1105:
families in some way distinguished and in comfortable circumstances. Occasionally this academy languished, especially in the first half of the 19th century, but since then it has recovered and has steadily improved. Of late it has become a school of higher ecclesiastical education, traditionally but not exclusively with an eye to a diplomatic career for its students. The academic course includes ecclesiastical diplomacy, political economy, diplomatic forms (stile diplomatico), the principal foreign languages, and, in addition, internships at the bureaux of various congregations for such students as wish to prepare themselves for an office in any of these bodies. As a rule, Romans are not admitted to this academy, it having been expressly designed for those who, not being Romans, would have no other opportunity to acquire such specific education and training. Its students pay a monthly fee. It has a cardinal-protector and a Roman prelate for president (rector). It owns and occupies its own palace (70, Piazza della
Minerva).
553:", and others. As a rule these academies, all very much alike, were merely circles of friends or clients gathered around a learned man or wealthy patron, and were dedicated to literary pastimes rather than methodical study. They fitted in, nevertheless, with the historical milieu and in their own way played significant roles in historical development. Despite their empirical and fugitive character, they helped to cultivate a general esteem for literary and other studies. Cardinals, prelates, and the clergy in general were most favourable to this movement, and assisted it by patronage and collaboration.
1230:, and is dedicated to archaeology. Its name is well merited, expressing as it does the active contributions of its members. At each conference are announced or illustrated new discoveries and important studies are presented. The meetings are held monthly from November to March and are open to the public. This excellent association has done much to popularize the study of Christian archaeology, especially the study of the Roman catacombs. Its proceedings are published annually in the "Nuovo Bulletino di Sacra Archeologia”, and its sessions are held in the palace of the Cancelleria Apostolica.
1126:. It took then the title of academy, and had for its purpose the teaching of the fine arts, the reward of artistic merit, and the preservation and illustration of the historic and artistic monuments of Rome. In respect of all these it enjoyed papal approval and encouragement. It rendered great services and counted among its members illustrious masters and pupils. In 1870 it passed under the control of the new government, and is now under the patronage of the King. It possesses a gallery of paintings and an excellent library, open to the public (44,
1066:
720:, who had abdicated the Swedish crown in 1654 and converted to Catholicism, moving to Rome where she spent much of the rest of her life and became renowned as patron of arts and music. After her death in 1689, the Academy of Arcadia was established in her memory, electing the late Queen Christina of Sweden as its symbolical head ("Basilissa"). The Academy would last for the next two hundred years, becoming a leading cultural institution right up to the 20th century.
125:
1335:
845:, and succeeding popes have continued to give it their support. It holds monthly meetings for the discussion of various points in dogmatic and moral theology, in philosophy, history, etc. Its conferences are generally published in periodicals, and a special edition is printed for the Academy. A number of these dissertations have been printed, and form a collection of several volumes entitled "
186:
29:
878:". One of the members, A. Coppi, drew up its first rules, according to which the Academy was to devote itself to the study of Latin and Italian literature, hold a weekly meeting, and a public session monthly. Great scientific or literary events were to be recognised by extraordinary meetings. It was also agreed that the Academy should undertake the history of Rome from
910:, in 1831, a year of grave disorders and political plottings, the Academy was closed, but it was soon reopened by the same pontiff, who desired the "Tiberina" to devote itself to general culture, science, and letters, Roman history and archaeology, and to agriculture. The meetings were to be monthly, and it was to print annual reports, or
70:
886:, as well as the literary history from the time of that pontiff. The historiographer of the Academy was to edit its history and to collect the biographies of famous men, Romans or residents in Rome, who had died since the foundation of the "Tiberina". For this latter purpose there was established a special "
416:, in Rome Pomponio devoted his energies to the enthusiastic study of classical antiquity and became the centre of a group of like-minded friends, each of whom assumed a classical name (his was Julius Pomponius Laetus, or Laetus for short). Prominent members were humanists with neo-pagan interests and an
1031:
This academy was founded in 1878 to encourage among
Catholics the study of history, archaeology, and jurisprudence. In 1880 it began to publish a quarterly entitled "Studi e Documenti di Storia e di Diritto", highly esteemed for its learned articles and for its publication of important documents with
853:
di
Religione Cattolica". The Academy has as honorary censors a number of cardinals. The president of the Academy is also a cardinal. It includes promoters, censors, resident members, and corresponding members. It awards an annual prize for the members most assiduous at the meetings, and is located in
606:
and the restoration to Rome of the papal government, the new conditions suggested the adoption of the "Academy" as a link between the old and the new, and as a means of invigorating ecclesiastical culture and of promoting the defence of the Church. In this way there sprang up new academies, while old
385:) was at the disposal of his many house guests for study of new humanistic learning. His visitors included learned Greek refugees, whom he supported by commissioning transcripts of Greek manuscripts and translations into Latin to help make a corpus of Greek scholarship available to Western Europeans.
1165:
allowed to the congregation the right to admit foreign members, and in 1774 women were admitted as members. Owing to the political troubles of the period, the congregation was suspended from 1799 to 1803, and again from 1809 to 1822. Among its members have been illustrious musicians. We may mention,
995:
deserves special mention. Its purpose was the encouragement of serious study among the youth of Rome. Hence, two-thirds of the members must be young students. Its title was assumed at a later date. It was approved in 1847 by the Sacred
Congregation of Studies. The work of the Academy is divided into
766:
Like its sister societies at Rome, this academy was of private origin. In 1695, a number of friends gathered in the house of the priest, Raffaele Cosma
Girolami, for lectures and discussions on theological matters. These meetings soon took on the character of an academy. In 1707 it was united to the
788:
ordered that among its members twenty indigent secular priests should receive for six years from the papal treasury an annual allowance of fifty scudi and, other things being equal, should have the preference in competitive examinations. It is on these lines, substantially, that its work is carried
440:
The 16th century saw at Rome a great increase of literary and aesthetic circles or 'academies', more or less inspired by the
Renaissance, all of which assumed, as was the fashion, odd and fantastic names. Various sources give the names of many such institutes; as a rule, they soon perished and left
1104:
a body of men trained in the juridical sciences and in other requisite branches of learning. At the time, European diplomacy was usually confided to the nobility; hence the
Academy was instituted and maintained for noble ecclesiastics. However, later, it opened its doors more freely to the sons of
1217:
in 1666. This illustrious school has given many great artists to France. Its competitive prize (Prix de Rome) is very celebrated. It owns and occupies its own palace, the Villa Medici on the Pincio. The
English Academy was founded in 1821, and possesses a notable library (53, B Via Margutta). The
561:
With the advent of the 17th century, while the Roman
Academy in its older form still survived, there began a new epoch. The new style of academy was constituted as a public body, no longer confined to a small circle of friends. It set itself a fixed and permanent scope in the field of science,
1160:
decreed that no musical works should be published without the permission of the censors of this congregation, and that no school of music or of singing should be opened in any church without the written permission of its deputies. This very rigorous ordinance provoked numerous complaints from
783:
of Rome), thereby making it a source of encouragement for young students of theology. The academy disposed of a fund of eighteen thousand scudi ($ 18,000), the income of which was devoted to prizes for the most proficient students of theology. Among the patrons were several cardinals, and the
813:(1840), and received a cardinal-protector. It continues its work under the direction of the Lazarists, and holds frequent conferences in which liturgical and cognate subjects are treated from the historical and the practical point of view. It is located in the
914:. The Academy was able to establish important relations with foreign scientists, and constituted with 2,000 members, resident, corresponding, and honorary. The "Tiberina" is at present inactive; its proceedings are no longer printed. Its last protector was
723:
The
Academy of Arcadia was so called because its chief aim and intention were to imitate in literature the simplicity of the ancient shepherds, who were fabulously supposed to have lived in Arcadia in the golden age, divinely inspired in poetry by the
1198:. In 1876 the "Liceo di Musica" was added to it, with a substantial appropriation from the funds of the province and city of Rome. In 1874 the statutes of this school were remodelled. It is greatly esteemed and is much frequented (18, Via dei Greci).
562:
letters, and arts, often of a polemic or apologetic character. Naturally this form of the new or remodelled Roman academies was closely allied with the general academic movement of Italy and of foreign countries, whose typical instance was the
574:. This was especially the case at Rome, where the papacy kept up its traditional patronage of the most varied ecclesiastical and general scholarship. In this period the first Roman academies that call for mention are the "Accademia dei
1218:
Accademia di Spagna was founded in 1881 (32, B Piazza San Pietro in Montorio). Finally, as formerly, there are now in Rome various associations which are true academies and may be classed as such, though they do not bear that name.
1002:
Twenty-one numbers were issued. Since 1875 the Academy has published many of the lectures read before its members. Its most flourishing period was from 1873 to 1882. Among its most illustrious deceased members may be mentioned
432:(1464–71) arrested Pomponio and the leaders of the Academy on charges of irreligion, immorality, and an alleged conspiracy against the pope. The prisoners were tortured and eventually released. The Academy, however, dissolved.
1113:
Among the Roman Academies dedicated to the fine arts is the Regia Accademia Romana di San Luca (Accademia delle Belle Arti). This academy exhibits the evolution of the Roman corporation of artist-painters, reformed under
570:. It was at this point that academies became practical and efficacious instruments of culture, with a direct influence on public opinion; in this way, too, they claimed the special attention of the heads of the
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five sections: theology; philology and history; philosophy; physics, ethics and economics. Its meetings are held weekly, and in 1873 it began to publish bimonthly reports of its proceedings under the title
1032:
apposite commentaries. After an existence of twenty-five years this review ceased to appear at the end of 1905. The president of the Academy is a cardinal, and it holds its meetings in the Roman Seminary.
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The following is a brief account of the several academic schools mentioned above. One is ecclesiastical, the others are devoted to the fine arts. Some are Roman, and others are foreign:
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as a confraternity, or congregation. The popes encouraged this organisation as an ideal instrument for the dissemination of good taste and the promotion of musical science.
740:. The Arcadians proposed to return to the fields of truth, always singing of subjects of pastoral simplicity, drawing their inspiration from Greco-Roman bucolic poetry.
1040:
When Leo XIII at the beginning of his pontificate undertook the restoration of scholastic philosophy and theology, this academy was founded (1880) for the diffusion of
1396:
1250:
It was founded in 1899. Attached to it is the "Istituto di Diritto Romano" founded in 1887 for the promotion of the study of Roman law (307, Corso Umberto I).
898:
of Studies, the "Tiberina received official recognition; its field was enlarged, so as to include research in art, commerce, and especially in agriculture.
196:
690:
The Academia dei Lincei is the academy of the Sciences of Rome. It has a long history and numerous prestigious members, including and from the time of
751:. Norms and rituals of the Academy took their cues from classic and pastoral mythology: it was the custom of the academics to assume pastoral names.
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professors in the theological faculty in the University acted as censors. The successors of Clement XII continued to encourage the academy. In 1720
801:
This academy was the product of the notable 18th century movement in liturgical studies which owed so much to the great theologian and liturgist,
1345:
404:. A thrifty humanist scholar who refused the customary patronage of rich cardinals, Pomponio Leto hosted a circle of friends who shared in the
1323:
1191:
1139:
667:", founded in 1875. In 1870 the Italian government resuscitated, or better, founded anew, the "Accademia dei Lincei", and in 1875 the "
134:
1023:
It was founded in 1875 for the study of medical and cognate sciences, has fifty ordinary members, and is located in the University.
927:
280:
167:
106:
56:
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founded it in 1801, with the avowed aim of defending the dogmatic and moral teaching of the Church. It was formally recognized by
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and Rome. Scientific, literary, and artistic culture attained there a development as intense as it was multiform, and the earlier
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88:
42:
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This academy arose from an urgent need to organize Catholic apologetics in response to the anti-Christian polemics of the "
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1406:
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358:
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This is a school of modern foundation, with daily and evening courses for the study of art (504, Corso Umberto I).
838:
709:
1312:"The Roman 'Academy' of Pomponio Leto: from an informal humanist network to the institution of a literary society"
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The Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia or Accademia di Musica derives from a school of music founded in 1570 by
632:
428:. At a time when Rome was rife with political intrigue fomented by the Roman barons and the neighbouring princes,
1316:
The Reach of the Republic of Letters: Literary and Learned Societies in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe
1213:, founded in 1896, is located in the Villa del' Aurora (42, Via Lombardi). The Académie de France was founded by
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442:
240:
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1401:
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Such Roman Academies were always connected to larger educational structures conceived during and following the
768:
602:", founded in 1695. All of these are still extant; we shall treat of them in detail in due course. After the
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interested parties, and its restrictions were soon more honoured in the breach than the observance. In 1684
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was founded in 1821 for the study and practice of music. It has 200 members, and is located at 225,
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1214:
895:
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717:
587:
522:
425:
300:
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918:. Like several other Roman Academies, it is located in the Palace of the Cancelleria Apostolica.
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ideas. One of several meeting places for scholarly events and discussion was the house of the
17:
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445:", for the encouragement of theatrical representations. There were also the Academy of the "
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academies were founded to encourage learning and apologetics; such were the "Accademia di
470:
458:
370:
834:
1079:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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doctrine. Its president is a cardinal, and its meetings are held in the Roman Seminary.
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house, and its proceedings are, since 1886, published in the Lazarist monthly known as "
1179:
952:
571:
563:
526:
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civile e canonico", and another of the university scholars and students of philosophy (
304:
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ordered (1825) that all the scientific associations in Rome should be approved by the
805:(1745-8). Disbanded in the time of the Revolution, the Academy was reorganized by the
1390:
1339:
1195:
1004:
867:
631:) Lincei". Apart from this group we have to chronicle the appearance in 1821 of the "
401:
354:
307:
in 1418 to the middle of the 16th century) there were two main intellectual centers,
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which was becoming characteristic of the Renaissance in Rome and elsewhere. Born in
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1008:
949:
802:
785:
595:
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refers to associations of learned individuals and not institutes for instruction.
906:, and Leo XII was desirous of continuing the good work of his predecessor. Under
1364:
1171:
1162:
1015:. The Academy, now in decline, is attached to the Church of the Santi Apostoli.
907:
883:
772:
362:
342:
185:
1157:
1097:
890:". The Academy began in 1816 the annual coinage of commemorative medals. When
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780:
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656:
350:
493:. Towards the middle of the 16th century there were also the Academy of the "
1284:
1167:
1041:
806:
748:
747:, and return to classicism and rationalism, influenced by the philosophy of
417:
586:", founded in 1656. Ecclesiastical academies, whose scope was fixed by the
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1318:. Volume 168 of Brill's studies in intellectual history. Leiden: Brill.
999:"Memorie per gli Atti della Pont. Accademia della Immacolata Concezione.
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taught without payment in this academy. Since 1870 the congregation of
891:
879:
691:
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A further circle of humanists has become known as the "Roman Academy" (
1238:
The British and American Archeological Society was founded in 1865 by
1226:
The Societá di Conferenze di Sacra Archeologia was founded in 1875 by
733:
729:
579:
575:
466:
382:
381:(academy). His extensive library (which he bequeathed to the city of
837:", coupled with events surrounding the Revolution. The Roman priest
412:
in 1425 as Giulio Sanseverino, the natural son of a nobleman of the
1338: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
775:
gave it formal recognition in 1718 and assigned it a hall in the
941:
725:
312:
1380:
1209:
There are several foreign academies of a scholastic kind. The
1059:
179:
118:
63:
22:
754:
The most noteworthy member of the academy was Antonio Pietro
655:, to which must be added, though not called an Academy, the "
627:" was reestablished in 1840, and in 1847 the "Accademia dei (
983:
This academy was founded in 1835 by young students from the
509:). In the 17th century we meet with similar academies; the "
441:
no trace. At the beginning of the 16th century came the "
1314:. In Van Dixhoorn, Arjan; Sutch, Susie Speakman (eds.).
1283:(in Italian). Rome: castelsantangelo.com. Archived from
1277:"La 'conguira' degli umanisti: Platina e Pomponio Leto"
1178:, violinist and author of a new system of harmony; and
357:
sense of "love of wisdom", especially characterized by
207:
902:
had done much for the promotion of agriculture in the
874:". In 1813 many of its members withdrew to found the "
1027:
Pontificia Accademia di Conferenze Storico-Giuridiche
1036:
Pontificia Accademia Romana di San Tommaso di Aquino
635:". After the Italian occupation of Rome (1870), new
83:
for style (use of first person, antiquated language)
345:academies aimed to reproduce the traditions of the
940:) is an academic honorary society established in
319:academies were typical examples of this variety.
977:Pontificia Accademia della Immacolata Concezione
743:Common to member poets was the desire to oppose
680:Accademia dei Lincei and dei Nuovi Lincei (1603)
529:. About 1700 were founded the academies of the "
377:, which itself has come to be referred to as an
303:, at the height of which (from the close of the
1234:The British and American Archaeological Society
1100:, to prepare for the diplomatic service of the
477:gardens. There were also the Academies of the "
469:. These were followed by a new Academy in the "
1056:Pontificia Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici
997:
987:in the Palazzo di Sant'Apollinare and of the
975:
789:on at present. The Academy is located at the
708:This literary academy was founded in 1690 by
8:
212:introducing citations to additional sources
1152:that was in 1583 canonically designated by
829:Pontificia Accademia di Religione Cattolica
57:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1222:Societá di Conferenze di Sacra Archeologia
938:Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia
922:Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia
491:Marchesa Isabella Aldobrandini Pallavicino
148:. Please do not remove this message until
611:(1800–23) were founded the "Accademia di
281:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
107:Learn how and when to remove this message
698:Pontificia Accademia degli Arcadi (1690)
202:Relevant discussion may be found on the
144:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1397:Scientific organisations based in Italy
1259:
866:In 1809 the well-known archaeologist,
7:
1354:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1140:Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia
1134:Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia
489:" (1598); this last, founded by the
497:" (Vatican Nights), founded by St.
1344:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
1166:besides the above-named founders,
1109:Regia Accademia Romana di San Luca
14:
934:Pontifical Academy of Archaeology
928:Pontifical Academy of Archaeology
453:" (1530), and the Academy "della
38:This article has multiple issues.
1333:
1146:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
1064:
388:
195:relies largely or entirely on a
184:
123:
68:
27:
1381:The Italian academies 1525–1700
791:Pontifical Major Roman Seminary
349:, promoting the cultivation of
46:or discuss these issues on the
797:Pontificia Accademia Liturgica
762:Pontificia Accademia Teologica
1:
1365:Database of Italian academies
862:Pontificia Accademia Tiberina
582:), founded in 1603, and the "
1202:Accademia di Raffaele Sanzio
1194:has been transformed into a
965:Accademia Filarmonica Romana
851:Pontificia Accademia Romana
150:conditions to do so are met
1438:
1137:
1096:It was founded in 1701 by
925:
839:Giovanni Fortunato Zamboni
710:Giovanni Mario Crescimbeni
701:
683:
15:
1310:de Beer, Susanna (2008).
1246:Circolo Giuridico di Roma
1073:This section needs to be
870:founded the short-lived "
718:Queen Christina of Sweden
607:ones were revived. Under
443:Accademia degli Intronati
406:pagan-influenced humanism
1048:Academic Schools of Rome
1013:Michele Stefano de Rossi
647:" and the "Accademia di
619:"; in 1835 that of the "
436:16th-century 'academies'
435:
16:Not to be confused with
948:for the advancement of
769:Accademia Ecclesiastica
461:under the patronage of
1019:Regia Accademia Medica
998:
976:
856:Cancelleria Apostolica
819:Ephemerides Liturgicae
332:
1417:Education in Florence
1351:Catholic Encyclopedia
1228:Giambattista De Rossi
1182:, pianist. From 1868
991:. Among its founders
959:Accademia Filarmonica
714:Gian Vincenzo Gravina
633:Accademia Filarmonica
621:Immacolata Concezione
507:Accademia Eustachiana
457:" (1538), founded by
359:Renaissance Platonism
1266:de Beer, pp. 186–190
989:Gregorian University
904:States of the Church
888:Necrologio Tiberiano
686:Accademia dei Lincei
600:Accademia Theologica
208:improve this article
1422:Italian Renaissance
1407:History of Florence
969:Piazza San Marcello
896:Sacred Congregation
625:Accademia Liturgica
613:Religione Cattolica
592:Accademia Liturgica
588:Counter-Reformation
551:Accademia Esquilina
501:; an "Accademia di
485:" (1576), and the "
426:Filippo Buonaccorsi
301:Italian Renaissance
137:of this article is
1370:2009-02-10 at the
1287:on 3 December 2013
1281:Castel Sant'Angelo
876:Accademia Tiberina
872:Accademia Ellenica
854:the palace of the
704:Academy of Arcadia
641:Conferenze Storico
617:Accademia Tiberina
487:Illuminati (Roman)
422:Bartolomeo Platina
414:Sanseverino family
375:Basilios Bessarion
333:Bessarion's circle
87:You can assist by
1412:Education in Rome
1325:978-90-04-16955-5
1240:John Henry Parker
1184:Giovanni Sgambati
1094:
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993:Vincenzo Anivitti
916:Cardinal Parocchi
665:Archeologia Sacra
604:French Revolution
517:(1625), and the "
463:Cardinal Ippolito
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1176:Giuseppe Tartini
1174:, the organist;
1124:Girolamo Muziano
1120:Federigo Zuccari
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823:Liturgical Diary
669:Accademia Medica
499:Charles Borromeo
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1383:(a project)
1291:25 November
1172:Frescobaldi
1163:Innocent XI
1128:Via Bonella
908:Gregory XVI
884:Clement XIV
773:Clement XII
649:San Tommaso
598:, and the "
566:founded by
451:Vinegrowers
389:Pomponio's
363:neoplatonic
343:Renaissance
339:in Florence
1391:Categories
1254:References
1158:Urban VIII
1118:(1577) by
1098:Clement XI
1085:March 2019
912:Rendiconti
811:Gregory XV
781:University
756:Metastasio
661:Conferenze
645:Giuridiche
515:Fantastici
447:Vignaiuoli
351:philosophy
317:Florentine
234:newspapers
135:neutrality
89:editing it
43:improve it
1374:from the
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1168:Carissimi
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745:Marinists
568:Richelieu
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531:Infecondi
479:Intrepidi
418:epicurean
204:talk page
146:talk page
49:talk page
1368:Archived
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1102:Holy See
900:Pius VII
843:Pius VII
815:Lazarist
809:, under
777:Sapienza
653:Leo XIII
637:Catholic
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511:Umoristi
410:Teggiano
402:Pomponio
379:academia
367:Cardinal
361:and its
309:Florence
139:disputed
1342::
1304:Sources
1075:updated
955:study.
944:by the
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880:Odoacer
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657:SocietĂ
584:Arcadia
535:Occulti
503:Diritto
483:Animosi
475:Farnese
449:", or "
430:Paul II
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248:scholar
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