663:
44:
790:, and large ones made of stone and wood. Throughout the rest of the Roman world, except for northern Europe, arched bridges made of stone were common. This was likely due to the climate and rivers of the regions. Rivers were much calmer and water levels were lower in the southern parts of the Empire. This ensured foundations were easy to construct. While in the northern parts it was much harder to lay down foundations due to the high water level, muddy water, and substantial waterflow.
595:
2588:
320:
308:. This ensured as many piers as possible were accessible. There is some evidence that in order to construct bridges rivers were diverted. Such a practice might have been performed by Trajan when constructing his Danube bridge. Roman engineers might have diverted rivers using rudimentary methods and tools. Sometimes dirt was added to the foundation. The foundation of a bridge could either be built above or below
741:
237:
145:
1123:
1286:
333:, or vice versa. Throughout Roman history, brick or stone arches were used to support bridges' weight. Roman engineers built bridges with one long arch instead of several smaller ones. This practice made construction easier, as they only needed to build one arch on land, instead of many in water. Roman arches were semi-circular and used
647:, or both. Cofferdams would have been sealed with packed clay. The cofferdams also needed to be consistently dry. In order to achieve this, engineers would use tools such as buckets to drain the water. Wooden bridges could be burned to stop an attacker, or dismantled quickly. For example, according to
279:
featured open-spandrel segmental arches made of wood (standing on 40 metres (130 ft) high concrete piers). This was to be the longest arch bridge for a thousand years both in terms of overall and individual span length. The longest extant Roman bridge is the 790-metre (2,590 ft)
643:, which are enclosures build to pump water out of an area. The base for the foundation of the bridge would be put in this area. Cofferdams were constructed of many piles held together. It is possible the piles were interconnected, likely to improve positioning,
266:
has a pier 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) wide, arches with a 4.3-metre (14 ft) span, 6-and-9-metre (20 and 30 ft) side arches, and an arch spanning 18.5 metres (61 ft). Wider spans increase the bridge's drainage, reduce water pressure on the
372:
In the 2nd century, arches become thinner, and spandrels became flat and pierced with holes. They were constructed using a wooden frame to hold wedge-shaped blocks in place. Afterwards the wooden frame was removed, but the weight of the
763:, a substantial number still standing and even used to carry vehicles. A more complete survey by the Italian scholar Vittorio Galliazzo found 931 Roman bridges, mostly of stone, in as many as 26 different countries (including former
1273:
were also routinely employed. Judging by the distinct lack of records of pre-modern solid bridges spanning larger rivers, the Roman feat appears to be unsurpassed anywhere in the world until into the 19th century.
349:, or not semicircular. This technique was invented by the Romans. Segmented arches allowed greater amounts of flood water to pass, preventing the bridge from being swept away and allowing it to be lighter. The
624:. In order to simplify the process of cutting trees, multiple shorter timbers were used. Wooden poles were driven into the ground, and flat pieces of timber laid across them to create a flat surface.
1137:("bridge work"), were the responsibility of multiple local municipalities. Their shared costs prove Roman bridges belonged to the region overall, and not to any one town (or two, if on a border). The
137:, and superior arched bridges. Roman arched bridges were capable of withstanding more stress by dispersing forces across bridges. Many Roman bridges had semicircular arches, but a few were
223:, engineers copied their bridges. Roman bridge-building techniques persisted until the 18th century: for example, the prevalence of arches in bridges can be attributed to the Romans.
3412:
505:
were used to construct bridges. Bridges built in Iberia tended to have cylindrical vault geometry. In the first half of the 2nd century BCE, blocks of stone held together with iron
717:. Roman engineers gradually developed new techniques to build bridges, such as oval-shaped bases and pierced bases to facilitate the movement of water. Many bridges would have
412:
were used to build piers. Because of poor performance underwater, Roman piers were often destroyed over time. Bridges that survived to the modern day were often furnished with
312:. Building the bridge above water level resulted in a need for a wider span. Bridge's tunnels and spandrels were designed to decrease the weight of the bridge and function as
262:
has piers 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) wide, 47 metres (154 ft) high, and arches with a span of 1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in). Another bridge over the Bibey River in
204:
and to construct longer-lasting bridges. These were the first large-scale bridges ever constructed. Bridges were constructed by the Roman government to serve the needs of the
751:
There were three major types of Roman bridges. These were wooden, pontoon, and stone bridges. A list of Roman bridges compiled by the engineer Colin O'Connor features 330
447:-shaped piers that used small openings to allow for the flow of water. During construction, cranes were used to move materials and lift heavy objects. Some bridges had
357:
has 26 segmental arches with an average span-to-rise ratio of 5.3:1, giving the bridge an unusually flat profile unsurpassed for more than a millennium. The late Roman
1189:(27 BC – 14 AD). The Pons Fabricius, built in 62 BC during the late Republic, is the oldest Roman bridge that is still intact and in use. The largest Roman bridge was
1793:
The ends of the bridge called abutments, were built on each side, and piers were situated in the middle. The abutments and piers carried most of the bridge's weight.
3152:
2473:
329:
The Pons
Aemilius probably had stone piers, with wooden roadbeds and arches. They were rebuilt in stone in 142 BC, and either extended from the abutments to the
3299:
250:
around the turn of the 1st millennium the maximum span of Roman bridges increased from around 24 metres (79 ft) in 142 BC to 35 metres (115 ft). The
246:
Roman bridges were much larger than the bridges of other civilizations. They could be anywhere from 4.6 to 18.3 metres (15 to 60 ft) long. By the time of
3841:
521:
were used to build many bridges, they were far more commonly used to build aqueducts. Bridges built from bricks were rare as bricks often failed to survive
3883:
3871:
2090:
208:
and the empire's administration. Sometimes roads and bridges were used for commercial purposes, but this was rare as boats better served the needs of the
3930:
215:
By the 2nd century Roman techniques had declined, and they had been mostly lost by the 4th century. Some Roman bridges are still used today, such as the
304:
to redirect the water and then laying a stone foundation in the area. To aid in the construction of a foundation, work was exclusively done during the
1487:
The Romans were the first builders in Europe, perhaps the first in the world, fully to appreciate the advantages of the arch, the vault and the dome.
3846:
2085:
5218:
3856:
2544:
81:: wooden, pontoon, and stone. Early Roman bridges were wooden, but by the 2nd century stone was being used. Stone bridges used the arch as their
381:
at each end and piers in the middle, these two design features carrying most of the bridge's weight. Abutments could be constructed in the many
5163:
3851:
3585:
408:
were thick enough to support the pressure of an arch. Stone arches allowed bridges to have much longer spans. Usually, iron clamps covered in
296:
When building bridges across moving bodies of water, Roman engineers would begin by laying a foundation. At first, they used heavy timbers as
5133:
3958:
3485:
2398:
2321:
2152:
2069:
2039:
2012:
1985:
1958:
1928:
1820:
1786:
1752:
1686:
1634:
1581:
1519:
1465:
1435:
1405:
1367:
1309:
767:; see right table). A segmental arch is an arch that is less than a semicircle. The Romans built both single spans and lengthy multiple-arch
5223:
5098:
4251:
1709:. Dipartimento di Costruzioni e Metodi Matematici in Architettura Università degli Studi di Napoli – Facoltà di Architettura. pp. 3–4.
662:
635:
side by side. Workmen would raise weights, sometimes by rope, then it would fall down onto the piles. This method of construction, called
5244:
3804:
3145:
2969:
3475:
5143:
3903:
3470:
3465:
3441:
3292:
2490:
2449:
2431:
2413:
2249:
2215:
2059:
1948:
1455:
1918:
1676:
5158:
3831:
3480:
3407:
2888:
2647:
2122:
1250:
220:
3424:
3357:
3031:
2642:
183:, no known stone bridges existed in Italy before the 2nd century BCE. This view is not supported unanimously: Spanish engineer
1975:
4178:
4103:
3861:
3138:
1742:
1319:
2105:
1776:
1543:
1425:
1145:, for example, was built at the expense of 12 local municipalities, whose names were added on an inscription. Later, in the
2142:
612:; however, because of their lack of durability few have survived to the modern day. These bridges were supported by wooden
4674:
481:
were used to build Roman bridges, or they could be made of dry rubble or concrete. Often the building materials varied in
365:
in eastern Turkey may represent the earliest surviving bridge featuring a pointed arch, though it is now submerged by the
43:
2029:
2002:
1262:
155:
By the 2nd century BC, the Romans had further refined their bridge-building techniques, using stronger materials such as
4514:
4118:
3570:
3285:
608:
and the Pons
Sublicius, the oldest bridge in ancient Rome, and they were probably common across northern Europe and the
35:
5213:
1201:, which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built both in terms of overall and span length.
5138:
4897:
3953:
3836:
3382:
3036:
2862:
2537:
2587:
5173:
4837:
4729:
4499:
4271:
4093:
4001:
3866:
3809:
2954:
2755:
2750:
486:
184:
5193:
4286:
4241:
4168:
4088:
4036:
4026:
3978:
3325:
2964:
2909:
2872:
2760:
2663:
2572:
2313:
Public Needs and
Private Pleasures: Water Distribution, the Tiber River and the Urban Development of Ancient Rome
1258:
698:
671:
598:
2273:
1571:
4794:
4704:
4213:
4193:
4188:
4173:
4126:
4066:
4021:
3823:
3041:
1810:
1509:
1238:
1185:
is original to the 2nd century BC while the arch and pier perhaps date to a reconstruction during the reign of
526:
466:
458:
205:
2944:
369:. Roman arches were unable to properly fit into the arch springings, forcing the base of the arches upwards.
47:
5203:
5183:
5123:
5113:
5103:
4509:
4198:
4098:
4078:
3993:
3983:
3688:
3628:
3320:
2914:
1266:
1198:
714:
655:
the Romans set one of their wooden bridges on fire, driving the enemy back. Other early wooden bridges used
605:
374:
2949:
5249:
5208:
5198:
5148:
5128:
4942:
4917:
4882:
4764:
4489:
4136:
3898:
3429:
2939:
2745:
2530:
470:
386:
2505:
1254:
105:
migrated to Rome, bringing with them their knowledge of bridge-building techniques. The oldest bridge in
5178:
5108:
4932:
4684:
4484:
4479:
4276:
4183:
4108:
4071:
4056:
4031:
4011:
3913:
3119:
2934:
2867:
2800:
2790:
1299:
760:
756:
752:
560:
122:
102:
63:
31:
571:, has stone arches and brick spandrels. Bricks were sometimes used to create parts of bridges, such as
3130:
5188:
5153:
4842:
4832:
4709:
4609:
4534:
4399:
4362:
3738:
3402:
3188:
3106:
3096:
2959:
2820:
2780:
2765:
2668:
572:
502:
448:
413:
390:
251:
240:
176:
134:
5118:
4967:
4769:
4639:
4589:
3908:
3505:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2857:
2770:
2607:
1291:
1138:
1127:
490:
405:
330:
5168:
4892:
4699:
4554:
4494:
4414:
4357:
4221:
3457:
3436:
3056:
3026:
2612:
1707:
The Stone
Bridges in Southern Italy: From the Roman Tradition to the Middle of the 19th Centuries
1314:
729:
424:
98:
4807:
2893:
1246:
1190:
385:
of a bridge, allowing each to be built separately. Piers were usually twenty-six feet thick and
272:
3267:
Names are in the original Latin; in parentheses are the
Italian names that differ significantly
4802:
4654:
4409:
4369:
4347:
3555:
3051:
3046:
2815:
2810:
2516:
2486:
2467:
2445:
2427:
2409:
2394:
2317:
2311:
2275:
An Anglo-Saxon
Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth ...
2245:
2211:
2205:
2182:
2148:
2065:
2035:
2008:
1981:
1954:
1924:
1816:
1782:
1748:
1682:
1630:
1577:
1515:
1461:
1431:
1401:
1363:
594:
580:
358:
180:
2239:
4867:
4827:
4759:
4694:
4619:
4614:
4386:
4309:
4256:
4051:
4046:
3935:
3794:
3743:
3703:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3653:
3575:
3522:
3515:
3500:
3495:
3419:
3347:
3086:
2990:
2985:
2795:
2637:
776:
552:
543:
444:
297:
285:
2740:
4962:
4774:
4754:
4714:
4649:
4599:
4594:
4469:
4419:
4327:
4161:
4141:
4061:
3510:
3335:
3194:
3101:
3081:
3076:
3066:
2995:
2825:
2785:
2725:
2567:
2511:
1304:
1270:
1242:
1218:
768:
656:
613:
506:
416:
on the upstream side and a flat downstream face, though some bridges, such as a bridge in
263:
1209:
Roman engineers built stone arch or stone pillar bridges over all major rivers of their
639:, was necessary for wooden bridges to properly function. Because this technique created
5017:
4659:
4394:
4342:
4314:
4261:
4246:
4226:
4041:
4016:
3973:
3963:
3789:
3763:
3693:
3678:
3643:
3603:
3364:
3242:
3226:
3091:
3016:
3000:
2841:
2735:
2720:
2710:
2512:
The Waters of Rome: Tiber River
Bridges and the Development of the Ancient City of Rome
1806:
780:
744:
682:
667:
609:
548:
346:
319:
216:
188:
138:
110:
86:
55:
5238:
4549:
4519:
4434:
3968:
3945:
3758:
3613:
3598:
3545:
3352:
3236:
3199:
3021:
2805:
2705:
2700:
2684:
2362:
1226:
1225:, the longest river in the world, which was 'bridged' as late as 1902 by the British
1174:
686:
644:
576:
531:
350:
338:
323:
301:
281:
209:
195:
148:
114:
5027:
4887:
4332:
4281:
4236:
4083:
3893:
3779:
3723:
3718:
3608:
3490:
3374:
3308:
3231:
3217:
3182:
3161:
3061:
2775:
2715:
2622:
2617:
2602:
1154:
1146:
772:
636:
398:
394:
168:
156:
106:
2460:
Ponti romani. Contributo ad un indice sistematico con studio critico bibliografico
740:
259:
236:
144:
1624:
1395:
1357:
786:
There were two main types of wooden bridge in
Britain. Small timber bridges with
69:, but the Romans improved those skills, developing and enhancing methods such as
4822:
4444:
4266:
4156:
3550:
3205:
3071:
2627:
2577:
706:
690:
568:
556:
537:
518:
469:
and water channels. Ashlar was used because large amounts of wood was needed to
451:. They were used to surround piers. Usually, the aprons covered the area of the
309:
118:
82:
1177:, later named Ponte Rotto (broken bridge), is the oldest Roman stone bridge in
1122:
198:
being the first. Engineers began to use stone instead of wood to exemplify the
5047:
4987:
4952:
4744:
4679:
4669:
4564:
4449:
4337:
3920:
3888:
3633:
3560:
3392:
3387:
3247:
2730:
2632:
2337:
1281:
764:
702:
621:
482:
474:
452:
362:
342:
313:
305:
200:
66:
1181:, with only one surviving arch and pier. However, evidence suggests only the
17:
5077:
5072:
5032:
4957:
4927:
4907:
4784:
4724:
4634:
4584:
4579:
4504:
4464:
4352:
4322:
4131:
4006:
3799:
3683:
3658:
3537:
2168:
1214:
1142:
640:
366:
268:
160:
130:
74:
1229:. The largest rivers to be spanned by solid bridges by the Romans were the
341:
with equal circumference. Later in Roman history arches started to become
258:, has five arches each with a span of 18 metres (59 ft). A bridge in
5037:
5022:
5012:
4997:
4912:
4902:
4872:
4862:
4857:
4847:
4749:
4664:
4544:
4529:
4459:
4439:
4429:
4424:
4404:
4203:
3784:
3748:
3638:
3565:
3397:
2167:
Galliazzo 1994, p. 2 (Indice). Galliazzo's survey excludes Late Roman or
1186:
1182:
783:
in Rome (62 BC), one of the world's oldest major bridges still standing.
694:
498:
436:
432:
378:
334:
247:
172:
126:
1511:
The Oxford
Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World
5057:
5052:
5042:
5007:
5002:
4992:
4937:
4922:
4739:
4734:
4719:
4689:
4644:
4624:
4604:
4559:
4291:
4146:
3925:
3733:
3728:
3618:
725:
652:
522:
494:
440:
428:
417:
255:
59:
3277:
1950:
Proceedings of ARCH 2019: 9th
International Conference on Arch Bridges
1269:). For rivers with strong currents and to allow swift army movements,
5067:
4947:
4877:
4817:
4812:
4779:
4539:
4524:
4474:
4454:
3876:
3753:
3648:
1230:
1194:
787:
721:
718:
710:
632:
583:
564:
462:
443:
were often inserted. They rarely had wide spans and thick piers with
354:
276:
164:
2028:
Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven; Wallis, Faith (27 January 2014).
1598:
685:
were built by laying boats from side to side across a river. During
2004:
Roman Architecture and Urbanism: From the Origins to Late Antiquity
779:. Their bridges often had flood openings in the piers, e.g. in the
435:. They were then put above the framed starlings. Roman bridges had
377:, the last block to be put in place, held it together. Bridges had
4852:
4574:
4301:
3593:
3165:
1234:
1149:, the local lords of the land had to pay tithes to the empire for
1121:
739:
661:
628:
617:
593:
318:
235:
143:
732:
because of the difficulty and expense of carving marble artwork.
493:
limestone combined with cornices, voussoirs and slabs. Sometimes
194:
Between 150 and 50 BCE, many stone Roman bridges were built, the
5062:
4629:
4569:
4151:
3527:
2522:
2144:
The Bridges of Medieval England: Transport and Society, 400–1800
1253:) and the middle and lower Rhine by four different bridges (the
1222:
1178:
648:
478:
409:
382:
70:
3281:
3134:
2526:
525:. The brick bridges that were built were generally used by the
3623:
604:
Early Roman bridges were wooden, including one constructed by
627:
Other early techniques used to build wooden bridges involved
171:
to hold together bridges, constructing midstream arches, and
1650:
465:
and bricks to cover the outside of bridges and concrete for
397:
Karamagara Bridge represents an early example of the use of
2300:, ed. Ashby, Thomas, London: Oxford University Press, 1929
2031:
Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia
50:, the world's longest (still in use) surviving Roman bridge
1681:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 37–38.
1485:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 231.
2094:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 649.
1573:
Bridges: A History of the World's Most Spectacular Spans
1514:. Oxford University Press. pp. 259, 456, 569–571.
1675:
Proske, Dirk; Gelder, Pieter van (18 September 2009).
1133:
The costs of building and repairing bridges, known as
300:
in the riverbed, but a later technique involved using
58:
were the first civilization to build large, permanent
1977:
History of Engineering and Technology: Artful Methods
89:, the first use of this material in bridge-building.
728:, but these bridges were likely used exclusively by
62:. Early Roman bridges used techniques introduced by
5086:
4980:
4793:
4385:
4378:
4300:
4212:
4117:
3992:
3944:
3822:
3772:
3711:
3702:
3584:
3536:
3456:
3373:
3334:
3214:
3175:
3009:
2978:
2902:
2881:
2850:
2834:
2693:
2677:
2656:
2595:
2560:
1923:. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. pp. 33–34.
1781:. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. pp. 15–21.
1397:
Bridges of the World: Their Design and Construction
713:built another bridge supported by stone during the
2210:(in French). Presses Paris Sorbonne. p. 201.
1947:Arêde, António; Costa, Cristina (1 October 2019).
1812:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
616:spanned by horizontal timbers and reinforced with
2393:, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela 2004,
509:were used to aid in the construction of bridges.
2204:James-Raoul, Danièle; Thomasset, Claude (2006).
2001:Yegül, Fikret; Favro, Diane (5 September 2019).
1705:Bove, L.; Bergamasco, I.; Lippiello, M. (2004).
187:suggested that stone bridges have existed since
2508:- Technical investigation of Roman public works
2339:Where are the Greatest Bridges of Ancient Rome?
666:Roman legionaries crossing the Danube River by
529:, and they used construction techniques called
2391:La construcción de puentes romanos en Hispania
141:, i.e. with an arc of less than 180 degrees.
3293:
3146:
2538:
1245:. The lower Danube was crossed by least two (
8:
2373:
2358:
1904:
1889:
1877:
1629:. Thomas Telford. pp. 86, 94, 100–107.
1419:
1417:
1338:
799:The location of all 961 known Roman bridges
705:from floating platforms and fixing beams at
2053:
2051:
2007:. Cambridge University Press. p. 153.
1736:
541:, the latter alternating rows of bricks in
4382:
3708:
3340:
3300:
3286:
3278:
3153:
3139:
3131:
2545:
2531:
2523:
2472:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2316:. L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER. pp. 141–.
2298:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
797:
113:. It was built in the 6th century BCE by
3262:partly or wholly underwater or demolished
2444:, vol. 2, Treviso: Edizioni Canova,
2426:, vol. 1, Treviso: Edizioni Canova,
1865:
1853:
1838:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1217:, which lay at the frontier to the rival
2406:Bridge Engineering. A Global Perspective
2361:, pp. 193–202 (Appendices A and B)
1626:Bridge Engineering: A Global Perspective
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1449:
1447:
1427:Illustrated Encyclopedia of Ancient Rome
42:
34:. For the railway station in Wales, see
2147:. Oxford University Press. p. 99.
2107:Finding Ancient Rome: Walks in the city
1974:Garrison, Ervan G. (19 December 2018).
1900:
1898:
1849:
1847:
1834:
1832:
1815:. Oxford University Press. p. 25.
1775:Maynard, Charles W. (15 January 2006).
1744:Masonry Bridges, Viaducts and Aqueducts
1700:
1698:
1678:Safety of historical stone arch bridges
1565:
1563:
1561:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1331:
2465:
1942:
1940:
1394:Whitney, Charles S. (1 January 2003).
2408:, London: Thomas Telford Publishing,
2141:Harrison, David Featherstone (2004).
1542:Beall, Christine (1 September 1988).
7:
2404:Fernández Troyano, Leonardo (2003),
2244:. Holy Fire Publishing. p. 27.
2058:McGeough, Kevin M. (26 March 2009).
1623:Troyano, Leonardo Fernández (2003).
1460:. Infobase Publishing. p. 194.
1356:Aldrete, Gregory S. (5 March 2007).
2970:Roman bridge of Talamanca de Jarama
1953:. Springer Nature. pp. 31–34.
1597:Oleson, John Peter (13 June 2018).
1359:Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome
1310:Record-holding bridges in antiquity
271:, and reduced the bridge's weight.
179:. According to Canadian classicist
2193:(19). Macmillan Company: 159, 172.
2104:Landart, Paula (5 December 2021).
1747:. Routledge. pp. XXI, 15–23.
1554:– via Concrete Construction.
1430:. Getty Publications. p. 24.
77:. There were three major types of
25:
2442:I ponti romani. Catalogo generale
1917:Uhl, Xina M. (15 December 2019).
1570:Dupré, Judith (7 November 2017).
701:by driving wooden piles into the
670:, as depicted in a relief on the
151:, the oldest stone bridge in Rome
2648:Roman Bridge (Vaison-la-Romaine)
2586:
2110:. Paula Landart. pp. 45–46.
1457:Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire
1284:
709:across them to create trestles.
221:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
2187:American Journal of Archaeology
1920:How STEM Built the Roman Empire
1454:Bunson, Matthew (14 May 2014).
1239:the two largest European rivers
125:techniques. They developed the
27:Bridges built by ancient Romans
2485:, Cambridge University Press,
1778:The Technology of Ancient Rome
1544:"Designing the segmental arch"
1320:Roman architectural revolution
651:, during a battle against the
563:in Italy. One brick bridge in
1:
2889:Constantine's Bridge (Danube)
2238:Gillespie, Donald S. (2015).
2084:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "
1157:continued this practice with
489:. Other bridges were made of
3872:Frontiers and fortifications
3032:Constantine's Bridge (Mysia)
2643:Roman Bridge (Saint-Thibéry)
2440:Galliazzo, Vittorio (1994),
2422:Galliazzo, Vittorio (1995),
2278:Clarendon Press. p. 125
2183:"The Roman Territorial Arch"
1741:Ruddock, Ted (15 May 2017).
1483:Greek and Roman Architecture
254:, built during the reign of
36:Roman Bridge railway station
3931:Decorations and punishments
3037:Eurymedon Bridge (Aspendos)
2863:Ponte Nova da Cava da Velha
2061:The Romans: An Introduction
1841:, pp. 92, 93 (fig. 39)
1508:Oleson, John Peter (2008).
1161:, a literal translation of
97:Following the conquests of
5266:
5245:Ancient Roman architecture
4838:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3413:historiography of the fall
3120:Full list of Roman bridges
2584:
2181:Frothingham, A.I. (1915).
2034:. Routledge. p. 103.
547:. Examples are bridges in
439:, between which images of
337:with equal dimensions and
185:Leonardo Fernández Troyano
175:stones to allow for wider
167:. Also, they began to use
29:
5219:External wars and battles
3343:
3316:
3256:
3115:
2965:Roman bridge of Salamanca
2910:Acueducto de los Milagros
2873:Roman Bridge of Catribana
2573:Piercebridge Roman Bridge
2310:Taylor, Rabun M. (2000).
2272:Bosworth, Joseph (1882).
1424:Corbishley, Mike (2004).
672:Column of Marcus Aurelius
620:, and they were possibly
121:. The Romans improved on
3042:Eurymedon Bridge (Selge)
2517:Livius.org: Pontes longi
2481:O'Connor, Colin (1993),
2064:. OUP USA. p. 213.
1481:Robertson, D.S. (1943).
345:. Sometimes arches were
5214:Roman–Iranian relations
3689:Optimates and populares
2955:Roman bridge of Córdoba
2915:Albarregas Roman bridge
2756:Ponte d'Augusto (Narni)
2458:Gazzola, Piero (1963),
2389:Fuentes, Manuel Durán:
2091:Encyclopædia Britannica
1400:. Courier Corporation.
1267:Roman Bridge at Cologne
1263:Roman Bridge at Koblenz
1199:Apollodorus of Damascus
5224:Civil wars and revolts
4490:Sextus Pompeius Festus
4137:Conflict of the Orders
3496:Legislative assemblies
3169:(from source to mouth)
3102:Valens Aqueduct Bridge
2746:Pont de Pierre (Aosta)
2664:Caesar's Rhine bridges
2296:Platner, Samuel Ball,
2207:Les ponts au Moyen Âge
1259:Caesar's Rhine bridges
1130:
748:
674:
631:, sometimes they were
601:
431:were inserted between
326:
243:
152:
123:Etruscan architectural
51:
4933:Simplicius of Cilicia
4685:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3914:Siege in Ancient Rome
3523:Executive magistrates
2950:Roman bridge of Ávila
2945:Puente Romano, Mérida
2935:Les Ferreres Aqueduct
2868:Roman Bridge (Chaves)
2801:Ponte di Quintodecimo
2791:Ponte Pietra (Verona)
2124:Early History of Rome
1300:List of Roman bridges
1255:Roman Bridge at Mainz
1173:Built in 142 BC, the
1125:
743:
665:
599:Caesar's Rhine Bridge
597:
322:
239:
219:, and even after the
147:
48:Puente Romano, Mérida
46:
32:List of Roman bridges
4943:Stephanus Byzantinus
4848:Eusebius of Caesaria
4710:Sidonius Apollinaris
4400:Ammianus Marcellinus
3739:Tribune of the plebs
3107:White Bridge (Mysia)
3097:Stone Bridge (Adana)
2960:Roman bridge of Lugo
2781:Ponte Molino (Padua)
2669:Roman Bridge (Trier)
1856:, p. 2 (Indice)
1546:. The Aberdeen Group
1251:Constantine's Bridge
1205:Large river bridging
730:government officials
561:Ponte della Chianche
5119:Distinguished women
4770:Velleius Paterculus
4610:Nicolaus Damascenus
4590:Marcellus Empiricus
3979:Republican currency
2940:Puente de Alcántara
2925:Aqueduct of Segovia
2771:Ponte del Gran Caso
2519:– Roman bog bridges
1292:Ancient Rome portal
800:
4893:Phlegon of Tralles
4700:Seneca the Younger
4174:Naming conventions
3904:Personal equipment
3437:Later Roman Empire
3027:Bridge at Oinoanda
2613:Pont des Marchands
2376:, pp. 133–139
1868:, pp. 429–437
1805:Gagarin, Michael;
1315:Roman architecture
1131:
798:
749:
675:
602:
420:, are exceptions.
327:
244:
153:
103:Etruscan engineers
99:Tarquinius Priscus
52:
5232:
5231:
5194:Pontifices maximi
4976:
4975:
4833:Diogenes Laërtius
4655:Pliny the Younger
4410:Asconius Pedianus
4370:Romance languages
4242:Civil engineering
3984:Imperial currency
3857:Political control
3818:
3817:
3452:
3451:
3275:
3274:
3128:
3127:
3047:Karamagara Bridge
2821:Ponte Sant'Angelo
2816:Ponte di San Vito
2811:Ponte San Lorenzo
2751:Pont-Saint-Martin
2399:978-84-453-3937-4
2323:978-88-8265-100-8
2154:978-0-19-927274-7
2071:978-0-19-537986-0
2041:978-1-135-45932-1
2014:978-0-521-47071-1
1987:978-1-351-44047-9
1960:978-3-030-29227-0
1930:978-1-7253-4154-8
1822:978-0-19-517072-6
1788:978-1-4042-0556-7
1754:978-1-351-91928-9
1688:978-3-540-77618-5
1636:978-0-7277-3215-6
1599:"BRIEF BIOGRAPHY"
1583:978-0-316-47380-4
1576:. Running Press.
1521:978-0-19-973485-6
1467:978-1-4381-1027-1
1437:978-0-89236-705-4
1407:978-0-486-42995-3
1369:978-0-8018-9188-5
1197:, constructed by
1113:
1112:
455:near the bridge.
359:Karamagara Bridge
252:Ponte Sant'Angelo
241:Ponte Sant'Angelo
181:John Peter Oleson
16:(Redirected from
5257:
5184:Magistri equitum
5099:Cities and towns
5092:
5018:Constantinopolis
4828:Diodorus Siculus
4760:Valerius Maximus
4695:Seneca the Elder
4615:Nonius Marcellus
4383:
3936:Hippika gymnasia
3899:Infantry tactics
3805:Consular tribune
3795:Magister equitum
3744:Military tribune
3709:
3669:Pontifex maximus
3664:Princeps senatus
3654:Magister militum
3420:Byzantine Empire
3341:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3279:
3268:
3263:
3220:
3170:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3132:
3087:Sangarius Bridge
2991:Bridge at Nimreh
2986:Ain Diwar Bridge
2930:Alcántara Bridge
2920:Alconétar Bridge
2858:Ponte de Rubiães
2796:Ponte di Pioraco
2761:Ponte di Tiberio
2638:Pont sur la Laye
2608:Pont de Bornègre
2590:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2524:
2495:
2477:
2471:
2463:
2454:
2436:
2418:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2307:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2095:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1842:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1772:
1759:
1758:
1738:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1620:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1567:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1539:
1526:
1525:
1505:
1490:
1489:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1391:
1374:
1373:
1353:
1342:
1336:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1213:, save two: the
1139:Alcántara Bridge
1128:Alcántara Bridge
801:
777:Segovia Aqueduct
761:aqueduct bridges
755:for traffic, 34
610:Tyrrhenian coast
579:, and brick and
544:opus reticulatum
353:in southwestern
302:watertight walls
298:deep foundations
85:, and most used
30:For a list, see
21:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5090:
5088:
5082:
4972:
4808:Aëtius of Amida
4789:
4775:Verrius Flaccus
4755:Valerius Antias
4715:Silius Italicus
4650:Pliny the Elder
4595:Marcus Aurelius
4470:Cornelius Nepos
4420:Aurelius Victor
4374:
4296:
4208:
4142:Secessio plebis
4113:
3988:
3940:
3814:
3768:
3698:
3580:
3532:
3448:
3369:
3330:
3312:
3306:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3252:
3215:
3210:
3171:
3168:
3164:bridges on the
3159:
3129:
3124:
3111:
3082:Pergamon Bridge
3077:Penkalas Bridge
3067:Macestus Bridge
3005:
2996:Gemarrin Bridge
2974:
2898:
2894:Trajan's Bridge
2877:
2846:
2830:
2826:Susegana Bridge
2786:Ponte Nomentano
2726:Pons Neronianus
2689:
2673:
2652:
2591:
2582:
2568:Chesters Bridge
2556:
2551:
2502:
2493:
2480:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2439:
2434:
2421:
2416:
2403:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2357:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2121:Livius, Titus.
2120:
2119:
2115:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1907:, p. 187ff
1903:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1807:Fantham, Elaine
1804:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1774:
1773:
1762:
1755:
1740:
1739:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1622:
1621:
1606:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1569:
1568:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1522:
1507:
1506:
1493:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1393:
1392:
1377:
1370:
1355:
1354:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1305:Bridges in Rome
1290:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1271:pontoon bridges
1247:Trajan's Bridge
1243:Eurasian Steppe
1219:Persian empires
1207:
1193:over the lower
1191:Trajan's Bridge
1171:
1120:
902:United Kingdom
796:
738:
683:Pontoon bridges
680:
678:Pontoon bridges
657:post and lintel
592:
515:
294:
273:Trajan's Bridge
234:
229:
189:Pre-Roman Italy
95:
83:basic structure
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5263:
5261:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5237:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4660:Pomponius Mela
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:Aelius Donatus
4391:
4389:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4363:Ecclesiastical
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4104:Toys and games
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3644:Vigintisexviri
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3604:Cursus honorum
3601:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3403:Western Empire
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3092:Severan Bridge
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3017:Aesepus Bridge
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
3001:Kharaba Bridge
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2842:Leontes Bridge
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:Pons Sublicius
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Pons Fabricius
2718:
2713:
2711:Ponte Altinate
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2500:External links
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2478:
2455:
2450:
2437:
2432:
2424:I ponti romani
2419:
2414:
2401:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2351:
2329:
2322:
2302:
2289:
2264:
2250:
2230:
2216:
2196:
2173:
2160:
2153:
2133:
2113:
2096:
2077:
2070:
2047:
2040:
2020:
2013:
1993:
1986:
1966:
1959:
1936:
1929:
1909:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1866:Galliazzo 1995
1858:
1854:Galliazzo 1994
1843:
1839:Galliazzo 1995
1828:
1821:
1797:
1787:
1760:
1753:
1712:
1694:
1687:
1667:
1642:
1635:
1604:
1589:
1582:
1557:
1527:
1520:
1491:
1473:
1466:
1443:
1436:
1413:
1406:
1375:
1368:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1295:
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1276:
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1203:
1170:
1167:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1110:
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1040:
1038:
1035:
1031:
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1022:
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1003:
999:
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983:
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976:
974:
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948:
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927:
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921:
917:
916:
914:
912:
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903:
899:
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880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
861:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
841:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
795:
792:
781:Pons Fabricius
771:, such as the
757:timber bridges
745:Pons Fabricius
737:
734:
679:
676:
668:pontoon bridge
659:construction.
645:waterproofness
591:
590:Wooden bridges
588:
577:welding joints
514:
511:
477:limestone and
473:the concrete.
399:pointed arches
339:conic sections
293:
290:
233:
230:
228:
225:
217:Pons Fabricius
111:Pons Sublicius
94:
91:
56:ancient Romans
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5262:
5251:
5250:Roman bridges
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
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4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
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4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4550:Julius Paulus
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:Fabius Pictor
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4222:Amphitheatres
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Deforestation
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Siege engines
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:Establishment
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:Extraordinary
3771:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:Promagistrate
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:Twelve Tables
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:(Sant'Angelo)
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3057:Limyra Bridge
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:Arapsu Bridge
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:Ponte Salario
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Pons Agrippae
2704:
2702:
2701:Pons Aemilius
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2685:Band-e Kaisar
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:Roman bridges
2548:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2492:0-521-39326-4
2488:
2484:
2483:Roman Bridges
2479:
2475:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2451:88-85066-66-6
2447:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2433:88-85066-66-6
2429:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2415:0-7277-3215-3
2411:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2374:O'Connor 1993
2370:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2359:O'Connor 1993
2355:
2352:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2265:
2253:
2251:9781603835084
2247:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2231:
2219:
2217:9782840503736
2213:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2134:
2130:. p. 43.
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2016:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1980:. Routledge.
1979:
1978:
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1967:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1926:
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1921:
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1910:
1906:
1905:O'Connor 1993
1901:
1899:
1895:
1892:, p. 126
1891:
1890:O'Connor 1993
1886:
1883:
1880:, p. 171
1879:
1878:O'Connor 1993
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1362:. JHU Press.
1361:
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1339:O'Connor 1993
1335:
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1227:Old Aswan Dam
1224:
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1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:Pons Aemilius
1168:
1166:
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1160:
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803:
802:
793:
791:
789:
784:
782:
778:
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770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:stone bridges
746:
742:
735:
733:
731:
727:
723:
720:
716:
712:
708:
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700:
696:
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688:
687:Julius Caesar
684:
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587:
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582:
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575:, piers with
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
545:
540:
539:
534:
533:
532:opus vittatum
528:
524:
520:
513:Brick bridges
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
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402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:Limyra Bridge
348:
344:
343:semi-circular
340:
336:
332:
325:
324:Pons Aemilius
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
292:Stone bridges
291:
289:
287:
283:
282:Puente Romano
278:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
242:
238:
231:
226:
224:
222:
218:
213:
211:
210:Roman economy
207:
203:
202:
197:
196:Pons Aemilius
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
150:
149:Pons Aemilius
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:Ancus Marcius
112:
108:
104:
100:
92:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Roman bridges
5164:Institutions
5028:Leptis Magna
4981:Major cities
4888:Philostratus
4675:Quadrigarius
4495:Rufus Festus
4358:Contemporary
4231:
4079:Romanization
4002:Architecture
3609:Collegiality
3458:Constitution
3309:Ancient Rome
3062:Misis Bridge
3052:Kemer Bridge
2776:Ponte Milvio
2716:Pons Cestius
2623:Pont Flavien
2618:Pont du Gard
2603:Pont Ambroix
2553:
2482:
2459:
2441:
2423:
2405:
2390:
2369:
2354:
2343:, retrieved
2338:
2332:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2274:
2267:
2255:. Retrieved
2241:Le Beau Dieu
2240:
2233:
2221:. Retrieved
2206:
2199:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2163:
2143:
2136:
2123:
2116:
2106:
2099:
2089:
2080:
2060:
2030:
2023:
2003:
1996:
1976:
1969:
1949:
1919:
1912:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1811:
1800:
1792:
1777:
1743:
1706:
1677:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:
1645:
1625:
1592:
1572:
1548:. Retrieved
1510:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1456:
1426:
1396:
1358:
1334:
1241:west of the
1210:
1208:
1172:
1162:
1159:bricg-geworc
1158:
1155:Anglo-Saxons
1150:
1147:Roman Empire
1134:
1132:
1116:
986:Netherlands
954:Switzerland
785:
773:Pont du Gard
750:
707:right angles
681:
637:pile driving
626:
622:cantilevered
603:
542:
536:
530:
519:Roman bricks
516:
457:
422:
403:
395:late antique
371:
328:
314:flood arches
295:
245:
232:Measurements
227:Construction
214:
199:
193:
157:volcanic ash
154:
107:ancient Rome
96:
79:Roman bridge
78:
53:
40:
5159:Geographers
4843:Dioscorides
4823:Cassius Dio
4445:Cassiodorus
4348:Renaissance
3954:Agriculture
3926:Auxiliaries
3867:Engineering
3704:Magistrates
3556:Citizenship
3551:Mos maiorum
3486:Late Empire
3072:Nysa Bridge
2766:Ponte Corvo
2628:Pont Julien
2578:Pons Aelius
2345:5 September
2171:structures.
1341:, p. 1
1163:opus pontis
1151:opus pontis
1135:opus pontis
1117:Opus pontis
938:Yugoslavia
715:Dacian Wars
697:, he built
606:Apollodorus
569:Switzerland
557:Extremadura
538:opus mixtum
487:rustication
310:water level
169:iron clamps
129:, stronger
119:Tiber River
5239:Categories
5048:Mediolanum
4988:Alexandria
4953:Themistius
4918:Porphyrius
4745:Tertullian
4680:Quintilian
4670:Propertius
4565:Lactantius
4515:Fulgentius
4450:Censorinus
4272:Sanitation
4257:Metallurgy
4214:Technology
4179:Demography
4127:Patricians
4094:Spectacles
4052:Literature
4047:Hairstyles
3884:Technology
3634:Praefectus
3586:Government
3576:Litigation
3561:Auctoritas
3506:Centuriate
3393:Principate
3388:Pax Romana
3348:Foundation
3218:Tiber Isl.
3195:Neronianus
2741:Pont d'Aël
2731:Pons Probi
2633:Pont Serme
2462:, Florence
2384:References
2363:Categories
1221:, and the
1018:Luxemburg
765:Yugoslavia
703:stream bed
641:cofferdams
559:, and the
499:buttresses
483:smoothness
475:Travertine
453:stream bed
414:cut waters
363:Cappadocia
306:dry season
201:Pax Romana
173:pentagonal
67:immigrants
5204:Quaestors
5134:Empresses
5124:Dynasties
5114:Dictators
5089:and other
5078:Volubilis
5073:Vindobona
5033:Londinium
4958:Theodoret
4928:Procopius
4908:Polyaenus
4883:Pausanias
4785:Vitruvius
4730:Symmachus
4725:Suetonius
4635:Petronius
4620:Obsequens
4585:Macrobius
4580:Lucretius
4505:Frontinus
4480:Eutropius
4465:Columella
4415:Augustine
4405:Appuleius
4353:Neo-Latin
4328:Classical
4319:Versions
4227:Aqueducts
4169:Patronage
4089:Sexuality
4062:Mythology
4037:Education
4027:Cosmetics
3852:Campaigns
3847:Structure
3800:Decemviri
3659:Imperator
3358:overthrow
3243:Sublicius
3227:Fabricius
2169:Byzantine
2086:Cofferdam
1326:Footnotes
1215:Euphrates
1143:Lusitania
1002:Bulgaria
920:Portugal
769:aqueducts
517:Although
437:spandrels
433:pilasters
427:carrying
391:starlings
379:abutments
367:Keban Dam
347:segmented
335:voussoirs
275:over the
269:spandrels
260:Alcántara
139:segmental
131:keystones
117:over the
75:keystones
5209:Tribunes
5199:Praetors
5149:Generals
5129:Emperors
5038:Lugdunum
5023:Eboracum
5013:Carthage
4998:Aquileia
4913:Polybius
4903:Plutarch
4873:Libanius
4863:Josephus
4858:Herodian
4750:Tibullus
4665:Priscian
4640:Phaedrus
4600:Manilius
4545:Jordanes
4530:Hydatius
4460:Claudian
4440:Catullus
4430:Boëthius
4425:Ausonius
4343:Medieval
4315:Alphabet
4287:Theatres
4262:Numerals
4247:Concrete
4237:Circuses
4204:Bagaudae
4194:Adoption
4189:Marriage
4162:Assembly
4067:Religion
4042:Folklore
4022:Clothing
4017:Calendar
3974:Currency
3964:Commerce
3862:Strategy
3824:Military
3810:Triumvir
3790:Dictator
3785:Interrex
3764:Governor
3749:Quaestor
3712:Ordinary
3694:Province
3684:Tetrarch
3674:Augustus
3639:Vicarius
3629:Officium
3566:Imperium
3516:Plebeian
3476:Republic
3398:Dominate
3365:Republic
3326:Timeline
3206:Aurelius
3200:Agrippae
3176:Upstream
2851:Portugal
2506:Traianus
2468:citation
1809:(2010).
1660:12 March
1550:21 March
1278:See also
1233:and the
1211:Imperium
1187:Augustus
1183:abutment
1169:Examples
1098:Hungary
1082:Romania
1066:Belgium
1050:Austria
1034:Albania
890:Lebanon
884:Germany
856:Algeria
836:Tunisia
794:Location
736:Typology
726:carvings
691:campaign
614:trestles
527:military
467:footings
441:dolphins
429:cornices
375:keystone
248:Augustus
206:military
127:voussoir
109:was the
87:concrete
64:Etruscan
5179:Legions
5139:Fiction
5109:Consuls
5104:Climate
5058:Ravenna
5053:Pompeii
5043:Lutetia
5008:Bononia
5003:Berytus
4993:Antioch
4968:Zosimus
4963:Zonaras
4938:Sozomen
4923:Priscus
4898:Photius
4740:Terence
4735:Tacitus
4720:Statius
4705:Servius
4690:Sallust
4645:Plautus
4625:Orosius
4605:Martial
4560:Juvenal
4535:Hyginus
4520:Gellius
4379:Writers
4310:History
4292:Thermae
4282:Temples
4232:Bridges
4199:Slavery
4147:Equites
4119:Society
4099:Theatre
4072:Deities
4032:Cuisine
4012:Bathing
3994:Culture
3969:Finance
3946:Economy
3837:Borders
3832:History
3734:Tribune
3729:Praetor
3619:Legatus
3614:Emperor
3501:Curiate
3471:Kingdom
3466:History
3442:History
3425:decline
3383:History
3353:Kingdom
3336:History
3321:Outline
3239:(Rotto)
3237:Æmilius
3232:Cestius
3202:(Sisto)
3185:(Molle)
3183:Milvius
3162:Ancient
2882:Romania
2835:Lebanon
2657:Germany
2561:England
2282:15 July
2257:15 July
2223:15 July
970:Greece
908:Israel
870:Jordan
864:France
830:Turkey
816:Africa
804:Europe
788:girders
759:and 54
747:in Rome
722:reliefs
699:bridges
695:Germany
653:Sabines
553:Palomas
549:Carmona
523:erosion
495:bedrock
459:Agrippa
418:Chester
264:Galicia
256:Hadrian
93:History
60:bridges
5189:Nomina
5174:Legacy
5154:Gentes
5091:topics
5087:Lists
5068:Smyrna
4948:Strabo
4878:Lucian
4868:Julian
4818:Arrian
4813:Appian
4803:Aelian
4780:Vergil
4555:Justin
4540:Jerome
4525:Horace
4510:Fronto
4500:Florus
4475:Ennius
4455:Cicero
4435:Caesar
4333:Vulgar
4157:Tribes
4084:Romans
3894:Legion
3877:castra
3754:Aedile
3724:Censor
3719:Consul
3679:Caesar
3649:Lictor
3571:Status
3511:Tribal
3491:Senate
3481:Empire
3375:Empire
3311:topics
3216:After
3010:Turkey
2596:France
2489:
2448:
2430:
2412:
2397:
2320:
2248:
2214:
2151:
2068:
2038:
2011:
1984:
1957:
1927:
1819:
1785:
1751:
1685:
1651:"main"
1633:
1580:
1518:
1464:
1434:
1404:
1366:
1265:, the
1261:, the
1231:Danube
1195:Danube
1153:. The
876:Libya
850:Syria
844:Spain
824:Italy
719:marble
711:Trajan
633:moored
629:barges
618:struts
584:rubble
581:mortar
573:vaults
565:Ticino
507:clamps
503:vaults
501:, and
491:bossed
463:ashlar
449:aprons
425:niches
404:Roman
393:. The
387:framed
383:arches
355:Turkey
286:Mérida
277:Danube
177:vaults
165:gypsum
135:vaults
71:arches
4853:Galen
4795:Greek
4765:Varro
4575:Lucan
4387:Latin
4302:Latin
4277:Ships
4267:Roads
4252:Domes
4184:Women
4132:Plebs
4057:Music
3599:Forum
3594:Curia
3248:Probi
3189:Ælius
3166:Tiber
2979:Syria
2903:Spain
2694:Italy
2128:(PDF)
1655:CFCSL
1235:Rhine
926:Iran
810:Asia
485:, or
461:used
406:piers
389:with
331:piers
5169:Laws
5144:Film
5063:Roma
4630:Ovid
4570:Livy
4338:Late
4152:Gens
4109:Wine
3921:Navy
3889:Army
3528:SPQR
3430:fall
3408:fall
2678:Iran
2487:ISBN
2474:link
2446:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2347:2023
2318:ISBN
2284:2017
2259:2017
2246:ISBN
2225:2017
2212:ISBN
2149:ISBN
2088:" .
2066:ISBN
2036:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1662:2022
1631:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1552:2022
1516:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1432:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1223:Nile
1179:Rome
1126:The
847:142
827:460
807:830
775:and
649:Livy
535:and
479:tuff
471:cast
423:Two
410:lead
163:and
161:lime
73:and
54:The
4323:Old
4007:Art
3780:Rex
3624:Dux
3538:Law
1141:in
973:10
957:11
941:13
923:14
905:29
887:30
867:72
859:18
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833:55
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813:74
724:or
693:in
689:'s
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284:at
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2466:{{
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1165:.
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1053:2
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1021:3
1005:3
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1990:.
1963:.
1933:.
1825:.
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