827:
54:
1155:, which was raised a little higher and stood a little way off from the furnace. It was already considerably heated from its contiguity to the furnace and the hypocaust below it, so that it supplied the deficiency of the former without materially diminishing its temperature; and the vacuum in this last was again filled up from the farthest removed, which contained the cold water received directly from the square reservoir seen behind them. The boilers themselves no longer remain, but the impressions which they have left in the mortar in which they were embedded are clearly visible, and enable us to determine their respective positions and dimensions. Such coppers or boilers appear to have been called
681:
633:
649:
665:
69:
182:
448:
1434:
1149:, of more than 2 m (6 ft 7 in). in diameter, which heated the water and poured hot air into the hollow cells of the hypocaustum. It passed from the furnace under the first and last of the caldrons by two flues, which are marked on the plan. The boiler containing hot water was placed immediately over the furnace; as the water was drawn out from there, it was supplied from the next, the
1266:
1596:
1421:
Roman emperor is said to have replied "Because I do not have the time to bathe twice a day." Emperors often built baths to gain favour for themselves and to create a lasting monument of their generosity. If a rich Roman wished to gain the favour of the people, he might arrange for a free admission day in his name. For example, a senator hoping to become a
2220:
853:). It did not contain water either at Pompeii nor at the Baths of Hippias, but was merely heated with warm air of an agreeable temperature, in order to prepare the body for the great heat of the vapour and warm baths, and, upon returning, to prevent a too-sudden transition to the open air. In the baths at Pompeii this chamber also served as an
1071:
1420:
The Romans believed that good health came from bathing, eating, massages, and exercise. The baths, therefore, had all of these things in abundance. Since some citizens would be bathing multiple times a week, Roman society was surprisingly clean. When asked by a foreigner why he bathed once a day, a
1338:
In many ways, baths were the ancient Roman equivalent of community centres. Because the bathing process took so long, conversation was necessary. Many Romans would use the baths as a place to invite their friends to dinner parties, and many politicians would go to the baths to convince fellow Romans
1349:
One important function of the baths in Roman society was their role as what we would consider a "branch library" today. Many in the general public did not have access to the grand libraries in Rome and so as a cultural institution the baths served as an important resource where the more common
1362:
all contained rooms determined to be libraries. They have been identified through the architecture of the baths themselves. The presence of niches in the walls are assumed to have been bookcases and have been shown to be sufficiently deep to have contained ancient scrolls. There is little
284:, and is expressly used to characterize the modesty of republican manners as compared with the luxury of his own times. But when the baths of private individuals became more sumptuous and comprised many rooms, instead of the one small chamber described by Seneca, the plural
1389:
advocated for public access to books and that libraries be open to all readers, there is little evidence that public libraries existed in the modern sense as we know it. It is more likely that these reserves were maintained for the wealthy elite.
259:
signifies, in its primary sense, a bath or bathing-vessel, such as most persons of any consequence among the Romans possessed in their own houses, and hence the chamber which contained the bath, which is also the proper translation of the word
900:
is generally the most highly ornamented room in baths. It was merely a room to sit and be anointed in. In the Forum Baths at
Pompeii the floor is mosaic, the arched ceiling adorned with stucco and painting on a coloured ground, the walls red.
603:, for the convenience of the better classes while awaiting the return of their acquaintances from the interior. In this court, advertisements for the theatre or other announcements of general interest were posted, one of which, announcing a
532:(barely visible, right side, one third of the total length from above), which is removed from the street by a narrow footway surrounding the building and after descending three steps, the bather would find a small chamber on his left (
1345:
had many attributes in addition to the baths. There were libraries, rooms for poetry readings, and places to buy and eat food. The modern equivalent would be a combination of a library, art gallery, mall, restaurant, gym, and spa.
501:'s Old Baths, otherwise known as the Forum Baths, which are among the best-preserved Roman baths. These baths were connected to the forum at Pompeii, hence the name. The references are to the floor plan pictured to the right.
859:
for those who took the warm bath. The walls feature a number of separate compartments or recesses for receiving the garments when taken off. The compartments are divided from each other by figures of the kind called
1363:
documentation from the writers of the time that there did exist definitive public libraries maintained in the baths, but records have been found that indicated a slave from the imperial household was labelled
1287:, or outdoor gymnasium where men would engage in various ball games and exercises. There, among other things, weights were lifted and the discus thrown. Men would oil themselves and remove the excess with a
740:). Holes are still visible on the walls, and probably mark the places where the pegs for the bathers' clothes were set. The chamber was lighted by a glass window, and had six doors. One of these led to the
140:
Most Roman cities had at least one – if not many – such buildings, which were centers not only for bathing, but socializing and reading as well. Bathhouses were also provided for wealthy private
916:. It sometimes took place before going to the hot bath, and sometimes after the cold bath, before putting on the clothes, in order to check the perspiration. Some baths had a special room (
1309:, a slave that carried his master's towels, oils, and strigils to the baths and then watched over them once in the baths, as thieves and pickpockets were known to frequent the baths.
724:), a room for undressing in which all visitors must have met before entering the baths proper. Here, the bathers removed their clothing, which was taken in charge by slaves known as
2589:
1369:('maintenance man of the Greek library of the baths'). However, this may only indicate that the same slave held two positions in succession: "maintenance man of the baths" (
327:
have no singular number, were the public baths, but this accuracy of diction is neglected by many of the subsequent writers, and particularly by the poets, amongst whom
618:
1767:
826:
1580:
was opened in New York City, with a Main
Waiting Room that borrowed heavily from the frigidarium of the Baths of Diocletian, especially with the use of repeated
575:
This palaestra was the exercise ground for the young men, or perhaps served as a promenade for visitors to the baths. Within this court the keeper of the baths (
2476:
3018:
3060:
3048:
2234:
1962:
3107:
1145:). The warm water was filled into the warm bath by a pipe through the wall, marked on the plan. Underneath the hot chamber was set the circular furnace
2210:
504:
This specific complex consists of a double set of baths, one for men and one for women. It has six different entrances from the street, one of which (
3023:
4395:
3033:
680:
632:
403:, as well as a regular establishment appropriated for bathing. Writers, however, use these terms without distinction. Thus the baths erected by
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3028:
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2164:
4310:
3135:
2662:
1743:
1516:
664:
1577:
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385:, 'hot') meant properly warm springs, or baths of warm water; but came to be applied to those magnificent edifices which grew up under the
2410:
885:), in which the charcoal ashes were still remaining when the excavation was made. Sitting and perspiring beside such a brazier was called
1008:
held cold water, for pouring upon the bather's head before he left the room. These basins are of marble in the Old Baths, but we hear of
2981:
2294:
Roman Baths and
Bathing: Proceedings of the First International Conference On Roman Baths Held At Bath, England, 30 March-4 April 1992.
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2652:
2109:
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in the ceiling. The success of the design of
Pennsylvania Station in turn was copied in other railroad stations around the world.
966:. Its walls also were hollow, behind the decorated plaster one part of the wall was made from interconnected hollow bricks called
4335:
3008:
2657:
2584:
1251:. The floor of this chamber is suspended, and its walls perforated for flues, like the corresponding one in the men's baths. The
2601:
2534:
2244:
1966:
2379:
1521:
A number of Roman public baths survive, either as ruins or in varying degrees of conservation. Among the more notable are the
3355:
3280:
3038:
2287:
The Baths of
Caracalla: A Study In the Design, Construction, and Economics of Large-Scale Building Projects In Imperial Rome.
1719:
1793:
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2199:
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3691:
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2422:
38:
4390:
1900:
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Andrews, Cath. "Ancient Roman Baths: Cleanliness and
Godliness under one roof". Explore Italian Culture. Web. 4/22/12.
1526:
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508:) gives admission to the smaller women's set only. Five other entrances lead to the men's department, of which two (
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might pay all admission fees at a particular bath on his birthday to become well known to the people of the area.
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3345:
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1120:, or persons in charge of the fires. Of its two staircases, one leads to the roof of the baths, and one to the
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558:
31:
68:
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181:
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301:
170:
153:
2299:
Fagan, Garrett G. 2001. "The genesis of the Roman public bath: Recent approaches and future directions".
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1222:
of the men's set, but of much smaller dimensions. There are four steps on the inside to descend into it.
296:
was adopted, which still, in correct language, had reference only to the baths of private persons. Thus,
44:
This article is about buildings used for Roman recreation and cleaning. For the activity in general, see
4426:
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45:
404:
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4019:
4009:
3886:
3786:
3711:
3576:
3539:
2915:
2579:
1410:
1046:, and used simply as a sweating-room, having no bath. It was said to have been introduced at Rome by
861:
439:—the terms are not applied to the whole building, but to two different chambers in the same edifice.
1433:
871:
Three bronze benches were also found in the room, which was heated as well by its contiguity to the
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3085:
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2229:
1970:
1601:
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which runs back from the portico, might have been appropriated to him; but most probably it was an
399:, and which comprised within their range of buildings all the appurtenances belonging to the Greek
4345:
4069:
3876:
3731:
3671:
3591:
3534:
3398:
2634:
2613:
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1761:
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1534:
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1394:
1355:
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273:
137:
were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed in great numbers throughout Rome.
57:
3984:
1454:
236:
may all be translated as 'bath' or 'baths', though Latin sources distinguish among these terms.
2407:
924:
3979:
3831:
3586:
3546:
3524:
2732:
2137:
2131:
2053:
1749:
1739:
1709:
1640:
1614:
1570:
906:
726:
344:
64:, England. The entire structure above the level of the pillar bases is a later reconstruction.
1437:
Virtual historical reconstruction of the Roman Baths in Weißenburg, Germany, using data from
912:
881:
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4004:
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1245:), on one side of which is a warm bath in a square recess, and at the farther extremity the
1180:
The adjoining, smaller set of baths were assigned to the women. The entrance is by the door
277:
2394:
2105:
4139:
3951:
3931:
3891:
3826:
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2512:
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2414:
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1815:
1562:
1546:
1393:
Baths were a site for important sculpture; among the well-known pieces recovered from the
1351:
166:
2106:"NOVA Online | Secrets of Lost Empires | Roman Bath | A Day at the Baths"
333:
is not uncommonly used in the plural number to signify the public baths, since the word
4194:
3836:
3571:
3519:
3491:
3438:
3423:
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3150:
3140:
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2820:
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2541:
2133:
An
Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World
1542:
1386:
1300:
396:
251:
61:
152:. They were supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream, or within cities by
4415:
3726:
3696:
3611:
3145:
3122:
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2194:
1908:
1801:
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868:, which project from the walls and support a rich cornice above them in a wide arch.
809:
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3260:
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2667:
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from "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Antiquities", pub. John Murray, London, 1875.
1399:
843:
the bather who wished to go through the warm bath and sweating process entered the
762:
386:
125:
77:
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141:
128:
2433:-licensed photos, laser scans, panoramas) with data from a City of Weissenburg/
2322:
Thermae Et Balnea: The
Architecture and Cultural History of Roman Public Baths.
2077:
Dix, Keith (1994). "'Public
Libraries' in Ancient Rome: Ideology and Reality".
812:. The bath in this chamber is of white marble, surrounded by two marble steps.
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in the women's baths had no brazier, but it had a hanging or suspended floor.
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972:, forming a great flue filled with heated air. At one end was a round basin (
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2401:
2327:
Ring, James W. 1996. "Windows, baths and solar energy in the Roman Empire".
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161:
157:
2443:
Information regarding a 19th-century version of the Roman or "Turkish" bath
2277:
The water supply of ancient Rome: A study of Roman imperial administration.
1733:
1281:
The baths often included, aside from the three main rooms listed above, a
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has a passage (q) communicating with the mouth of the furnace (i), called
17:
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1212:) on either side built up against the wall. This opens upon a cold bath (
583:
408:
281:
194:
186:
2313:
Marvin, M. 1983. "Freestanding sculptures from the Baths of Caracalla".
1168:
Behind the boilers, another corridor leads into the court or palaestra (
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was a spacious chamber, with stone seats along three sides of the wall (
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and, passing down that passage, we reach the chamber M, into which the
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1565:. Probably the most complete are various public and private baths in
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and over life-size early 3rd century patriotic figures, (now in the
1070:
2223: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
4029:
3751:
3478:
2770:
2434:
2308:
Ancient Baths and Bathing: A Bibliography for the Years 1988-2001.
1827:
1554:
1432:
1264:
1069:
825:
593:
446:
324:
180:
145:
67:
52:
1501:'to burn') were utilised to heat the piped water from a furnace (
622:
provided illustrations envisioning the rooms of the Old Baths at
497:
By way of illustration, this article will describe the layout of
4239:
3806:
3746:
3328:
2704:
1550:
516:), communicate directly with the furnaces, and the other three (
2458:
1882:
De Ling. Lat. viii. 25, ix. 41, ed. Müller (cited by Rich, 183)
2800:
2397:
An interactive site using the Baths of Caracalla as an example
2388:
607:
show, still remains. At the sides of the entrance were seats (
2193:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1901:
1794:
1705:
Water Distribution in Ancient Rome: The Evidence of Frontinus
368:
254:
156:. The water would be heated by fire then channelled into the
108:
89:
1014:
of solid silver. Because of the great heat of the room, the
347:
also, in the same sentence, makes use of the neuter plural
458:
A public bath was built around three principal rooms: the
1784:
More literally, "It is a healthful thing to have bathed."
197:, and the slogan SALVOM LAVISSE, "A bath is good for you"
2214:(3rd ed.). London: John Murray. p. 183 et seq.
160:(hot bathing room). The design of baths is discussed by
1830:, De Ling. Lat. ix. 68, ed. Müller (cited by Rich, 183)
730:, notorious in ancient times for their dishonesty. The
1198:), which, like the one in the men's bath, has a seat (
1241:), which also communicates with the thermal chamber (
379:, 'hot springs, hot baths', from the Greek adjective
587:
paid by each visitor, was also stationed. The room (
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1483:were built around them. Alternatively, a system of
1445:Baths sprang up all over the empire. Where natural
1110:projects, and which is entered from the street at
978:), and at the other a quadrangular bathing place (
37:"Roman baths" redirects here. For other uses, see
2324:2nd ed. Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University Press.
550:), which ran round three sides of an open court (
2420:Roman Baths of Weissenburg Digital Media Archive
1708:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 9, 10.
1381:). The reason for this debate is that, although
2391:– Technical investigation of Roman public works
2377:ThermeMuseum (Museum of the Thermae) in Heerlen
1735:Daily life in ancient Rome : a sourcebook
1002:), approached from the platform by steps. The
2470:
2310:Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
2296:Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
2289:Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.
1350:citizen could enjoy the luxury of books. The
1172:), appropriated to the servants of the bath.
27:Public facilities for bathing in ancient Rome
8:
2292:DeLaine, Janet, and David E Johnston. 1999.
2245:"Mass Bathing: The Roman Balnea and Thermae"
1873:Ad Q. Frat. iii. 1. § 1 (cited by Rich, 183)
1040:, which was a chamber still hotter than the
760:), with its cold plunge-bath referred to as
619:Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
300:terms the baths at the villa of his brother
2352:New York: Architectural History Foundation.
2235:Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
2052:. University of Michigan Press. p. 9.
1963:Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
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1133:) held the hot water; a second, the tepid (
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808:suggest that some of those baths were also
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1766:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1225:Opposite to the door of entrance into the
2450:. solarhousehistory.com. 20 January 2014.
2350:Baths and bathing in classical antiquity.
2211:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1375:) and "employee in the Greek library" (a
1184:, which conducts into a small vestibule (
904:Anointing was performed by slaves called
1127:There were three boilers, one of which (
962:floor was directly above the furnace or
528:Passing through the principal entrance,
2279:Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica.
1960:The following is adapted from the 1898
1924:Juv. Sat. vii. 233 (cited by Rich, 184)
1855:, Ad Fam. xiv. 20 (cited by Rich, 183).
1738:. Brian K. Harvey. Indianapolis. 2016.
1694:
1303:). Often wealthy bathers would bring a
831:Pompeian interior, The Thermae by Forum
628:
451:Plan of the Old Baths (Forum Baths) at
2018:Plin. H. N.xxxiii. 152 (cited by Peck)
1759:
1366:vilicus thermarum bybliothecae Graecae
1231:is another doorway which leads to the
1161:, from their similarity of shape to a
2359:New York: Cambridge University Press.
2341:Roupas, N. 2012. "Roman bath tiles".
1517:List of remains of Roman public baths
72:Bulla Regia, inside the thermal baths
7:
2049:Bathing in Public in the Roman World
833:by Joseph Theodor Hansen (1848–1912)
2448:"The Roman Baths and Solar Heating"
2406:3d reconstruction of a Roman baths
2036:Pallad. i. 40; v. 8 (cited by Peck)
1933:Sylv. i. 5. 13 (cited by Rich, 184)
1312:The changing room was known as the
2238:. New York: Harper & Brothers.
2027:Dio Cass. liii. 27 (cited by Peck)
875:of the adjoining chamber, as by a
25:
567:), in which the servants waited.
193:, showing bathing sandals, three
2218:
2066:from the original on 2018-05-07.
1891:Ep. ii. 17. (cited by Rich, 184)
1722:from the original on 2018-05-07.
1594:
679:
663:
647:
631:
2329:American Journal of Archaeology
2315:American Journal of Archaeology
2301:American Journal of Archaeology
2243:Aaland, Mikkel (May 15, 1998).
2112:from the original on 2012-11-13
520:) with the bathing apartments.
482:also featured steam baths: the
118:) were facilities for bathing.
2395:Roman Bath: a day at the baths
2306:Manderscheid, Hubertus. 2004.
1991:Dig. xlvii. 17 (cited by Peck)
542:), and proceed into a covered
488:, a moist steam bath, and the
407:, the freedman of the Emperor
1:
2000:Suet. Aug. 82 (cited by Peck)
1511:Remains of Roman public baths
1074:A three-tiered water boiler (
1020:was but slightly ornamented.
557:). These together formed the
339:could not be introduced in a
276:to designate the bathroom of
3049:Frontiers and fortifications
2009:Galen. x. 49 (cited by Peck)
1982:Pro Cael. 26 (cited by Peck)
1497:
1491:
1326:
1320:
1139:); and the third, the cold (
381:
375:
124:usually refers to the large
114:
95:
39:Roman Baths (disambiguation)
3108:Decorations and punishments
2357:Bathing In the Roman World.
1951:ix. 76 (cited by Rich, 184)
1942:vi. 42 (cited by Rich, 184)
1864:Ep. 86 (cited by Rich, 183)
1527:Ravenglass Roman Bath House
1273:, completed in 216 on a 25
696:Apodyterium and frigidarium
4443:
4015:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2590:historiography of the fall
1902:
1795:
1514:
1339:to join their causes. The
1188:) and from there into the
1027:
935:
819:
699:
369:
255:
109:
90:
43:
36:
29:
4396:External wars and battles
2520:
2493:
2232:, ed. (1898). "Balneae".
2136:. Springer. p. 227.
2130:Shephard, Roy J. (2014).
2046:Garrett G. Fagan (2002).
1114:. It was assigned to the
389:, in place of the simple
2334:Rotherham, Ian D. 2012.
32:Thermae (disambiguation)
4391:Roman–Iranian relations
2866:Optimates and populares
2402:Roman baths and bathing
2348:Yegül, Fikret K. 1992.
2336:Roman Baths In Britain.
2275:Bruun, Christer. 1991.
2079:Libraries & Culture
1811:A Greek–English Lexicon
1702:Harry B. Evans (1997).
1673:Ancient Baths of Alauna
1668:Victorian Turkish baths
1573:is still in use today.
948:a door opened into the
4401:Civil wars and revolts
3667:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3314:Conflict of the Orders
2673:Legislative assemblies
2441:Victorian Turkish bath
1569:and nearby sites. The
1503:
1479:
1442:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1341:
1305:
1278:
1269:Ruins of the enormous
1253:
1247:
1233:
1227:
1218:
1208:
1200:
1190:
1157:
1151:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1124:containing the water.
1116:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1058:
1042:
1034:The Old Baths have no
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
968:
950:
944:
896:
887:
855:
845:
839:
834:
804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
766:(more commonly called
732:
609:
577:
563:
478:
455:
436:subice balneum thermis
435:
425:
416:
391:
363:
355:
349:
335:
329:
319:
313:
305:
292:
286:
268:
262:
246:
240:
232:
226:
218:
210:
202:
198:
185:Mosaic bath sign from
133:
120:
102:
83:
73:
65:
4110:Simplicius of Cilicia
3862:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3091:Siege in Ancient Rome
2700:Executive magistrates
2371:Roman Baths (Balneae)
2320:Nielsen, Inge. 1993.
1802:Liddell, Henry George
1770:) CS1 maint: others (
1626:History of sanitation
1610:Ancient Roman bathing
1436:
1334:Cultural significance
1268:
1073:
829:
750:) and another to the
450:
323:, which according to
184:
71:
56:
46:Ancient Roman bathing
4120:Stephanus Byzantinus
4025:Eusebius of Caesaria
3887:Sidonius Apollinaris
3577:Ammianus Marcellinus
2916:Tribune of the plebs
2437:research partnership
2230:Peck, Harry Thurston
1578:Pennsylvania Station
1411:Museo di Capodimonte
1378:bybliothecae Graecae
1291:(cf. the well known
1216:), answering to the
1175:
1050:and was also called
928:) for this purpose.
616:The 1898 edition of
571:Use of the palaestra
564:vestibulum balnearum
470:(hot room), and the
359:for a private bath.
30:For other uses, see
4422:Ancient Roman baths
4296:Distinguished women
3947:Velleius Paterculus
3787:Nicolaus Damascenus
3767:Marcellus Empiricus
3156:Republican currency
2400:Barbara F. McManus
2303:105, no. 3: 403–26.
1971:Harry Thurston Peck
1602:Ancient Rome portal
1523:Roman baths of Bath
581:), who exacted the
429:. In an epigram by
353:for public, and of
250:, derived from the
4070:Phlegon of Tralles
3877:Seneca the Younger
3351:Naming conventions
3081:Personal equipment
2614:Later Roman Empire
2425:2011-12-02 at the
2413:2011-05-31 at the
2382:2008-03-16 at the
2165:"Welcome to nginx"
1631:Roman architecture
1535:Baths of Caracalla
1443:
1395:Baths of Caracalla
1279:
1271:Baths of Caracalla
1082:
835:
494:, a dry hot room.
476:(cold room). Some
456:
199:
74:
66:
58:Roman public baths
4409:
4408:
4371:Pontifices maximi
4153:
4152:
4010:Diogenes Laërtius
3832:Pliny the Younger
3587:Asconius Pedianus
3547:Romance languages
3419:Civil engineering
3161:Imperial currency
3034:Political control
2995:
2994:
2629:
2628:
2338:Stroud: Amberley.
1745:978-1-58510-795-7
1641:Roman engineering
1615:Diocletian window
1571:Hammam Essalihine
1553:and the baths of
1372:vilicus thermarum
888:ad flammam sudare
714:) leads into the
536:) with a toilet (
464:(warm room), the
426:Etrusci thermulae
405:Claudius Etruscus
266:. The diminutive
16:(Redirected from
4434:
4361:Magistri equitum
4276:Cities and towns
4269:
4195:Constantinopolis
4005:Diodorus Siculus
3937:Valerius Maximus
3872:Seneca the Elder
3792:Nonius Marcellus
3560:
3113:Hippika gymnasia
3076:Infantry tactics
2982:Consular tribune
2972:Magister equitum
2921:Military tribune
2886:
2846:Pontifex maximus
2841:Princeps senatus
2831:Magister militum
2597:Byzantine Empire
2518:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2456:
2451:
2431:creative commons
2408:Limes in Austria
2264:
2262:
2260:
2255:on June 26, 2016
2251:. Archived from
2239:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2207:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2167:. Archived from
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2093:
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2086:
2074:
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2037:
2034:
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2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
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1992:
1989:
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1980:
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1952:
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1765:
1757:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1699:
1678:Bliesbruck Baths
1646:Roman technology
1617:(thermal window)
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1482:
1406:Farnese Hercules
1380:
1374:
1368:
1344:
1330:'to take off').
1329:
1323:
1308:
1256:
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1236:
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1160:
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683:
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651:
635:
612:
580:
566:
481:
438:
428:
419:
411:, are styled by
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384:
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371:
366:
358:
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332:
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280:in the villa at
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4405:
4267:
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4149:
3985:Aëtius of Amida
3966:
3952:Verrius Flaccus
3932:Valerius Antias
3892:Silius Italicus
3827:Pliny the Elder
3772:Marcus Aurelius
3647:Cornelius Nepos
3597:Aurelius Victor
3551:
3473:
3385:
3319:Secessio plebis
3290:
3165:
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2757:
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2427:Wayback Machine
2415:Wayback Machine
2384:Wayback Machine
2366:
2272:
2270:Further reading
2267:
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2256:
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2228:
2219:
2205:"Balneae"
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1816:Perseus Project
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1727:
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1701:
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1686:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1533:as well as the
1519:
1513:
1455:Băile Herculane
1449:existed (as in
1431:
1352:Baths of Trajan
1336:
1263:
1178:
1068:
1032:
1026:
969:tubuli lateraci
940:
934:
824:
818:
708:
700:Main articles:
698:
691:
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443:Building layout
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167:De architectura
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3837:Pomponius Mela
3834:
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3572:Aelius Donatus
3568:
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3552:
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3543:
3542:
3540:Ecclesiastical
3537:
3532:
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3522:
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3512:
3507:
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3494:
3489:
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3481:
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3281:Toys and games
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2823:
2821:Vigintisexviri
2818:
2813:
2808:
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2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:Cursus honorum
2778:
2773:
2767:
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2593:
2592:
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2580:Western Empire
2577:
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2562:
2556:
2554:
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2369:William Smith
2365:
2364:External links
2362:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2345:65, no. 2: 12.
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
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2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:DeLaine, Janet
2280:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2240:
2216:
2202:, ed. (1890).
2200:Smith, William
2190:
2188:
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2156:
2142:
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1993:
1984:
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1926:
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1515:Main article:
1512:
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1387:Asinius Pollio
1335:
1332:
1301:Vatican Museum
1277:(33 acre) site
1262:
1259:
1177:
1174:
1067:
1064:
1028:Main article:
1025:
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999:calida piscina
936:Main article:
933:
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820:Main article:
817:
814:
810:swimming pools
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685:
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637:
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561:of the baths (
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272:is adopted by
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129:bath complexes
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4018:
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4008:
4006:
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3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
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3808:
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3800:
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3750:
3748:
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3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:Julius Paulus
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
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3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:Fabius Pictor
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
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3501:
3498:
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3476:
3470:
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3457:
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3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
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3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:Amphitheatres
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
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3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
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3310:
3307:
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3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
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3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
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3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Deforestation
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:Siege engines
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
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3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
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3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:Establishment
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
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2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:Extraordinary
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Promagistrate
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
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2799:
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2784:
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2779:
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2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Twelve Tables
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
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2274:
2273:
2269:
2254:
2250:
2249:Cyber-Bohemia
2246:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:public domain
2217:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:public domain
2192:
2191:
2186:
2171:on 2008-05-10
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2145:
2143:9783319116716
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2061:
2059:0-472-08865-3
2055:
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2024:
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2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
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1846:
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1824:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1806:Scott, Robert
1803:
1799:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
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1715:0-472-08446-1
1711:
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1657:Thermae Romae
1654:
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1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:Roman culture
1634:
1632:
1629:
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1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:of Diocletian
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:Aquae Calidae
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:Bath, England
1448:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1383:Julius Caesar
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1317:
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1125:
1123:
1118:
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1078:
1072:
1066:Service areas
1065:
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1038:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1018:
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970:
965:
961:
957:
952:
946:
939:
931:
929:
927:
926:
921:
920:
919:destrictarium
915:
914:
909:
908:
902:
898:
892:
889:
884:
883:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
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734:
729:
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723:
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469:
468:
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454:
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442:
440:
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432:
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423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
365:
360:
357:
351:
346:
342:
337:
331:
326:
321:
315:
310:
307:
303:
299:
294:
288:
283:
279:
275:
270:
264:
253:
248:
242:
237:
234:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
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196:
192:
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183:
176:
174:
172:
169:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
135:
130:
127:
122:
116:
106:
104:
99:, "hot") and
97:
87:
85:
79:
70:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
4427:Hydrotherapy
4341:Institutions
4205:Leptis Magna
4158:Major cities
4065:Philostratus
3852:Quadrigarius
3672:Rufus Festus
3535:Contemporary
3468:
3256:Romanization
3179:Architecture
2786:Collegiality
2635:Constitution
2486:Ancient Rome
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2331:100: 717–24.
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2276:
2257:. Retrieved
2253:the original
2248:
2233:
2209:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:the original
2159:
2149:19 September
2147:. Retrieved
2132:
2125:
2114:. Retrieved
2100:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1961:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1848:
1840:
1835:
1823:
1809:
1789:
1780:
1734:
1728:
1704:
1697:
1661:
1655:
1582:groin vaults
1575:
1520:
1495:'below' and
1484:
1444:
1419:
1404:
1400:Farnese Bull
1398:
1392:
1348:
1337:
1318:(from Greek
1313:
1311:
1282:
1280:
1242:
1238:
1224:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1176:Women's bath
1169:
1167:
1146:
1126:
1117:fornacatores
1111:
1083:
1051:
1035:
1033:
973:
955:
941:
923:
917:
911:
905:
903:
893:
880:
870:
850:
836:
830:
796:; the terms
767:
763:baptisterium
761:
757:
751:
747:
741:
737:
725:
721:
715:
711:
709:
686:
670:
654:
638:
617:
615:
605:gladiatorial
598:
592:
588:
582:
574:
551:
547:
537:
533:
529:
527:
517:
513:
509:
505:
503:
496:
489:
483:
471:
465:
459:
457:
430:
361:
311:
238:
222:
214:
206:
200:
165:
139:
107:(from Greek
100:
88:(from Greek
81:
78:ancient Rome
75:
50:
4336:Geographers
4020:Dioscorides
4000:Cassius Dio
3622:Cassiodorus
3525:Renaissance
3131:Agriculture
3103:Auxiliaries
3044:Engineering
2881:Magistrates
2733:Citizenship
2728:Mos maiorum
2663:Late Empire
2343:Archaeology
2317:87: 347–84.
1621:Greek baths
1504:praefurnium
1447:hot springs
1321:apodyterion
1315:apodyterium
1293:Apoxyomenus
1228:apodyterium
1191:apodyterium
1142:frigidarium
1107:praefurnium
1094:praefurnium
1087:apodyterium
879:of bronze (
856:apodyterium
840:apodyterium
753:frigidarium
733:apodyterium
717:apodyterium
710:A passage (
706:Frigidarium
702:Apodyterium
688:Frigidarium
640:Apodyterium
473:frigidarium
177:Terminology
146:town houses
4416:Categories
4225:Mediolanum
4165:Alexandria
4130:Themistius
4095:Porphyrius
3922:Tertullian
3857:Quintilian
3847:Propertius
3742:Lactantius
3692:Fulgentius
3627:Censorinus
3449:Sanitation
3434:Metallurgy
3391:Technology
3356:Demography
3304:Patricians
3271:Spectacles
3229:Literature
3224:Hairstyles
3061:Technology
2811:Praefectus
2763:Government
2753:Litigation
2738:Auctoritas
2683:Centuriate
2570:Principate
2565:Pax Romana
2525:Foundation
2355:--. 2010.
2175:2008-05-09
2116:2012-08-24
1969:edited by
1841:Ad Atticum
1684:References
1486:hypocausta
1441:technology
1439:laser scan
1360:Diocletian
1254:tepidarium
1234:tepidarium
1152:tepidarium
1136:tepidarium
1101:propigneum
1053:sudatorium
945:tepidarium
897:tepidarium
846:tepidarium
822:Tepidarium
816:Tepidarium
805:natatorium
769:natatorium
743:tepidarium
656:Tepidarium
485:sudatorium
461:tepidarium
263:balnearium
18:Roman bath
4381:Quaestors
4311:Empresses
4301:Dynasties
4291:Dictators
4266:and other
4255:Volubilis
4250:Vindobona
4210:Londinium
4135:Theodoret
4105:Procopius
4085:Polyaenus
4060:Pausanias
3962:Vitruvius
3907:Symmachus
3902:Suetonius
3812:Petronius
3797:Obsequens
3762:Macrobius
3757:Lucretius
3682:Frontinus
3657:Eutropius
3642:Columella
3592:Augustine
3582:Appuleius
3530:Neo-Latin
3505:Classical
3496:Versions
3404:Aqueducts
3346:Patronage
3266:Sexuality
3239:Mythology
3214:Education
3204:Cosmetics
3029:Campaigns
3024:Structure
2977:Decemviri
2836:Imperator
2535:overthrow
2259:August 2,
2085:(3): 288.
1907: in
1796:βαλανεῖον
1762:cite book
1754:924682988
1689:Citations
1664:and film)
1576:In 1910,
1547:of Trajan
1356:Caracalla
1306:capsarius
1299:from the
1284:palaestra
1163:milestone
1130:caldarium
1077:miliarium
1043:caldarium
1037:laconicum
1030:Laconicum
1024:Laconicum
1017:caldarium
964:hypocaust
958:), whose
951:caldarium
942:From the
938:Caldarium
932:Caldarium
925:unctorium
873:hypocaust
866:telamones
837:From the
672:Caldarium
578:balneator
559:vestibule
553:palaestra
524:Palaestra
518:a3, a2, a
491:laconicum
467:caldarium
420:, and by
341:hexameter
306:balnearia
269:balneolum
256:βαλανεῖον
162:Vitruvius
158:caldarium
115:balaneion
110:βαλανεῖον
4386:Tribunes
4376:Praetors
4326:Generals
4306:Emperors
4215:Lugdunum
4200:Eboracum
4190:Carthage
4175:Aquileia
4090:Polybius
4080:Plutarch
4050:Libanius
4040:Josephus
4035:Herodian
3927:Tibullus
3842:Priscian
3817:Phaedrus
3777:Manilius
3722:Jordanes
3707:Hydatius
3637:Claudian
3617:Catullus
3607:Boëthius
3602:Ausonius
3520:Medieval
3492:Alphabet
3464:Theatres
3439:Numerals
3424:Concrete
3414:Circuses
3381:Bagaudae
3371:Adoption
3366:Marriage
3339:Assembly
3244:Religion
3219:Folklore
3199:Clothing
3194:Calendar
3151:Currency
3141:Commerce
3039:Strategy
3001:Military
2987:Triumvir
2967:Dictator
2962:Interrex
2941:Governor
2926:Quaestor
2889:Ordinary
2871:Province
2861:Tetrarch
2851:Augustus
2816:Vicarius
2806:Officium
2743:Imperium
2693:Plebeian
2653:Republic
2575:Dominate
2542:Republic
2503:Timeline
2423:Archived
2411:Archived
2389:Traianus
2380:Archived
2285:. 1997.
2110:Archived
2064:Archived
1839:Cicero,
1720:Archived
1651:Spa town
1588:See also
1543:of Titus
1525:and the
1475:Bulgaria
1429:Location
1397:are the
1327:apoduein
1297:Lysippus
1201:pulvinus
1158:miliaria
907:unctores
862:atlantes
727:capsarii
584:quadrans
409:Claudius
401:gymnasia
397:republic
367:(Greek:
320:balineae
282:Liternum
247:balineum
233:balineum
219:balineae
195:strigils
187:Sabratha
154:aqueduct
131:, while
126:imperial
4356:Legions
4316:Fiction
4286:Consuls
4281:Climate
4235:Ravenna
4230:Pompeii
4220:Lutetia
4185:Bononia
4180:Berytus
4170:Antioch
4145:Zosimus
4140:Zonaras
4115:Sozomen
4100:Priscus
4075:Photius
3917:Terence
3912:Tacitus
3897:Statius
3882:Servius
3867:Sallust
3822:Plautus
3802:Orosius
3782:Martial
3737:Juvenal
3712:Hyginus
3697:Gellius
3556:Writers
3487:History
3469:Thermae
3459:Temples
3409:Bridges
3376:Slavery
3324:Equites
3296:Society
3276:Theatre
3249:Deities
3209:Cuisine
3189:Bathing
3171:Culture
3146:Finance
3123:Economy
3014:Borders
3009:History
2911:Tribune
2906:Praetor
2796:Legatus
2791:Emperor
2678:Curiate
2648:Kingdom
2643:History
2619:History
2602:decline
2560:History
2530:Kingdom
2513:History
2498:Outline
2227::
2197::
2187:Sources
2108:. PBS.
1909:Liddell
1814:at the
1567:Pompeii
1559:Serdica
1531:England
1480:thermae
1471:Serdica
1459:Romania
1423:Tribune
1342:thermae
1289:strigil
1275:hectare
1261:Purpose
1219:natatio
1122:boilers
1048:Agrippa
913:aliptae
882:foculus
877:brazier
799:natatio
787:natatio
781:loutron
775:piscina
624:Pompeii
610:scholae
544:portico
539:latrina
499:Pompeii
479:thermae
453:Pompeii
431:Martial
422:Martial
413:Statius
395:of the
392:balneae
382:thermos
376:Thermai
364:Thermae
356:balneum
343:verse.
336:balneae
314:Balneae
302:Quintus
293:balinea
241:Balneum
227:balneum
211:balneae
203:Thermae
134:balneae
121:Thermae
103:balneae
96:thermos
84:thermae
4366:Nomina
4351:Legacy
4331:Gentes
4268:topics
4264:Lists
4245:Smyrna
4125:Strabo
4055:Lucian
4045:Julian
3995:Arrian
3990:Appian
3980:Aelian
3957:Vergil
3732:Justin
3717:Jerome
3702:Horace
3687:Fronto
3677:Florus
3652:Ennius
3632:Cicero
3612:Caesar
3510:Vulgar
3334:Tribes
3261:Romans
3071:Legion
3054:castra
2931:Aedile
2901:Censor
2896:Consul
2856:Caesar
2826:Lictor
2748:Status
2688:Tribal
2668:Senate
2658:Empire
2552:Empire
2488:topics
2140:
2056:
1903:Θέρμαι
1853:Cicero
1843:ii. 3.
1752:
1742:
1712:
1489:(from
1467:Burgas
1415:Naples
1358:, and
1248:labrum
1209:gradus
1005:labrum
993:solium
987:alveus
981:puelos
975:labrum
960:mosaic
793:puteus
600:exedra
417:balnea
387:empire
370:Θέρμαι
350:balnea
330:balnea
298:Cicero
287:balnea
278:Scipio
274:Seneca
171:(V.10)
148:, and
142:villas
91:θερμός
4030:Galen
3972:Greek
3942:Varro
3752:Lucan
3564:Latin
3479:Latin
3454:Ships
3444:Roads
3429:Domes
3361:Women
3309:Plebs
3234:Music
2776:Forum
2771:Curia
2435:CyArk
1967:entry
1913:Scott
1828:Varro
1662:manga
1563:Varna
1555:Sofia
1465:near
1354:, of
1324:from
1011:alvei
790:, or
594:oecus
345:Pliny
325:Varro
252:Greek
191:Libya
150:forts
4346:Laws
4321:Film
4240:Roma
3807:Ovid
3747:Livy
3515:Late
3329:Gens
3286:Wine
3098:Navy
3066:Army
2705:SPQR
2607:fall
2585:fall
2261:2006
2151:2023
2138:ISBN
2054:ISBN
1911:and
1772:link
1768:link
1750:OCLC
1740:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1561:and
1551:Rome
1498:kaio
1492:hypo
1469:and
1403:and
1385:and
1084:The
1059:assa
1056:and
910:and
894:The
802:and
704:and
548:g, g
512:and
317:and
230:and
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3500:Old
3184:Art
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2801:Dux
2715:Law
1549:in
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1507:).
1461:or
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1295:of
1098:or
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864:or
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772:or
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