1024:
1472:) army, the senate was restored, but the institution (like classical Rome itself) had been mortally weakened by the long war. Many senators had been killed and many of those who had fled to the east chose to remain there, thanks to favorable legislation passed by Emperor Justinian, who, however, abolished virtually all senatorial offices in Italy. The importance of the Roman senate thus declined rapidly, and it likely ceased to function as an institution with any real legislative power shortly after this time.
1520:
1142:(the chief magistrates), in their prosecution of military conflicts. The senate also had an enormous degree of power over the civil government in Rome. This was especially the case with regard to its management of state finances, as only it could authorize the disbursal of public funds from the treasury. As the Roman Republic grew, the senate also supervised the administration of the provinces, which were governed by former consuls and
125:
1064:
783:) were quite powerful. Since the transition from monarchy to constitutional rule was most likely gradual, it took several generations before the Senate was able to assert itself over the executive magistrates. By the middle Republic, the Senate had reached the apex of its republican power. The late Republic saw a decline in the Senate's power, which began following the reforms of the
1707:
1264:
1208:. If there was no veto, and the matter was of minor importance, it could be put to either a voice vote or a show of hands. If there was no veto and no obvious majority, and the matter was of a significant nature, there was usually a physical division of the house, with senators voting by taking a place on either side of the chamber.
1223:, senators could not engage in banking or any form of public contract. They could not own a ship that was large enough to participate in foreign commerce, they could not leave Italy without permission from the rest of the senate and they were not paid a salary. Election to magisterial office resulted in automatic senate membership.
1634:, or assembly, the Senate of Constantinople was made up of all current or former holders of senior ranks and official positions, plus their descendants. At its height during the 6th and 7th centuries, the Senate represented the collective wealth and power of the Empire, on occasion nominating and dominating individual emperors.
1253:. Though retaining its legal position as under the republic, in practice the actual authority of the imperial senate was negligible, and the emperor held the true power in the state. As such, membership in the senate came to be sought after by individuals seeking prestige and social standing, rather than actual authority.
1283:, reduced the size of the senate from 900 members to 600, even though there were only about 100 to 200 active senators at one time. After this point, the size of the senate was never again drastically altered. Under the empire, as was the case during the late republic, one could become a senator by being elected
1039:. It is worth noting that idealistic medieval and subsequent artistic depictions of the Senate in session are almost uniformly inaccurate. Illustrations commonly show the senators arranged in a semicircle around an open space where orators were deemed to stand; in reality the structure of the existing
1188:
Senators had several other ways in which they could influence (or frustrate) a presiding magistrate. For example, every senator was permitted to speak before a vote could be held, and since all meetings had to end by nightfall, a dedicated group or even a single senator could talk a proposal to death
1004:
The senate's most significant task, outside regal elections, was to function as the king's council, and while the king could ignore any advice it offered, its growing prestige helped make the advice that it offered increasingly difficult to ignore. Only the king could make new laws, although he often
1332:
enacted a series of constitutional reforms. In one such reform, he asserted the right of the emperor to take power without the theoretical consent of the senate, thus depriving the senate of its status as the ultimate repository of supreme power. Diocletian's reforms also ended whatever illusion had
1315:
During the early Roman Empire, all judicial powers that had been held by the Roman assemblies were also transferred to the senate. For example, the senate now held jurisdiction over criminal trials. In these cases, a consul presided, the senators constituted the jury, and the verdict was handed down
1535:
Subsequently, the word "senate" was used by the nobility of Rome to describe themselves as a collective class. This usage was not intended to link them institutionally with the ancient senate, but rather continued the long-standing Roman tradition that the city's nobility was equated to its senate.
1300:
Besides the emperor, consuls and praetors could also preside over the senate. Since no senator could stand for election to a magisterial office without the emperor's approval, senators usually did not vote against bills that had been presented by the emperor. If a senator disapproved of a bill, he
1296:
The two consuls were a part of the senate, but had more power than the senators. During senate meetings, the emperor sat between the two consuls, and usually acted as the presiding officer. Senators of the early empire could ask extraneous questions or request that a certain action be taken by the
1292:
If an individual was not of senatorial rank, there were two ways for him to become a senator. Under the first method, the emperor manually granted that individual the authority to stand for election to the quaestorship, while under the second method, the emperor appointed that individual to the
1168:), no meeting could take place more than a mile (in the Roman system of measurement, now approx. 1.48 km) outside it. The senate operated while under various religious restrictions. For example, before any meeting could begin, a sacrifice to the gods was made, and a search for divine omens (the
1487:
would give a sermon in which he bemoaned the almost complete disappearance of the senatorial order and the decline of the prestigious institution, suggesting that by this date, the senate had officially ceased to function as a body. Although the
Gregorian register of 603 mentions the senate in
1370:
had his mother or grandmother take part in Senate proceedings. "And
Elagabalus was the only one of all the emperors under whom a woman attended the senate like a man, just as though she belonged to the senatorial order" (David Magie's translation). According to the same work, Elagabalus also
1085:
When the
Republic began, the Senate functioned as an advisory council. It consisted of 300–500 senators who served for life. Only patricians were members in the early period, but plebeians were also admitted before long, although they were denied the senior magistracies for a longer period.
1578:(apparently in the mistaken belief that this was the site of the ancient senate house). Most sources state that there were 56 senators in the revived senate, and modern historians have therefore interpreted this to indicate that there were four senators for each of the fourteen
1185:). While in session, the senate had the power to act on its own, and even against the will of the presiding magistrate if it wished. The presiding magistrate began each meeting with a speech, then referred an issue to the senators, who would discuss it in order of seniority.
1336:
The senate also retained the power to try treason cases, and to elect some magistrates, but only with the permission of the emperor. In the final years of the western empire, the senate would sometimes try to appoint their own emperor, such as in the case of
1289:(a magistrate with financial duties), but only if one were already of senatorial rank. In addition to quaestors, elected officials holding a range of senior positions were routinely granted senatorial rank by virtue of the offices that they held.
1616:, who subsequently became the head of the civil government of Rome under the pope's aegis. Although the 56-member senate would be restored soon thereafter in 1197, the institution would come to be composed largely of nobles.
1324:
transferred all electoral powers from the assemblies to the senate, and, while theoretically the senate elected new magistrates, the approval of the emperor was always needed before an election could be finalized.
996:
nominated a candidate to replace the king. After the senate gave its initial approval to the nominee, he was then formally elected by the people, and then received the senate's final approval. At least one king,
1312:) acquired the full force of law. The legislative powers of the imperial senate were principally of a financial and an administrative nature, although the senate did retain a range of powers over the provinces.
1428:
rule. The authority of the senate rose considerably under barbarian leaders, who sought to protect the institution. This period was characterized by the rise of prominent Roman senatorial families, such as the
1153:(a right resting with each consul with or without the senate's involvement). However, after 202 BC, the office of dictator fell out of use (and was revived only two more times) and was replaced with the
983:. During the years of the monarchy, the senate's most important function was to elect new kings. While the king was nominally elected by the people, it was actually the senate who chose each new king.
5244:
1333:
remained that the senate had independent legislative, judicial, or electoral powers. The senate did, however, retain its legislative powers over public games in Rome, and over the senatorial order.
979:
held three principal responsibilities: It functioned as the ultimate repository for the executive power, it served as the king's council, and it functioned as a legislative body in concert with the
805:, the Senate became politically irrelevant. When the seat of government was transferred out of Rome, the Senate was reduced to a purely municipal body. That decline in status was reinforced when
2487:
The
Political Works of Marcus Tullius Cicero: Comprising his Treatise on the Commonwealth; and his Treatise on the Laws. Translated from the original, with Dissertations and Notes in Two Volumes
891:
who settled Italy in the centuries before the founding of Rome in 753 BC were structured into tribal communities, and these communities often included an aristocratic board of tribal elders.
3402:
1345:. The senate remained the last stronghold of the traditional Roman religion in the face of the spreading Christianity, and several times attempted to facilitate the return of the
2224:
Bronwen, 3. "For since the Senate has failed, the people have perished, and the sufferings and groans of the few who remain are multiplied each day. Rome, now empty, is burning!"
3201:
1219:, ownership of property worth at least one million sesterces was required for membership. The ethical requirements of senators were significant. In contrast to members of the
1630:
The senate continued to exist in
Constantinople, although it evolved into an institution that differed in some fundamental forms from its predecessor. Designated in Greek as
1047:, shows that the senators sat in straight and parallel lines on either side of the interior of the building. In current media depictions in film this is shown correctly in
675:
3141:
3103:
2476:
1475:
It is not known exactly when the Roman senate disappeared in the West, but it appears to have been in the early 7th century, when Rome was under the dominion of the
5249:
3196:
1197:). When it was time to call a vote, the presiding magistrate could bring up whatever proposals he wished, and every vote was between a proposal and its negative.
3289:
1687:, senators) could participate. The Senate in Constantinople existed until at least the beginning of the 13th century, its last known act being the election of
3831:
3173:
3018:
3873:
3861:
3178:
3118:
1610:
during the second half of the twelfth century. From 1192 onward, the popes succeeded in reducing the 56-strong senate down to a single individual, styled
1104:, which in form constituted "advice" from the senate to a magistrate. While these decrees did not hold legal force, they usually were obeyed in practice.
3920:
3221:
1260:
to the senate. However, since the emperor held control over the senate, the senate acted as a vehicle through which he exercised his autocratic powers.
956:, executed many of the leading men in the senate, and did not replace them, thereby diminishing their number. However, in 509 BC Rome's first and third
5264:
5254:
3836:
1181:
who wished to summon the senate had to issue a compulsory order. The senate meetings were public and directed by a presiding magistrate (usually a
5259:
5208:
3846:
3156:
1479:. Records that in both 578 and 580, the politically-impotent senate of Rome sent envoys to Constantinople along with pleas for help against the
5153:
3841:
3575:
668:
272:
1504:
have argued that this mention was likely nothing more than a ceremonial flourish. In 630, any remnants of the senate were swept away when the
1023:
5123:
3948:
3475:
3211:
2867:
2781:
2760:
2723:
2702:
2652:
2400:
1240:
262:
5213:
5088:
4241:
3794:
1049:
433:
3465:
3161:
3146:
2825:
2800:
1659:
could become proedros, but later this restriction was lifted and several proedri could be appointed, of which the senior proedrus, or
1159:("ultimate decree of the senate"), a senatorial decree that authorised the consuls to employ any means necessary to solve the crisis.
1014:
255:
238:
5133:
3893:
3460:
3455:
3431:
3282:
3254:
3108:
3043:
2852:
2744:
2540:
2425:
2375:
2350:
2325:
2300:
2002:
1913:
862:
661:
233:
1934:
1892:
5269:
5148:
3821:
3470:
3397:
3206:
3123:
3011:
1417:
1232:
833:
but the
Western Senate ultimately disappeared after 603, the date of its last recorded public act. Some Roman aristocrats in the
250:
1308:
continued to meet after the founding of the empire, their powers were all transferred to the senate, and so senatorial decrees (
3414:
3347:
3226:
3151:
2942:
Orations and
Letters of Cicero: With Historical Introduction, An Outline of the Roman Constitution, Notes, Vocabulary and Index
243:
5239:
4168:
4093:
3851:
1149:
Since the 3rd century BC the senate also played a pivotal role in cases of emergency. It could call for the appointment of a
914:
from the leading clans were selected for the confederated board of elders that would become the Roman senate. Over time, the
20:
841:, but it was by this point a purely honorific title and does not reflect the continued existence of the classical Senate.
1464:
and took the senators as hostages. Several senators were executed in 552 as revenge for the death of the
Ostrogothic king,
1320:), and, while a verdict could not be appealed, the emperor could pardon a convicted individual through a veto. The emperor
4664:
1594:
4504:
4108:
3560:
3275:
3168:
2497:
1997:
1929:
1908:
1887:
1204:
any of the dictator's decisions. At any point before a motion passed, the proposed motion could be vetoed, usually by a
1018:
721:
648:
5203:
5128:
4887:
3943:
3826:
3372:
3113:
3004:
1579:
858:
717:
5163:
4827:
4719:
4489:
4261:
4083:
3991:
3856:
3799:
3216:
1256:
During the reigns of the first emperors, legislative, judicial, and electoral powers were all transferred from the
1236:
965:
953:
760:
725:
446:
945:, chose a further 100 senators. They were chosen from the minor leading families, and were accordingly called the
5183:
4276:
4231:
4158:
4078:
4026:
4016:
3968:
3315:
1375:, which enacted rules to be applied to matrons regarding clothing, chariot riding, the wearing of jewelry, etc. (
1155:
1073:
942:
511:
213:
1301:
usually showed his disapproval by not attending the senate meeting on the day that the bill was to be voted on.
1297:
senate. Higher ranking senators spoke before those of lower rank, although the emperor could speak at any time.
4784:
4694:
4203:
4183:
4178:
4163:
4116:
4056:
4011:
3813:
938:
926:), and vested in him their sovereign power. When the king died, that sovereign power naturally reverted to the
115:
1437:, often served as the right hand of the barbarian leader. It is known that the senate successfully installed
5193:
5173:
5113:
5103:
5093:
4499:
4188:
4088:
4068:
3983:
3973:
3678:
3618:
3310:
1656:
1541:
1509:
1293:
senate by issuing a decree. Under the empire, the power that the emperor held over the senate was absolute.
549:
1081:) of deceased ancestors in his hands; marble, late 1st century BC; head (not belonging): mid-1st century BC
5198:
5188:
5138:
5118:
4932:
4907:
4872:
4754:
4479:
4126:
3888:
3419:
3244:
2605:
2508:
5234:
5168:
5098:
4922:
4674:
4474:
4469:
4266:
4173:
4098:
4061:
4046:
4021:
4001:
3903:
1384:
806:
2602:
Gentlemen and
Officers: Imperial Administration and Aristocratic Power in Byzantine Italy, A.D. 554–800
898:
or "clan", and each clan was an aggregation of families under a common living male patriarch, called a
5178:
5143:
4832:
4822:
4699:
4599:
4524:
4389:
4352:
3728:
3392:
1652:
1476:
1446:
1162:
While senate meetings could take place either inside or outside the formal boundary of the city (the
961:
888:
768:
191:
2620:
Chastagnol, André (2002). "Nobility, Roman § Up to
Gregory the Greg". In Levillain, Philippe (ed.).
5108:
4957:
4759:
4629:
4579:
3898:
3495:
3068:
1766:
1712:
1501:
1442:
1438:
326:
5158:
4882:
4689:
4544:
4484:
4404:
4347:
4211:
3447:
3426:
3236:
3048:
3027:
2572:
1607:
1586:
1456:
The peaceful coexistence of senatorial and barbarian rule continued until the Ostrogothic leader
818:
752:
751:, most of the time the Senate was little more than an advisory council to the king, but being an
737:
701:
584:
223:
4797:
1519:
2713:
4792:
4644:
4399:
4359:
4337:
3545:
3085:
2908:
Monument und Inschrift. Gesammelte Aufsätze zur senatorischen Repräsentation in der Kaiserzeit
2863:
2848:
2821:
2811:
2796:
2777:
2756:
2740:
2719:
2698:
2692:
2648:
2536:
2421:
2396:
2371:
2346:
2321:
2296:
1564:
1559:
attempted to establish a new senate in opposition to the temporal power of the nobles and the
1537:
1524:
1099:
1068:
764:
503:
496:
299:
24:
2642:
4857:
4817:
4749:
4684:
4609:
4604:
4376:
4299:
4246:
4041:
4036:
3925:
3784:
3733:
3693:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3643:
3565:
3512:
3505:
3490:
3485:
3409:
3337:
3078:
3063:
3058:
2771:
2564:
1791:
1776:
1771:
1741:
1688:
1625:
1469:
1434:
1358:
1346:
1305:
1257:
1220:
1178:
1135:
1116:
1055:
937:, initially consisting of 100 men. The descendants of those 100 men subsequently became the
810:
776:
733:
729:
625:
619:
612:
598:
427:
406:
351:
336:
331:
316:
200:
1569:
1540:, the title "senator" was used by those in positions of power—for instance, it was held by
4952:
4764:
4744:
4704:
4639:
4589:
4584:
4459:
4409:
4317:
4151:
4131:
4051:
3500:
3325:
3073:
2964:
2925:
Senatus populusque Romanus. Die politische Kultur der Republik – Dimensionen und Deutungen
2680:
1575:
1556:
1552:(d. 937)—but it appears to have been regarded at that time as simply a title of nobility.
1528:
1513:
1280:
998:
775:. During the early Republic, the Senate was politically weak, while the various executive
341:
1005:
involved both the senate and the curiate assembly (the popular assembly) in the process.
2514:
829:
rule (489–535). It was restored to its official status after the reconquest of Italy by
5007:
4649:
4384:
4332:
4304:
4251:
4236:
4216:
4031:
4006:
3963:
3953:
3779:
3753:
3683:
3668:
3633:
3593:
3354:
3133:
2951:(Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac, 2006) (Studien zur Geschichtesforschung des Altertums, 14).
2913:
2732:
1756:
1692:
1680:
1664:
1644:
1612:
1555:
Usage of the "senator" title in a more traditional sense was revived in 1144, when the
1484:
1450:
1350:
1246:
1150:
1036:
986:
The period between the death of one king and the election of a new king was called the
814:
772:
693:
630:
577:
421:
396:
305:
153:
2291:
Pohl, Walter; Gantner, Clemens; Grifoni, Cinzia; Pollheimer-Mohaupt, Marianne (2018).
1174:) was taken. The senate was only allowed to assemble in places dedicated to the gods.
712:. With different powers throughout its existence it lasted from the first days of the
5228:
4539:
4509:
4424:
3958:
3935:
3748:
3603:
3588:
3535:
3342:
3095:
2954:
2638:
1781:
1250:
976:
900:
868:
780:
748:
526:
376:
144:
5017:
4877:
4322:
4271:
4226:
4221:
4073:
3883:
3769:
3713:
3708:
3598:
3364:
3298:
3188:
3035:
2930:
1721:
1342:
1212:
1182:
1139:
957:
919:
887:, which means "old man"; the word thus means "assembly of elders". The prehistoric
756:
705:
439:
391:
361:
287:
162:
968:
chose from amongst the leading equites new men for the senate, these being called
821:
was deposed in 476, the Senate in the Western Empire functioned under the rule of
2663:
1671:), served as the head of the senate. There were two types of meetings practised:
4812:
4434:
4256:
4146:
3540:
1505:
1497:
1461:
1425:
1272:
1268:
1040:
988:
834:
830:
826:
741:
709:
482:
124:
1063:
5037:
4977:
4942:
4734:
4669:
4659:
4554:
4439:
4327:
3910:
3878:
3623:
3550:
3382:
3377:
2903:
2845:
Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar
2568:
1702:
1590:
1367:
1329:
1190:
1044:
802:
791:
563:
293:
173:
5067:
5062:
5022:
4947:
4917:
4897:
4774:
4714:
4624:
4574:
4569:
4494:
4454:
4342:
4312:
4121:
3996:
3789:
3673:
3648:
3527:
3249:
2817:
2685:
The Roman History, from the Building of Rome to the Ruin of the Commonwealth
2668:. Vol. 2. Translated by Hamilton, Annie. London: George Bell & Sons
2629:
1786:
1457:
635:
605:
471:
453:
416:
1249:, the constitutional balance of power shifted from the Roman senate to the
5027:
5012:
5002:
4987:
4902:
4892:
4862:
4852:
4847:
4837:
4739:
4654:
4534:
4519:
4449:
4429:
4419:
4414:
4394:
4193:
3774:
3738:
3628:
3555:
3387:
2293:
Transformations of Romanness : early medieval regions and identities
1761:
1746:
1731:
1639:
1480:
1338:
1321:
1285:
1216:
1164:
1143:
1093:
with a broad purple stripe, maroon shoes, and an iron (later gold) ring.
1078:
1032:
993:
844:
The Eastern Senate survived in Constantinople through the 14th century.
798:
794:, the Senate lost much of its political power as well as its prestige.
570:
460:
371:
282:
180:
2576:
2548:
1563:; as part of this plan, the Commune constructed a new senate house (the
1263:
5047:
5042:
5032:
4997:
4992:
4982:
4927:
4912:
4729:
4724:
4709:
4679:
4634:
4614:
4594:
4549:
4281:
4136:
3915:
3723:
3718:
3608:
2592:
1796:
1549:
1493:
1421:
1396:
1205:
1170:
934:
822:
787:
784:
556:
535:
386:
366:
3267:
2517:
Rome at the End of the Punic Wars: An Analysis of the Roman Government
918:
came to recognize the need for a single leader, and so they elected a
5057:
4937:
4867:
4807:
4802:
4769:
4529:
4514:
4464:
4444:
3866:
3743:
3638:
2996:
2625:
1726:
1599:
1489:
1465:
1430:
1028:
910:
873:
591:
381:
2549:"Transformation and Survival in the Western Senatorial Aristocracy,
1146:, in that it decided which magistrate should govern which province.
1035:, from a 19th-century fresco in Palazzo Madama, Rome, house of the
4842:
4564:
4291:
3583:
2949:
Senatorische Familien und ihre patriae (1./2. Jahrhundert n. Chr.)
1736:
1518:
1262:
1062:
1022:
883:
878:
2644:
Religion, Dynasty, and Patronage in Early Christian Rome, 300–900
1675:, in which only magistrates currently in office participated and
1606:
The Commune came under constant pressure from the papacy and the
5052:
4619:
4559:
4141:
3517:
2492:
1992:
1924:
1903:
1882:
1751:
1560:
1420:, the senate continued to function under the Germanic chieftain
1395:
to Senate proceedings, concealed behind a curtain, according to
1388:
1201:
1090:
980:
713:
3271:
3000:
3613:
933:
The senate is said to have been created by Rome's first king,
542:
489:
2489:. By Francis Barham, Esq. London: Edmund Spettigue. Vol. 1.
1043:
building, which dates in its current form from the Emperor
779:
who appointed the senators for life (or until expulsion by
2813:
The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476–752
2687:, F. Rivington (Rome). Original in New York Public Library
2616:. U.S. Government Printing Office, Senate Document 103–23.
2505:
The General History of Polybius: Translated from the Greek
2393:
Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes
1527:, originally built to house the revived Senate during the
1483:, who had invaded Italy ten years earlier. Later, in 593,
1200:
Despite dictators holding nominal power, the senate could
1001:, was elected by the senate alone, and not by the people.
2533:
A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions
2418:
Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900–1150
2368:
Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900–1150
2343:
Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900–1150
2318:
Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900–1150
1488:
reference to the acclamation of new statues of Emperor
1127:
had its authority based on precedent and not in law. A
1096:
The Senate of the Roman Republic passed decrees called
867:
The senate was a political institution in the ancient
5245:
7th-century disestablishments in the Byzantine Empire
2935:
Researches into the History of the Roman Constitution
2511:. Oxford: Printed by W. Baxter. Fifth Edition, Vol 2.
1637:
In the second half of the 10th century a new office,
2755:. Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 59 & 60.
972:, and thus increased the size of the senate to 300.
904:(the Latin word for "father"). When the early Roman
5076:
4970:
4783:
4375:
4368:
4290:
4202:
4107:
3982:
3934:
3812:
3762:
3701:
3692:
3574:
3526:
3446:
3363:
3324:
3235:
3187:
3132:
3094:
3034:
86:
71:
66:
54:
49:
32:
2793:The Fourth Crusade and the Siege of Constantinople
1071:", a statue depicting a Roman senator holding the
2990:The Theory of the Mixed Constitution in Antiquity
2250:
2248:
1027:Representation of a sitting of the Roman senate:
908:were aggregating to form a common community, the
1651:), was created as head of the senate by Emperor
1441:as pope in 498, despite the fact that both King
790:. After the transition of the Republic into the
1134:Through these decrees, the senate directed the
2978:(Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1984).
2665:History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
2175:
2173:
2154:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2108:
2106:
2078:
2076:
3283:
3012:
2860:Church And Culture in the Middle Ages 350–814
2345:. Oxford University Press. pp. 337–339.
2320:. Oxford University Press. pp. 23, 448.
1970:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1468:. After Rome was recaptured by the imperial (
669:
8:
2992:. Columbia University Press, New York. 1975.
2770:Neil, Bronwen; Matthew J. Dal Santo (2013).
1341:, who was later defeated by forces loyal to
2697:. Cambridge University Press. p. 196.
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2012:
2010:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1823:
1821:
1131:, however, could serve to interpret a law.
1097:
39:
4372:
3698:
3330:
3290:
3276:
3268:
3019:
3005:
2997:
1869:
1867:
676:
662:
110:
29:
2983:The Development of the Roman Constitution
2918:The Last Generation of the Roman Republic
1585:. These senators elected as their leader
716:(traditionally founded in 753 BC) as the
2927:(Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004).
2910:(Berlin/New York: W. de Gruyter, 2010).
2420:. Oxford University Press. p. 447.
2370:. Oxford University Press. p. 448.
1603:had been deprecated as a noble styling.
1371:established a women's senate called the
1211:Senate membership was controlled by the
1808:
518:
470:
405:
350:
315:
271:
222:
135:
113:
5250:8th-century BC establishments in Italy
2737:The Constitution of the Roman Republic
1177:Meetings usually began at dawn, and a
2877:(1907) – a work now in public domain.
1241:Constitution of the Late Roman Empire
16:Political institution in ancient Rome
7:
2944:. Scott, Foresman and Company. 1891.
2847:. The University of Michigan Press (
2557:Papers of the British School at Rome
1544:(d. 998) and, in its feminine form (
894:The early Roman family was called a
1655:. Up to the mid-11th century, only
1053:, and incorrectly in, for example,
2961:, (London, Duckworth, 1977, 1992).
1460:found himself at war with Emperor
1015:Constitution of the Roman Republic
14:
1433:, while the senate's leader, the
1275:, the seat of the imperial Senate
1089:Senators were entitled to wear a
863:Constitution of the Roman Kingdom
5265:Government of the Roman Republic
2773:A Companion to Gregory the Great
2753:Daily Life of the Ancient Romans
2614:The Senate of the Roman Republic
2295:. de Gruyter. pp. 161–162.
1705:
1418:fall of the Western Roman Empire
1233:Constitution of the Roman Empire
123:
5255:Government of the Roman Kingdom
2694:Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium
2662:Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1905).
2485:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1841).
1449:supported the other candidate,
952:Rome's seventh and final king,
5260:Government of the Roman Empire
2959:The Emperor in the Roman World
2647:. Cambridge University Press.
2593:Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
1691:as emperor in 1204 during the
21:Senate of the Republic (Italy)
1:
2550:
1508:was converted into a church (
763:, was overthrown following a
3862:Frontiers and fortifications
2940:Johnston, Harold Whetstone.
2712:Levillain, Philippe (2002).
2531:Abbott, Frank Frost (1901).
2391:Williams, George L. (2004).
1050:The Fall of the Roman Empire
1019:Senate of the Roman Republic
1009:Senate of the Roman Republic
722:Senate of the Roman Republic
3921:Decorations and punishments
2976:The Senate of Imperial Rome
2923:Hoеlkeskamp, Karl-Joachim,
2920:(U California Press, 1974).
2791:Phillips, Jonathan (2004).
2739:. Oxford University Press (
2691:Kaegi, Walter Emil (2003).
2622:The Papacy: An Encyclopedia
1679:, in which all syncletics (
1353:) to the senatorial curia.
1328:Around 300 AD, the emperor
859:Senate of the Roman Kingdom
853:Senate of the Roman Kingdom
788:Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
718:Senate of the Roman Kingdom
5286:
4828:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3403:historiography of the fall
2985:. D. Apple & Co. 1886.
2937:. William Pickering. 1853.
2843:Taylor, Lily Ross (1966).
2810:Richards, Jeffrey (1979).
2547:Barnish, S. J. B. (1988).
1623:
1589:, son of the Roman consul
1237:Senate of the Roman Empire
1230:
1227:Senate of the Roman Empire
1012:
966:Publius Valerius Publicola
954:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
941:class. Rome's fifth king,
856:
761:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
726:Senate of the Roman Empire
18:
5209:External wars and battles
3333:
3306:
2858:Schnurer, Gustov (1956).
2835:Runciman, Steven (1956).
2715:The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies
2569:10.1017/S0068246200009582
2395:. McFarland. p. 24.
1684:
1668:
1648:
1316:in the form of a decree (
1156:senatus consultum ultimum
943:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
759:. The last king of Rome,
736:, existing well into the
512:Senatus consultum ultimum
407:Extraordinary magistrates
60:Advisory and deliberative
2969:Roman Constitutional Law
2900:, (Fontana Press, 1978).
2893:, (Fontana Press, 1993).
2875:The Nuttall Encyclopædia
2862:. Kessinger Publishing (
1115:) that was passed by an
992:, during which time the
116:Politics of ancient Rome
19:Not to be confused with
5270:Historical legislatures
5204:Roman–Iranian relations
3679:Optimates and populares
2477:Cicero, Marcus Tullius
2416:Wickham, Chris (2014).
2366:Wickham, Chris (2014).
2341:Wickham, Chris (2014).
2316:Wickham, Chris (2014).
1542:Crescentius the Younger
1119:, the law overrode the
1111:conflicted with a law (
747:During the days of the
5214:Civil wars and revolts
4480:Sextus Pompeius Festus
4127:Conflict of the Orders
3486:Legislative assemblies
3245:Conflict of the Orders
2891:The Later Roman Empire
2873:Wood, Reverend James,
2837:Byzantine Civilisation
2606:British School at Rome
1532:
1366:4.2 and 12.3) emperor
1276:
1245:After the fall of the
1098:
1082:
1060:
947:patres minorum gentium
799:constitutional reforms
755:, it also elected new
700:) was the highest and
697:
273:Political institutions
102:14th century AD (East)
98:14th century AD (East)
40:
5240:603 disestablishments
4923:Simplicius of Cilicia
4675:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3904:Siege in Ancient Rome
3513:Executive magistrates
2947:Krieckhaus, Andreas,
2632:. pp. 1044–1047.
2612:Byrd, Robert (1995).
2600:Brown, T. S. (1984).
1522:
1407:Post-classical Senate
1385:Agrippina the Younger
1266:
1066:
1026:
825:(476–489) and during
807:Constantine the Great
4933:Stephanus Byzantinus
4838:Eusebius of Caesaria
4700:Sidonius Apollinaris
4390:Ammianus Marcellinus
3729:Tribune of the plebs
2974:Talbert, Richard A.
2776:. Brill. p. 3.
2751:Metz, David (2008).
2718:. Psychology Press.
2535:. Elibron Classics,
2440:Gregorovius, 633–635
1536:Occasionally in the
1510:Sant'Adriano al Foro
1477:Exarchate of Ravenna
1383:49.6). Before this,
962:Lucius Junius Brutus
811:an additional senate
769:Lucius Junius Brutus
734:Eastern Roman Empire
352:Ordinary magistrates
5109:Distinguished women
4760:Velleius Paterculus
4600:Nicolaus Damascenus
4580:Marcellus Empiricus
3969:Republican currency
3162:reforms of Augustus
2590:Brewer, E. Cobham;
1767:Master of the Horse
1713:Ancient Rome portal
1496:, scholars such as
1279:The first emperor,
728:and eventually the
4883:Phlegon of Tralles
4690:Seneca the Younger
4164:Naming conventions
3894:Personal equipment
3427:Later Roman Empire
3028:Roman Constitution
2898:The Roman Republic
2458:Phillips, 222–226.
1620:Senate in the East
1608:Holy Roman Emperor
1587:Giordano Pierleoni
1533:
1412:Senate in the West
1349:(first removed by
1277:
1083:
1061:
975:The senate of the
819:Romulus Augustulus
771:, who founded the
753:electoral monarchy
738:post-classical era
585:Triumvir monetalis
519:Titles and honours
5222:
5221:
5184:Pontifices maximi
4966:
4965:
4823:Diogenes Laërtius
4645:Pliny the Younger
4400:Asconius Pedianus
4360:Romance languages
4232:Civil engineering
3974:Imperial currency
3847:Political control
3808:
3807:
3442:
3441:
3265:
3264:
3212:(post Diocletian)
3202:(post Diocletian)
3157:reforms of Caesar
2988:Von Fritz, Kurt.
2868:978-1-4254-2322-3
2783:978-90-04-25776-4
2762:978-0-87220-957-2
2725:978-0-415-92230-2
2704:978-0-521-81459-1
2654:978-1-139-46838-1
2525:Secondary sources
2503:Polybius (1823).
2402:978-0-7864-2071-1
1653:Nicephorus Phocas
1597:, since the term
1593:, with the title
1565:Palazzo Senatorio
1538:Early Middle Ages
1525:Palazzo Senatorio
1424:, and then under
1356:According to the
1318:senatus consultum
1215:. By the time of
1138:, especially the
1129:senatus consultum
1125:senatus consultum
1121:senatus consultum
1109:senatus consultum
1069:Togatus Barberini
877:derives from the
777:Roman magistrates
686:
685:
504:Quaestio perpetua
497:Senatus consultum
300:Roman citizenship
109:
108:
25:Senate of Romania
5277:
5174:Magistri equitum
5089:Cities and towns
5082:
5008:Constantinopolis
4818:Diodorus Siculus
4750:Valerius Maximus
4685:Seneca the Elder
4605:Nonius Marcellus
4373:
3926:Hippika gymnasia
3889:Infantry tactics
3795:Consular tribune
3785:Magister equitum
3734:Military tribune
3699:
3659:Pontifex maximus
3654:Princeps senatus
3644:Magister militum
3410:Byzantine Empire
3331:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3269:
3152:reforms of Sulla
3021:
3014:
3007:
2998:
2981:Tighe, Ambrose.
2965:Mommsen, Theodor
2840:
2831:
2806:
2787:
2766:
2729:
2708:
2681:Hooke, Nathaniel
2677:
2675:
2673:
2658:
2633:
2609:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2552:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2254:Chastagnol, 1047
2252:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2147:
2144:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1963:
1960:
1951:
1948:
1937:
1922:
1916:
1901:
1895:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1816:
1813:
1792:Plebeian Council
1777:Princeps senatus
1772:Pontifex Maximus
1715:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1689:Nicholas Kanabos
1686:
1670:
1650:
1626:Byzantine Senate
1573:
1502:André Chastagnol
1435:princeps senatus
1359:Historia Augusta
1347:Altar of Victory
1310:senatus consulta
1306:Roman assemblies
1258:Roman assemblies
1221:Equestrian order
1103:
1100:senatus consulta
730:Byzantine Senate
678:
671:
664:
620:Pontifex maximus
613:Princeps senatus
599:Magister militum
434:Consular tribune
428:Magister equitum
256:Augustan reforms
127:
111:
105:
103:
97:
95:
82:
80:
44:
43:
30:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5080:
5078:
5072:
4962:
4798:Aëtius of Amida
4779:
4765:Verrius Flaccus
4745:Valerius Antias
4705:Silius Italicus
4640:Pliny the Elder
4585:Marcus Aurelius
4460:Cornelius Nepos
4410:Aurelius Victor
4364:
4286:
4198:
4132:Secessio plebis
4103:
3978:
3930:
3804:
3758:
3688:
3570:
3522:
3438:
3359:
3320:
3302:
3296:
3266:
3261:
3231:
3183:
3128:
3090:
3030:
3025:
2995:
2885:
2883:Further reading
2880:
2834:
2828:
2809:
2803:
2790:
2784:
2769:
2763:
2750:
2733:Lintott, Andrew
2726:
2711:
2705:
2690:
2671:
2669:
2661:
2655:
2636:
2624:. Vol. 2.
2619:
2599:
2581:
2579:
2546:
2527:
2522:
2498:Ab urbe condita
2472:
2470:Primary sources
2467:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2008:
1998:Ab urbe condita
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1940:
1930:Ab urbe condita
1923:
1919:
1909:Ab urbe condita
1902:
1898:
1888:Ab urbe condita
1881:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1742:Comitia curiata
1711:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1628:
1622:
1576:Capitoline Hill
1567:
1557:Commune of Rome
1514:Pope Honorius I
1414:
1409:
1243:
1231:Main articles:
1229:
1067:The so-called "
1021:
1013:Main articles:
1011:
999:Servius Tullius
865:
857:Main articles:
855:
850:
837:bore the title
698:Senātus Rōmānus
682:
653:
649:Other countries
640:
509:
466:
401:
346:
311:
267:
244:Sullan republic
209:
205:
196:
187:
183:
176:
166:
157:
148:
118:
101:
99:
93:
91:
78:
76:
62:
61:
45:
41:Senatus Romanus
38:
36:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5283:
5281:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5227:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5083:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4650:Pomponius Mela
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4385:Aelius Donatus
4381:
4379:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4353:Ecclesiastical
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4094:Toys and games
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:Vigintisexviri
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3594:Cursus honorum
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3393:Western Empire
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3134:Roman Republic
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2962:
2955:Millar, Fergus
2952:
2945:
2938:
2928:
2921:
2911:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2856:
2841:
2832:
2827:978-0710000989
2826:
2807:
2802:978-1101127728
2801:
2788:
2782:
2767:
2761:
2748:
2730:
2724:
2709:
2703:
2688:
2678:
2659:
2653:
2637:Cooper, Kate;
2634:
2617:
2610:
2597:
2588:
2544:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2501:
2490:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2426:
2408:
2401:
2383:
2376:
2358:
2351:
2333:
2326:
2308:
2301:
2283:
2274:
2272:Levillain 1047
2265:
2256:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2188:Levillain, 907
2181:
2169:
2160:
2148:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2006:
1985:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1938:
1917:
1896:
1875:
1863:
1854:
1838:
1829:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1757:Cursus honorum
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1700:
1697:
1693:Fourth Crusade
1624:Main article:
1621:
1618:
1613:Summus Senator
1485:Pope Gregory I
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1351:Constantius II
1247:Roman Republic
1228:
1225:
1195:diem consumere
1037:Italian Senate
1010:
1007:
981:people of Rome
889:Indo-Europeans
854:
851:
849:
846:
815:Constantinople
797:Following the
773:Roman Republic
684:
683:
681:
680:
673:
666:
658:
655:
654:
652:
651:
645:
642:
641:
639:
638:
633:
628:
623:
616:
609:
602:
595:
588:
581:
578:Vigintisexviri
574:
567:
560:
553:
546:
539:
531:
530:
529:
521:
520:
516:
515:
508:
507:
500:
493:
486:
478:
475:
474:
468:
467:
465:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
431:
424:
419:
413:
410:
409:
403:
402:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
358:
355:
354:
348:
347:
345:
344:
339:
334:
329:
323:
320:
319:
313:
312:
310:
309:
306:Cursus honorum
302:
297:
290:
285:
279:
276:
275:
269:
268:
266:
265:
260:
259:
258:
248:
247:
246:
236:
230:
227:
226:
220:
219:
218:
217:
208:
207:
198:
188:
186:
185:
178:
177:27 BC – AD 284
170:
169:
168:
167:27 BC – AD 395
159:
154:Roman Republic
150:
138:
137:
133:
132:
129:
128:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
94:603 AD (West),
90:603 AD (West),
88:
84:
83:
73:
69:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
37:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5282:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4540:Julius Paulus
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4475:Fabius Pictor
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:Amphitheatres
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:Deforestation
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3899:Siege engines
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3832:Establishment
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:Extraordinary
3761:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:Promagistrate
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3536:Twelve Tables
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3237:Miscellaneous
3234:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3096:Roman Kingdom
3093:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2931:Ihne, Wilhelm
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:Crawford, M.
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:0-472-08125-X
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2745:0-19-926108-3
2742:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2639:Julia Hillner
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:A.D. 400–700"
2545:
2542:
2541:0-543-92749-0
2538:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2509:James Hampton
2506:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2479:De Re Publica
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2455:
2452:
2449:Runciman, 60.
2446:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2427:9780199684960
2423:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2377:9780199684960
2373:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2352:9780199684960
2348:
2344:
2337:
2334:
2329:
2327:9780199684960
2323:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2302:9783110589597
2298:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2263:Richards, 246
2260:
2257:
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2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2197:Schnurer, 339
2194:
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2185:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2143:
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2109:
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2079:
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2055:
2049:
2047:
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2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
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1994:
1989:
1986:
1980:
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1971:
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1965:
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1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1782:Promagistrate
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
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1719:
1714:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:πρωτοπρόεδρος
1666:
1662:
1661:protoproedrus
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1619:
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1615:
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1609:
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1582:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1529:Roman Commune
1526:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
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1482:
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1307:
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1290:
1288:
1287:
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1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1251:Roman Emperor
1248:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1224:
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1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1198:
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1173:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1140:Roman Consuls
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1076:
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1058:
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1052:
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1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1000:
995:
991:
990:
984:
982:
978:
977:Roman Kingdom
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
912:
907:
903:
902:
897:
892:
890:
886:
885:
880:
876:
875:
870:
869:Roman Kingdom
864:
860:
852:
847:
845:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
786:
782:
781:Roman censors
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:Roman Kingdom
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
679:
674:
672:
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659:
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634:
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629:
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621:
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603:
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582:
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579:
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568:
566:
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561:
559:
558:
554:
552:
551:
547:
545:
544:
540:
538:
537:
533:
532:
528:
525:
524:
523:
522:
517:
514:
513:
506:
505:
501:
499:
498:
494:
492:
491:
487:
485:
484:
480:
479:
477:
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469:
463:
462:
458:
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451:
449:
448:
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415:
414:
412:
411:
408:
404:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Promagistrate
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
357:
356:
353:
349:
343:
340:
338:
335:
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328:
325:
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318:
314:
308:
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278:
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190:
189:
182:
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175:
172:
171:
165:
164:
160:
156:
155:
151:
147:
146:
145:Roman Kingdom
142:
141:
140:
139:
134:
131:
130:
126:
122:
121:
117:
112:
89:
85:
74:
70:
65:
57:
53:
48:
42:
31:
26:
22:
5235:Roman Senate
5154:Institutions
5018:Leptis Magna
4971:Major cities
4878:Philostratus
4665:Quadrigarius
4485:Rufus Festus
4348:Contemporary
4069:Romanization
3992:Architecture
3599:Collegiality
3480:
3448:Constitution
3299:Ancient Rome
3207:Constitution
3189:Roman Empire
3147:Constitution
3109:Constitution
3053:
3049:Constitution
3036:Ancient Rome
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2924:
2917:
2914:Gruen, Erich
2907:
2897:
2890:
2889:Cameron, A.
2874:
2859:
2844:
2836:
2812:
2792:
2772:
2752:
2736:
2714:
2693:
2684:
2672:December 10,
2670:. Retrieved
2664:
2643:
2621:
2613:
2601:
2591:
2580:. Retrieved
2560:
2556:
2532:
2516:
2504:
2496:
2486:
2478:
2465:Bibliography
2454:
2445:
2436:
2417:
2411:
2392:
2386:
2367:
2361:
2342:
2336:
2317:
2311:
2292:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2206:Barnish, 150
2202:
2193:
2184:
2163:
2126:
2121:Metz, 59, 60
2117:
2096:
2087:
2066:
2057:
2030:
2021:
1996:
1988:
1979:
1928:
1920:
1907:
1899:
1886:
1878:
1857:
1832:
1811:
1722:Acta Senatus
1676:
1672:
1660:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1580:
1554:
1545:
1534:
1492:and Empress
1474:
1455:
1445:and Emperor
1415:
1400:
1392:
1387:, mother of
1380:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1343:Theodosius I
1335:
1327:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1255:
1244:
1210:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1154:
1148:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1123:because the
1120:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1072:
1054:
1048:
1003:
987:
985:
974:
969:
951:
946:
932:
927:
923:
915:
909:
905:
899:
895:
893:
882:
872:
866:
843:
838:
796:
746:
714:city of Rome
706:ancient Rome
704:assembly of
702:constituting
690:Roman Senate
689:
687:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
510:
502:
495:
488:
481:
459:
452:
445:
438:
426:
304:
292:
288:Collegiality
224:Constitution
212:
201:
192:
163:Roman Empire
161:
152:
143:
34:Roman Senate
5149:Geographers
4833:Dioscorides
4813:Cassius Dio
4435:Cassiodorus
4338:Renaissance
3944:Agriculture
3916:Auxiliaries
3857:Engineering
3694:Magistrates
3546:Citizenship
3541:Mos maiorum
3476:Late Empire
3227:Magistrates
3179:Magistrates
3124:Magistrates
3086:Magistrates
2971:. 1871–1888
2904:Eck, Werner
2839:. Meridian.
2795:. Penguin.
2582:December 8,
2563:: 120–155.
2179:Abbott, 386
2167:Abbott, 384
2158:Abbott, 383
2146:Abbott, 385
2130:Abbott, 382
2112:Abbott, 381
2091:Lintott, 83
2082:Lintott, 78
2070:Lintott, 75
2061:Lintott, 72
2034:Abbott, 240
2025:Abbott, 233
1685:συγκλητικοί
1568: [
1506:Curia Julia
1498:Ernst Stein
1462:Justinian I
1426:Ostrogothic
1391:, had been
1273:Roman Forum
1269:Curia Julia
1136:magistrates
1041:Curia Julia
989:interregnum
871:. The word
835:Middle Ages
831:Justinian I
827:Ostrogothic
801:of Emperor
765:coup d'état
757:Roman kings
742:Middle Ages
710:aristocracy
483:Mos maiorum
263:Late Empire
206:AD 395–1453
5229:Categories
5038:Mediolanum
4978:Alexandria
4943:Themistius
4908:Porphyrius
4735:Tertullian
4670:Quintilian
4660:Propertius
4555:Lactantius
4505:Fulgentius
4440:Censorinus
4262:Sanitation
4247:Metallurgy
4204:Technology
4169:Demography
4117:Patricians
4084:Spectacles
4042:Literature
4037:Hairstyles
3874:Technology
3624:Praefectus
3576:Government
3566:Litigation
3551:Auctoritas
3496:Centuriate
3383:Principate
3378:Pax Romana
3338:Foundation
3255:Obligation
3222:Assemblies
3174:Assemblies
3119:Assemblies
3069:Centuriate
3059:Assemblies
2515:Polybius,
2481:, Book Two
2281:Kaegi, 196
2233:Cooper, 23
1974:Abbott, 14
1962:Abbott, 17
1950:Abbott, 10
1861:Abbott, 16
1836:Abbott, 12
1804:References
1591:Pier Leoni
1447:Anastasius
1439:Laurentius
1416:After the
1377:Elagabalus
1368:Elagabalus
1364:Elagabalus
1330:Diocletian
1304:While the
1191:filibuster
1179:magistrate
1045:Diocletian
970:conscripti
803:Diocletian
792:Principate
564:Praefectus
472:Public law
327:Centuriate
317:Assemblies
294:Auctoritas
197:AD 395–476
184:AD 284–641
174:Principate
149:753–509 BC
5194:Quaestors
5124:Empresses
5114:Dynasties
5104:Dictators
5079:and other
5068:Volubilis
5063:Vindobona
5023:Londinium
4948:Theodoret
4918:Procopius
4898:Polyaenus
4873:Pausanias
4775:Vitruvius
4720:Symmachus
4715:Suetonius
4625:Petronius
4610:Obsequens
4575:Macrobius
4570:Lucretius
4495:Frontinus
4470:Eutropius
4455:Columella
4405:Augustine
4395:Appuleius
4343:Neo-Latin
4318:Classical
4309:Versions
4217:Aqueducts
4159:Patronage
4079:Sexuality
4052:Mythology
4027:Education
4017:Cosmetics
3842:Campaigns
3837:Structure
3790:Decemviri
3649:Imperator
3348:overthrow
3250:Roman law
2818:Routledge
2630:Routledge
2242:Brown, 22
2215:Brown, 21
1852:Abbott, 6
1827:Abbott, 1
1815:Abbott, 3
1787:Roman Law
1677:conventus
1673:silentium
1632:synkletos
1595:patrician
1574:) on the
1470:Byzantine
1458:Theodahad
1451:Symmachus
1443:Theodoric
1403:, 13.5).
1393:listening
1373:senaculum
1056:Spartacus
939:patrician
720:, to the
606:Imperator
454:Decemviri
447:Triumviri
417:Corrector
158:509–27 BC
87:Disbanded
5199:Tribunes
5189:Praetors
5139:Generals
5119:Emperors
5028:Lugdunum
5013:Eboracum
5003:Carthage
4988:Aquileia
4903:Polybius
4893:Plutarch
4863:Libanius
4853:Josephus
4848:Herodian
4740:Tibullus
4655:Priscian
4630:Phaedrus
4590:Manilius
4535:Jordanes
4520:Hydatius
4450:Claudian
4430:Catullus
4420:Boëthius
4415:Ausonius
4333:Medieval
4305:Alphabet
4277:Theatres
4252:Numerals
4237:Concrete
4227:Circuses
4194:Bagaudae
4184:Adoption
4179:Marriage
4152:Assembly
4057:Religion
4032:Folklore
4012:Clothing
4007:Calendar
3964:Currency
3954:Commerce
3852:Strategy
3814:Military
3800:Triumvir
3780:Dictator
3775:Interrex
3754:Governor
3739:Quaestor
3702:Ordinary
3684:Province
3674:Tetrarch
3664:Augustus
3629:Vicarius
3619:Officium
3556:Imperium
3506:Plebeian
3466:Republic
3388:Dominate
3355:Republic
3316:Timeline
3079:Plebeian
2735:(1999).
2641:(2007).
2577:40310886
2100:Byrd, 36
2052:Byrd, 34
2016:Byrd, 44
1983:Byrd, 20
1873:Byrd, 42
1762:Interrex
1747:Gerousia
1732:Centuria
1699:See also
1649:πρόεδρος
1640:proedros
1581:regiones
1546:senatrix
1481:Lombards
1381:Aurelian
1379:4.3 and
1339:Eugenius
1322:Tiberius
1286:quaestor
1281:Augustus
1217:Augustus
1171:auspices
1165:pomerium
1151:dictator
1144:praetors
1117:assembly
1079:effigies
1074:imagines
1033:Catiline
1031:attacks
994:Interrex
817:. After
809:created
785:tribunes
708:and its
636:Tetrarch
626:Augustus
571:Vicarius
550:Officium
461:Interrex
422:Dictator
397:Governor
372:Quaestor
337:Plebeian
283:Imperium
239:Republic
214:Timeline
181:Dominate
5169:Legions
5129:Fiction
5099:Consuls
5094:Climate
5048:Ravenna
5043:Pompeii
5033:Lutetia
4998:Bononia
4993:Berytus
4983:Antioch
4958:Zosimus
4953:Zonaras
4928:Sozomen
4913:Priscus
4888:Photius
4730:Terence
4725:Tacitus
4710:Statius
4695:Servius
4680:Sallust
4635:Plautus
4615:Orosius
4595:Martial
4550:Juvenal
4525:Hyginus
4510:Gellius
4369:Writers
4300:History
4282:Thermae
4272:Temples
4222:Bridges
4189:Slavery
4137:Equites
4109:Society
4089:Theatre
4062:Deities
4022:Cuisine
4002:Bathing
3984:Culture
3959:Finance
3936:Economy
3827:Borders
3822:History
3724:Tribune
3719:Praetor
3609:Legatus
3604:Emperor
3491:Curiate
3461:Kingdom
3456:History
3432:History
3415:decline
3373:History
3343:Kingdom
3326:History
3311:Outline
3197:History
3142:History
3104:History
3064:Curiate
3044:History
2596:(1898).
1797:Praetor
1657:eunuchs
1583:of Rome
1550:Marozia
1494:Leontia
1422:Odoacer
1401:Annales
1397:Tacitus
1271:in the
1213:censors
1206:tribune
958:consuls
935:Romulus
848:History
839:senator
823:Odoacer
767:led by
732:of the
557:Praeses
536:Legatus
527:Emperor
387:Tribune
367:Praetor
332:Curiate
234:Kingdom
202:Eastern
193:Western
136:Periods
100: (
92: (
77: (
72:Founded
67:History
5179:Nomina
5164:Legacy
5144:Gentes
5081:topics
5077:Lists
5058:Smyrna
4938:Strabo
4868:Lucian
4858:Julian
4808:Arrian
4803:Appian
4793:Aelian
4770:Vergil
4545:Justin
4530:Jerome
4515:Horace
4500:Fronto
4490:Florus
4465:Ennius
4445:Cicero
4425:Caesar
4323:Vulgar
4147:Tribes
4074:Romans
3884:Legion
3867:castra
3744:Aedile
3714:Censor
3709:Consul
3669:Caesar
3639:Lictor
3561:Status
3501:Tribal
3481:Senate
3471:Empire
3365:Empire
3301:topics
3217:Senate
3169:Senate
3114:Senate
3074:Tribal
3054:Senate
2866:
2851:
2824:
2799:
2780:
2759:
2743:
2722:
2701:
2651:
2626:London
2575:
2539:
2424:
2399:
2374:
2349:
2324:
2299:
1727:Aedile
1600:consul
1548:), by
1531:period
1490:Phocas
1466:Totila
1431:Anicii
1239:, and
1183:consul
1029:Cicero
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