:
3123:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3086:
3072:
3047:
3014:
3000:
2985:
2979:
2968:Roman republics
2964:
2950:
2935:
2921:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2875:
2870:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2523:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2264:
2251:
2247:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1662:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1544:
1540:
1525:
1521:
1508:
1504:
1483:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1336:
1330:
1297:
1279:
1256:
1246:
1220:
1208:
1147:
1137:
1114:
1106:Sibylline Books
1039:First Punic War
1035:
983:
962:
934:
925:comitia curiata
820:
805:
738:praetor maximus
734:praetor maximus
724:magister populi
715:
709:
703:
694:
631:
602:
598:Other countries
589:
458:
415:
350:
295:
260:
216:
193:Sullan republic
158:
154:
145:
136:
132:
125:
115:
106:
97:
67:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5198:
5196:
5188:
5187:
5185:Cursus honorum
5182:
5180:Emergency laws
5177:
5172:
5167:
5165:Roman Republic
5157:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4580:Pomponius Mela
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4315:Aelius Donatus
4311:
4309:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4283:Ecclesiastical
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4024:Toys and games
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3564:Vigintisexviri
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:Cursus honorum
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3323:Western Empire
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3202:
3195:
3194:
3180:
3158:
3151:
3150:
3136:
3121:
3109:
3084:
3070:
3045:
3012:
2998:
2983:
2977:
2962:
2948:
2933:
2919:
2906:
2894:
2881:
2878:Modern sources
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2853:
2851:, p. 330.
2838:
2836:, p. 329.
2826:
2824:, p. 331.
2814:
2802:
2800:, p. 328.
2790:
2788:, p. 326.
2778:
2776:, p. 325.
2766:
2764:, p. 315.
2754:
2752:, p. 309.
2742:
2707:(3): 298–324.
2687:
2685:, p. 308.
2672:
2660:
2648:
2646:, p. 305.
2636:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2594:, p. 133.
2584:
2582:, p. 120.
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2521:
2500:
2496:Broughton 1952
2488:
2476:
2464:
2460:Broughton 1952
2452:
2440:
2438:, p. 285.
2428:
2416:
2414:, p. 275.
2404:
2402:, p. 270.
2392:
2390:, p. 269.
2380:
2368:
2366:, p. 268.
2353:
2338:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2273:, p. 333.
2262:
2254:Broughton 1951
2245:
2220:
2218:, p. 125.
2216:Broughton 1951
2208:
2196:
2194:, p. 117.
2192:Broughton 1951
2184:
2182:, p. 112.
2163:
2151:
2139:
2137:, p. 158.
2127:
2125:, p. 111.
2110:
2108:, p. 166.
2098:
2096:, p. 145.
2094:Broughton 1951
2085:
2073:
2061:
2046:
2044:, p. 248.
2042:Broughton 1951
2031:
2029:, p. 152.
2027:Broughton 1951
2019:
2017:, p. 150.
2015:Broughton 1951
2007:
2005:, p. 132.
2003:Broughton 1951
1995:
1993:, p. 112.
1991:Broughton 1951
1980:
1968:
1956:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1903:, p. 132.
1893:
1881:
1879:, p. 131.
1869:
1857:
1855:, p. 215.
1853:Broughton 1951
1845:
1843:, p. 124.
1830:
1828:, p. 243.
1826:Broughton 1951
1818:
1806:
1804:, p. 307.
1791:
1779:
1777:, p. 306.
1764:
1762:, p. 305.
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1714:, p. 304.
1699:
1687:
1675:
1673:, p. 303.
1660:
1640:
1638:, p. 110.
1617:
1615:, p. 109.
1605:
1603:, p. 334.
1593:
1577:
1575:, p. 490.
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1538:
1519:
1502:
1477:
1460:
1431:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1366:
1363:
1358:Main article:
1355:
1352:
1332:Main article:
1329:
1324:
1278:
1275:
1245:
1242:
1207:
1204:
1136:
1133:
1113:
1110:
1092:Gaius Gracchus
1082:—to complete.
1070:promagistrates
1034:
1031:
982:
979:
939:toga praetexta
933:
930:
900:
899:
892:
889:
882:
879:
876:
864:
854:
804:
801:
702:
699:
693:
690:
647:Roman Republic
639:Roman dictator
633:
632:
630:
629:
622:
615:
607:
604:
603:
601:
600:
594:
591:
590:
588:
587:
582:
577:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
530:
527:Vigintisexviri
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
480:
479:
478:
470:
469:
465:
464:
457:
456:
449:
442:
435:
427:
424:
423:
417:
416:
414:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
380:
373:
368:
362:
359:
358:
352:
351:
349:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
307:
304:
303:
297:
296:
294:
293:
288:
283:
278:
272:
269:
268:
262:
261:
259:
258:
255:Cursus honorum
251:
246:
239:
234:
228:
225:
224:
218:
217:
215:
214:
209:
208:
207:
197:
196:
195:
185:
179:
176:
175:
169:
168:
167:
166:
157:
156:
147:
137:
135:
134:
127:
126:27 BC – AD 284
119:
118:
117:
116:27 BC – AD 395
108:
103:Roman Republic
99:
87:
86:
82:
81:
78:
77:
69:
68:
63:
32:Ars dictaminis
26:
24:
18:Roman Dictator
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5197:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:Julius Paulus
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4405:Fabius Pictor
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4142:Amphitheatres
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3879:Deforestation
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Siege engines
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:Establishment
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:Extraordinary
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Promagistrate
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Twelve Tables
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2999:0-19-815068-7
2995:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2920:0-521-07492-4
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2872:
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2860:
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2843:
2839:
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2545:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2498:, p. 66.
2497:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2461:
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2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2071:, p. 70.
2070:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1897:
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1890:
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1878:
1873:
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1866:
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1854:
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1837:
1835:
1831:
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1815:
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1803:
1798:
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1761:
1756:
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1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1697:, p. 35.
1696:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1658:, p. 15.
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1573:Crawford 1974
1569:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1516:
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1506:
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1309:
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1303:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1229:Julius Caesar
1226:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:proscriptions
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1156:
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1142:
1134:
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1125:
1120:
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1018:
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1007:
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995:
990:
988:
980:
978:
976:
971:
966:
960:
955:
953:
952:
947:
946:
945:sella curulis
941:
940:
931:
929:
927:
926:
921:
917:
911:
907:
905:
897:
893:
890:
887:
883:
880:
877:
874:
870:
869:
865:
862:
858:
855:
852:
849:
848:
847:
845:
841:
838:were akin to
837:
833:
828:
824:
821: 300 BC
815:
809:
802:
797:
794:Depiction of
792:
788:
786:
782:
777:
775:
770:
764:
762:
756:
754:
750:
749:Titus Larcius
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
730:
725:
721:
708:
700:
698:
691:
689:
687:
682:
681:
675:
674:Julius Caesar
671:
667:
662:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
628:
623:
621:
616:
614:
609:
608:
606:
605:
599:
596:
595:
593:
592:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
570:
566:
564:
563:
559:
557:
556:
552:
550:
549:
545:
543:
542:
538:
536:
535:
531:
529:
528:
524:
522:
521:
517:
515:
514:
510:
508:
507:
503:
501:
500:
496:
494:
493:
489:
487:
486:
482:
481:
477:
474:
473:
472:
471:
466:
463:
462:
455:
454:
450:
448:
447:
443:
441:
440:
436:
434:
433:
429:
428:
426:
425:
422:
418:
412:
411:
407:
405:
404:
400:
398:
397:
393:
391:
390:
386:
384:
381:
379:
378:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
361:
360:
357:
353:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
326:Promagistrate
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
306:
305:
302:
298:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
271:
270:
267:
263:
257:
256:
252:
250:
247:
245:
244:
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238:
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230:
229:
227:
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223:
219:
213:
210:
206:
203:
202:
201:
198:
194:
191:
190:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
178:
177:
174:
170:
165:
164:
160:
159:
153:
152:
148:
144:
143:
139:
138:
131:
128:
124:
121:
120:
114:
113:
109:
105:
104:
100:
96:
95:
94:Roman Kingdom
91:
90:
89:
88:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
70:
66:
61:
54:
53:
47:
46:Julius Caesar
43:
39:
33:
19:
5084:Institutions
4948:Leptis Magna
4901:Major cities
4808:Philostratus
4595:Quadrigarius
4415:Rufus Festus
4278:Contemporary
3999:Romanization
3922:Architecture
3709:
3529:Collegiality
3378:Constitution
3229:Ancient Rome
3188:
3168:
3154:
3153:
3126:
3114:. Retrieved
3092:
3053:
3024:
3020:
2988:
2967:
2938:
2910:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2876:
2864:Vervaet 2015
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2544:Vervaet 2015
2539:
2512:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2424:Lintott 1999
2419:
2407:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2347:
2341:
2334:Vervaet 2015
2319:Vervaet 2015
2314:
2307:Vervaet 2015
2302:
2295:Vervaet 2015
2290:
2278:
2265:
2248:
2228:Lintott 1999
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2180:Lintott 1999
2154:
2147:Vervaet 2015
2142:
2130:
2123:Lintott 1999
2101:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2057:Vervaet 2015
2022:
2010:
1998:
1976:Vervaet 2015
1971:
1964:Vervaet 2015
1959:
1952:Vervaet 2015
1937:Vervaet 2015
1932:
1925:Lintott 1999
1920:
1913:Vervaet 2015
1908:
1896:
1889:Vervaet 2015
1884:
1872:
1865:Vervaet 2015
1860:
1848:
1821:
1809:
1787:Drogula 2015
1782:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1724:Lintott 1999
1719:
1690:
1678:
1656:Drogula 2015
1648:Drogula 2015
1643:
1636:Lintott 1999
1613:Lintott 1999
1608:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1568:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1522:
1510:
1505:
1480:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1412:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1326:
1316:
1305:
1298:
1266:
1257:
1234:
1212:
1209:
1196:Gaius Marius
1181:
1168:
1163:, called by
1158:
1148:
1129:
1115:
1102:
1095:
1084:
1079:
1063:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1005:
1003:
997:
993:
991:
984:
974:
969:
967:
958:
956:
949:
943:
937:
935:
923:
922:ratified by
919:
912:
908:
903:
901:
866:
860:
856:
850:
843:
839:
835:
831:
829:
825:
810:
806:
784:
781:Latin League
778:
773:
768:
765:
757:
746:
737:
733:
727:
723:
710:
695:
663:
655:
638:
636:
567:
560:
553:
546:
539:
532:
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
459:
451:
444:
437:
430:
408:
401:
394:
387:
375:
370:
253:
241:
237:Collegiality
173:Constitution
161:
150:
141:
112:Roman Empire
110:
101:
92:
41:
5079:Geographers
4763:Dioscorides
4743:Cassius Dio
4365:Cassiodorus
4268:Renaissance
3874:Agriculture
3846:Auxiliaries
3787:Engineering
3624:Magistrates
3476:Citizenship
3471:Mos maiorum
3406:Late Empire
2849:Wilson 2021
2834:Wilson 2021
2822:Wilson 2021
2810:Wilson 2021
2798:Wilson 2021
2786:Wilson 2021
2774:Wilson 2021
2762:Wilson 2021
2750:Wilson 2021
2683:Wilson 2021
2668:Wilson 2021
2656:Wilson 2021
2644:Wilson 2021
2628:Wilson 2021
2616:Wilson 2021
2604:Wilson 2021
2592:Flower 2010
2580:Flower 2010
2568:Flower 2010
2556:Wilson 2021
2484:Wilson 2021
2472:Wilson 2021
2448:Wilson 2021
2436:Wilson 2021
2412:Wilson 2021
2400:Wilson 2021
2388:Wilson 2021
2376:Wilson 2021
2364:Wilson 2021
2283:Wilson 2021
2271:Wilson 2021
2135:Wilson 2021
2106:Wilson 2021
2081:Wilson 2021
2069:Wilson 2021
1901:Wilson 2021
1877:Wilson 2021
1841:Wilson 2021
1814:Ridley 1979
1802:Ridley 1979
1775:Ridley 1979
1760:Ridley 1979
1748:Ridley 1979
1736:Ridley 1979
1712:Ridley 1979
1695:Wilson 2021
1671:Ridley 1979
1601:Wilson 2021
1585:Wilson 2021
1312:Mark Antony
1307:liberatores
1075:prorogation
1037:Before the
886:Roman games
432:Mos maiorum
212:Late Empire
155:AD 395–1453
5159:Categories
4968:Mediolanum
4908:Alexandria
4873:Themistius
4838:Porphyrius
4665:Tertullian
4600:Quintilian
4590:Propertius
4485:Lactantius
4435:Fulgentius
4370:Censorinus
4192:Sanitation
4177:Metallurgy
4134:Technology
4099:Demography
4047:Patricians
4014:Spectacles
3972:Literature
3967:Hairstyles
3804:Technology
3554:Praefectus
3506:Government
3496:Litigation
3481:Auctoritas
3426:Centuriate
3313:Principate
3308:Pax Romana
3268:Foundation
3176:Wikisource
3146:1243162549
3116:2022-02-19
3089:"dictator"
3050:"dictator"
2241:C. Maenius
1556:References
1452:pontifices
1293:See also:
1248:See also:
1149:Following
1139:See also:
1051:patricians
840:provinciae
803:Nomination
705:See also:
643:magistrate
513:Praefectus
421:Public law
276:Centuriate
266:Assemblies
243:Auctoritas
146:AD 395–476
133:AD 284–641
123:Principate
98:753–509 BC
5124:Quaestors
5054:Empresses
5044:Dynasties
5034:Dictators
5009:and other
4998:Volubilis
4993:Vindobona
4953:Londinium
4878:Theodoret
4848:Procopius
4828:Polyaenus
4803:Pausanias
4705:Vitruvius
4650:Symmachus
4645:Suetonius
4555:Petronius
4540:Obsequens
4505:Macrobius
4500:Lucretius
4425:Frontinus
4400:Eutropius
4385:Columella
4335:Augustine
4325:Appuleius
4273:Neo-Latin
4248:Classical
4239:Versions
4147:Aqueducts
4089:Patronage
4009:Sexuality
3982:Mythology
3957:Education
3947:Cosmetics
3772:Campaigns
3767:Structure
3720:Decemviri
3579:Imperator
3278:overthrow
3186:(1937) .
3165:(1905) .
3080:959667246
3033:0035-449X
2958:905949529
2737:252459421
2721:0018-2311
2531:959667246
1561:Citations
1277:Abolition
1263:Civil War
1080:provincia
1055:plebeians
987:Roman law
555:Imperator
403:Decemviri
396:Triumviri
366:Corrector
107:509–27 BC
5129:Tribunes
5119:Praetors
5069:Generals
5049:Emperors
4958:Lugdunum
4943:Eboracum
4933:Carthage
4918:Aquileia
4833:Polybius
4823:Plutarch
4793:Libanius
4783:Josephus
4778:Herodian
4670:Tibullus
4585:Priscian
4560:Phaedrus
4520:Manilius
4465:Jordanes
4450:Hydatius
4380:Claudian
4360:Catullus
4350:Boëthius
4345:Ausonius
4263:Medieval
4235:Alphabet
4207:Theatres
4182:Numerals
4167:Concrete
4157:Circuses
4124:Bagaudae
4114:Adoption
4109:Marriage
4082:Assembly
3987:Religion
3962:Folklore
3942:Clothing
3937:Calendar
3894:Currency
3884:Commerce
3782:Strategy
3744:Military
3730:Triumvir
3710:Dictator
3705:Interrex
3684:Governor
3669:Quaestor
3632:Ordinary
3614:Province
3604:Tetrarch
3594:Augustus
3559:Vicarius
3549:Officium
3486:Imperium
3436:Plebeian
3396:Republic
3318:Dominate
3285:Republic
3246:Timeline
3041:41244992
3008:39706770
2900:(1952).
2888:(1951).
2729:45019234
2206:, 7.3.9.
1498:Hannibal
1450:... the
1440:interrex
1398:Dictator
1365:See also
1319:Augustus
1169:interrex
1053:and the
1013:pomerium
1006:imperium
970:imperium
959:pomerium
951:pomerium
942:and the
932:Insignia
920:imperium
916:auspices
834:. These
812:case of
785:dictator
769:integral
585:Tetrarch
575:Augustus
520:Vicarius
499:Officium
410:Interrex
371:Dictator
346:Governor
321:Quaestor
286:Plebeian
232:Imperium
188:Republic
163:Timeline
130:Dominate
42:Denarius
5099:Legions
5059:Fiction
5029:Consuls
5024:Climate
4978:Ravenna
4973:Pompeii
4963:Lutetia
4928:Bononia
4923:Berytus
4913:Antioch
4888:Zosimus
4883:Zonaras
4858:Sozomen
4843:Priscus
4818:Photius
4660:Terence
4655:Tacitus
4640:Statius
4625:Servius
4610:Sallust
4565:Plautus
4545:Orosius
4525:Martial
4480:Juvenal
4455:Hyginus
4440:Gellius
4299:Writers
4230:History
4212:Thermae
4202:Temples
4152:Bridges
4119:Slavery
4067:Equites
4039:Society
4019:Theatre
3992:Deities
3952:Cuisine
3932:Bathing
3914:Culture
3889:Finance
3866:Economy
3757:Borders
3752:History
3654:Tribune
3649:Praetor
3539:Legatus
3534:Emperor
3421:Curiate
3391:Kingdom
3386:History
3362:History
3345:decline
3303:History
3273:Kingdom
3256:History
3241:Outline
2929:1288923
2873:Sources
1685:, 2.18.
1547:comitia
1515:Hernici
1456:flamens
1427:equites
998:comitia
975:comitia
861:comitia
720:consuls
651:consuls
645:in the
506:Praeses
485:Legatus
476:Emperor
336:Tribune
316:Praetor
281:Curiate
183:Kingdom
151:Eastern
142:Western
85:Periods
5109:Nomina
5094:Legacy
5074:Gentes
5011:topics
5007:Lists
4988:Smyrna
4868:Strabo
4798:Lucian
4788:Julian
4738:Arrian
4733:Appian
4723:Aelian
4700:Vergil
4475:Justin
4460:Jerome
4445:Horace
4430:Fronto
4420:Florus
4395:Ennius
4375:Cicero
4355:Caesar
4253:Vulgar
4077:Tribes
4004:Romans
3814:Legion
3797:castra
3674:Aedile
3644:Censor
3639:Consul
3599:Caesar
3569:Lictor
3491:Status
3431:Tribal
3411:Senate
3401:Empire
3295:Empire
3231:topics
3171:
3144:
3134:
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846:were:
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832:causae
761:Latins
701:Origin
580:Caesar
541:Lictor
341:Censor
331:Aedile
311:Consul
291:Tribal
200:Empire
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4685:Varro
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4307:Latin
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4197:Ships
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994:causa
774:after
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4258:Late
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2204:Livy
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1454:and
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4243:Old
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