1613:, another silver coin (RRC 44/1), was also introduced in large quantity at the same time. It seems to have been quite separate from the denarius system proper as X-ray fluorescence spectrometry has shown that these were produced to an entirely different standard of fineness. While an analysis of 52 early denarii, quinarii, and sestertii showed a silver concentration of 96.2 ยฑ 1.09%, 19 victoriati from the same period have highly variable fineness ranging from 72 to 93%. Early finds of victoriati are primarily in Southern Italy and Sicily and it is thought that the victoriati with a weight of 3/4 of a denarius were used to pay non-citizens with experience of the Greek coinage system in the drachma format to which they were accustomed, but with debased/overvalued coins. The quadrigatus didrachm, which had been retariffed to 15
2145:. This was innocuous to Romans, but the obverse showing Caesar himself wearing the gold laurel wreath that the Senate had voted for him was an enormous departure from tradition and deeply offensive. While the coinage had been used to show ancestors, this is the first time that the head of a living Roman had been displayed on Roman coinage. It was widely perceived as part of a larger series of moves by Caesar to make himself king โ and kings were anathema in Rome ever since the foundation of the republic. Other coins minted at the same time bore the text "DICT QVART", indicating that Caesar had been dictator for four years running. A later version (RRC 480/10, FebruaryโMarch 44 BC) showed "DICT PERPET"; Caesar had been made dictator for life. He was assassinated, by Brutus among others, on the
1261:
1254:
966:
959:
872:
865:
471:
1786:, indicated by XVI on the obverse of the denarius. This appears first on the coinage marked L.IVLI (RRC 224/1), commonly dated to 141 BC. The clear marking with the number XVI was soon again replaced with an X, but often now with a horizontal bar through the centre as shown in the second example on the left (RRC 243/1); this is sometimes read as a monogram of XVI with all the letters superimposed. The re-tariffing is thought to have been a recognition of a relationship that had developed because of decreased
641:
928:
55:
628:, and usually had a design on one and later both sides. The actual function of aes signatum has been variously interpreted; although a form of currency they were not coins since they did not adhere to a weight standard. Rome produced its own aes signatum around 300 BC which are distinguished by the inscription "ROMANOM" (of the Romans) and production continued to about the end of the first Punic war in 240 BC, overlapping some of the developments described below.
1752:
1225:
1314:
1309:
1912:
584:, a denomination which remained in circulation for 450 years. The coins of the republic (especially the denarii) are of particular interest because they were produced by "mint magistrates", junior officials who chose the designs and legends. This resulted in the production of coins advertising the officials' families for political purposes; most of the messages on these coins can still be understood today.
1866:
1757:
1138:
483:
2162:
2157:
614:) which needed to be weighed for each transaction. It is unclear when money became commonly used, but Roman tradition recorded that pay of the army began during the siege of Veii in 406 BC and it appears that Aes rude was the currency well before this. Toward the end of the 4th century BC bronze began to be cast in flat bars which are known today, without any historical authority, as
993:
1484:
1391:
1374:, Tarentum, and other South Italian cities (which was 7.9 g at the start of the war but fell to 6.6 g during its course). This issue was thought earlier to have been minted in Metapontum because the grain-ear is the most common type on Metapontine coins and the Mars head is very similar to the head of Leucippus (a local hero, the Messenian king who re-founded Metapontum, not the
1167:
1386:
1022:
1370:. It was clearly part of a broader trend; payment of Roman and allied troops fighting in the Pyrrhic war appears to have been crucial in spreading the use of Greek-style coinage throughout the southern Apennine areas of Italy. This issue is today thought to have been minted in Neapolis because it was minted on that weight standard (7.3 g), not that of
1196:
1109:
1051:
1969:
811:
2074:, Brutus's half brother on his adopted family's side, to Pompey's requests for land for his veterans of the war against Mithradates that gave Pompey the incentive to be part of the triumvirate. M. Brutus was clearly making a pointed, uncompromising statement of opposition to Pompey and the triumvirate while praising his ancestors.
838:
2248:
chronologies of Hersh & Walker 1984, and Harlan 1995. An alternate naming of the coinage of the form "gens ##" (e.g. "Fabia 11" for the 11th coin minted by a moneyer of the gens Fabia; i.e. RRC 268/1) is also sometimes still used. This was devised by
Babelon and used by Grueber, Sydenham, and many newer books.
2082:
1642:
1899:
in 168 BC. These
Victory "bigati" became the most common type of denarius. Denarii were marked with special symbols (such as a star or an anchor) from very shortly after their introduction and soon monograms indicating the tresviri monetales (mint masters, often called moneyers, that were responsible
1422:
A number of different coins were minted in increasing volumes over the next few years, but the first silver coin now thought to have been minted in Rome itself is the
Hercules/She-wolf didrachm (Crawford 20/1). The date of this issue is likely 269 BC, as the devices on this coin refer to that year's
1625:
Over the next 40 years, the denarius slowly lost weight. The reason for this is unclear, but in the early days it may have been the ongoing pressure of the Second Punic War. Afterwards the Roman state had a debt equivalent to 25 years direct taxation on Roman citizens (~1 million denarii); this was
680:
was established in 289 BC, but this date seems to be far too early, and if they did not come into existence during the Second Punic War, the formation of a formal college may not have occurred until some time after 200 BC. The three members of this committee were officially known as the "tres viri
2203:
The dates on all the coins mentioned above can not be known with absolute certainty. Sometimes particular coins can be linked to a well defined event in history, e.g. the "dict perpet" denarii of Caesar can be dated very closely to his assassination, but this is rarely the case. Much dating of the
1594:). All featured a head of Mars on the obverse and an eagle with outspread wings standing on a thunderbolt on the reverse. The eagle is somewhat reminiscent of the eagle that had consistently been a symbol on Ptolemaic coinage since the very beginning of the century, and it has been suggested that
2247:
1850. The chronology used by this article and the identification of coins by the label RRC xx/yy identifies a particular item in that catalogue. There is however newer evidence, particularly in the period 170โ149 BC, where analysis of the recently discovered
Mesagne hoard has led to the alternate
1956:
of the day did not allow him to take the
Sardinian office because of various taboos surrounding the flamen's person, and the need for the flamen to perform certain rites in Rome (Livy 37.51.3โ7). The Sardinian praetorship was exchanged for both the urban and peregrine praetorships, and N. Fabius
2238:
Despite all of this, the evidence remains unclear. In this case, numismatic scholars attempt to make their best estimate of the absolute and relative chronology. In
English, the current standard work is Crawford 1974 which built on and superseded the work of Sydenham 1952, Grueber 1910,
696:. By this time Rome was familiar with coinage, as it had been introduced to Italy in the Greek colonies of Metapontum, Croton, and Sybaris before 500 BC and Neapolis ca 450 BC. Rome had conquered a large portion of central Italy, giving it large quantities of bronze, but little silver.
899:
538:, to be used as legal tender. In modern times, the abbreviation RRC, "Roman Republican Coinage" originally the name of a reference work on the topic by Michael H. Crawford, has come to be used as an identifying tag for coins assigned a number in that work, such as RRC 367.
2204:
coinage is based on evidence from coin hoards. The hoarding of coins, especially by burial, was a "banking system" often used in ancient times, particularly in times of crisis; hoarding during the civil war between Caesar and Pompey was so extensive that it resulted in a
1080:
2065:
In the face of famine in 57 BC Pompey had been made a special commissioner to control the supply of grain; this included the control of all ports and trading centres for five years. There was earlier bad blood between them; Pompey had put down an earlier insurrection by
1900:
for the issue) were on the coins. In some cases the symbols are "punning". The example reverse shown to the left (RRC 187/1 showing Luna driving a biga) is one such; a shell symbol appears above the horses along with the letters "PVR" below. The shell is thought to be a
1908:(in Latin: purpureo) and this, along with the letters, is thought to refer to a Furius Purpureo. This type of reference to the moneyers became more and more explicit, and eventually developed into self-advertising to further the political career of the moneyers.
1924:(new men) are known to history. Advertising on coins was thus often about the moneyer's family. In the coin reverse shown on the right (RRC 268/1b), the legend around the outside indicates that moneyer was N. Fabius Pictor. The seated individual is wearing a
705:(heavy bronze) by numismatists. Stylistically the coins were distinctly Roman and, due to both their size and their being cast rather than struck, crude compared to the coinage elsewhere around the Mediterranean at the time. The standard coin was the
2191:(a cap used in the ceremony freeing slaves) and the legend "EID MAR". On the obverse, Brutus, the "noblest Roman", had placed his own head. The republic survived, by convention more than reality, until Octavian, Caesar's nephew and heir was declared
2233:
Comparison of multiple coin hoards can help to establish relative chronologies; if a series of coins is well represented in one large coin hoard and some are missing from a second large hoard, it is likely that they were minted after that hoard was
2055:โ a knight who endeared himself to the populace of Rome by providing free grain during a famine โ reputedly in a bid for seeking kingship โ in 439 BC. Marcus Brutus was also known as Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus, as he had been adopted into the
1519:, which became the main silver coin of Rome for over four centuries, was introduced in 211 BC or a few years earlier, and produced in enormous quantity from the silver captured in the sack of Syracuse. The denarius (RRC 44/5), valued at 10
681:
aere argento auro flando feriundo" ("the three men responsible for casting and striking bronze, silver and gold"), a lengthy title that was almost always abbreviated to "III.V.A.A.A.F.F.". Julius Caesar briefly raised their number to four.
2129:. To this end, an enormous variety of denarii and aureii were being minted in large numbers. The coin on the right is from JanuaryโFebruary 44 BC. The Venus holding Victory and a sceptre on the reverse was a reference to the claim of the
1454:
making them denarii, this assertion is based on the account of Pliny in the 1st century AD, where he states that the denarius was introduced in 269 BC. Most historians today, however, do not see this as a denarius, but another didrachm.
1558:
and their fractions (all now struck rather than cast) continued to be produced to a standard of about 55 grams; this was very quickly reduced to a sextantal standard and finally an uncial standard of roughly 32 gms. By this time,
1361:
on one side and the head of a horse with the inscription ROMANO (worn off on the example shown) and a grain ear behind. This coinage may have predated the aes grave discussed above, but was minted and used largely in
2229:
The composition of the hoard in terms of coin types can speak to what sorts of coins circulated in the same place at the same time and their relative abundance. From this, relative chronologies can sometimes be
742:), with 12 unciae in a libra. The "uncia" was thus also both a weight and a coin of the same weight. This changed when the weight of the aes grave was decreased to approximately 10 unciae ca 270 BC (the "light
1919:
Families who had already had members in the Senate were more likely to have further family members elected to political office (and thus become senators). This was so much more likely that only a few consular
1292:
Greek-style struck bronze coins were produced in small quantity with the inscription ฮกฮฉฮฮฮฮฉฮ around 300 BC; only a handful of examples exist today. They are believed to have been produced on behalf of Rome by
765:
standard, the smaller denominations such as the uncia and semuncia were struck rather than cast. A variety of less common denominations were minted over time; those found in
Crawford (1974) are listed here.
746:", remaining at that level until 225 BC, then suddenly to 5 unciae (the "semi-libral standard") c. the start of the second Punic war in 218 BC, finally falling to 1.5โ1 unciae around 211 BC.
1817:
The victoriatus continued to circulate well into the 2nd century BC. Victoriati were later popular in places such as
Cisalpine Gaul where they circulated alongside drachmae of Massalia (
3239:
2187:, Brutus produced a coin (RRC 508/3, modern forgery shown to the left) celebrating the freeing of the republic from Caesar's tyranny. The reverse showed two daggers flanking a
3085:
569:
ore being scarce. The coinage of the Roman
Republic started with a few silver coins apparently devised for trade with the Greek colonies in Southern Italy, and heavy
2226:
The differential wear of coins in a hoard can be used to establish a relative chronology. Coins that had circulated longer prior to burial should show more wear.
3126:
1527:
and weighing about 4.5 grams (72 to a Roman pound), was introduced as part of a complex multi-metallic coinage. Also in silver was the half denarius, the
3668:
1833:
coins were only minted for a few years; gold in general appears to have been used at first only as an emergency coinage. Gold coins reappeared in 82 BC when
3710:
3698:
1634:, (188 BC). The weight was officially changed from 72 to the pound (6 scruples) to 84 to the pound at that time; it remained relatively stable thereafter.
3757:
2272:
3673:
1434:. Hercules, shown on the obverse his club (shown undersized above his shoulder) and a lion skin tied around his neck, was the divine patron of the
5045:
3683:
4990:
3678:
3412:
2067:
4960:
3785:
3312:
3054:
3026:
2919:
514:
2215:
The archaeological context of a coin hoard can set an approximate date for the production of the coinage. As an example, excavations of the
5050:
4925:
4078:
1627:
140:
135:
3631:
1297:, based on the similar style and weight with Neapolis' own coinage, and used to facilitate trade in the wake of the construction of the
3302:
1896:
739:
735:
4970:
3730:
3297:
3292:
3268:
3119:
3068:
3040:
3012:
2998:
2979:
2961:
2905:
2884:
2864:
2850:
2836:
2822:
2801:
2773:
2752:
2738:
2724:
2703:
2689:
2675:
2661:
2643:
2628:
2612:
2581:
2569:
2177:
Modern forgery of denarius of L. Plaetorius
Cestianus celebrating Brutus and his action on the Ides of March. 43โ42 BC. RRC 508/3
4985:
3658:
3307:
3234:
1936:, in his right. At his side there is a shield inscribed QUIRIN. This is taken to refer to Q. Fabius Pictor (probably the son of
3251:
3184:
2596:
1725:
1667:
1466:
and was produced for about 2 decades, becoming more and more debased (to as little as 30% silver) during the second Punic war.
3082:
1458:
This last and most other Roman coins were produced in small numbers until the introduction of the didrachm we refer to as the
1260:
1253:
965:
958:
5071:
4005:
3930:
3688:
1462:. The quadrigatus, produced in large quantity starting around 235 BC, was named after the reverse image of Victory driving a
145:
113:
4501:
2257:
871:
864:
580:
a flexible system of coins in bronze, silver and (occasionally) gold was created. This system was dominated by the silver
205:
164:
130:
120:
1431:
4341:
3945:
3397:
3112:
2216:
274:
5040:
4965:
4724:
3780:
3663:
3209:
299:
232:
183:
125:
5000:
4664:
4556:
4326:
4098:
3920:
3828:
3693:
3636:
2470:
2184:
2042:
1842:
1450:
being suckled by the she-wolf as shown on the reverse. Some historians believe that these coins were valued at 10
5020:
4113:
4068:
3995:
3915:
3863:
3853:
3152:
2267:
507:
267:
247:
4621:
4531:
4040:
4020:
4015:
4000:
3953:
3893:
3848:
3650:
1838:
3094:
5076:
5030:
5010:
4950:
4940:
4930:
4336:
4025:
3925:
3905:
3820:
3810:
3515:
3455:
3147:
1720:
The silver content during republican times remained well above 90%, usually above 95% with the exception of
1427:
227:
64:
5035:
5025:
4975:
4955:
4769:
4744:
4709:
4591:
4316:
3963:
3725:
3256:
676:
According to Pomponius, a lawyer who lived during the 2nd century AD, the group of three mint magistrates
570:
394:
723:
5005:
4935:
4759:
4511:
4311:
4306:
4103:
4010:
3935:
3898:
3883:
3858:
3838:
3740:
2048:
2024:. In this context, the coin on the left (Crawford 433/2) was a powerful political message. The moneyer,
1994:
1937:
1595:
1085:
927:
640:
592:
Before the introduction of coinage in Italy the two important forms of value in the economy were sheep (
546:
262:
237:
2081:
1641:
5015:
4980:
4669:
4659:
4536:
4436:
4361:
4226:
4189:
3565:
3229:
2034:
2025:
2003:
1982:
1884:
500:
34:
4945:
4794:
4596:
4466:
4416:
3735:
3332:
2789:
2098:
2090:
1989:
1977:
1658:
1650:
1599:
1500:
1492:
1407:
1399:
1330:
1322:
657:
649:
217:
169:
2070:
in which Brutus's father had been involved; Pompey had had him executed. It was the opposition of
1547:
riding with their capes behind (a reference to their supposed assistance to Rome at the battle of
4995:
4719:
4526:
4381:
4321:
4241:
4184:
4048:
3284:
3263:
2220:
1888:
1346:
677:
475:
363:
176:
101:
4634:
1563:
outnumbered their fractions, perhaps because legionary pay was increased to the point where the
54:
4629:
4481:
4236:
4196:
4174:
3382:
3064:
3050:
3036:
3022:
3008:
2994:
2975:
2957:
2915:
2901:
2880:
2860:
2846:
2832:
2818:
2797:
2769:
2748:
2734:
2720:
2699:
2685:
2671:
2657:
2639:
2624:
2608:
2577:
2565:
2142:
2126:
2013:
2012:
Over time, the politics of the day became more and more visible in the coinage. In 54 BC, the
1949:
1447:
1358:
1350:
1294:
898:
624:). These bars were heavily leaded, of varying weights although generally on the order of five
252:
222:
212:
94:
2952:
Fernรกndez Molina, Josรฉ & Fernรกndez Carrera, Manuel & Calico Estivill, Xavier (2002).
604:) is believed by some to have been derived, and irregularly shaped pieces of bronze known as
4694:
4654:
4586:
4521:
4446:
4441:
4213:
4136:
4083:
3878:
3873:
3762:
3621:
3570:
3530:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3402:
3349:
3342:
3327:
3322:
3246:
3174:
2205:
2071:
1958:
1953:
1794:
and to decreasing mint weights of newer ones. This meant that the quinarius was worth eight
1732:
1631:
331:
316:
242:
197:
4789:
4601:
4581:
4541:
4476:
4426:
4421:
4296:
4246:
4154:
3988:
3968:
3888:
3337:
3162:
3089:
2244:
2052:
1892:
1807:
1721:
1443:
1354:
743:
727:
693:
351:
294:
3061:
Coins of the Roman Republic: Catalogue of Ancient Coins in the National Museum in Warsaw
1911:
1079:
17:
4844:
4486:
4221:
4169:
4141:
4088:
4073:
4053:
3868:
3843:
3800:
3790:
3616:
3590:
3520:
3505:
3470:
3430:
3191:
2914:. London Ancient Coins, London 2013. Hard bound in quarto format, 84 pages, 92 plates.
2649:
2586:
2262:
2240:
1948:
in 189 BC and assigned the province of Sardinia by lot (Livy 37.50.8). He was also the
1879:
1874:
1865:
1756:
1751:
1543:
and shown on the left), all bearing a head of Roma on the obverse and a reverse of the
1224:
1172:
992:
699:
A system of heavy cast leaded bronze coinage was introduced; these issues are known as
535:
454:
326:
309:
304:
257:
152:
1957:
Pictor remained in Rome. The entire incident was part of the political manoeuvring of
1598:
may have provided gold for this issue to act as a counterweight to the involvement of
1313:
1308:
5065:
4376:
4346:
4261:
3795:
3772:
3585:
3440:
3425:
3372:
3179:
2780:
The Mars/eagle and thunderbolt gold and Ptolemaic involvement in the Second Punic War
2146:
2114:
2056:
1905:
1850:
1548:
1363:
542:
159:
3047:
Italian Cast Coinage. A descriptive catalogue of the cast coinage of Rome and Italy.
2219:
uncovered coins beneath the temple; the date the temple was built is known and so a
2183:
The assassination could not revive the republic. Two years later, just prior to the
2161:
2156:
2041:, who was made the first consul of the republic of Rome in 509 BC after he expelled
1483:
4854:
4714:
4159:
4108:
4063:
4058:
3910:
3720:
3606:
3550:
3545:
3435:
3317:
3201:
3135:
3099:
2912:
Italian Cast Coinage. A descriptive catalogue of the cast coinage of Rome and Italy
2188:
2102:
Venus standing holding Victory in right hand and sceptre in left. L. AEMILIVS BVC.
2028:, placed on the coin two figures from Roman history that he claimed as ancestors:
1921:
1424:
1201:
1137:
616:
487:
375:
370:
321:
2785:
Melville Jones, John R., 'A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins', London, Spink 2003
1021:
1845:. Sulla's coinage is commonly considered the first for which the name (denarius)
4649:
4271:
4093:
3983:
3377:
1857:
and issuing of the aureus continued to increase after the fall of the republic.
1735:(an example is shown on the right), rumored to be silver from Egypt provided by
1610:
1459:
689:
625:
442:
408:
42:
719:
could also mean any unit โ of length, area, and sometimes just the number one.
4874:
4814:
4779:
4571:
4506:
4496:
4391:
4276:
4164:
3747:
3715:
3460:
3387:
3219:
3214:
2212:
The location of the hoard can speak to where the coins in question circulated.
2130:
2038:
1929:
1782:
By about 140 BC (the exact date is unclear) the denarius was retariffed to 16
1536:
1390:
1385:
1371:
1298:
1166:
1027:
577:
425:
2591:
Description historique et chronologique des monnaies de la rรฉpublique romaine
1442:, prosecuted moneylenders; part of the proceeds were used to set up near the
4904:
4899:
4859:
4784:
4754:
4734:
4611:
4551:
4461:
4411:
4406:
4331:
4291:
4179:
4149:
3958:
3833:
3626:
3510:
3485:
3364:
1818:
1736:
1528:
1375:
934:
904:
761:
and their multiples during the period of aes grave. By the time of the semi-
707:
701:
562:
382:
2107:
Denarius minted in the name of Caesar by L. Aemilius Buca 44 BC. RRC 480/4
1353:. It was in this context that Rome produced its first Greek-style silver di
4864:
4849:
4839:
4824:
4739:
4729:
4699:
4689:
4684:
4674:
4576:
4491:
4371:
4356:
4286:
4266:
4256:
4251:
4231:
4030:
3611:
3575:
3465:
3392:
3224:
2796:, Volume 1, Royal Numismatic Society Special Publication No. 13, London.
2192:
2138:
2021:
2020:
was its preeminent member. There were rumours that Pompey was to be made
1941:
1603:
1544:
1516:
1463:
1367:
1230:
1143:
685:
606:
581:
550:
401:
389:
106:
89:
76:
1968:
4884:
4879:
4869:
4834:
4829:
4819:
4764:
4749:
4566:
4561:
4546:
4516:
4471:
4451:
4431:
4386:
4118:
3973:
3752:
3560:
3555:
3445:
2696:
State, Society, and Popular Leaders in Mid-Republican Rome 241โ167 B.C.
2122:
2118:
1945:
1925:
1869:
New denarius reverse design: Luna driving a biga, 169โ158 BC. RRC 187/1
1854:
1772:
Two denarius obverses showing alternate indications they were worth 16
1195:
1108:
1050:
998:
837:
3104:
4894:
4774:
4704:
4644:
4639:
4606:
4366:
4351:
4301:
4281:
3703:
3580:
3475:
2134:
2017:
1933:
1915:
Denarius reverse celebrating ancestor of N. Fabius Pictor, RRC 268/1b
1846:
1439:
1114:
762:
566:
558:
430:
810:
1887:
driving a biga in 157 BC โ thought to refer to the final defeat of
692:
was located in (or at least near) the temple of Juno Moneta on the
4679:
4401:
4128:
3420:
1910:
1901:
1864:
1834:
1435:
1056:
597:
554:
449:
435:
418:
413:
4889:
4456:
4396:
3978:
3354:
1617:(1.5 denarii), was removed from circulation almost immediately.
531:
358:
84:
3108:
2761:, Museum Notes, American Numismatic Society 29 pp. 103โ134
1814:
to sestertii (HS). This may well be an indicator of inflation.
1806:
ratio lasted for hundreds of years. At about the same time the
653:
Bearded head of Janus, I horizontally below; on a raised disk.
3450:
2654:
Coins of Macedonia and Rome: Essays in honour of Charles Hersh
1504:
Caped Dioscuri riding right with couched lances, stars above.
541:
Coins came late to the Republic compared with the rest of the
1416:
The first Roman silver coin minted at Rome, 269 BC. RRC 20/1
1675:
715:
referred to a coin and also to a unit of weight โ in fact,
3033:
The History and Coinage of the Roman Imperators 49โ27 B.C.
2900:, 3 Volumes, 1961, 1961, 1974, Nationalmuseet, Stockholm.
2843:
The History and Coinage of the Roman Imperators 49โ27 B.C.
2603:, American Philological Association, 3 Volumes. Volume I (
757:
were also produced. Fractions were much more common than
2954:
A Guide to the Denarii of the Roman Republic to Augustus
3019:
Roman Republican Moneyers and their Coins 81 BCE-64 BCE
2619:) Philological Monographs Number XV, 1952. Volume III (
3005:
Roman Republican Moneyers and their Coins 63 BC-49 BC
2731:
Roman Republican Moneyers and their Coins 63 BCโ49 BC
2576:, Vol 1, 1985, Dr. Rudolph Habelt Verlag Gmbh, Bonn.
661:
Prow of galley right; I above; all on a raised disk.
549:
where coins were invented in the 7th century BC. The
2968:
Roman Coins and their Values; The Millennium edition
1654:
ANT AVG III VI R R P C, dromon galley facing right.
4913:
4807:
4620:
4212:
4205:
4127:
4039:
3944:
3819:
3771:
3649:
3599:
3538:
3529:
3411:
3363:
3283:
3200:
3161:
2121:to avenge the defeat inflicted by the Parthians on
2059:, from which he was descended on his mother's side.
2745:War and Imperialism in Republican Rome 327โ70 B.C.
2717:Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700
2223:for the period of their production can be deduced.
1724:'s later coinage, especially the massive issue of
1438:. Quintus and his brother Cnaeus Ogulnius had, as
1349:in 281 BC; the Tarentines enlisted the support of
1326:Bearded head of Mars with Corinthian helmet left.
565:were famous metal workers in bronze and iron) and
2859:, second edition. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
2710:Coins of the Roman Republic in the British Museum
1961:against his attackers, which included the Fabii.
1849:was used. Aureii were minted in large numbers by
2712:, 3 Volumes, The Trustees of the British Museum.
1403:Diademed head Hercules right, club on shoulder.
722:The bronze coinage was initially a more or less
2926:The silver contents of Roman Republican coinage
2815:The Greek Coinages of Southern Italy and Sicily
2574:Studien zu Caesar's Monarchie und ihren Wรผrzeln
1841:immediately after the financial strains of the
670:(259.53 g). c 225-217 BC. RRC 35/1; Vecchi 75
2898:Early Roman Coinage, a Study of the Chronology
2208:. Hoards can present evidence in several ways
1952:and because of this, P. Licinius Crassus, the
1509:Sestertius, Anonymous, Rome, 211 BC. RRC 44/7
1339:The first Roman silver coin, 281 BC. RRC 13/1
557:was influenced by its natural resources, with
3120:
1662:LEG III, aquila and two legionary standards.
508:
8:
2006:celebrating his ancestors, 54 BC. RRC 433/2
1883:(two horse chariot) in 194โ190 BC, and then
726:rather than a token currency, based on the "
1630:returned with the spoils of Asia after the
1357:(RRC 13/1) with the head of Mars wearing a
738:) with fractions in units of Roman ounces (
4209:
3535:
3167:
3127:
3113:
3105:
3095:Doug Smith's Ancient Greek and Roman Coins
2991:Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic
2682:Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic
2273:List of Roman moneyers during the Republic
2169:Head Brutus Right. BRVT IMP, L.PLAET.CEST
1928:, holding a spear in his left hand and an
1853:in preparation for a proposed war against
1570:In gold, there were three pieces worth 60
1288:Introduction of Greek-style silver coinage
1259:
1252:
1223:
1194:
1165:
1136:
1107:
1078:
1049:
1020:
991:
964:
957:
926:
897:
870:
863:
836:
809:
515:
501:
29:
2871:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
2757:Hersh, Charles & Walker, Alan (1984)
2670:, Cambridge University Press, 2 Volumes.
1873:Eventually a new reverse appeared, first
534:struck by the various magistrates of the
1837:was gathering funds for the war against
793:
768:
573:bronze pieces for use in Central Italy.
2935:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
2831:, The Trustees of the British Museum.
2652:& Witschonke, Richard eds, (1998),
2290:Thurlow-Vecchi 1979:17,18, Plates 11โ23
2283:
1681:
1678:
803:
796:
790:
787:
784:
773:Bronze Denominations in Crawford (1974)
41:
3083:University of Saskatchewan Roman Coins
1567:could become the principal component.
2601:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
2172:Two daggers flanking pileus. EID.MAR
1932:, the characteristic hat worn by the
1378:) on an earlier coin produced there.
7:
1411:Wolf suckling twins, ROMANO in. ex.
1334:Horse head right, grain ear behind.
753:and its fractions, multiples of the
2972:The Republic and the Twelve Caesars
1670:of Mark Anthony, 32 BC. RRC 544/15
2986:Politics, economics, and coinage:
2719:, Johns Hopkins University Press.
2094:Head Caesar right, CAESAR. IM P M
2045:, the last of the Roman kings, and
25:
2891:The Coinage of the Roman Republic
2782:in Burnett 1998:125โ134, plate 12
1790:weights, both due to wear of old
1535:), and the quarter denarius, the
2160:
2155:
2080:
1967:
1755:
1750:
1640:
1482:
1389:
1384:
1345:Rome entered into a war against
1312:
1307:
639:
481:
469:
53:
1621:Evolution: weights and fineness
2766:Ancient Coin Reference Reviews
1904:shell; this was the source of
1861:Coinage and political messages
1731:of 32โ31 BC just prior to the
1:
3063:, National Museum in Warsaw.
2989:Crawford, Michael H. (1985).
2694:Feig Vishnia, Rachel (1996).
2680:Crawford, Michael H. (1985).
2666:Crawford, Michael H. (1974).
2258:List of historical currencies
3699:Frontiers and fortifications
2889:Sydenham, Edward A. (1952).
2217:Temple of Artemis in Ephesus
1767:Obverse, RRC 243/1, 134 BC.
1764:Obverse, RRC 224/1, 141 BC.
1713:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
997:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
932:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
903:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
3758:Decorations and punishments
3059:Wiercinska, Janina (1996).
2875:Sutherland, C.H.V. (1974).
2857:Roman Politics 220-150 B.C.
2743:Harris, William V. (1979).
2117:was preparing for war with
1743:Evolution: silver vs bronze
1428:Q. Ogulnius L.f A.n. Gallus
5093:
4665:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3240:historiography of the fall
2806:Mommsen, Theodore (1850).
2636:Coinage in the Roman World
2043:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
1798:, and the sestertius four
1432:C. Fabius C.f. M.n. Pictor
5046:External wars and battles
3170:
3143:
2949:Collectors price guides:
2931:Willis, James A. (1972).
2794:Metallurgy in Numismatics
2768:, Empire Coins, Florida.
2747:Oxford University Press.
2715:Harl, Kenneth W. (1996).
2556:Alfรถldi, Andreas (1985).
2268:Roman provincial currency
2176:
2154:
2106:
2079:
2016:had control of Rome, and
2001:
1966:
1771:
1749:
1666:
1639:
1523:as indicated by the mark
1508:
1481:
1415:
1383:
1338:
1306:
1222:
1193:
1164:
1135:
1106:
1077:
1048:
1019:
990:
925:
896:
835:
808:
771:
734:weighed one Roman pound (
665:
638:
528:Roman Republican currency
3017:Harlan, Michael (2012).
3003:Harlan, Michael (1996).
2933:The multiples of the as.
2827:Rutter, N.K. (2001). ed
2764:Kroh, Dennis J. (1993),
2729:Harlan, Michael (1995).
2668:Roman Republican Coinage
2634:Burnett, Andrew (1987).
2371:Thomsen 1974:III:117,153
1839:Mithridates VI of Pontus
1829:The gold 60, 40, and 20
18:Roman Republican coinage
5041:RomanโIranian relations
3516:Optimates and populares
3031:Sear, David R. (1998).
3021:, Moneta Publications.
2966:Sear, David R. (2000).
2928:, in Metcalf 1980:55โ72
2869:Smith, William (1875).
2855:Scullard, H.H. (1973).
2841:Sear, David R. (1998).
2829:Historia Numorum: Italy
2656:, Spink & Son Ltd.
2597:Broughton, T. Robert S.
2481:Feig Vishnia 1996:118โ9
2068:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
1626:not fully repaid until
395:Commemorative banknotes
5051:Civil wars and revolts
4317:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3964:Conflict of the Orders
3323:Legislative assemblies
3049:London Ancient Coins.
3045:Vecchi, Italo (2013).
2910:Vecchi, Italo (2013).
2896:Thomsen, Rudi (1974).
2879:, G.P. Putnam's Sons.
2808:Das Rรถmische Mรผnzwesen
2778:Meadows, A.R. (1998).
2708:Grueber, H.A. (1910).
2648:Burnett, Andrew &
2562:Das Zeugnis der Mรผnzen
1916:
1897:Lucius Aemilius Paulus
1870:
1802:. The new denarius-to-
666:Anonymous ร Aes Grave
476:Numismatics portal
114:Circulating currencies
5072:Coins of ancient Rome
4760:Simplicius of Cilicia
4512:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3741:Siege in Ancient Rome
3350:Executive magistrates
2924:Walker, D.R. (1980).
2893:, Spink & Son Ltd
2813:Rutter, N.K. (1997).
2443:Crawford 1985:143โ151
2317:Crawford 1974:131โ236
2049:Gaius Servilius Ahala
1995:Gaius Servilius Ahala
1938:Quintus Fabius Pictor
1914:
1868:
1596:Ptolemy IV Philopator
1496:Head Roma Right. IIS
1301:, started in 312 BC.
547:Greece and Asia Minor
206:Historical currencies
47:the study of currency
4770:Stephanus Byzantinus
4675:Eusebius of Caesaria
4537:Sidonius Apollinaris
4227:Ammianus Marcellinus
3566:Tribune of the plebs
3100:Roman coins database
2993:, Methuen & Co.
2788:Metcalf, D.M. &
2684:, Methuen & Co.
2558:Caesar in 44 v. Chr.
2490:Broughton 1951:I:361
2362:Thomsen 1974:III:119
2035:Lucius Junius Brutus
2026:Marcus Junius Brutus
2004:Marcus Junius Brutus
1983:Lucius Junius Brutus
561:being abundant (the
177:Fictional currencies
4946:Distinguished women
4597:Velleius Paterculus
4437:Nicolaus Damascenus
4417:Marcellus Empiricus
3806:Republican currency
3035:, Spink & Son.
2845:, Spink & Son.
2605:509 B.C. - 100 B.C.
2499:Scullard 1973:136โ7
2434:Crawford 1974:570โ1
2425:Crawford 1974:594โ5
2326:Crawford 1985:23,60
2199:Sources of evidence
1600:Philip V of Macedon
1470:The denarius system
749:In addition to the
724:full value currency
632:Cast bronze coinage
364:Commemorative coins
275:Medieval currencies
184:Proposed currencies
4720:Phlegon of Tralles
4527:Seneca the Younger
4001:Naming conventions
3731:Personal equipment
3264:Later Roman Empire
3088:2016-05-09 at the
2221:terminus ante quem
2185:Battle of Philippi
1944:) who was elected
1917:
1889:Perseus of Macedon
1871:
1668:Legionary denarius
1590:(RRC 44/4, marked
1582:(RRC 44/3, marked
1574:(RRC 44/2, marked
1539:(RRC 44/7, marked
1531:(RRC 44/6, marked
678:tresviri monetales
596:), from which the
576:During the Second
5059:
5058:
5021:Pontifices maximi
4803:
4802:
4660:Diogenes Laรซrtius
4482:Pliny the Younger
4237:Asconius Pedianus
4197:Romance languages
4069:Civil engineering
3811:Imperial currency
3684:Political control
3645:
3644:
3279:
3278:
3055:978-0-9575784-0-1
3027:978-0-9654567-0-8
2920:978-0-9575784-0-1
2759:The Mesagne Hoard
2617:99 B.C. โ 31 B.C.
2471:Smith 1875:Flamen
2461:Crawford 1974:238
2389:Crawford 1974:154
2299:Rutter 2001:10,68
2181:
2180:
2127:Battle of Carrhae
2111:
2110:
2014:first triumvirate
2010:
2009:
1950:flamen Quirinalis
1780:
1779:
1718:
1717:
1674:
1673:
1628:Cn. Manlius Vulso
1513:
1512:
1448:Romulus and Remus
1420:
1419:
1359:Corinthian helmet
1351:Pyrrhus of Epirus
1343:
1342:
1285:
1284:
791:Earliest Example
674:
673:
525:
524:
16:(Redirected from
5084:
5011:Magistri equitum
4926:Cities and towns
4919:
4845:Constantinopolis
4655:Diodorus Siculus
4587:Valerius Maximus
4522:Seneca the Elder
4442:Nonius Marcellus
4210:
3763:Hippika gymnasia
3726:Infantry tactics
3632:Consular tribune
3622:Magister equitum
3571:Military tribune
3536:
3496:Pontifex maximus
3491:Princeps senatus
3481:Magister militum
3247:Byzantine Empire
3168:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3106:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2380:Crawford 1985:60
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2344:Rutter 2001:8,44
2342:
2336:
2335:Crawford 1985:36
2333:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2206:liquidity crisis
2164:
2159:
2152:
2151:
2141:and the goddess
2133:to descend from
2084:
2077:
2076:
2072:Cato the Younger
1971:
1964:
1963:
1959:Scipio Africanus
1954:pontifex maximus
1759:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1733:Battle of Actium
1676:
1644:
1637:
1636:
1632:Treaty of Apamea
1486:
1479:
1478:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1263:
1256:
1227:
1198:
1169:
1140:
1111:
1082:
1053:
1024:
995:
968:
961:
930:
901:
874:
867:
840:
813:
769:
643:
636:
635:
600:word for money (
517:
510:
503:
488:Money portal
486:
485:
484:
474:
473:
472:
198:History of money
153:Local currencies
57:
48:
30:
21:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5055:
4917:
4915:
4909:
4799:
4635:Aรซtius of Amida
4616:
4602:Verrius Flaccus
4582:Valerius Antias
4542:Silius Italicus
4477:Pliny the Elder
4422:Marcus Aurelius
4297:Cornelius Nepos
4247:Aurelius Victor
4201:
4123:
4035:
3969:Secessio plebis
3940:
3815:
3767:
3641:
3595:
3525:
3407:
3359:
3275:
3196:
3157:
3139:
3133:
3090:Wayback Machine
3079:
2946:
2944:Further reading
2650:Wartenberg, Ute
2587:Babelon, Ernest
2553:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:Burnett 1991:52
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:Burnett 1987:22
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2254:
2201:
2053:Spurius Maelius
1985:right, BRVTVS.
1893:battle of Pydna
1863:
1827:
1825:Evolution: gold
1808:unit of account
1745:
1722:Marcus Antonius
1623:
1602:on the side of
1477:
1472:
1444:Ficus Ruminalis
1290:
804:Value (Unciae)
744:libral standard
728:libral standard
694:Capitoline Hill
634:
590:
521:
492:
482:
480:
470:
468:
460:
459:
352:Coin collecting
347:
346:
337:
336:
290:
289:
280:
279:
201:
200:
189:
188:
80:
79:
46:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5090:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5077:Roman Republic
5074:
5064:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4487:Pomponius Mela
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4222:Aelius Donatus
4218:
4216:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4190:Ecclesiastical
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3931:Toys and games
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3471:Vigintisexviri
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:Cursus honorum
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3230:Western Empire
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3078:
3077:External links
3075:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3057:
3043:
3029:
3015:
3001:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2964:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2929:
2922:
2908:
2894:
2887:
2873:
2867:
2853:
2839:
2825:
2811:
2804:
2786:
2783:
2776:
2762:
2755:
2741:
2727:
2713:
2706:
2692:
2678:
2664:
2646:
2632:
2594:
2584:
2564:, Vol 2, 1974
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2517:Sear 1998:72โ3
2510:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2416:Harris 1979:70
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2353:Rutter 1997:93
2346:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2263:Roman currency
2260:
2253:
2250:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2213:
2200:
2197:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2046:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1997:right, AHALA.
1986:
1973:
1972:
1862:
1859:
1826:
1823:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1744:
1741:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1622:
1619:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1440:curule aediles
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1395:
1394:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
996:
988:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
962:
954:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
931:
923:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
902:
894:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
868:
860:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
833:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
806:
805:
802:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
776:
775:
672:
671:
663:
662:
654:
645:
644:
633:
630:
589:
588:Before coinage
586:
536:Roman Republic
523:
522:
520:
519:
512:
505:
497:
494:
493:
491:
490:
478:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
452:
446:
445:
439:
438:
433:
428:
422:
421:
416:
411:
405:
404:
398:
397:
392:
386:
385:
379:
378:
373:
367:
366:
361:
355:
354:
348:
344:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
291:
287:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
209:
208:
202:
196:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
180:
179:
173:
172:
167:
162:
156:
155:
149:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
117:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
92:
87:
81:
75:
74:
73:
70:
69:
68:
67:
59:
58:
50:
49:
39:
38:
27:Roman currency
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5089:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:Julius Paulus
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Fabius Pictor
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Amphitheatres
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Deforestation
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3736:Siege engines
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3669:Establishment
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:Extraordinary
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:Promagistrate
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:Twelve Tables
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3069:8-3710-0162-2
3066:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3041:0-907605-98-2
3038:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3013:0-7134-7672-9
3010:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:0-416-12300-7
2996:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:1-902040-35-X
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:84-607-5776-5
2959:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2906:87-480-0038-8
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2885:0-399-11239-1
2882:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2865:0-19-814816-X
2862:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2851:0-907605-98-2
2848:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:0-7141-1801-X
2834:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:0-907605-82-6
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2802:0-901405-14-0
2799:
2795:
2792:(1980). eds,
2791:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2774:0-9638751-0-8
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2753:0-19-814866-6
2750:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2739:0-7134-7672-9
2736:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2725:0-8018-5291-9
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2704:0-415-10512-9
2701:
2698:, Routledge.
2697:
2693:
2691:
2690:0-416-12300-7
2687:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2676:0-521-07492-4
2673:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2662:1-902040-02-3
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2644:0-900652-85-3
2641:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:0-89130-811-3
2626:
2622:
2618:
2615:. Volume II (
2614:
2613:0-89130-706-0
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:3-7749-1390-0
2579:
2575:
2571:
2570:3-7749-1212-2
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Ides of March
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:Julius Caesar
2105:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2058:
2057:gens Servilia
2054:
2051:, who killed
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:Tyrian purple
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:Julius Caesar
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1810:changed from
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1549:Lake Regillus
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1475:As introduced
1474:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:Magna Graecia
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1203:
1197:
1192:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1058:
1052:
1047:
1029:
1023:
1018:
1000:
994:
989:
967:
963:
960:
956:
955:
937:
936:
929:
924:
906:
900:
895:
873:
869:
866:
862:
861:
839:
834:
812:
807:
800:
781:
778:
777:
774:
770:
767:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
709:
704:
703:
697:
695:
691:
687:
684:According to
682:
679:
669:
664:
660:
659:
655:
652:
651:
647:
646:
642:
637:
631:
629:
627:
623:
622:signed bronze
619:
618:
613:
609:
608:
603:
599:
595:
587:
585:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:, especially
544:
543:Mediterranean
539:
537:
533:
529:
518:
513:
511:
506:
504:
499:
498:
496:
495:
489:
479:
477:
467:
466:
464:
463:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
444:
441:
440:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
403:
400:
399:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
384:
381:
380:
377:
374:
372:
371:Bullion coins
369:
368:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
353:
350:
349:
341:
340:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
292:
284:
283:
276:
273:
272:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
203:
199:
193:
192:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
160:Company scrip
158:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
142:
141:South America
139:
137:
136:North America
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
78:
72:
71:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4991:Institutions
4855:Leptis Magna
4808:Major cities
4715:Philostratus
4502:Quadrigarius
4322:Rufus Festus
4185:Contemporary
3906:Romanization
3829:Architecture
3805:
3436:Collegiality
3285:Constitution
3136:Ancient Rome
3060:
3046:
3032:
3018:
3004:
2990:
2971:
2970:. Volume I,
2967:
2953:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2911:
2897:
2890:
2876:
2870:
2856:
2842:
2828:
2814:
2807:
2793:
2779:
2765:
2758:
2744:
2730:
2716:
2709:
2695:
2681:
2667:
2653:
2635:
2620:
2616:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2573:
2561:
2557:
2540:
2531:
2526:Alfรถldi 1985
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2398:Meadows 1998
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2237:
2202:
2182:
2112:
2097:
2089:
2064:
2011:
2002:Denarius of
1988:
1976:
1922:novi homines
1918:
1878:
1872:
1830:
1828:
1816:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1773:
1727:
1719:
1657:
1649:
1624:
1614:
1608:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1499:
1491:
1457:
1451:
1446:a statue of
1421:
1406:
1398:
1344:
1329:
1321:
1291:
933:
798:
772:
758:
754:
750:
748:
731:
730:" where the
721:
716:
712:
706:
700:
698:
683:
675:
667:
656:
648:
626:Roman pounds
621:
617:aes signatum
615:
612:rough bronze
611:
605:
601:
593:
591:
575:
540:
527:
526:
409:Credit cards
170:Time dollars
4986:Geographers
4670:Dioscorides
4650:Cassius Dio
4272:Cassiodorus
4175:Renaissance
3781:Agriculture
3753:Auxiliaries
3694:Engineering
3531:Magistrates
3383:Citizenship
3378:Mos maiorum
3313:Late Empire
2877:Roman Coins
2593:, 2 Volumes
2560:2 Volumes,
2508:Harlan 1995
2407:Walker 1980
2308:Willis 1972
1711:179โ170 BC
1703:199โ190 BC
1611:victoriatus
1460:quadrigatus
1376:philosopher
1275:217โ215 BC
1266:Quartuncia
1241:280โ276 BC
1212:280โ276 BC
1183:280โ276 BC
1154:280โ276 BC
1125:280โ276 BC
1096:211โ208 BC
1067:280โ276 BC
980:211โ208 BC
946:280โ276 BC
915:215โ212 BC
886:215โ212 BC
852:215โ212 BC
843:Quincussis
825:215โ212 BC
711:; the word
553:of central
443:Scripophily
43:Numismatics
5066:Categories
4875:Mediolanum
4815:Alexandria
4780:Themistius
4745:Porphyrius
4572:Tertullian
4507:Quintilian
4497:Propertius
4392:Lactantius
4342:Fulgentius
4277:Censorinus
4099:Sanitation
4084:Metallurgy
4041:Technology
4006:Demography
3954:Patricians
3921:Spectacles
3879:Literature
3874:Hairstyles
3711:Technology
3461:Praefectus
3413:Government
3403:Litigation
3388:Auctoritas
3333:Centuriate
3220:Principate
3215:Pax Romana
3175:Foundation
2790:Oddy, W.A.
2621:Supplement
2589:(1885โ6).
2551:References
2243:1886, and
2230:extracted.
2195:in 27 BC.
2131:gens Julia
2113:In 44 BC,
2039:Junia gens
1877:driving a
1843:Social War
1726:Legionary
1537:sestertius
1372:Metapontum
1299:Appian Way
1093:RRC 97/11
1035:RRC 266/3
1006:RRC 266/2
977:RRC 97/23
345:Collection
288:Production
218:Achaemenid
5031:Quaestors
4961:Empresses
4951:Dynasties
4941:Dictators
4916:and other
4905:Volubilis
4900:Vindobona
4860:Londinium
4785:Theodoret
4755:Procopius
4735:Polyaenus
4710:Pausanias
4612:Vitruvius
4557:Symmachus
4552:Suetonius
4462:Petronius
4447:Obsequens
4412:Macrobius
4407:Lucretius
4332:Frontinus
4307:Eutropius
4292:Columella
4242:Augustine
4232:Appuleius
4180:Neo-Latin
4155:Classical
4146:Versions
4054:Aqueducts
3996:Patronage
3916:Sexuality
3889:Mythology
3864:Education
3854:Cosmetics
3679:Campaigns
3674:Structure
3627:Decemviri
3486:Imperator
3185:overthrow
3007:, Seaby.
2939:: 233โ244
2817:, Spink.
2810:, Leipzig
2733:, Seaby.
2638:, Seaby,
2544:Kroh 1993
2149:, 44 BC.
2137:and thus
1819:Marseille
1737:Cleopatra
1586:) and 20
1529:quinarius
1272:RRC 38/8
1238:RRC 14/7
1209:RRC 14/6
1180:RRC 14/5
1151:RRC 14/4
1122:RRC 14/3
1064:RRC 14/2
943:RRC 14/1
912:RRC 41/4
905:Dupondius
883:RRC 41/3
849:RRC 41/2
828:10
822:RRC 41/1
816:Decussis
702:aes grave
578:Punic war
563:Etruscans
390:Banknotes
383:Notaphily
317:Hammering
300:Designers
223:Byzantine
90:Banknotes
5036:Tribunes
5026:Praetors
4976:Generals
4956:Emperors
4865:Lugdunum
4850:Eboracum
4840:Carthage
4825:Aquileia
4740:Polybius
4730:Plutarch
4700:Libanius
4690:Josephus
4685:Herodian
4577:Tibullus
4492:Priscian
4467:Phaedrus
4427:Manilius
4372:Jordanes
4357:Hydatius
4287:Claudian
4267:Catullus
4257:Boรซthius
4252:Ausonius
4170:Medieval
4142:Alphabet
4114:Theatres
4089:Numerals
4074:Concrete
4064:Circuses
4031:Bagaudae
4021:Adoption
4016:Marriage
3989:Assembly
3894:Religion
3869:Folklore
3849:Clothing
3844:Calendar
3801:Currency
3791:Commerce
3689:Strategy
3651:Military
3637:Triumvir
3617:Dictator
3612:Interrex
3591:Governor
3576:Quaestor
3539:Ordinary
3521:Province
3511:Tetrarch
3501:Augustus
3466:Vicarius
3456:Officium
3393:Imperium
3343:Plebeian
3303:Republic
3225:Dominate
3192:Republic
3153:Timeline
3086:Archived
2974:. Spink
2599:(1951).
2252:See also
2193:Augustus
2139:Anchises
2022:dictator
1942:annalist
1934:flamines
1604:Carthage
1545:dioscuri
1517:denarius
1464:quadriga
1368:Campania
1347:Tarentum
1295:Neapolis
1231:Semuncia
1144:Quadrans
1086:Quincunx
971:Dextans
877:Tressis
855:5
797:Value (
782:Reverse
779:Obverse
607:aes rude
582:denarius
551:currency
402:Exonumia
253:Japanese
233:Filipino
213:Aksumite
77:Currency
65:Glossary
35:a series
33:Part of
5006:Legions
4966:Fiction
4936:Consuls
4931:Climate
4885:Ravenna
4880:Pompeii
4870:Lutetia
4835:Bononia
4830:Berytus
4820:Antioch
4795:Zosimus
4790:Zonaras
4765:Sozomen
4750:Priscus
4725:Photius
4567:Terence
4562:Tacitus
4547:Statius
4532:Servius
4517:Sallust
4472:Plautus
4452:Orosius
4432:Martial
4387:Juvenal
4362:Hyginus
4347:Gellius
4206:Writers
4137:History
4119:Thermae
4109:Temples
4059:Bridges
4026:Slavery
3974:Equites
3946:Society
3926:Theatre
3899:Deities
3859:Cuisine
3839:Bathing
3821:Culture
3796:Finance
3773:Economy
3664:Borders
3659:History
3561:Tribune
3556:Praetor
3446:Legatus
3441:Emperor
3328:Curiate
3298:Kingdom
3293:History
3269:History
3252:decline
3210:History
3180:Kingdom
3163:History
3148:Outline
2245:Mommsen
2241:Babelon
2234:buried.
2125:at the
2123:Crassus
2119:Parthia
2037:of the
1946:praetor
1926:cuirass
1891:at the
1885:Victory
1855:Parthia
1728:denarii
1695:206 BC
1687:211 BC
1682:Weight
1554:Bronze
1425:consuls
1173:Sextans
1090:๐๐๐
1038:126 BC
1009:126 BC
999:Dodrans
602:pecunia
532:coinage
530:is the
431:Cheques
376:Grading
310:Milling
305:Coining
268:Tibetan
248:Italian
228:Chinese
146:Oceania
95:Forgery
5016:Nomina
5001:Legacy
4981:Gentes
4918:topics
4914:Lists
4895:Smyrna
4775:Strabo
4705:Lucian
4695:Julian
4645:Arrian
4640:Appian
4630:Aelian
4607:Vergil
4382:Justin
4367:Jerome
4352:Horace
4337:Fronto
4327:Florus
4302:Ennius
4282:Cicero
4262:Caesar
4160:Vulgar
3984:Tribes
3911:Romans
3721:Legion
3704:castra
3581:Aedile
3551:Censor
3546:Consul
3506:Caesar
3476:Lictor
3398:Status
3338:Tribal
3318:Senate
3308:Empire
3202:Empire
3138:topics
3067:
3053:
3039:
3025:
3011:
2997:
2978:
2960:
2918:
2904:
2883:
2863:
2849:
2835:
2821:
2800:
2772:
2751:
2737:
2723:
2702:
2688:
2674:
2660:
2642:
2627:
2611:
2580:
2568:
2189:pileus
2135:Aeneas
2018:Pompey
1847:aureus
1714:3.7 g
1706:3.9 g
1698:4.2 g
1690:4.5 g
1578:), 40
1355:drachm
1115:Triens
1003:S๐๐
974:S๐๐
763:libral
740:unciae
688:, the
686:Suidas
567:silver
559:bronze
450:Stocks
436:Scrips
426:Tokens
419:Medals
414:Jetons
332:Errors
327:Metals
243:Indian
131:Europe
121:Africa
4680:Galen
4622:Greek
4592:Varro
4402:Lucan
4214:Latin
4129:Latin
4104:Ships
4094:Roads
4079:Domes
4011:Women
3959:Plebs
3884:Music
3426:Forum
3421:Curia
2279:Notes
2143:Venus
1993:Head
1981:Head
1902:murex
1835:Sulla
1812:asses
1800:asses
1796:asses
1792:asses
1784:asses
1774:asses
1679:Date
1615:asses
1588:asses
1580:asses
1572:asses
1561:asses
1556:asses
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