Roman Settlement of the Col de Ceyssat

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replaced in the latter half of the same century by another, wider wall, while the road was resurfaced. It seems that the runoff issues, which prompted the construction of a substantial bordering ditch adjacent to the structure, led to a transformation in the building's function, with the floor being elevated. The presence of a mosaic tessera indicates the existence of a high-quality construction, which may correspond to a place of worship associated with the road. The bordering ditch ceased to function at the earliest in the first third of the 2nd century, and the southern wall of the building collapsed and was subsequently abandoned in the second half of the 2nd century or during the 3rd century. The duration of the road's continued functionality remains uncertain.

872: 1221:, was probed approximately 250 meters south of the pass. Despite the disruption to the stratigraphy of the structure caused by clandestine excavations carried out in 1992 and 1995, the excavation successfully uncovered a pyre-oriented northwest-southeast. The dimensions of the pyre were 4.80 × 3.80 meters at the opening and at least 2 × 2.50 meters at its base, with a depth of 1.80 meters. The dimensions of the funerary pyre at Col de Ceyssat are among the largest known from the Gaul and Roman worlds. The data collected provide evidence of a significant cremation, with a cremation layer exceeding 10 cubic meters, and the presence of residues outside the pyre's perimeter. The edge of the pyre is marked by 969:, on a plateau known as Puy Lacroix, previously designated as Puy Redon. The site was the subject of several clandestine excavations during the 1970s and 1980s, and the first soundings were conducted by Frédéric Trément. It is noteworthy that ancient discoveries in this area are scarce. However, a notable exception is a dedication to the divine power of Augustus and Mercury, which was dated between the late 2nd and early 3rd century. This was discovered in 1906, 150 m south of the intersection between the Chemin des Muletiers and the access road to Puy de Dôme. "To the divine power of Augustus and to the god Mercury, Livius (?) Coi, and Ca placed this monument." 43: 513: 588:. These excavations provided a valuable opportunity to gather information from workers and the local population, particularly regarding the discoveries made at the Col de Ceyssat. The construction of the new access road to the summit of the Puy de Dôme also resulted in the discovery of a statue in 1906. This was found at a depth of approximately 150 meters below the intersection of the new road with the path leading from Ceyssat to the summit of the Puy de Dôme. The fragment was identified as part of a landslide that had fallen from the embankment onto the snow of the trench. 1229:. In addition to the charred bones, the artifacts collected include more than 500 vases, some of which were shattered by the heat of the pyre, which exceeded 800°C. Also found were fragments of animal bones, vegetable offerings, glass, tokens, a fibula, coins, and numerous nails that must have been used for the pyre as well as for securing the ceramics. The identity of the individual cremated on this pyre, dated to the 2nd century, is currently unknown. However, the ostentatious nature of the cremation suggests that the deceased was likely a member of the 1615:

bends, archaeological remains have been unearthed. If these are likely shelters or inns for travelers and pilgrims, one might not say the same for La Tourette d'Enval, in the territory of Montrodeix, on the southern plateau, where inscriptions and statuettes of Mercury have been unearthed. There might have been a sanctuary more accessible to the infirm than that at the summit. But most devotees would have insisted on bringing their homage and prayers to the god on the Dôme itself, and hanging their ex-votos on the walls and vaults of his temple.

50: 958: 387: 885: 293: 248:, its function probably was to provide lodging, food, and shops to travelers from all directions. The northern part of the site, which marks the point of departure for the ascent of the sacred mountain, features a cult area where a sanctuary once stood. This has been discerned through surveys and the ceramic study has confirmed its existence. In contrast, the funerary zone, situated in the southeast of the cult sector, encompasses one of the most substantial 754: 1448: 1181: 1163:, which was opened in 2003 and runs across the path and the southern part of the large building, demonstrates a robust correlation between these two entities, which have undergone disparate phases. The building, constructed in the early 1st century, has been interpreted as an inn. It predates the road, which was built at the earliest during the first half of the 1st century on the site of a 1620:

extending from the Ceyssat pass, through the Laschamps plain, and culminating at the summit of Puy-de-Dôme. This notable interconnection between the road station and the cultic areas, extending from the summit of Puy de Dôme and the northern portion of the Ceyssat pass settlement, prompted Jérôme Trescarte to draw a playful comparison between the Mercury sanctuary and the

27: 675:, were conducted in April of the same year to accurately delineate the characteristics of the structures excavated between the late 1970s and 1980s in the northern sector of the Col de Ceyssat. Additional surveys conducted to the south of the archaeological site focused on the clandestinely excavated pit, which had been initially interpreted as a 563:

construction, but which, at first glance at least, do not reveal any significant monuments." The development of the col led to the discovery of additional artifacts, including architectural fragments and a stele unearthed during the excavation of foundations for a stable in the winter of 1886-1887. These items were subsequently transferred to the

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then associated with an 8-meter-wide surface, which may correspond to an avoidance zone. In the hollow way, the road is observed to be narrow (1.40 meters), which is also attributed to poor preservation. Additionally, the road is subject to erosion, necessitating the construction of terraces and a ditch designed to channel water and debris.

1650:, provide evidence to this effect. However, on the scale of the Massif Central, it is the sole secondary settlement situated at the summit of a pass. This polynuclearity, situated in proximity to the east-west axis of the Agrippa road and a route leading to the summit of Puy de Dôme, renders it a road junction analogous to that observed at 650:, undertook a review of the archaeological documentation about the commune of Ceyssat. As a result of the storm of 1999, a preventive archaeology operation was conducted in June of that year. This operation included preliminary surveys conducted before the construction of parking areas near the Auberge des Muletiers at the col, as well as 1064:

Col de Ceyssat, represents 15% of the minimum number of individuals in Sector 1, all types of ceramics combined. Jugs/kettles are rarely found in domestic contexts; however, they may have been used for a variety of purposes in cultic and funerary contexts. In cultic contexts, they may have been used to store liquids, heat liquids, or for

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the cultic hypothesis for this area. Jérôme Trescarte identifies the presence of white clay statuettes from the Allier region and bowls with white slip and white slip accented with red or orange lines, which are characteristic of cultic contexts, particularly among the Arverni, as evidenced by the findings at the

1094:, either representing abbreviated formulas or initials, were identified on ceramics in Sector 1, predominantly on fire pots, including jugs and kettles. The presence of this graffiti on the narrow rim and spout suggests a potential link with the pouring of the liquid contained in the vessel, or with the cult of 686:

the level of the Puy Besace, at the site of the Roman road and an ancient building previously discovered. The current state of knowledge of the Col de Ceyssat is primarily due to the operations led by Frédéric Trément, which have allowed for the archaeological documentation of various sectors of the settlement.

920:. The architectural fragments may indicate the proximity of a monumental structure, while the large wall caps, whose precise function within the settlement is uncertain, could represent the remains of a monumental enclosure wall separating different sections of the settlement or bordering the Roman road. 1010:

A centrally planned building with dimensions of 30 meters on each side has yielded painted plaster and fragments of a statuette in white clay from the Allier. These findings have prompted the interpretation of the structure as a potential sanctuary. The results of the ceramic analysis lend support to

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In the mid-2000s, an updated assessment of secondary settlements in Auvergne still classified Col de Ceyssat among the "sites likely to correspond to settlements," though the available documentation was deemed incomplete. Following this presentation, a discussion allowed Frédéric Trément to reaffirm

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Following a period of relative obscurity during the 20th century, the various remnants failed to capture the attention of Francis Tassaux when he compiled the list of secondary settlements in Roman Aquitaine in 1994. Similarly, the authors of the Carte archéologique du Puy-de-Dôme did not categorize

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The overwhelming majority of individuals among the common ceramics with sandy temper are light-common ceramics (93%). These are primarily cooking pots, collared pots, and especially jugs/kettles, which exhibit evidence of heating. This latter category, which is highly standardized in the case of the

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Scheduled surveys were conducted in May-June 2021 in the lower quarter under the direction of Frédéric Trément and are ongoing in 2022. The principal objective of these surveys is to document the route and profile of the Agrippa road, with a particular focus on the hollow way situated to the west of

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From this series, several key insights can be derived. The settlement is situated within a marginal range of sites in terms of its altitudinal placement. It belongs to a class that represents only 5.05% of settlements, with an altitude between 1000 and 1200 meters, while the average altitude is 506

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The sanctuary of the Ceyssat Pass settlement is a potential residence for the priests of the cult of Mercury and is a necessary passageway to access Puy de Dôme. Marc Migeon posits that the summit sanctuary represents the culmination of a series of sanctuaries that have been identified along a path

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Those who were afraid of the ascent, due to their age or frail health, could, it seems, satisfy their piety without exposing themselves to such fatigue. At the Ceyssat pass and on the western flank of the Puy, at a place called 'Redon,' where the automobile road intersects the path with its sixteen

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and provided archaeological documentation, diverging from the bibliographical and literary analyses of the 19th century. By this designation of a secondary settlement, French archaeologists of the late 20th and early 21st centuries have defined such settlements as those situated between the capital

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It is not only at the summit of the puy but also on its slopes (Redon, Col de Ceyssat), at its base (La Tourette d'Enval), that important archaeological remains have been found. These are undoubtedly mostly inns (mansiones) for travelers or pilgrims. But in this whole, more than one object directly

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The issue of water management plays a pivotal role in this settlement, which was constructed on terraces. Apart from the formidable border ditch that was unearthed in the lower section, no evidence of rainwater drainage systems or cisterns has been uncovered. While the possibility of a water supply

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period, but the nature of this occupation is unknown. A palisade may correspond to a space boundary or the support of a terracing system. Earthworks carried out from the Augustan period onwards disrupted the sector's topography, allowing for the construction of buildings perpendicular to the slope.

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The urban component of the Roman settlement is situated at the Col de Ceyssat, at the present location of the inn and parking lot. Our understanding of this central sector, which was near the Agrippa road, is primarily derived from historical documentation, particularly from the nineteenth century.

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permits the calculation of the width of the road surface, while the bordering ditches are spaced 22 meters apart. The construction of the road is dated to the early 1st century. While the 25% slope east of the col is mitigated by the presence of hairpin turns, the road takes the form of an S-shaped

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postulated that the site might be a "fortress, a military post." He subsequently proposed that it could be identified as a "residence." In 1875, Mathieu concluded his analysis of Col de Ceyssat, posing the question, "Was it a stop for the traveler, or a halt for the pilgrim who climbed higher?" At

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presence to an unexplained abandonment of the site after the mid-3rd century. It can be stated with certainty that the settlement was polycentric, particularly regarding the relationship between the area of the pass proper and the lower quarter. The absence of remains between these two zones lends

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In this sector, some topographical anomalies indicate the potential presence of multiple remains in the vicinity and along a route that connected the commune of Ceyssat to Clermont-Ferrand. This route has previously been interpreted as the Agrippa road. At least three quadrangular anomalies, which

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The five surveys, which commenced in 2021 in the lower quarter, are primarily designed to document the route of the Agrippa road and the hollow way situated to the west of the Ceyssat settlement. The road's final state before entering the hollow way is estimated to be 8.50 meters in width. This is

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From 2003 to 2020, only a few instances of preventive archaeology operations involved the Col de Ceyssat area. These included a diagnostic study conducted at the col's parking area in November 2003, the installation of a drinking water supply network to the summit of the Puy de Dôme in March-April

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with spot surveys were conducted at the site of 19th-century observations on Puy Lacroix to estimate the chronology and extent of the archaeological site. Topographic surveys were conducted the following year. Between June and July 2003, a long transect was conducted west of the Col de Ceyssat, at

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was excavated approximately 4.5 kilometers west of the col itself (approximately 4 kilometers west of the lower quarter settlement). This site, known as "Prés Bonjean," is located in the commune of Ceyssat. Although the precise date of its occupation remains uncertain, it does not appear to extend

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Florian Baret's doctoral research on secondary agglomerations in the Massif Central permitted the repositioning of the Ceyssat pass settlement in a broader regional context. This was achieved through a critical review of the archaeological documentation associated with each case. Of the 147 sites

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While specific areas have been identified, including a road station, a cult zone, and a funerary zone, numerous questions remain unanswered, such as the organization of internal roadways. The metal artifacts unearthed in the early 2000s are more indicative of production and subsistence activities

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indicates that the site was occupied during the latter half of the 1st century BC, although it is more probable that it was occupied during the 1st century AD. The final elements are dated to the latter half of the 2nd century and the early/mid-3rd century. The site was abandoned during the early

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The knowledge of the settlement at Col de Ceyssat is based on the pooling of results from ancient discoveries, sporadic survey operations distributed across the entire archaeological site, and pedestrian surveys conducted in wooded areas. The archaeological record is primarily documented through

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depicting a female figure in a small niche measuring 45 × 30 × 25 cm and weighing 19 kg, which was unearthed during the winter of 1886-1887. This could represent a mother goddess or, more likely, a votive stele, although no inscription was engraved in the designated cartouche. In addition, three

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A funerary zone, extending for a minimum of 250 meters in a north-south direction, is situated to the south of the settlement. A hypothetical road with a generally north-south axis would have served this area. However, the boundaries of the funerary zone remain unknown due to its location on the

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At the periphery of the cult zone and the road station, situated between two edifices erected between the late 1950s and early 1960s, is the sole structure in this vicinity that lacks a funerary function. Excavated in 1957, the structure is a modest rectangular edifice, measuring 2.75 meters in

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The initial archaeological evidence of a road at the Col de Ceyssat dates back to the 1999 diagnostic phase, during which a cobblestone foundation of at least 0.40 meters in thickness and observed to be over 8 meters in width was tentatively identified as part of the Agrippa road, given that it

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to the threats facing the archaeological remains. Following the destruction of a house by fire in 1886, two trenches, each measuring 20 x 2 meters, were opened up. Captain Noir de Chazournes, who had been tasked by General de Champvallier with surveying the site, observed "unequivocal traces of

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The presence of the lower quarter may be attributed to the narrowness of the pass, which could not accommodate all the facilities. Its lower altitude and, consequently, reduced susceptibility to inclement weather, particularly during the winter months, may also have been a contributing factor.

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The climate is marked by some extreme weather conditions, including severe winters, violent storms during the summer months, and a high level of precipitation, in the form of rain and fog. The forest covering the col consists of spruces and beeches, planted between the late 19th and early 20th

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or Augustan ditch. As with the ditch that preceded it, the Roman road was subject to considerable runoff resulting from the topography, necessitating the construction of bordering ditches. The southern wall of the rectangular building was leveled before the second half of the 2nd century, and

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made by Vindonius Silvanus and have been dated to the period between 151 and 180 by Bernard Rémy. Two additional, albeit more fragmentary, inscriptions on domite were also documented after the same century. Furthermore, another statue fragment and a trident, whose discovery was reported at La

370:. While this wooded relief occasionally presented challenges to research, it also served to protect the site by mitigating the erosion of the slopes, whose sediments have long covered the remains. This has allowed, for instance, the preservation of some walls at a height of more than a meter. 350:

The settlement is situated at an altitude between 1,000 and 1,150 meters and is encircled by numerous volcanoes. To the north is the Puy Lacroix, formerly known as Puy Redon, whose slopes consist of The southern flank of the Puy de Dôme constitutes 40 to 50% of the volcano, accessible via the

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in Gaul, as revealed by archaeological excavation. The lower quarter, situated approximately 400 meters west of the col and adjacent to the Agrippa road, represents the final sector of the settlement. Its abandonment, which occurred after the mid-third century, remains a subject of historical

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stones. Their chronology consistently corresponds to the 2nd century and the early 3rd century, while no trace of subsequent occupation has been observed. Additionally, earthworks and pits from the High Empire have been noted. In this sector, the density of remains has been confirmed by the

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The western sector, also designated as the lower quarter, is approximately 400 meters from Col de Ceyssat proper, at a lower elevation, ranging from 1,010 to 1,020 meters. The interest in this sector is motivated by the presence of an alignment of stones on the surface, to the west along

260:, the Col de Ceyssat has undergone significant reforestation efforts since the late 19th century. Despite the challenging terrain and limited accessibility, archaeological knowledge of the ancient settlement has primarily been shaped by systematic archaeological operations, surveys, and 240:(Saintes), covering between ten and fifteen hectares. It comprised four recognized sectors. The roadside station, situated at the col and close to the Agrippa road, represents the central nucleus of the settlement. While regulating the flow of travelers and pilgrims wishing to climb the 1290:

originating from sources situated a few kilometers away has been contemplated, the discovery of a considerable number of jugs and kettles during the surveys of the cult area indicates that rainwater was purified in these containers before any domestic or cult-related usage.

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The central sector, which has been interpreted as the roadside relay located at the heart of the settlement, is estimated to cover 2 or 3 hectares. The artifacts discovered there appear to testify more to the activities of daily life than to the specialization of the area.

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The earliest known reference to the discovery of human remains at the Col de Ceyssat can be traced back to the early nineteenth century. In his writings, Baron La Force mentions earlier excavations conducted by the architect Ledru, as well as his observations. The

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eruptive products from the Kilian explosion crater, which extend to the col. Human occupation during antiquity resulted in the construction of terraces that significantly altered the organization of the terrain until the site's abandonment and subsequent collapse.

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scheduled operations carried out in different sectors of the ancient settlement. In the case of the northern zone, the study of ceramic artifacts alone suggests the existence of a cult zone, an interpretation supported by ancient discoveries and recent surveys.

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were identified as constructions during surveys, yielded ancient artifacts. One of these constructions, which was initially sounded in 2021 and then again in 2022, is interpreted as a potential stable. This interpretation is supported by the discovery of a

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The "cult complex" is situated in a prominent position relative to the roadside relay, on its periphery, and at the initial point of the ascent of the sacred mountain. The cultic practices of the Puy Lacroix sanctuary exhibit similarities with those of the

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The bibliography contains numerous reports of the discovery of walls. The only interventions that led to the excavation of the ground during the reconstruction of the house destroyed by fire yielded second and third-century ceramics, a coin of

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located at the summit of the Puy de Dôme, the archaeological context of the settlement remains largely unstudied. However, several sites within a few kilometers of the settlement, in the communes of Ceyssat and Orcines, have been documented.

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A votive inscription suggests that, aside from the monumental temple erected at the summit of Puy de Dôme, there might have been a more or less significant sacellum near the southern base of this mountain and at the entrance to the Ceyssat

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articulated a more nuanced perspective on the constructions at the Ceyssat pass, suggesting that they were intended to provide accommodation for travelers and pilgrims. He also offered a detailed analysis of the sanctuary of La Tourette:

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relates to Mercury (statuettes and inscriptions). So, one is authorized to believe that alongside the upper temple, this god also had a lower temple, perhaps for those of his devotees whom the ascent of the mountain would have frightened.

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Alternatively, the existence of a bypass before entering the hollow way and ascending to the pass, with all that it implies in terms of personnel and structures for accommodating men and mounts, may have been a significant influence.

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crater, situated to the southwest of the settlement, has been occasionally associated with the settlement at Col de Ceyssat. However, no evidence of quarrying activities dating to the Roman era has been identified at this site.

654:. As a result of this operation, it became possible to consider the existence of a secondary Roman settlement. In addition, the demolition of the old ruined inn was monitored archaeologically, leading to the recovery of several 1110:. However, research conducted at both the summit and the base of Puy de Dôme remains incomplete. It would be the only monumental structure in this settlement, but this is common in towns throughout the Massif Central region. 841:—stones crowning the sidewalk raised above the road—were still visible in the early 2020s. These umbones were observed in some surveys of the building adjacent to the road. The distance of 6.50 meters between the two rows of 690:

2012, and finally the redevelopment of the Auberge des Muletiers in April 2019. Despite the limited temporal and spatial scope of these operations, they facilitated comprehensive sampling of the entire ancient settlement.

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Of particular interest is a rectangular structure, measuring approximately 19 x 10 meters, situated close to the pathway. This structure was the subject of clandestine excavation, yielding a range of artifacts, including

1042:. Similarly, some fine ceramics, such as terra nigra, exhibit comparable treatment. Other vessels have been decollared, and their rims have sometimes been mutilated. This practice may be associated with the presence of 681:. However, subsequent investigation revealed it to be a funeral pyre pit. These operations were continued the following year, with pedestrian surveys conducted in March-April, April-May, and June-August. A total of 31 2058: 1022:. Nevertheless, the ceramic analysis has revealed the presence of numerous common ceramics with sandy temper that exhibit clear indications of ritual manipulation. The majority of the vessels are cooking pots and 4305: 5430: 4651: 1686: 4686: 1329:, which the Romans placed along roads," while Baron La Force referred to it as a "fortress" or even a "village," and Louis De Laigue as a "small inhabited center." In the initial stages of his investigation, 451:, to the east, at a place called La Baraque, approximately five kilometers from the col, the existence of another opulent rural residence, also interpreted as a villa, was revealed by the discovery of mosaic 319:, which can be observed from a distance of at least several tens of kilometers. Peaking at 1,077 meters in altitude, the col was, until the 18th century, the primary communication route between the expansive 473:

In the late 19th century, three inscriptions on domite were unearthed in the commune of Orcines, in a location designated as La Tourette. These inscriptions, two of which are engraved on statues, constitute

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He observed that in Lourdes, numerous accommodations, restaurants, and shops selling souvenirs and religious items have become so prominent that it has effectively overshadowed the Marian sanctuary itself.

996:, and scoria. Among the network of constructions, one building has notably yielded marble, a fragment of sculpture in domite, and a mother goddess in white clay from the Allier, while others have produced 5221:

Les agglomérations « secondaires » gallo-romaines dans le Massif Central (cités des Arvernes, Vellaves, Gabales, Rutènes, Cadurques et Lémovices) : Ier siècle avant J.-C. - Ve siècle après

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support to the hypothesis that the settlement was "scattered along communication routes." The estimated area of the settlement ranges between more than 10 hectares, 12 hectares, and at least 15 hectares.

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before or after being broken, which led Jérôme Trescarte to suggest that culinae may have existed where food offerings were burned. The successive emptying of these hearths may have been deposited in

5301: 4330: 3483: 2795: 2684: 2465: 2718: 4388: 2940: 2894: 1971: 1943: 1140:, which are interpreted as the umbones of the Agrippa road. In 2003, 35 of these stones were observed on one side and 9 on the other, with an average distance of 6.50 meters between each stone. 934:

The undated road section was unearthed during the 1999 archaeological evaluation excavation in the central sector, situated on the opposite side of the ruin located to the west, in the bend of

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was also unearthed in the surrounding area. However, despite extensive research conducted in 2019 at the same location, the precise location of the earlier discoveries could not be determined.

1030:. The vessels' bodies have been methodically broken to retrieve only the bottoms, which are sometimes perforated from the inside. This practice has been observed in other contexts, including 42: 3310: 2616: 1402:

and the implementation of preemptive excavation operations that the possibility of "considering the hypothesis of a secondary settlement linked to the temple of Mercury" could be explored.

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It was at the foot of the Wasson, a thriving town under the influence of Roman civilization, which must have been, during the winters, the residence of ministers attached to the sanctuary.

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Puy-de-Dôme Archaeological Map) interpret these findings as indicative of a villa, the excavator posits that they may represent a waystation situated before the ascent of the Puy de Dôme.

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survey conducted in 2020 has enabled the route of the road at the col level to be refined, thus distinguishing it from the old medieval and modern roads that partially followed its path.

577:, developed an interest in the summit of the Puy de Dôme when a funicular project was initiated and excavations were conducted at its summit under his direction and that of the architect 559: 217:

period, although the nature of this occupation remains unknown. The foundation of the secondary Roman settlement dates back to the first century AD. The settlement was structured by the

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De la Gaule méditerranéenne à la Gaule centrale. Paysages et peuplements à l' ge du Fer et à l'époque romaine. Archéologie et paléoenvironnement des campagnes de Provence et d'Auvergne

5853: 5234:"Le réseau des agglomérations antiques dans les cités du Massif central (Arvernes, Vellaves, Gabales, Rutènes, Cadurques et Lémovices) entre le Ier s. av. J.-C. et le Ve s. ap. J.-C" 5160: 5820: 5233: 5565:

Ducreux, Aurélie (2013). "La consommation de mobilier métallique dans les établissements urbains et ruraux de la cité arverne et de ses marges septentrionales à l'époque romaine".

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In the subsequent year, the regional archaeology service prescribed the implementation of a monitoring program for the Muleteers' Path project. The initial surveys, spearheaded by

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Miallier, Didier (2013). "L'origine de la roche mise en œuvre pour la construction du temple de Mercure, au sommet du Puy de Dôme, élucidée, et les implications archéologiques".

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The site was largely forgotten until the late 1950s and early 1960s when sporadic discoveries were made. However, the col is still referenced in publications on Roman roads.

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of the cult of Mercury. The precise location of the tomb, which may not be within the pyre pit, remains uncertain, partly due to damage caused by clandestine excavations.

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L'agglomération antique du col de Ceyssat (Ceyssat, Orcines, Saint-Genès-Champanelle). Contribution à l'étude du contexte archéologique du temple de Mercure (Puy-de-Dôme)

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Bilan scientifique de la région Auvergne 2008. Seconde partie : programmation scientifique interrégionale. Antiquité. Actes de la journée d'études du 9 décembre 2005

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Trescarte, Jérôme (2007). "Céramiques communes en contexte cultuel : le cas du puy de Dôme, sanctuaire sommital et agglomération du col de Ceyssat (Puy-de-Dôme)".

544:. The latter author dedicated a study to the Puy de Dôme in 1875, thereby enabling him to expand the inventory of discoveries made at the foot of the summit sanctuary. 5608: 5523: 846:

hollow way observed as early as the 2000s in its western part, at the level of the lower quarter, with a regular slope of about 10%, according to the latest research.

5028:. Supplément à la Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise (in French). Vol. 49. Montpellier: Association de la Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise. pp. 227–249 . 5642:

Trément, Frédéric; Humbert, Lucile (2004). "Une incinération spectaculaire au pied du puy de Dôme. Le bûcher funéraire du col de Ceyssat (Saint-Genès-Champanelle)".

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Dacko, Marion (2021). "Caractéristiques géométriques et techniques des routes dans le Massif Central à l'époque romaine : le cas des cités arverne et vellave".

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on the rims. It can thus be postulated that some vessels may have been repurposed from their domestic use into the cultic sphere, potentially transforming them into

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techniques and are partitioned into two sections by a rudimentary partition wall. The presence of hypocaust pipes was also discerned during the excavation process.

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on the surrounding forest landscape. As part of her master's thesis on land occupation in several communes of the Chaîne des Puys, Lucile Humbert, a student at the

1391:, it was feasible to situate the ancient discoveries within a broader context, while nevertheless treating them as discrete sites. It was only as a result of the 2861: 5458:"Le programme "Histoire de l'occupation du sol et évolution des paysages dans le bassin de Clermont-Ferrand". Archéologie spatiale et archéologie du paysage" 459:. A Gallic coin hoard was discovered in the mid-19th century, while significant Roman constructions were reported at the end of the same century, along with 455:

in the late nineteenth century. The final documented reference to a wealthy rural residence is located in the commune of Orcines, at a site known as Mazière/

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Paillet, Jean-Louis; Tardy, Dominique (2012). "Le sanctuaire de Mercure au sommet du puy de Dôme : le cadre architectural d'un circuit processionnel".

96: 1436:, this secondary settlement had already been interpreted as a grouped habitat as early as the 19th century, although not based on archaeological remains. 1203:, where the steep incline presents a significant challenge for pedestrian surveys. The available literature reports some ancient discoveries, including a 591:

The precise date of discovery is unknown for various finds that probably date to the late 19th or early 20th century. These include a bracelet donated by

1007:. The presence of many luxurious elements (marble, painted plaster, hypocaust, and architectural elements) suggests an intent to monumentalize the area. 5024:

Trément, Frédéric (2021). "Voies de communications, réseaux urbains et dynamiques de développement dans le territoire des Arvernes à l'époque romaine".

1529:

The possibility of a cultic area at the base of Puy de Dôme was first posited at the end of the 19th century by De Laigue, who proposed the theory of a

1544:

There are numerous associations between the summit sanctuary and the constructions discovered at La Tourette, particularly concerning the presence of

834:

lacked a dateable context. The Col de Ceyssat represents the highest point (1,077 meters in altitude) of this significant east-west Roman road axis.

5970: 5354:"Les sanctuaires arvernes et vellaves hors des chefs-lieux de cités du Ier s. av. J.-C. au IVe s. ap. J.-C. : approche typologique et spatiale" 1660: 1273:

than domestic ones. However, they confirm the characterization of a grouped settlement at Col de Ceyssat. The discovery of a considerable number of

871: 4691:(in French). Vol. II : Mémoires littéraires, philologiques et archéologique. Paris: Honoré Champion. 1908. pp. 27–40. Archived from 1843: 1813: 1798: 1774: 1751: 1732: 860:

Although the route of the Agrippa road is identified at several points west of the Col de Ceyssat, its precise itinerary remains uncertain between

1501:

revealed inconsistencies that cast doubt on this identification. In contrast, Pierre Denimal proposed associating the station with the village of

736:

has enabled the creation of 18 profiles in the western part of the lower quarter, in preparation for new research projects at the Col de Ceyssat.

530: 1397: 630: 1914: 1477: 904:

D (150-30 BC), which were discovered at the bottom of pits. These fragments have a chronology that coincides with the initial indications of a

564: 1634:

studied, 93 were classified as hypothetical and confirmed agglomerations. Of these, 56 are situated within the territory of the Arverni city.

5440: 5417: 5396: 5340: 5288: 5033: 5004: 3638: 1898: 1135: 940: 483:

Baraque, are believed to originate from this site. The discovery of these three dedications led to the interpretation of the site as a small

466:. Subsequent excavations were conducted in the 1980s, uncovering additional remains across an estimated 1-hectare area. While the authors of 5333:

Le culte de Mercure en Narbonnaise, dans les Trois Gaules et en Germanies. Approche épigraphique, Ier siècle : IVe siècle après J.-C

776: 727: 223: 837:

This axis, which appears to have structured the settlement's organization, was also observed in the lower quarter, where several dozen

793:(modern-day Lyon to Saintes), passed through the Col de Ceyssat has been posited since the early 19th century, following an article by 4310:. Collection des documents inédits sur l'histoire de France (in French). Paris: Imprimerie nationale. pp. 401–402. Archived from 3311:"Ceyssat, Orcines (Puy-de-Dôme) : Puy-de-Dôme, suivi de travaux AEP, chemin des Muletiers et sommet : rapport de diagnostic" 1107: 435: 245: 186: 5653: 5506: 4715: 4499: 2855: 307:

in the foreground on the left, the Puy de Dôme in the background on the right and the Col de Ceyssat at its foot (1930s photograph).

512: 2503:(in French). Vol. 9 : Gaule Germanique (troisième partie) et supplément. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. pp. 262–263. 1621: 1405:

In addition to the prospecting and preventive excavation operations conducted at the turn of the 2000s, the surveys conducted by

1277:

in a concentrated area may indicate the presence of a bakery, although this hypothesis remains unconfirmed by the excavations. A

980:

The walls and buildings identified during soundings and surveys often provide evidence of meticulously constructed structures in

620:

At the turn of the 2000s, research on the Col de Ceyssat experienced a resurgence, driven by a convergence of academic inquiry,

1654:. Additionally, the peripheral placement of a cultic area is a notable feature, as evidenced by the archaeological site of the 5768:

Trément, Frédéric (2002d). "Prospection-thématique et sondage, Ceyssat - Saint-Genès-Champanelle - Orcines. Col de Ceyssat".

1840: 1810: 1795: 1771: 1748: 1729: 1304: 908:

occupation at the summit of the Puy de Dôme. Additionally, a knife found in debris may also date to the Protohistory period.

805: 574: 3140:

Contribution à l'étude des vestiges gallo-romains au col de Ceyssat (Puy-de-Dôme) : une agglomération secondaire ?

2850:. « Mémoire de la SPF » (no XXXIV) (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Société Préhistorique Française. p. 578. 1655: 5645:

Autocélébration des élites locales dans le monde romain : contextes, images, textes, IIe s. av. J.-C.-IIIe s. ap. J.-C

5590:(in French). Vol. 2. Société des amis de l’Université de Clermont. Alliance Universitaire d'Auvergne. pp. 71–89. 4492:

Autocélébration des élites locales dans le monde romain : contextes, images, textes, IIe s. av. J.-C.-IIIe s. ap. J.-C

1130: 935: 279:

surveys, associated with land development projects, have provided insights into the ancient town on an intermittent basis.

5161:"Lieux de culte et agglomérations antiques. Formes d'intégration et topographie urbaine dans les cités du Massif central" 1638:

meters. The city's polynuclear organization is not a singular phenomenon; other sites within the Arverni city, including

1392: 625: 710: 386: 923:

The buildings observed in this sector during recent interventions are all characterized by careful construction using

771: 765: 722: 597: 218: 5950: 5819:

Trément, Frédéric (2021b). "Ceyssat, Orcines, Saint-Genès-Champanelle – L'agglomération antique du col de Ceyssat".

5588:

Les Arvernes et leurs voisins du Massif Central à l'époque romaine. Une archéologie du développement des territoires

5567:

Les Arvernes et leurs voisins du Massif Central à l'époque romaine. Une archéologie du développement des territoires

5550:

Les Arvernes et leurs voisins du Massif Central à l'époque romaine. Une archéologie du développement des territoires

5541:

Les Arvernes et leurs voisins du Massif Central à l'époque romaine. Une archéologie du développement des territoires

4494:. « Erga » (no 7) (in French). Clermont-Ferrand: Presses Universitaires Blaise Pascal. pp. 506–524 . 5960: 5412:. Carte archéologique de la Gaule (in French). Vol. 63/2. Paris: Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres. 1889:

Trescarte, Jérôme (2010). "Céramiques et pratiques rituelles : l'exemple du complexe cultuel du puy de Dôme".

1377: 1303:

As early as the nineteenth century, the hypothesis of the presence of a small town was considered. In this regard,

924: 340: 2066: 592: 1000: 5852:

Trément, Frédéric (2022). "Ceyssat – L'agglomération antique du col de Ceyssat. Prospection thématique (2021)".

4706:

Tassaux, Francis (1994). "Les agglomérations secondaires de l'Aquitaine romaine : morphologie et réseaux".

1940:, I, 32). However, the assimilation was refuted by Pierre-François Fournier as early as 1936 and then in 1947 ( 1069: 733: 636: 522: 1930:

From 1872 onward, the Mercury sanctuary on Puy de Dôme has been associated with the Vasso Galate described by

1596: 1591: 1486: 1481: 1368:

Col de Ceyssat as a settlement and distributed the ancient discoveries with a high degree of precision at the

825: 820: 900:

The protohistoric occupation of this sector is poorly understood, except for some ceramic fragments dated to

1893:. Histoires croisées (in French). Clermont-Ferrand: Presses Universitaires Blaise-Pascal. pp. 499–547. 1560: 1432:, which identifies Col de Ceyssat as a definitively established settlement. Rediscovered at the turn of the 1330: 957: 809: 718: 578: 534: 475: 5648:. Erga (in French). Vol. 7. Clermont-Ferrand: Presses Universitaires Blaise Pascal. pp. 463–500. 5391:. Archéologie et histoire romaine (in French). Vol. 24. Montagnac: Monique Mergoil. pp. 197–207. 1570:, who was the first to establish a link between the remains at the pass and the proximity to the Temple of 1545: 1505:. Frédéric Trément advanced the hypothesis that the settlement at Col de Ceyssat should be identified with 1234: 1073: 5446: 1690: 1535:

in the wake of the discovery of a funerary stele. This stele was linked to the sanctuary of La Tourette:

4993:

Trément, Frédéric (2007). "Le territoire des Arvernes : limites de cité, tropismes et centralité".

2014:

Mitton, Claire (2010). "Les grands sanctuaires des cités arverne et vellave : un bilan contrasté".

1550: 1411: 1239: 1193: 1078: 1060:, which would explain the discovery of such a large number of vessels that underwent similar treatment. 704: 670: 645: 352: 297: 270: 3346:"Ceyssat, Orcines (Puy-de-Dôme), Réaménagement du l'Auberge des Muletiers : rapport de diagnostic" 1012: 4311: 1406: 794: 699: 665: 640: 265: 5673:(in French). Marseille: Société française d'étude de la céramique antique en Gaule. pp. 367–394. 4657: 2205: 2179: 1565: 1514: 1456: 1335: 814: 651: 583: 539: 261: 4692: 1860: 165: 3633:(in French). Montpellier: Association de la Revue archéologique de Narbonnaise. pp. 429–437 . 1571: 1556: 1095: 789: 548: 488: 479: 292: 236: 1639: 884: 4816:"La question des "villages" en Gaule romaine. Entre débat sur les mots et données archéologiques" 4490:

Cébeillac-Gervasoni, Mireille; Lamoine, Laurent (2004). "Chroniques des travaux et discussions".

621: 276: 5751:

Trément, Frédéric (2002c). "Sondage, Saint-Genès-Champanelle. Col de Ceyssat - Bois de Manson".

5707:

Humbert, Lucile (2002a). "Prospection inventaire. Ceyssat, Orcines et Saint-Genès-Champanelle".

1265: 1164: 973: 905: 901: 367: 316: 257: 4408: 2960: 2914: 1999: 1955: 431:, situated approximately 10 kilometers east of the secondary settlement of the Col de Ceyssat. 5859: 5826: 5649: 5616: 5591: 5570: 5553: 5502: 5469: 5436: 5413: 5392: 5361: 5336: 5284: 5253: 5180: 5029: 5000: 4921: 4835: 4784: 4711: 4620: 4495: 4400: 3634: 2996: 2952: 2906: 2851: 2197: 1991: 1894: 1606: 1464: 1355: 1342: 1264:

All the operations serve to confirm the chronology of occupation, from a glimpsed but certain

1225:

blocks, while the ashes are sealed by a layer of blocks, which may indicate the presence of a

799: 570: 525:, ceramics, and constructions are frequently reported throughout the same century, notably by 394:

The archaeological site of the Col de Ceyssat is situated within the territory of the ancient

2438:(in French). Aulnat: Centre d'études et de recherche d'archéologie aérienne. pp. 14–46 . 1687:"Programme d'Enregistrement, Traitement et Reconnaissance Automatique en Épigraphie (PETRAE)" 1198: 357: 302: 5955: 5245: 5172: 4913: 4827: 4776: 4612: 2187: 1983: 1935: 1931: 1249: 981: 428: 423: 418: 207: 202: 5548:

Dacko, Marion (2013). "Le réseau routier antique dans les territoires arverne et vellave".

5313: 4708:

Les agglomérations secondaires : la Gaule Belgique, les Germanies et l'Occident romain

4338: 3495: 2807: 2696: 2477: 2301:. Guides des parcs naturels de France. Aydat: Parc naturel régional des volcans d'Auvergne. 1017: 4999:. Monographies d'archéologie méditerranéenne (in French). Lattes: ADAL. pp. 99–110 . 2726: 1495:. However, an examination of the toponymy and the distance separating the settlement from 1359: 1145: 5468:(554/555 « Nouvelles archéologiques. Du terrain au laboratoire... »): 111–127. 1680:

All notices about the epigraphic inscriptions of the Arverni city, as published in 1996 (

2183: 1865: 553: 3450:"À la découverte des traces de l'agglomération antique du col de Ceyssat (Puy-de-Dôme)" 1707:

is identical to the notice number available on the PETRAE website for each inscription.

1643: 1517:(equivalent to 13 km). However, this hypothesis was subsequently abandoned in favor of 1497: 1429: 1282: 1032: 966: 965:

The northern sector of the settlement is situated at the base of the southern slope of

753: 427:, was constructed at the end of the first century BC at the site of the future city of 399: 312: 241: 182: 83: 5922:

Vicus : base de données des habitats groupés des cités antiques du Massif Central

5283:. Villes et Territoires (in French). Tours: Presses Universitaires François-Rabelais. 1968:) and several times since, in favor of the sanctuary discovered west of Jaude Square ( 5944: 5010: 1428:

This interpretation is corroborated by a study on secondary Roman settlements in the

172: 5543:. Revue d'Auvergne (in French). Clermont-Ferrand: Alliance Universitaire d'Auvergne. 5905:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: Centre de recherches sur les civilisations antiques. 4843: 2192: 1447: 1038: 484: 214: 5685:

Arnaud, Philippe (2005). "Orcines/Ceyssat. Col de Ceyssat - base du puy de Dôme".

4656:(in French). Vol. VI. Clermont-Ferrand: De Perol. p. 196. Archived from 3318: 2624: 2012:). The most recent studies dedicated to the sanctuaries go in the same direction ( 5026:

Voies, réseaux, paysages en Gaule. Actes du colloque en hommage à Jean-Luc Fiches

3631:

Voies, réseaux, paysages en Gaule. Actes du colloque en hommage à Jean-Luc Fiches

3345: 961:

The inscription found in 1906 below the access road to the summit of Puy de Dôme.

5867: 5335:. Monographies Instrumentum (in French). Vol. 69. Drémil-Lafarge: Mergoil. 5188: 1587: 1308: 1180: 1115: 1051: 526: 443: 328: 5834: 5609:"Au-dessous du volcan. Les hospitalia du temple de Mercure au scanner du lidar" 5306:

Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Clermont-Ferrand

5261: 2689:

Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Clermont-Ferrand

2470:

Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Clermont-Ferrand

875:

Itinerary of Agrippa's route west of Clermont-Ferrand (François Pasumot, 1810).

612:

The 1980s and 1990s were distinguished by a series of clandestine excavations.

4929: 4616: 1148:

and the confirmation of the presence of horses through biomolecular analyses.

1120:

second half of the 3rd century, and the retaining walls eventually collapsed.

913: 324: 152: 5863: 5830: 5808:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: SRA Auvergne. pp. 108–111. Archived from 5774:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: SRA Auvergne. pp. 118–120. Archived from 5757:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: SRA Auvergne. pp. 142–143. Archived from 5620: 5595: 5574: 5557: 5528:(Thesis) (in French). Aix-en-Provence: Université de Provence. Archived from 5473: 5365: 5257: 5184: 4925: 4839: 4788: 4624: 4404: 3350:

Dolia. Catalogue des fonds documentaires et bibliothèque numérique de l'Inrap

3315:

Dolia. Catalogue des fonds documentaires et bibliothèque numérique de l'Inrap

3000: 2956: 2910: 2621:

Dolia. Catalogue des fonds documentaires et bibliothèque numérique de l'Inrap

2201: 1995: 111: 98: 5885:

Vernet, Gérard; Vernet, Brigitte (2001). "Ceyssat/Orcines. Col de Ceyssat".

5369: 4831: 4792: 1987: 1274: 997: 603: 492: 460: 417:

is the successor state of the Gallic city of the Arverni and is part of the

194: 1948:

Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

31:

Puy Redon/Lacroix and Puy de Dôme seen from the Col de Ceyssat around 1885.

26: 5925: 5809: 5792: 5775: 5758: 5659: 5583: 5512: 5477: 5219: 5077:(in French) (32 « Le Puy de Dôme. La montagne arverne »): 48–58. 3023:(PhD thesis). Paris: Université Paris IV-Paris-Sorbonne. pp. 186–191. 5584:"Une agglomération routière et cultuelle au col de Ceyssat (Puy-de-Dôme)" 5176: 4710:. Archéologie aujourd'hui (in French). Paris: Errance. pp. 197–214. 1735:): "Dedicated to Mercury, Vindonius Silvanus (offered this dedication)" ( 1531: 1471: 1421:

of a city and the dispersed habitat represented by rural establishments.

1369: 1278: 1230: 1222: 1160: 1091: 1065: 1043: 989: 927: 917: 783: 682: 658: 496: 374: 332: 230: 5791:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: SRA Auvergne. p. 106. Archived from 5281:

Origines de la ville dans le Massif Central. Les agglomérations antiques

5249: 311:

The Col de Ceyssat is situated at the base of the southern slope of the

181:

situated between 1,000 and 1,150 meters in altitude, at the base of the

1883:

The ceramic study conducted by Jérôme Trescarte was published in 2007 (

1388: 1387:

In the course of a master's thesis that concentrated on the commune of

1381: 1373: 1325: 1226: 1217: 1156: 1056: 1047: 1004: 865: 677: 452: 448: 395: 344: 336: 320: 190: 79: 5729:

Mortagne de Sury, Brigitte (2001). "Ceyssat/Orcines. Col de Ceyssat".

5225:(PhD thesis) (in French). Clermont-Ferrand: Blaise-Pascal University. 4780: 1777:): "Dedicated to Mercury, Vindonius Silvanus (offered this statue)" ( 1754:): "Dedicated to Mercury, Vindonius Silvanus (offered this statue)" ( 1651: 1647: 1518: 1502: 1315: 1153: 1027: 993: 985: 655: 463: 407: 403: 69: 2987:

Fournier, Pierre-François (1969). "Augustonemetum, nœud de routes".

5718:

Humbert, Lucile (2002b). "Orcines. Chemin d'accès au puy de Dôme".

5624: 5529: 1703:

The notice number accompanying the pagination of each reference to

1684:), are accessible in their entirety via the online database of the 1208:

funerary chests were discovered in the same area during the 1990s.

213:

The site of the col itself was occupied as early as the end of the

4917: 1581: 1476:

station was once Col de Ceyssat. Under the hypothesis proposed by

1446: 1433: 1417: 1416:

corroborated the archaeological characterization of the site as a

1204: 1184: 1179: 956: 870: 854: 752: 714: 511: 385: 291: 189:. The settlement is located in the center of the territory of the 178: 5495:

Trément, Frédéric (2002a). "La cité arverne à l'époque romaine".

2617:"Orcines (Puy-de-Dôme), La Tourette : rapport de diagnostic" 2063:

Centre de ressources régional des paysages d’Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

1248:

length and 3.50 meters in width. Its walls are constructed using

366:

centuries as part of a large-scale reforestation program for the

5696:

Bet, Philippe (2002). "Orcines. Chemin d'accès au puy de Dôme".

4865:

Girardy-Caillat, Claudine (2010). "Agglomérations secondaires".

1492: 1212: 1187:

discovered on the Col de Ceyssat during the winter of 1886-1887.

1084: 864:

and the Col de Ceyssat. However, the presence of a milestone at

410:, and the northwest third of the department of Haute-Loire. The 249: 197: 5740:

Trément, Frédéric (2002b). "Sondage, Ceyssat. Col de Ceyssat".

760:

of the Agrippa Roman road still visible in the western quarter.

331:

to the northwest. The Col de Ceyssat itself corresponds to the

5802:

Trément, Frédéric (2005). "Sondage, Ceyssat. Col de Ceyssat".

5744:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: SRA Auvergne. pp. 135–136. 5722:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: SRA Auvergne. pp. 130–131. 4869:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: SRA Auvergne. pp. 207–214. 3484:"Dissertation sur la position d'un ancien lieu appelé Ubi⁝rum" 1023: 49: 2436:

Sanctuaires arvernes. Les lieux de culte antiques en Auvergne

2168:"La végétation et les sols des volcans de la chaîne des Puys" 5889:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: SRA Auvergne. pp. 88–89. 5733:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: SRA Auvergne. pp. 87–88. 5711:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: SRA Auvergne. pp. 50–51. 5689:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: SRA Auvergne. pp. 98–99. 2299:

Volcanologie de la Chaîne des Puys (Massif Central français)

931:

succession of several preventive archaeological operations.

804:. This hypothesis was reiterated during the same century by 275:

from the University of Clermont-Ferrand. Additionally, some

398:

city, which encompasses the entirety of the departments of

5073:

Audollent, Auguste (1927). "Le temple de Mercure Dumias".

4742: 4730: 4335:

Bulletin de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France

2877: 2831: 2781: 2752: 2660: 2591: 2528: 2448: 2434:

Tixier, Jean-Pierre (1985). "Les temples du puy de Dôme".

2418: 2406: 2394: 1944:"Les fouilles de l'École Nestor-Perret à Clermont-Ferrand" 1918: 5700:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: SRA Auvergne. p. 130. 516:

The Col de Ceyssat seen from the Puy de Dôme, circa 1930.

5408:

Provost, Michel; Mennessier-Jouannet, Christine (1994).

3142:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: Université Blaise-Pascal. 4389:"L'étape de la crémation : les bûchers funéraires" 3488:

Annales des voyages, de la géographie et de l'historien

1887:) and then again in 2010 in a slightly different form: 606:

bracelet/leg ring, and common and sigillated ceramics.

447:

beyond the end of the third century. In the commune of

5785:

Trément, Frédéric (2004a). "Orcines. Col de Ceyssat".

5302:"Le puy de Dôme, ses ruines, Mercure et les matrones" 1425:

the density of the remains and their interpretation.

390:

The territory of the city of Arvernes in Roman times.

2466:"Temple de Mercure découvert au pied du puy de Dôme" 1805:, pp. 136–137, notice 66). Second inscription: 1739:, pp. 117–118, notice 44). Second inscription: 491:, situated close to the Roman road. Additionally, a 4307:

Recueil général des bas-reliefs de la Gaule romaine

2501:

Recueil général des bas-reliefs de la Gaule romaine

1972:"Le monument dit Vasso de Jaude à Clermont-Ferrand" 1087:, as observed in the necropolis at Col de Ceyssat. 1083:. In funerary contexts, they may have been used in 148: 143: 135: 127: 90: 75: 65: 4769:"La dure condition des agglomérations secondaires" 868:allows for an approximate route to be delineated. 721:across the entire settlement and a portion of the 2723:Bulletin Historique et Scientifique de l'Auvergne 200:, approximately ten kilometers from its capital, 5075:L'Auvergne littéraire, artistique et félibréenne 3722: 3077: 2796:"Une nouvelle inscription latine du puy de Dôme" 1833:Num(ini) Aug(usti), | deo Mercurio,Lui(ius?) COI 1525:A sanctuary at the foot of the temple of Mercury 1513:corresponds exactly to what is indicated on the 373:The geology of the Col de Ceyssat is defined by 5501:(in French). Nonette: Créer. pp. 194–217. 3021:La voie aquitanique d'Agrippa de Lyon à Saintes 1612: 1576: 1537: 1362:on the Temple of Puy de Dôme," October 31, 1907 1347: 713:has resulted in the completion of a 64-hectare 406:, the south and southeast of the department of 4477: 4465: 4453: 4441: 4374: 4291: 3208: 2769: 2153: 1758:, p. 118, notice 45). Third inscription: 972:This sector has been occupied since the final 5887:Bilan scientifique de la région Auvergne 1999 5805:Bilan scientifique de la région Auvergne 2003 5788:Bilan scientifique de la région Auvergne 2002 5771:Bilan scientifique de la région Auvergne 2001 5754:Bilan scientifique de la région Auvergne 2000 5742:Bilan scientifique de la région Auvergne 2000 5731:Bilan scientifique de la région Auvergne 1999 5720:Bilan scientifique de la région Auvergne 2000 5709:Bilan scientifique de la région Auvergne 2000 5698:Bilan scientifique de la région Auvergne 2000 5687:Bilan scientifique de la région Auvergne 2003 8: 5924:(in French). 10 January 2017. Archived from 3152: 2800:Revue d'Auvergne et Bulletin de l'université 1521:, located in the vicinity of the Fung Pond. 362:, while to the southwest is the Puy Besace. 19: 5671:Actes du congrès de Langres. 17-20 mai 2007 5389:Étudier les lieux de culte de Gaule romaine 2016:La Praxis municipale dans l'Occident romain 1891:La Praxis municipale dans l'Occident romain 1656:Croix de la Pierre in Charbonnier-les-Mines 734:geophysical ground-penetrating radar survey 5432:Inscriptions latines d'Aquitaine. Arvernes 5358:Revue archéologique du Centre de la France 4337:(in French): 242–250. 1889. Archived from 2172:Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 2166:Lemée, Georges; Carbiener, Roland (1956). 2065:(in French). July 20, 2016. Archived from 988:from the surrounding mountains, including 624:initiatives, and the repercussions of the 25: 18: 5099: 4996:L'archéologie de l'âge du fer en Auvergne 4910:Bulletin de liaison de l'association AGER 4637: 4514: 4359: 4091: 4040: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3982: 3967: 3955: 3943: 3931: 3914: 3890: 2725:(in French) (1): 69. 1886. Archived from 2191: 2045: 1884: 1491:identified the location with the town of 1050:. A certain number of these vessels were 5060: 4980: 4968: 4754: 4578: 4566: 4525: 4429: 4267: 4238: 4209: 4146: 4115: 3902: 3878: 3866: 3845: 3833: 3821: 3809: 3773: 3746: 3692: 3668: 3604: 3589: 3577: 3537: 3418: 3394: 3382: 3278: 3262: 3235: 3223: 3191: 3176: 3092: 3062: 3038: 2847:Le premier âge du Fer en France centrale 2648: 2365: 2353: 2341: 2320: 2284: 2272: 2253: 2226: 2134: 2119: 2098: 1341:the beginning of the following century, 889: 883: 256:Similar to the other territories of the 5855:Archéologie de la France – Informations 5822:Archéologie de la France – Informations 5048: 4941: 4939: 4906:"Les agglomérations « secondaires" 4673: 4669: 4667: 4590: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4370: 4368: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4250: 4226: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4205: 4203: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4158: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4127: 4063: 4061: 4052: 4036: 4034: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3978: 3976: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3769: 3767: 3734: 3680: 3656: 3560: 3516: 3433: 3406: 3370: 3247: 3122: 3107: 3050: 2672: 2241: 2031: 1673: 717:survey, which has served to refine the 442:In the 1970s, the thermal section of a 155:finale; Early Empire (1st- 3rd century) 5966:Topography of the ancient city of Rome 5087: 4743:Provost & Mennessier-Jouannet 1994 4731:Provost & Mennessier-Jouannet 1994 4537: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3652: 3650: 3600: 3598: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3477: 3475: 3443: 3441: 3429: 3427: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3258: 3256: 3219: 3217: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3187: 3185: 3133: 3131: 3118: 3116: 3103: 3101: 3088: 3086: 3073: 3071: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2934: 2932: 2888: 2886: 2878:Provost & Mennessier-Jouannet 1994 2873: 2871: 2832:Provost & Mennessier-Jouannet 1994 2827: 2825: 2782:Provost & Mennessier-Jouannet 1994 2765: 2763: 2761: 2753:Provost & Mennessier-Jouannet 1994 2748: 2746: 2744: 2661:Provost & Mennessier-Jouannet 1994 2644: 2642: 2592:Provost & Mennessier-Jouannet 1994 2587: 2585: 2576: 2564: 2529:Provost & Mennessier-Jouannet 1994 2524: 2522: 2459: 2457: 2449:Provost & Mennessier-Jouannet 1994 2429: 2427: 2419:Provost & Mennessier-Jouannet 1994 2407:Provost & Mennessier-Jouannet 1994 2395:Provost & Mennessier-Jouannet 1994 1919:Provost & Mennessier-Jouannet 1994 1828: 1826: 1313:or one of those military posts called 698:Since 2020, new research conducted by 20:Roman Settlement of the Col de Ceyssat 5146: 5134: 5122: 5111: 4957: 4945: 4891: 4879: 4554: 4279: 4103: 4079: 4067: 3758: 3704: 3616: 2941:"Circonscription de Clermont-Ferrand" 2390: 2388: 2386: 2377: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 1003:and painted plaster, and even mosaic 351:Muleteers' Path. To the south is the 7: 3797: 3785: 2603: 2552: 2540: 2513: 2237: 2235: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2130: 2128: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 1871: 1847: 1817: 1802: 1778: 1755: 1736: 1704: 1681: 5435:(in French). Bordeaux: De Boccard. 4653:Tablettes historiques de l'Auvergne 3164: 1859:The dedication is preserved in the 1478:Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville 1345:offered a more precise indication: 1294:Identification and characterization 2939:Fournier, Pierre-François (1963). 2893:Fournier, Pierre-François (1957). 1970:Fournier, Pierre-François (1965). 1942:Fournier, Pierre-François (1947). 1629:Ceyssat, a settlement in a network 819:, and in the following century by 468:Carte archéologue du Puy-de-Dôme ( 14: 3448:Durand, Bastien (June 12, 2022). 1590:in the background (watercolor by 1586:Puy de Dôme excavations with the 5300:Mathieu, Pierre-Pardoux (1875). 4650:Bouillet, Jean-Baptiste (1845). 2464:Mathieu, Pierre-Pardoux (1866). 1036:and the urn field necropolis at 766:Agrippa Roman road, Saintes-Lyon 573:, a professor of history at the 547:Towards the end of the century, 264:conducted under the guidance of 48: 41: 5971:Mountains of the Massif Central 5569:(in French). pp. 261–276. 5552:(in French). pp. 105–125. 1850:, pp. 125–126, notice 52). 4773:Les nouvelles de l'archéologie 2193:10.1080/00378941.1956.10835059 2018:(in French). pp. 471–478. 1913:The stele is preserved in the 1215:, previously interpreted as a 1098:, in the case of the graffiti 187:sanctuary dedicated to Mercury 1: 2844:Milcent, Pierre-Yves (2004). 1605:In a subsequent publication, 1463:The proposed location of the 1072:purposes by the faithful and 4605:Journal of Roman Archaeology 3053:, pp. 113, 123–125, 127 2806:(3): 171–177. Archived from 1954:(3): 496–501. Archived from 888:Map of the urban area after 711:Clermont Auvergne University 593:Georges Desdevises Du Dézert 5607:Trément, Frédéric (2021a). 5582:Trément, Frédéric (2013b). 5539:Trément, Frédéric (2013a). 4304:Espérandieu, Émile (1908). 3456:(in French). Archived from 3317:(in French). Archived from 2695:: 621. 1878. Archived from 2623:(in French). Archived from 2499:Espérandieu, Émile (1925). 1915:National Archaeology Museum 1299:Rediscovery of a settlement 565:National Archaeology Museum 246:summit sanctuary of Mercury 5987: 5901:Trément, Frédéric (2003). 5615:(in French) (406): 44–49. 5522:Trément, Frédéric (2004). 5456:Trément, Frédéric (2000). 4775:(in French) (127): 40–44. 4478:Trément & Humbert 2004 4466:Trément & Humbert 2004 4454:Trément & Humbert 2004 4442:Trément & Humbert 2004 4375:Trément & Humbert 2004 4292:Trément & Humbert 2004 3482:Pasumot, François (1810). 3209:Trément & Humbert 2004 2770:Trément & Humbert 2004 2154:Trément & Humbert 2004 1820:, p. 137, notice 67). 1781:, p. 119, notice 46). 763: 558:drew the attention of the 327:to the southwest, and the 315:, the highest peak in the 5312:: 227–440. Archived from 4912:(in French) (19): 65–73. 4814:Monteil, Martial (2014). 4767:Favory, François (2012). 4617:10.1017/S1047759413000093 3494:: 375–390. Archived from 2476:: 504–517. Archived from 36: 24: 5498:L'identité de l'Auvergne 4948:, pp. 120–131, t. 4 4688:Mélanges Godefroid Kurth 3153:Vernet & Vernet 2001 3138:Humbert, Lucile (2000). 3019:Denimal, Pierre (1994). 1592:Louis-Clémentin Bruyerre 1482:Pierre-François Fournier 1307:regarded it as a "Roman 1090:A total of 72 pieces of 925:small and medium regular 821:Pierre-François Fournier 770:The hypothesis that the 637:Blaise Pascal University 602:, a bronze statuette, a 560:Clermont-Ferrand Academy 523:architectural terracotta 335:between the communes of 5352:Mitton, Claire (2007). 5279:Baret, Florian (2022). 5232:Baret, Florian (2016). 5218:Baret, Florian (2015). 5159:Baret, Florian (2020). 4904:Baret, Florian (2009). 4832:10.4000/archeopages.597 4331:"Séance du 13 novembre" 4028:, pp. 383, 388–390 2895:"VIIIe Circonscription" 1988:10.3406/galia.1965.2221 1555:devoted to the cult of 1443:of the Peutinger Table? 1378:Saint-Genès-Champanelle 918:architectural fragments 732:'s route. Meanwhile, a 639:under the direction of 616:Rediscovery of the site 341:Saint-Genès-Champanelle 323:plain to the east, the 262:pedestrian prospections 163:Roman settlement of the 5613:Dossiers d'Archéologie 5429:Rémy, Bernard (1996). 5013:on September 28, 2022. 2567:, Catalogue, site 053. 1617: 1602: 1580: 1561:Pierre-Pardoux Mathieu 1542: 1509:, whose distance from 1460: 1365: 1331:Pierre-Pardoux Mathieu 1305:Jean-Baptiste Bouillet 1281:quarry located in the 1188: 962: 893: 876: 810:Pierre-Pardoux Mathieu 806:Jean-Baptiste Bouillet 761: 579:Gabriel Ruprich-Robert 575:University of Clermont 535:Pierre-Pardoux Mathieu 531:Jean-Baptiste Bouillet 517: 391: 382:Archaeological context 308: 5928:on September 22, 2023 5449:on November 29, 1998. 5331:Migeon, Marc (2020). 4540:, Catalogue, site 055 4387:Bel, Valérie (2009). 3723:Mortagne de Sury 2001 3078:Mortagne de Sury 2001 1937:History of the Franks 1622:sanctuary of Lourdes. 1585: 1450: 1183: 960: 887: 874: 756: 719:digital terrain model 515: 419:province of Aquitaine 389: 295: 5870:on November 10, 2023 5837:on November 10, 2023 5679:Operations summaries 5360:(in French). 45–46. 5177:10.4000/siecles.6182 4932:on December 3, 2022. 4660:on December 3, 2022. 4314:on December 3, 2022. 3321:on November 29, 1998 2864:on December 3, 2022. 2627:on November 29, 1998 1693:on November 29, 1998 1418:secondary settlement 1211:In February 2002, a 1159:and metal slag. The 1131:departmental road 68 936:departmental road 68 830:and Pierre Denimal. 740:the Col de Ceyssat. 288:Geographical context 112:45.76333°N 2.95556°E 5812:on August 19, 2024. 5795:on August 19, 2024. 5778:on August 19, 2024. 5761:on August 19, 2024. 5662:on August 19, 2024. 5532:on August 19, 2024. 5515:on August 19, 2024. 5264:on February 9, 2022 5250:10.4000/gallia.2732 5191:on December 3, 2022 4795:on December 3, 2022 4695:on August 20, 2024. 4016:, pp. 378, 380 3970:, pp. 371, 378 2810:on December 3, 2022 2794:Wernert, E (1907). 2719:"Séance du 10 juin" 2699:on December 3, 2022 2409:, pp. 247, 352 2297:Camus, Guy (1991). 2184:1956BSBF..103S...7L 2069:on December 3, 2022 1790:First inscription: 1760:Merc(urio) sạcr(um) 1718:Merc(urio) sacr(um) 1716:First inscription: 1372:of the communes of 1250:reticulated masonry 982:reticulated masonry 790:Mediolanum Santonum 508:Ancient discoveries 237:Mediolanum Santonum 108: / 57:Shown within France 21: 5627:on August 19, 2024 5480:on August 19, 2024 5316:on August 19, 2024 5125:, pp. 172–174 5063:, pp. 71, 168 4983:, pp. 211–213 4846:on August 20, 2024 4745:, pp. 212–248 4593:, pp. 271–272 4480:, pp. 475–476 4468:, pp. 471–474 4444:, pp. 469–470 4411:on August 20, 2024 4294:, pp. 463–464 4241:, pp. 86, 168 4185:, pp. 110–111 4094:, pp. 390–392 3985:, pp. 374–378 3946:, pp. 371–374 3917:, pp. 370–371 3824:, pp. 74, 168 3737:, pp. 234–235 3519:, pp. 227–236 3498:on August 20, 2024 3460:on August 19, 2024 3250:, pp. 108–111 3238:, pp. 118–120 3226:, pp. 142–143 3194:, pp. 135–136 3179:, pp. 130–131 3110:, pp. 123–125 2963:on August 19, 2024 2917:on August 19, 2024 2880:, pp. 302–303 2772:, pp. 464–465 2729:on August 19, 2024 2685:"Séance du 6 juin" 2663:, pp. 246–247 2606:, pp. 167–169 2543:, pp. 136–137 2516:, pp. 117–119 2480:on August 19, 2024 2356:, pp. 194–195 2208:on August 19, 2024 2002:on August 19, 2024 1958:on August 19, 2024 1603: 1461: 1194:Puy des Grosmanaux 1189: 963: 894: 877: 772:Roman Agrippa road 762: 652:pedestrian surveys 622:rescue archaeology 518: 392: 353:Puy des Grosmanaux 309: 298:Puy des Grosmanaux 277:rescue archaeology 5961:Roman towns types 5442:978-2-910023-05-8 5419:978-2-87754-031-5 5398:978-2-35518-029-3 5342:978-2-35518-108-5 5290:978-2-86906-804-9 5035:979-10-92655-12-4 5006:978-2-912369-13-0 4341:on March 14, 2023 3640:979-10-92655-12-4 2995:(438): 291–306 . 2229:, pp. 71, 88 2059:"Chaîne des Puys" 1900:978-2-84516-480-2 1607:Auguste Audollent 1358:, "Letter to Mr. 1356:Auguste Audollent 1343:Auguste Audollent 1192:eastern slope of 1013:Source des Roches 781:, which ran from 571:Auguste Audollent 179:modest Roman town 159: 158: 117:45.76333; 2.95556 5978: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5918:"Col de Ceyssat" 5906: 5890: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5866:. Archived from 5846: 5844: 5842: 5833:. Archived from 5813: 5796: 5779: 5762: 5745: 5734: 5723: 5712: 5701: 5690: 5674: 5663: 5658:. Archived from 5636: 5634: 5632: 5623:. Archived from 5599: 5578: 5561: 5544: 5533: 5516: 5511:. Archived from 5489: 5487: 5485: 5476:. Archived from 5462:Revue d'Auvergne 5450: 5445:. Archived from 5423: 5402: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5368:. Archived from 5346: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5294: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5260:. Archived from 5226: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5187:. Archived from 5156: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5009:. Archived from 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4934: 4933: 4928:. Archived from 4901: 4895: 4894:, pp. 83–84 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4842:. Archived from 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4791:. Archived from 4781:10.4000/nda.1340 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4662: 4661: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4581:, pp. 88–89 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4528:, pp. 77–78 4523: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4407:. Archived from 4384: 4378: 4372: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4327: 4316: 4315: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4213: 4212:, pp. 86–87 4207: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3986: 3980: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3849: 3848:, pp. 74–75 3843: 3837: 3836:, pp. 46–47 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3749:, pp. 82–83 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3707: 3702: 3696: 3695:, pp. 47–48 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3593: 3592:, pp. 85–86 3587: 3581: 3575: 3564: 3558: 3541: 3535: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3445: 3436: 3431: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3342: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3307: 3298: 3297:, pp. 98–99 3292: 3281: 3276: 3265: 3260: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3212: 3206: 3195: 3189: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3155:, pp. 88–89 3150: 3144: 3143: 3135: 3126: 3120: 3111: 3105: 3096: 3095:, pp. 50–51 3090: 3081: 3080:, pp. 87–88 3075: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3025: 3024: 3016: 3005: 3004: 2989:Revue d'Auvergne 2984: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2959:. Archived from 2936: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2913:. Archived from 2890: 2881: 2875: 2866: 2865: 2860:. Archived from 2841: 2835: 2829: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2756: 2750: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2681: 2675: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2555:, pp. 43–44 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2461: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2431: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2397:, pp. 56–58 2392: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2324: 2318: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2204:. Archived from 2195: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2138: 2132: 2123: 2117: 2102: 2096: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2021: 2019: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1998:. Archived from 1967: 1965: 1963: 1932:Gregory of Tours 1928: 1922: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1857: 1851: 1830: 1821: 1788: 1782: 1741:c(urio) sacr(um) 1714: 1708: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1689:. Archived from 1678: 1664: 1600: 1569: 1554: 1490: 1475: 1451:Location of the 1415: 1407:Frédéric Trément 1401: 1363: 1339: 1243: 1233:, potentially a 1202: 1139: 1113:The presence of 1108:summit sanctuary 1082: 1021: 944: 829: 818: 803: 795:François Pasumot 780: 749:The Agrippa road 731: 708: 700:Frédéric Trément 674: 666:Frédéric Trément 649: 641:Frédéric Trément 634: 601: 587: 557: 543: 429:Clermont-Ferrand 361: 306: 274: 266:Frédéric Trément 227: 208:Clermont-Ferrand 176: 123: 122: 120: 119: 118: 113: 109: 106: 105: 104: 101: 52: 51: 45: 29: 22: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5951:Chaîne des Puys 5941: 5940: 5931: 5929: 5916: 5913: 5900: 5897: 5895:Grey literature 5884: 5873: 5871: 5851: 5840: 5838: 5818: 5801: 5784: 5767: 5750: 5739: 5728: 5717: 5706: 5695: 5684: 5681: 5668: 5656: 5641: 5630: 5628: 5606: 5581: 5564: 5547: 5538: 5521: 5509: 5494: 5483: 5481: 5455: 5443: 5428: 5420: 5407: 5399: 5386: 5375: 5373: 5372:on June 7, 2020 5351: 5343: 5330: 5319: 5317: 5299: 5291: 5278: 5267: 5265: 5231: 5217: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5007: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4937: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4672: 4665: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4509: 4502: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4329: 4328: 4319: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4225: 4216: 4208: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4039: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3989: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3710: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3648: 3641: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3567: 3559: 3544: 3536: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3481: 3480: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3447: 3446: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3344: 3343: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3309: 3308: 3301: 3293: 3284: 3277: 3268: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3215: 3207: 3198: 3190: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3136: 3129: 3121: 3114: 3106: 3099: 3091: 3084: 3076: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3028: 3018: 3017: 3008: 2986: 2985: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2938: 2937: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2876: 2869: 2858: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2759: 2751: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2483: 2481: 2463: 2462: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2432: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2327: 2319: 2306: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2141: 2133: 2126: 2118: 2105: 2097: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2013: 2005: 2003: 1969: 1961: 1959: 1941: 1929: 1925: 1921:, p. 302). 1912: 1908: 1901: 1888: 1882: 1878: 1874:, p. 125). 1863: 1858: 1854: 1831: 1824: 1789: 1785: 1715: 1711: 1696: 1694: 1685: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1658: 1631: 1594: 1563: 1548: 1527: 1515:Peutinger Table 1484: 1469: 1457:Peutinger table 1455:station on the 1445: 1409: 1395: 1364: 1354: 1333: 1301: 1296: 1258: 1237: 1196: 1178: 1133: 1126: 1076: 1015: 986:volcanic ejecta 955: 938: 882: 823: 812: 797: 774: 768: 751: 746: 725: 702: 696: 668: 643: 628: 618: 595: 581: 551: 537: 510: 505: 434:Except for the 421:. Its capital, 384: 368:Chaîne des Puys 355: 317:Chaîne des Puys 300: 290: 285: 268: 258:Chaîne des Puys 221: 170: 116: 114: 110: 107: 102: 99: 97: 95: 94: 61: 60: 59: 58: 55: 54: 53: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5984: 5982: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5912: 5911:External links 5909: 5908: 5907: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5881: 5880: 5848: 5847: 5815: 5814: 5798: 5797: 5781: 5780: 5764: 5763: 5747: 5746: 5736: 5735: 5725: 5724: 5714: 5713: 5703: 5702: 5692: 5691: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5665: 5664: 5654: 5638: 5637: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5579: 5562: 5535: 5534: 5518: 5517: 5507: 5491: 5490: 5452: 5451: 5441: 5425: 5424: 5418: 5410:Le Puy-de-Dôme 5404: 5403: 5397: 5383: 5382: 5348: 5347: 5341: 5327: 5326: 5296: 5295: 5289: 5275: 5274: 5228: 5227: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5151: 5139: 5127: 5115: 5104: 5100:Trescarte 2007 5092: 5080: 5065: 5053: 5041: 5034: 5016: 5005: 4985: 4973: 4961: 4950: 4935: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4857: 4806: 4759: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4716: 4698: 4678: 4663: 4642: 4638:Trescarte 2007 4630: 4595: 4583: 4571: 4559: 4542: 4530: 4518: 4515:Trescarte 2007 4507: 4500: 4482: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4434: 4422: 4379: 4364: 4360:Trescarte 2007 4352: 4317: 4296: 4284: 4272: 4255: 4243: 4231: 4214: 4199: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4132: 4120: 4108: 4096: 4092:Trescarte 2007 4084: 4072: 4057: 4045: 4041:Trescarte 2007 4030: 4026:Trescarte 2007 4018: 4014:Trescarte 2007 4006: 4002:Trescarte 2007 3987: 3983:Trescarte 2007 3972: 3968:Trescarte 2007 3960: 3956:Trescarte 2007 3948: 3944:Trescarte 2007 3936: 3932:Trescarte 2007 3919: 3915:Trescarte 2007 3907: 3895: 3891:Trescarte 2007 3883: 3871: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3778: 3763: 3751: 3739: 3727: 3708: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3646: 3639: 3621: 3609: 3594: 3582: 3565: 3542: 3521: 3509: 3471: 3437: 3423: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3375: 3363: 3332: 3299: 3282: 3266: 3252: 3240: 3228: 3213: 3196: 3181: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3127: 3112: 3097: 3082: 3067: 3055: 3043: 3026: 3006: 2974: 2928: 2882: 2867: 2856: 2836: 2821: 2786: 2774: 2757: 2740: 2710: 2676: 2665: 2653: 2638: 2608: 2596: 2581: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2518: 2506: 2491: 2453: 2441: 2423: 2411: 2399: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2325: 2304: 2289: 2277: 2258: 2246: 2231: 2219: 2158: 2139: 2124: 2103: 2080: 2050: 2046:Trescarte 2007 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2022: 1982:(1): 103–150. 1923: 1906: 1899: 1885:Trescarte 2007 1876: 1861:Bargoin Museum 1852: 1822: 1783: 1709: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1644:Usson-en-Forez 1630: 1627: 1526: 1523: 1511:Augustonemetum 1498:Augustonemetum 1444: 1438: 1430:Massif Central 1352: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1257: 1254: 1177: 1174: 1125: 1122: 1033:Augustonemetum 954: 951: 881: 880:Central sector 878: 862:Augustonemetum 750: 747: 745: 744:The settlement 742: 695: 692: 617: 614: 509: 506: 504: 503:Historiography 501: 436:Mercury temple 424:Augustonemetum 383: 380: 325:Dore mountains 289: 286: 284: 281: 244:to access the 203:Augustonemetum 167:Col de Ceyssat 157: 156: 150: 146: 145: 141: 140: 137: 133: 132: 129: 125: 124: 92: 88: 87: 77: 73: 72: 67: 63: 62: 56: 47: 46: 40: 39: 38: 37: 34: 33: 30: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5983: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5883: 5882: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5858:(in French). 5857: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5825:(in French). 5824: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5655:2-84516-271-5 5651: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5604: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5508:2-909797-70-8 5504: 5500: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5464:(in French). 5463: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5328: 5315: 5311: 5308:(in French). 5307: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5276: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5240:(in French). 5239: 5235: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5223: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5152: 5149:, p. 296 5148: 5143: 5140: 5137:, p. 195 5136: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5108: 5105: 5102:, p. 392 5101: 5096: 5093: 5090:, p. 137 5089: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5061:Trément 2013b 5057: 5054: 5051:, p. 237 5050: 5045: 5042: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4998: 4997: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4981:Trément 2002a 4977: 4974: 4971:, p. 208 4970: 4969:Trément 2002a 4965: 4962: 4959: 4954: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4918:10.58079/ates 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4885: 4882:, p. 170 4881: 4876: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4858: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4826:(40): 50–55. 4825: 4822:(in French). 4821: 4817: 4810: 4807: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4755:Trément 2013b 4751: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4736: 4733:, p. 350 4732: 4727: 4724: 4719: 4717:2-87772-098-5 4713: 4709: 4702: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4689: 4682: 4679: 4676:, p. 235 4675: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4646: 4643: 4640:, p. 382 4639: 4634: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4607:(in French). 4606: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4579:Trément 2013b 4575: 4572: 4568: 4567:Trément 2021a 4563: 4560: 4557:, p. 189 4556: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4526:Trément 2013b 4522: 4519: 4516: 4511: 4508: 4503: 4501:2-84516-271-5 4497: 4493: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4459: 4456:, p. 470 4455: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4430:Trément 2021a 4426: 4423: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4395:(in French). 4394: 4390: 4383: 4380: 4377:, p. 466 4376: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4362:, p. 391 4361: 4356: 4353: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4285: 4282:, p. 268 4281: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4268:Trément 2013b 4264: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4239:Trément 2013b 4235: 4232: 4229:, p. 111 4228: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4210:Trément 2013b 4206: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4176: 4173:, p. 271 4172: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4147:Humbert 2002a 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4130:, p. 108 4129: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4116:Trément 2013b 4112: 4109: 4106:, p. 178 4105: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4082:, p. 262 4081: 4076: 4073: 4070:, p. 186 4069: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4046: 4043:, p. 380 4042: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4007: 4004:, p. 378 4003: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3961: 3958:, p. 374 3957: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3937: 3934:, p. 371 3933: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3903:Trément 2013b 3899: 3896: 3893:, p. 370 3892: 3887: 3884: 3881:, p. 208 3880: 3879:Trément 2002b 3875: 3872: 3869:, p. 120 3868: 3867:Trément 2002d 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3846:Trément 2013b 3842: 3839: 3835: 3834:Trément 2021a 3830: 3827: 3823: 3822:Trément 2013b 3818: 3815: 3811: 3810:Trément 2013b 3806: 3803: 3800:, p. 126 3799: 3794: 3791: 3788:, p. 125 3787: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3774:Trément 2013b 3770: 3768: 3764: 3761:, p. 300 3760: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3747:Trément 2013b 3743: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3693:Trément 2021a 3689: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3669:Trément 2021a 3665: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3622: 3619:, p. 124 3618: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3605:Trément 2013b 3601: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3590:Trément 2013b 3586: 3583: 3579: 3578:Trément 2013b 3574: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3563:, p. 110 3562: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3538:Trément 2013b 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3510: 3497: 3493: 3490:(in French). 3489: 3485: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3419:Trément 2021b 3415: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3395:Trément 2021b 3391: 3388: 3384: 3383:Trément 2021b 3379: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3279:Trément 2021a 3275: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3263:Trément 2013b 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3236:Trément 2002d 3232: 3229: 3225: 3224:Trément 2002c 3220: 3218: 3214: 3211:, p. 468 3210: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3192:Trément 2002b 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177:Humbert 2002b 3173: 3170: 3167:, p. 130 3166: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3146: 3141: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3093:Humbert 2002a 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3063:Trément 2021a 3059: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3039:Trément 2013b 3035: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2991:(in French). 2990: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2947:(in French). 2946: 2942: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2901:(in French). 2900: 2896: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2857:2-913745-18-0 2853: 2849: 2848: 2840: 2837: 2834:, p. 221 2833: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2809: 2805: 2802:(in French). 2801: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2784:, p. 212 2783: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2755:, p. 302 2754: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2698: 2694: 2691:(in French). 2690: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2654: 2651:, p. 211 2650: 2649:Trément 2002a 2645: 2643: 2639: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2594:, p. 246 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2579:, p. 392 2578: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2531:, p. 247 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2502: 2495: 2492: 2479: 2475: 2472:(in French). 2471: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2451:, p. 352 2450: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2421:, p. 245 2420: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2380:, p. 173 2379: 2374: 2371: 2368:, p. 200 2367: 2366:Trément 2002a 2362: 2359: 2355: 2354:Trément 2002a 2350: 2347: 2343: 2342:Trément 2013b 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2323:, p. 118 2322: 2321:Trément 2002d 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2290: 2287:, p. 135 2286: 2285:Trément 2002b 2281: 2278: 2274: 2273:Trément 2013b 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2254:Trément 2021a 2250: 2247: 2244:, p. 106 2243: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227:Trément 2013b 2223: 2220: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174:(in French). 2173: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2156:, p. 464 2155: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2135:Trément 2013b 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2120:Trément 2013b 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099:Trément 2013b 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2048:, p. 367 2047: 2042: 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1733:XIII, 01518 1722:Vindon(ius) 1659: [ 1595: [ 1588:observatory 1564: [ 1549: [ 1485: [ 1470: [ 1410: [ 1396: [ 1334: [ 1238: [ 1231:local elite 1197: [ 1134: [ 1116:terra nigra 1077: [ 1016: [ 967:Puy de Dôme 939: [ 824: [ 813: [ 798: [ 775: [ 726: [ 703: [ 669: [ 644: [ 629: [ 596: [ 582: [ 552: [ 538: [ 527:Henri Lecoq 495:erected by 476:dedications 444:Roman villa 400:Puy-de-Dôme 356: [ 329:Combrailles 313:Puy de Dôme 301: [ 269: [ 242:Puy de Dôme 234:(Lyon) and 222: [ 183:Puy de Dôme 171: [ 115: / 91:Coordinates 84:Puy-de-Dôme 5945:Categories 5147:Baret 2022 5135:Baret 2016 5123:Baret 2016 5112:Baret 2015 4958:Baret 2016 4946:Baret 2015 4892:Baret 2022 4880:Baret 2016 4555:Baret 2016 4280:Baret 2016 4104:Baret 2022 4080:Baret 2022 4068:Baret 2016 3759:Baret 2016 3705:Dacko 2013 3617:Dacko 2013 2378:Baret 2016 2027:References 1275:millstones 984:utilizing 914:Diocletian 764:See also: 626:1999 storm 415:Arvernorum 100:45°45′48″N 16:Roman town 5932:March 26, 5864:2114-0502 5841:March 26, 5831:2114-0502 5621:1141-7137 5596:1269-8946 5575:1269-8946 5558:1269-8946 5474:1159-7151 5376:March 26, 5366:1951-6207 5320:March 26, 5268:March 26, 5258:0016-4119 5195:March 26, 5185:2275-2129 4926:1284-8859 4850:March 26, 4840:1622-8545 4799:March 26, 4789:0242-7702 4625:1047-7594 4415:March 26, 4405:0016-4119 4345:March 26, 3798:Rémy 1996 3786:Rémy 1996 3683:, § 15-16 3502:March 26, 3356:March 26, 3325:March 26, 3001:0035-1008 2967:March 26, 2957:0016-4119 2921:March 26, 2911:0016-4119 2814:March 26, 2733:March 26, 2703:March 26, 2631:March 26, 2604:Rémy 1996 2553:Rémy 1996 2541:Rémy 1996 2514:Rémy 1996 2484:March 26, 2212:March 26, 2202:0037-8941 2073:March 26, 2006:March 26, 1996:0016-4119 1962:March 26, 1872:Rémy 1996 1848:Rémy 1996 1818:Rémy 1996 1803:Rémy 1996 1779:Rémy 1996 1756:Rémy 1996 1737:Rémy 1996 1705:Rémy 1996 1697:March 26, 1682:Rémy 1996 1574:, wrote: 1256:Synthesis 998:hypocaust 953:Cult area 683:transects 604:Hallstatt 493:milestone 485:sanctuary 461:hypocaust 375:trachytic 253:inquiry. 195:Aquitaine 193:city, in 103:2°57′20″E 82:(current 3464:June 13, 3397:, § 9-13 3165:Bet 2002 1726:Siluanus 1601:, 1876). 1559:Dumias. 1532:sacellum 1507:Ubrilium 1466:Ubrilium 1453:Ubrilium 1441:Ubrilium 1370:tripoint 1353:— 1279:trachyte 1223:trachyte 1161:transect 1157:tesserae 1092:graffiti 1070:ablution 1066:libation 1048:ex-votos 1044:graffiti 1005:tesserae 990:trachyte 928:trachyte 784:Lugdunum 661:blocks. 659:trachyte 497:Claudius 457:Mazeiras 453:tesserae 333:tripoint 283:Contexts 231:Lugdunum 228:between 185:and its 139:10-15 ha 66:Location 5956:Arverni 5165:Siècles 3385:, § 4-8 2180:Bibcode 1572:Mercury 1557:Mercury 1546:priests 1389:Ceyssat 1382:Orcines 1374:Ceyssat 1326:mutatio 1266:La Tène 1227:tumulus 1218:favissa 1165:La Tène 1096:Mercury 1074:priests 1057:favissa 1028:kettles 974:La Tène 906:La Tène 902:La Tène 866:Orcines 843:umbones 839:umbones 758:Umbones 709:of the 678:favissa 489:Mercury 480:Mercury 464:tubules 449:Orcines 412:civitas 396:Arverni 345:Orcines 337:Ceyssat 321:Limagne 191:Arverni 153:La Tène 149:Periods 144:History 80:Arverni 5862: 5829: 5652: 5619: 5594: 5573: 5556: 5505: 5472: 5439: 5416: 5395: 5364: 5339: 5287: 5256: 5238:Gallia 5183: 5032: 5003: 4924: 4838: 4787: 4714: 4623: 4498: 4403: 4399:: 98. 4393:Gallia 4253:, § 18 4197:, § 12 4161:, § 13 3637: 2999: 2955: 2945:Gallia 2909: 2899:Gallia 2854: 2200: 1994: 1976:Gallia 1897: 1764:ndọṇiu 1652:Voingt 1648:Lezoux 1646:, and 1519:Mazaye 1503:Mazaye 1380:, and 1321:statio 1316:mansio 1283:Kilian 1235:priest 1154:mosaic 1146:trough 1052:burned 994:basalt 916:, and 656:reused 533:, and 408:Allier 404:Cantal 343:, and 128:Length 76:Region 70:France 3659:, § 7 3421:, § 8 3409:, § 7 3373:, § 5 1868:] 1669:Notes 1663:] 1599:] 1568:] 1553:] 1540:pass. 1489:] 1474:] 1434:2000s 1414:] 1400:] 1360:Kurth 1338:] 1310:villa 1242:] 1205:stele 1201:] 1185:Stele 1138:] 1081:] 1020:] 1001:pipes 943:] 855:Lidar 828:] 817:] 802:] 779:] 730:] 715:Lidar 707:] 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Knowledge (XXG)

Roman Settlement of the Col de Ceyssat

Index