532:
71:
371:
442:
89:
723:
1052:
761:, and had a cathedral-like position in the official religion of Rome. It was destroyed by fire three times, and rapidly rebuilt in contemporary styles. The first building, traditionally dedicated in 509 BC, has been claimed to have been almost 60 m Ă— 60 m (200 ft Ă— 200 ft), much larger than other Roman temples for centuries after, although its size is heavily disputed by specialists. Whatever its size, its influence on other early Roman temples was significant and long-lasting. The same may have been true for the later rebuildings, though here the influence is harder to trace.
31:
55:
827:, and other classically derived styles. In these temple fronts with columns and a pediment are very common for the main entrance of grand buildings, but often flanked by large wings or set in courtyards. This flexibility has allowed the Roman temple front to be used in buildings made for a wide variety of purposes. The colonnade may no longer be pushed forward with a pronaus porch, and it may not be raised above the ground, but the essential shape remains the same. Among thousands of examples are the
809:
600:
316:
1068:
4700:
1118:
1034:
1099:
1380:
937:
1133:
world have some good remains, which had been left largely undisturbed. In Spain some remarkable discoveries (Vic, Cordoba, Barcelona) were made in the 19th century when old buildings being reconstructed or demolished were found to contain major remains encased in later buildings. In Rome, Pula, and elsewhere some walls incorporated in later buildings have always been evident.
1083:
650:
soon after their conquest. Imperial temples paid for by the government usually used conventional Roman styles all over the empire, regardless of the local styles seen in smaller temples. In newly planned Roman cities the temple was normally centrally placed at one end of the forum, often facing the
299:
model, but in the late
Republic there was a switch to using Greek classical and Hellenistic styles, without much change in the key features of the form. The Etruscans were a people of northern Italy, whose civilization was at its peak in the seventh century BC. The Etruscans were already influenced
1132:
Most of the best survivals had been converted to churches (and sometimes later mosques), which some remain. Often the porticos were walled in between the columns, and the original cella front and side walls largely removed to create a large single space in the interior. Rural areas in the
Islamic
1136:
The squared-off blocks of temple walls have always been attractive for later builders to reuse, while the large pieces of massive columns were less easy to remove and make use of; hence the podium, minus facing, and some columns are often all that remain. In most cases loose pieces of stone have
409:
in all their details were closely followed in the façades of Roman temples, as in other prestigious buildings, with the direct adoption of Greek models apparently beginning around 200 BC, under the late
Republic. But the distinctive differences in the general arrangement of temples between the
149:
and a small altar for incense. Behind the cella was a room, or rooms, used by temple attendants for storage of equipment and offerings. The ordinary worshiper rarely entered the cella, and most public ceremonies were performed outside of the cella where the sacrificial altar was located, on the
350:
and other elements, all of this being brightly painted. However, unlike the Greek models, which generally gave equal treatment to all sides of the temple, which could be viewed and approached from all directions, the side and rear walls of Roman temples might be largely undecorated (as in the
165:
above columns. The sides and rear of the building had much less architectural emphasis, and typically no entrances. There were also circular plans, generally with columns all round, and outside Italy there were many compromises with traditional local styles. The Roman form of temple developed
925:, who boldly added to the classical temple façade at the west end a large steeple on top of a tower, set back slightly from the main frontage. This formula shocked purists and foreigners, but became accepted and was very widely copied, at home and in the colonies, for example at
572:(usually called the "Temple of Venus"), where the door is behind a full portico, though very different ways of doing this are used. In the Pantheon only the portico has columns, and the "thoroughly uncomfortable" exterior meeting of the portico and circular
394:, or at least down the sides. The description of the Greek models used here is a generalization of classical Greek ideals, and later Hellenistic buildings often do not reflect them. For example, the "Temple of Dionysus" on the terrace by the theatre at
177:
took place outdoors and not within the temple building. Some ceremonies were processions that started at, visited, or ended with a temple or shrine, where a ritual object might be stored and brought out for use, or where an offering would be deposited.
850:
architecture in the
Western tradition, but although very commonly used for churches, it has lost the specific association with religion that it had for the Romans. Generally, later adaptions lack the colour of the original, and though there may be
845:
and later architects worked out ways of harmoniously adding high raised domes, towers and spires above a colonnaded temple portico front, something the Romans would have found odd. The Roman temple front remains a familiar feature of subsequent
591:(modern Palestrina) near Rome, a huge pilgrimage complex of the 1st century BC led visitors up several levels with large buildings on a steep hillside, before they eventually reached the sanctuary itself, a much smaller circular building.
822:
The
Etruscan-Roman adaptation of the Greek temple model to place the main emphasis on the front façade and let the other sides of the building harmonize with it only as much as circumstances and budget allow has generally been adopted in
194:, exotic foreign cults gained followers in Rome, and were the local religions in large parts of the expanded Empire. These often had very different practices, some preferring underground places of worship, while others, like
410:
Etruscan-Roman style and the Greek, as outlined above, were retained. However the idealized proportions between the different elements in the orders set out by the only significant Roman writer on architecture to survive,
304:, so Roman temples were distinctive but with both Etruscan and Greek features. Surviving temples (both Greek and Roman) lack the extensive painted statuary that decorated the rooflines, and the elaborate revetments and
626:, and often funded by the imperial government, tending to replace state spending on new temples to other gods, and becoming the main or only large temple in new Roman towns in the provinces. This was the case at
994:
Though the
Pantheon's large circular domed cella, with a conventional portico front, is "unique" in Roman architecture, it has been copied many times by modern architects. Versions include the church of
201:
Some remains of many Roman temples still survive, above all in Rome itself, but the relatively few near-complete examples were nearly all converted into
Christian churches (and sometimes subsequently to
966:
Small Roman circular temples with colonnades have often been used as models, either for single buildings, large or small, or elements such as domes raised on drums, in buildings on another plan such as
666:
in architectural niches. Most of the earlier emperors had their own very large temples in Rome, but a faltering economy meant that the building of new imperial temples mostly ceased after the reign of
438:
could be used. Vitruvius does not recognise the
Composite order in his writings, and covers the Tuscan order only as Etruscan; Renaissance writers formalized them from observing surviving buildings.
947:
Examples of modern buildings that stick more faithfully to the ancient rectangular temple form are only found from the 18th century onwards. Versions of the Roman temple as a discrete block include
382:
The platform on which the temple sat was typically raised higher in
Etruscan and Roman examples than Greek, with up to ten, twelve or more steps rather than the three typical in Greek temples; the
1416:. 1st-century, reconstructed after earthquake in 1679. The only extant Greco-Roman temple in Armenia and the former Soviet Union, described as the "easternmost building of the Graeco-Roman world".
386:
was raised twenty steps. These steps were normally only at the front, and typically not the whole width of that. It might or might not be possible to walk around the temple exterior inside (
531:
1141:
statuettes or amulets, which are often found in large numbers. Very little indeed survives in place from the significant quantities of large sculpture that originally decorated temples.
1019:(1817–26). The Pantheon was much the largest and most accessible complete classical temple front known to the Italian Renaissance, and was the standard exemplar when these were revived.
461:
The front of the temple typically carried an inscription saying who had built it, cut into the stone with a "V" section. This was filled with brightly coloured paint, usually scarlet or
121:, though only a few survive in any sort of complete state. Today they remain "the most obvious symbol of Roman architecture". Their construction and maintenance was a major part of
70:
5100:
2417:
346:
as stone, and no examples have survived except as fragments. Especially in the earlier periods, further statuary might be placed on the roof, and the entablature decorated with
886:
two temple fronts, often of different orders, superimposed one above the other, became extremely common for
Catholic churches, often with the uppermost one supported by huge
2177:. Papers presented at a conference organized by the Roman Research Trust and held at the Museum of London in November 1991. York, UK: Council for British Archaeology.
5105:
1795:
2304:
776:. But for the second building they were summoned from Greece. Rebuildings after destruction by fire were completed in 69 BC, 75 AD, and in the 80s AD, under
2846:
2888:
2876:
473:. These have usually long vanished, but archaeologists can generally reconstruct them from the peg-holes, and some have been re-created and set in place.
2935:
4849:
1137:
been removed from the site, and some such as capitals may be found in local museums, along with non-architectural items excavated, such as terracotta
4261:
2851:
714:, then converted by Augustus to his own cult. During the 4th century, after the Empire had come under Christian rule, it was converted to a church.
2196:
Temples and towns in Roman Iberia: The social and architectural dynamics of sanctuary designs from the third century B.C. to the third century A.D.
561:
in Rome, which was perhaps by a Greek architect, these survivors had an unbroken colonnade encircling the building, and a low, Greek-style podium.
4223:
2861:
402:, also approached up a hill, probably had many wide steps at the approach to the main front, followed by a flat area before the final few steps.
234:, which, however, is highly untypical, being a very large circular temple with a magnificent concrete roof, behind a conventional portico front.
4168:
2856:
2590:
2053:
207:
4138:
2963:
2490:
1552:
1153:
or Temple to All The Gods, unique among Roman temples, but later much imitated. Easily the most impressive and complete interior to survive.
4228:
4103:
3256:
2229:
1016:
764:
For the first temple Etruscan specialists were brought in for various aspects of the building, including making and painting the extensive
543:
Romano-Celtic temples were often circular, and circular temples of various kinds were built by the Romans. Greek models were available in
1885:
Summerson (1980), 28. The Virginia State Capitol is specifically based on the Maison carre, but in a cheaper Ionic rather than Corinthian.
1752:
Stamper, 33 and all Chapters 1 and 2. Stamper is a leading protagonist of a smaller size, rejecting the larger size proposed by the late
88:
2809:
491:
There was considerable local variation in style, as Roman architects often tried to incorporate elements the population expected in its
488:
and other elements were brightly coloured. In the early Empire older Greek statues were apparently sometimes re-used as acroteria.
418:
writers, do not reflect actual Roman practice, which could be very variable, though always aiming at balance and harmony. Following a
370:
5117:
2480:
1383:
899:
722:
279:
273:
267:
247:
519:. It often lacked any of the distinctive classical features, and may have had considerable continuity with pre-Roman temples of the
4148:
2908:
2475:
2470:
2446:
2297:
2266:
2069:
738:
211:
557:, which were usually small, typically had this shape, as in those at Rome and Tivoli (see list), which survive in part. Like the
4163:
2836:
2485:
2412:
1181:
480:
with figures, of which only few fragments survive. However, exterior friezes with figures in relief were much less common. Many
5153:
4911:
2429:
2362:
879:
5148:
3183:
3108:
2866:
2154:
2112:
2086:
2043:
2012:
1994:
1852:
1787:
1708:
1606:
1497:
1472:
1362:
996:
907:
871:
1312:, Split, Croatia. Small but very complete, amid other Roman buildings, c. 300. Most unusually, the barrel ceiling is intact.
926:
3679:
1426:
1028:
882:, 1567 on, also by Palladio, with four isolated temple fronts on each side of a rectangle, with a large central dome. In
5158:
4254:
3519:
3123:
2575:
2290:
1315:
1271:
784:
in 455, and comprehensive removal of stone in the Renaissance, only foundations can now be seen, in the basement of the
619:
604:
431:
219:
118:
104:
74:
47:
4218:
1051:
4143:
3902:
2958:
2841:
2387:
251:, which was originally not the building itself, but a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually. The Roman architect
214:
was relatively slow, and the temples themselves were not appropriated by the government until a decree of the Emperor
441:
4782:
4756:
4178:
3842:
3734:
3504:
3276:
3098:
3006:
2871:
2814:
1352:
1327:
1231:
1087:
259:
to refer to the sacred precinct, and not to the building. The more common Latin words for a temple or shrine were
30:
4916:
4751:
4198:
3291:
3246:
3173:
3093:
3041:
3031:
2983:
2330:
2017:
Sear, F. B., "Architecture, 1, a) Religious", section in Diane Favro, et al. "Rome, ancient." Grove Art Online.
1281:
1212:
1156:
824:
558:
134:
92:
59:
1675:
Wheeler, 97–106, 105 quoted. Originally, the "uncomfortable" junction was screened by a wall and less apparent.
54:
5031:
5010:
5000:
4407:
4270:
3799:
3709:
3218:
3198:
3193:
3178:
3131:
3071:
3026:
2828:
1309:
1292:, largely complete (illustrated above); a large wall from another temple forms part of the town hall next door.
1103:
842:
179:
174:
122:
1295:
903:
627:
5015:
4247:
4208:
4188:
4128:
4118:
4108:
3514:
3203:
3103:
3083:
2998:
2988:
2693:
2633:
2325:
1237:
1166:
1004:
918:
812:
691:
114:
4843:
4213:
4203:
4153:
4133:
3947:
3922:
3887:
3769:
3494:
3141:
2903:
2434:
1739:
1012:
988:
980:
972:
956:
496:
375:
125:, and all towns of any importance had at least one main temple, as well as smaller shrines. The main room
2022:
398:(Ionic, 2nd century BC, on a hillside), had many steps in front, and no columns beyond the portico. The
5062:
4959:
4615:
4534:
4282:
4183:
4113:
3937:
3689:
3489:
3484:
3281:
3188:
3113:
3076:
3061:
3036:
3016:
2918:
2253:
1387:
976:
914:
863:
550:
545:
296:
138:
1821:
891:
808:
5057:
4941:
4895:
4685:
4529:
4302:
4193:
4158:
3847:
3837:
3714:
3614:
3539:
3404:
3367:
2743:
2407:
1247:
1111:
1000:
960:
930:
883:
852:
504:
477:
363:
and Vic), and even back on to other buildings. As in the Maison Carrée, columns at the side might be
190:; often on one of the narrow extensions of the podium to the side of the steps. Especially under the
2243:
5095:
4901:
4787:
4761:
4620:
4469:
4459:
4422:
4123:
3972:
3774:
3644:
3594:
2913:
2510:
1830:
1344:, a famous exotic "Baroque" pilgrimage destination, very largely preserved, including the interior.
1321:
948:
940:
492:
415:
356:
319:
78:
1802:, by Samuel Ball Platner (as completed and revised by Thomas Ashby), Oxford University Press, 1929
4974:
4600:
4564:
4524:
4499:
4402:
4382:
4322:
4173:
3897:
3704:
3559:
3499:
3419:
3362:
3226:
2462:
2441:
1594:
1162:
859:
855:
in grand examples, the full Roman complement of sculpture above the roofline is rarely emulated.
785:
780:– the third building only lasted five years before burning down again. After a major sacking by
383:
301:
215:
3812:
1978:
910:
include numerous ingenious and influential variations on the theme of the Roman temple front.
5112:
5072:
4726:
4680:
4554:
4544:
4494:
4367:
4347:
4342:
4327:
3807:
3659:
3414:
3374:
3352:
2560:
2150:
2108:
2082:
2065:
2058:
2039:
2018:
2008:
1990:
1856:
1848:
1791:
1783:
1602:
1548:
1493:
1468:
1333:
1190:
1172:
1056:
1037:
832:
699:
672:
554:
520:
387:
227:
878:, which has two superimposed temple fronts, one low and wide, the other tall and narrow; the
5005:
4736:
4655:
4595:
4454:
4432:
4417:
3872:
3832:
3764:
3699:
3624:
3619:
3391:
3314:
3261:
3056:
3051:
2940:
2799:
2748:
2708:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2580:
2527:
2520:
2505:
2500:
2424:
2352:
2096:
1974:
1957:
1392:
1275:
1257:
1206:
1008:
754:
750:
680:
631:
608:
423:
360:
283:(in this article, the English word "temple" refers to any of these buildings, and the Latin
195:
183:
35:
170:, themselves influenced by the Greeks, with subsequent heavy direct influence from Greece.
5127:
5122:
5041:
5036:
4889:
4857:
4741:
4274:
3967:
3779:
3759:
3719:
3654:
3604:
3599:
3474:
3424:
3332:
3166:
3146:
3066:
2515:
2340:
2270:
1703:
1401:
1234:, unusually, it is the smaller elements that are best preserved, and the surrounding forum
1200:
984:
968:
875:
836:
742:
730:
668:
639:
577:
454:
427:
406:
167:
2263:
1098:
1067:
599:
315:
4979:
4868:
4731:
4449:
4239:
4022:
3664:
3399:
3347:
3319:
3266:
3251:
3231:
3046:
3021:
2978:
2968:
2794:
2768:
2698:
2683:
2648:
2608:
2369:
2074:
2048:
1775:
1753:
1194:
1150:
1091:
867:
789:
659:
565:
508:
450:
364:
352:
342:
above, which was filled with statuary in the most grand examples; this was as often in
231:
4699:
2276:
1117:
5142:
4906:
4830:
4746:
4675:
4645:
4625:
4474:
4397:
4387:
4288:
3554:
3524:
3439:
2973:
2950:
2763:
2618:
2603:
2550:
2357:
2142:
Vol. 2.12.1. Edited by Hildegard Temporini, 259–342. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.
2090:
1982:
1397:
1302:, Portugal, impressive partial remains of a small temple; podium and columns, but no
1241:
1060:
895:
711:
707:
695:
663:
512:
507:
was a simple style, usually with little use of stone, for small temples found in the
503:, where different traditions of large stone temples were already millennia old. The
63:
1725:
David M. Gwynn, "Archaeology and the 'Arian Controversy' in the Fourth Century," in
1706:
survives, and the inscriptions of seven of the nine are recorded in volume 6 of the
1033:
4969:
4964:
4823:
4372:
4312:
4032:
3892:
3337:
3241:
3236:
3088:
2898:
2784:
2728:
2723:
2613:
2495:
2379:
2313:
2248:
2104:
1409:
1071:
847:
793:
623:
466:
435:
327:
191:
4377:
2135:. Edited by Martin Henig, 121–137. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Committee for Archaeology.
1209:– 8 impressive columns and architrave remain standing, west end of the Roman Forum
1998:
1375:, Tunisia, several temples in extensive city ruins, two with substantial remains.
4721:
3827:
3449:
3271:
3161:
2555:
2161:
The Pantheon in Rome: Contributions to the conference, Bern, November 9–12, 2006
1265:
1185:
1184:– the core of the building survives as a church, including parts of the frieze,
1176:
922:
828:
816:
769:
584:
in scooped curving sections, each ending in a projection supported by a column.
419:
326:
Etruscan and Roman temples emphasised the front of the building, which followed
309:
223:
1379:
4931:
4838:
4605:
4590:
4580:
4509:
4489:
4052:
3992:
3957:
3749:
3684:
3674:
3569:
3454:
3342:
2925:
2893:
2638:
2565:
2397:
2392:
1225:
936:
765:
746:
581:
516:
343:
157:
The most common architectural plan had a rectangular temple raised on a high
17:
5077:
4665:
4559:
4082:
4077:
4037:
3962:
3932:
3912:
3789:
3729:
3639:
3589:
3584:
3509:
3469:
3357:
3327:
3136:
3011:
2804:
2688:
2663:
2542:
676:
588:
500:
481:
462:
411:
399:
391:
252:
1490:
Religious Context of Early Christianity: A Guide To Graeco-Roman Religions
161:, with a clear front with a portico at the top of steps, and a triangular
4984:
4921:
4862:
4766:
4585:
4539:
4514:
4444:
4352:
4337:
4332:
4307:
4042:
4027:
4017:
4002:
3917:
3907:
3877:
3867:
3862:
3852:
3754:
3669:
3549:
3534:
3464:
3444:
3434:
3429:
3409:
3208:
2789:
2753:
2643:
2570:
2402:
2138:
Barton, Ian M. 1982. "Capitoline temples in Italy and the provinces." In
1299:
1261:
1107:
797:
777:
635:
553:, as assembly halls and various other functions. Temples of the goddess
395:
339:
261:
162:
146:
43:
39:
2038:, 1995 (2nd edn.), Yale University Press (Penguin/Yale History of Art),
1082:
430:
were most common in surviving Roman temples, but for small temples like
367:, emerging from ("engaged with" in architectural terminology) the wall.
4640:
4630:
4549:
4519:
4504:
4464:
4362:
4062:
4057:
4047:
4012:
4007:
3997:
3942:
3927:
3744:
3739:
3724:
3694:
3649:
3629:
3609:
3564:
3296:
3151:
2930:
2738:
2733:
2623:
1952:
1413:
1366:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1324:, Spain. Substantially rebuilt, after it was found covered by a castle.
1289:
1251:
1126:
1075:
1045:
1041:
781:
773:
758:
703:
646:
569:
536:
485:
476:
Sculptural decoration was similar to that of Greek temples, often with
470:
446:
347:
335:
331:
305:
151:
100:
2282:
1330:, Spain. Base and 11 Corinthian columns, found inside later buildings.
5067:
4809:
4803:
4716:
4650:
4635:
4610:
4392:
4317:
4072:
3952:
3882:
3822:
3817:
3784:
3544:
3529:
3479:
3459:
2881:
2758:
2653:
1431:
1372:
1356:
1138:
1122:
887:
726:
203:
158:
82:
2217:
Monumentality and the Roman Empire: Architecture in the Antonine age
2159:
Grasshoff, Gerd, Michael Heinzelmann, and Markus Wäfler, eds. 2009.
2029:
The architecture of Roman temples: the republic to the middle empire
1165:
or "Temple of Fortuna Virilis" – very complete Ionic exterior, near
839:; in recent years the temple front has become fashionable in China.
66:
in Rome, 2nd century BC; the entablature is lost and the roof later.
1369:, three small temples in a row on the forum, many other city ruins.
1197:– a huge wall with 11 columns, now incorporated in a later building
4936:
4660:
4484:
4439:
4427:
4412:
4357:
3857:
3579:
3306:
2598:
1378:
1116:
1097:
1081:
1066:
1050:
1032:
935:
807:
721:
598:
573:
530:
440:
369:
314:
308:, in colourful terracotta in earlier examples, that enlivened the
243:
142:
128:
87:
69:
53:
29:
662:. In 1570, it was documented as still containing nine statues of
230:, was not dedicated as a church until 527. The best known is the
4817:
4670:
4067:
3634:
3574:
3156:
2532:
2205:. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Classical Association.
1285:
96:
4243:
2286:
2149:(Oxford Archaeological Guides), 1998, Oxford University Press,
2131:
Bailey, Donald. M. 1990. "Classical architecture in Egypt." In
4479:
2628:
1003:(1664), which followed his work restoring the Roman original,
580:
is matched by four other columns round the building, with the
42:, one of the best-preserved Roman temples. It is a mid-sized
1867:
Summerson (1980), captions to illustrations 21, 41, 42, 72–75
4698:
2133:
Architecture and architectural sculpture in the Roman Empire
1989:, Yale/Pelican history of art, 1978, Yale University Press,
1824:
Original Copies: Architectural Mimicry in Contemporary China
991:
in Rome, c. 1502, which has been widely admired ever since.
858:
Variations on the theme, mostly Italian in origin, include:
2189:
The architecture of the Roman Empire: An introductory study
675:
on the Roman Forum was built and dedicated by the Emperor
330:
models and typically consisted of wide steps leading to a
1702:
The statues are all lost, but the base for the statue of
1601:, plate 86 and caption, Penguin, 1986 (reprint of 1972),
1545:
Roman Art and Architecture – from Augustus to Constantine
576:
are often criticised. At Baalbek, a wide portico with a
295:
The form of the Roman temple was mainly derived from the
1617:
16 in a reconstruction drawing by G. Stephens, p. 38 in
465:. In major imperial monuments the letters were cast in
1843:
Anthony Grafton, Glenn W Most, Salvatore Settis, eds.,
1228:, (see above) a large complex leading to a small shrine
1175:– very complete circular exterior, early 4th century,
1078:, the "easternmost building of the Graeco-Roman world"
2198:
Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press.
2081:(1945), 1988 revised edition, Barrie & Jenkins,
2021:. Oxford University Press, accessed March 26, 2016,
1449:
1447:
405:
After the eclipse of the Etruscan models, the Greek
5088:
5050:
5024:
4993:
4952:
4880:
4796:
4775:
4709:
4573:
4281:
4091:
3985:
3798:
3390:
3383:
3305:
3217:
3122:
2997:
2949:
2827:
2777:
2716:
2707:
2589:
2541:
2461:
2378:
2339:
1203:– small circular temple, part complete, Roman Forum
186:, would take place at an open-air altar within the
145:, and often a table for supplementary offerings or
800:, was made from a single capital from the temple.
2140:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt (ANRW)
1925:, Preface, 1989, Elsevier-Phaidon; Henig, 191–199
1215:– small back-street all-brick temple at the port.
890:to each side. This can be seen developing in the
753:consisting of Jupiter and his companion deities,
658:was located within the religious precinct of the
206:), usually a considerable time after the initial
1621:, by G. Papathanassopoulos, Krene Editions, 1977
1254:, buried by a landslide and partly reconstructed
951:(1807), now a church but built by Napoleon as a
683:, who died in childhood in 309 and was deified.
154:, with a crowd gathered in the temple precinct.
1796:Entry on "Aedes Iovis Optimi Maximi Capitolini"
1492:(reprint ed.). A&C Black. p. 23.
955:("Temple to the Glory of the Great Army"), the
77:, in Spain, a tiny votive temple built with an
2191:. 2d rev. ed. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
1826:, by Bianca Bosker, University of Hawaii Press
686:One of the earliest and most prominent of the
4255:
2298:
1774:Stamper, 14–15, 33 and all Chapters 1 and 2;
8:
2166:Hetland, Lisa. 2007. "Dating the Pantheon."
1780:The Dancing Column: On Order in Architecture
796:he carved to match a Roman survival, now in
173:Public religious ceremonies of the official
1226:Palestrina, Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia
638:, which were all expanded by the Romans as
242:The English word "temple" derives from the
113:were among the most important buildings in
4295:
4262:
4248:
4240:
3387:
2713:
2345:
2305:
2291:
2283:
2182:The Pantheon: Design, meaning, and progeny
1800:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
694:, located on the harbour. It was begun by
515:, where they were usually square, with an
469:and held in by pegs, then also painted or
2173:Johnson, Peter and Ian Haynes eds. 1996.
1467:. Harvard University Press. p. 278.
1159:, early circular temple, largely complete
208:triumph of Christianity under Constantine
1310:Temple of Jupiter in Diocletian's Palace
979:. The great progenitor of these is the
913:An archetypical pattern for churches in
564:Different formulae were followed in the
27:Temples of the Roman Republic and Empire
2128:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
2089:. (Also see revised edition, edited by
1847:, 927, 2010, Harvard University Press,
1465:Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide
1443:
745:was the oldest large temple in Rome, a
622:. Caesarea were located throughout the
117:, and some of the richest buildings in
2054:The Classical Language of Architecture
1511:
1509:
1359:; partial remains of two other temples
953:Temple de la Gloire de la Grande Armée
2184:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
1987:Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture
1727:Religious Diversity in Late Antiquity
1657:Henig, 56–57; Wheeler, 100–104: Sear
1348:Temples of Jupiter and Venus, Baalbek
511:, and by far the most common type in
7:
1268:, one of the most complete survivals
959:as originally built in 1785–88, and
792:(d 1605) claimed that the life-size
733:sacrificing at the 4th temple (left)
359:), inaccessible by steps (as in the
322:, part original, with parts restored
1619:The Acropolis: Monuments and Museum
1278:, France, exterior largely complete
866:, which took a four-columned Roman
2163:. Bern, Switzerland: Bern Studies.
2031:, Cambridge University Press, 2005
1903:Summerson (1980), 38–39, 38 quoted
1894:Summerson (1980), 25, 41–42, 49–51
900:Santi Vincenzo e Anastasio a Trevi
495:. This was especially the case in
25:
1716:(Walter de Gruyter, 2008), p. 86.
1547:. Pearson Education New Zealand.
1386:as seen in the present church of
739:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
718:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
1182:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
1400:after his naval victory at the
2126:Roman architecture and society
1709:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
1434:for other religious traditions
997:Santa Maria Assunta in Ariccia
908:Palladian villas of the Veneto
853:sculpture filling the pediment
374:Ceiling of Temple of Jupiter,
1:
2219:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
2175:Architecture in Roman Britain
1427:List of Ancient Greek temples
1396:of Rome, Italy, dedicated by
1029:List of Ancient Roman temples
2877:Frontiers and fortifications
2254:Resources in other libraries
2168:Journal of Roman Archaeology
1782:, 357–360, 1998, MIT Press,
1463:Sarah Iles Johnston (2004).
1272:Temple of Augustus and Livia
872:San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice
870:and added a pediment above;
618:was a temple devoted to the
265:(a small shrine or chapel),
2936:Decorations and punishments
2103:, 1964, Thames and Hudson (
1543:Campbell, Jonathan (1998).
1088:Temple of Apollo in Pompeii
927:St Andrew's Church, Chennai
710:, to honour her dead lover
338:, and usually a triangular
5175:
4757:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
4696:
3843:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2418:historiography of the fall
2101:Roman Art and Architecture
1714:Roman Portraits in Context
1488:Hans-Josef Klauck (2003).
1353:Temple of Artemis (Jerash)
1318:, Spain, tiny but complete
1232:Temple of Apollo (Pompeii)
1026:
4752:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
4298:
4224:External wars and battles
2348:
2321:
2249:Resources in your library
2194:Mierse, William E. 1999.
2124:Anderson, James C. 1997.
1316:Roman temple of Alcántara
1282:Temple of Augustus (Pula)
1213:Temple of Bellona (Ostia)
1169:and the Temple of Romulus
1157:Temple of Hercules Victor
933:in New York City (1766).
825:Neoclassical architecture
559:Temple of Hercules Victor
287:to the sacred precinct).
212:decline of Roman religion
103:, an early temple of the
75:Roman temple of Alcántara
60:Temple of Hercules Victor
46:provincial temple of the
5011:Rape of the Sabine Women
2215:Thomas, Edmund V. 2007.
2034:Strong, Donald, et al.,
1567:Boardman, 255; Henig, 56
1104:Pagans Hill Roman Temple
906:, Paris (1645 on). The
880:Villa Capra "La Rotonda"
772:or upper parts, such as
453:, using the traditional
5016:Battle of Lacus Curtius
4219:Roman–Iranian relations
2694:Optimates and populares
2264:Temple of Hadrian, Rome
2180:MacDonald, W. L. 1976.
2005:A Handbook of Roman Art
1912:Summerson (1980), 38–39
1876:Summerson (1988), 64–70
1845:The Classical Tradition
1328:Roman temple of CĂłrdoba
1167:Santa Maria in Cosmedin
1007:(1774) in England, and
919:St Martin-in-the-Fields
813:St Martin-in-the-Fields
692:Caesareum of Alexandria
654:In the city of Rome, a
651:basilica at the other.
198:, worshiped in houses.
141:to whom the temple was
5154:Ancient Roman religion
4703:
4271:Ancient Roman religion
4229:Civil wars and revolts
3495:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3142:Conflict of the Orders
2501:Legislative assemblies
1729:(Brill, 2010), p. 249.
1666:Wheeler, 100–104; Sear
1630:Summerson (1980), 8–13
1585:Henig, 56, Wheeler, 89
1576:Wheeler, 89; Henig, 56
1524:Wheeler, 104–106; Sear
1405:
1129:
1114:
1095:
1079:
1064:
1048:
1013:University of Virginia
989:San Pietro in Montorio
957:Virginia State Capitol
944:
819:
734:
611:
568:and a small temple at
540:
458:
379:
323:
123:ancient Roman religion
107:
85:
67:
51:
5149:Ancient Roman temples
4702:
3938:Simplicius of Cilicia
3690:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2919:Siege in Ancient Rome
2528:Executive magistrates
2201:North, John A. 2000.
2023:subscription required
2003:Henig, Martin (ed.),
1388:San Nicola in Carcere
1382:
1296:Roman Temple of Évora
1244:, so-called, circular
1120:
1101:
1085:
1070:
1054:
1036:
1027:Further information:
1023:Substantial survivals
977:United States Capitol
939:
921:in London (1720), by
915:Georgian architecture
864:Leon Battista Alberti
811:
725:
671:(d. 180), though the
602:
534:
444:
373:
318:
255:always uses the word
220:Santi Cosma e Damiano
111:Ancient Roman temples
91:
73:
57:
33:
4896:Interpretatio graeca
3948:Stephanus Byzantinus
3853:Eusebius of Caesaria
3715:Sidonius Apollinaris
3405:Ammianus Marcellinus
2744:Tribune of the plebs
1453:Summerson (1980), 25
1248:Capitolium of Brixia
1112:Romano-Celtic temple
1001:Gian Lorenzo Bernini
987:in the courtyard of
961:Birmingham Town Hall
943:(1807), now a church
884:Baroque architecture
505:Romano-Celtic temple
478:pedimental sculpture
426:and its variant the
5159:Sacral architecture
5096:Classical mythology
4917:Theology of victory
4762:Kings of Alba Longa
4124:Distinguished women
3775:Velleius Paterculus
3615:Nicolaus Damascenus
3595:Marcellus Empiricus
2984:Republican currency
2212:. London: Batsford.
2208:Sear, Frank. 1982.
1831:The Financial Times
1322:Roman temple of Vic
1094:is to the far left.
973:St Paul's Cathedral
949:La Madeleine, Paris
941:La Madeleine, Paris
535:"Temple of Venus",
493:sacred architecture
449:or chapel added to
416:Italian Renaissance
376:Diocletian's Palace
320:Roman temple of Vic
4704:
3898:Phlegon of Tralles
3705:Seneca the Younger
3179:Naming conventions
2909:Personal equipment
2442:Later Roman Empire
2277:The Pantheon, Rome
2269:2010-04-15 at the
2210:Roman architecture
2145:Claridge, Amanda,
1921:Vickers, Michael,
1834:, January 25, 2013
1820:Heathcote, Edwin,
1406:
1163:Temple of Portunus
1130:
1115:
1102:Reconstruction of
1096:
1080:
1065:
1049:
1011:'s library at the
975:in London and the
945:
860:San Andrea, Mantua
820:
786:Capitoline Museums
735:
612:
541:
459:
384:Temple of Claudius
380:
324:
302:Greek architecture
119:Roman architecture
108:
93:Temple of Augustus
86:
68:
52:
5136:
5135:
5113:Etruscan religion
4727:Romulus and Remus
4710:Legendary figures
4694:
4693:
4343:Castor and Pollux
4237:
4236:
4199:Pontifices maximi
3981:
3980:
3838:Diogenes Laërtius
3660:Pliny the Younger
3415:Asconius Pedianus
3375:Romance languages
3247:Civil engineering
2989:Imperial currency
2862:Political control
2823:
2822:
2457:
2456:
2230:Library resources
2097:Wheeler, Mortimer
2059:Thames and Hudson
2019:Oxford Art Online
2007:, Phaidon, 1983,
1997:, 9780300052909,
1855:, 9780674035720,
1790:, 9780262681018,
1684:Boardman, 256–257
1554:978-0-582-73984-0
1334:Temple of Bacchus
1191:Temple of Hadrian
1173:Temple of Romulus
1057:Temple of Romulus
1038:Temple of Bacchus
931:St. Paul's Chapel
874:, begun 1566, by
833:Buckingham Palace
815:, London (1720),
749:dedicated to the
700:Ptolemaic dynasty
673:Temple of Romulus
549:shrines and some
432:that at Alcántara
414:, and subsequent
390:) or outside the
388:Temple of Hadrian
228:Temple of Romulus
226:, originally the
16:(Redirected from
5166:
5006:Founding of Rome
4776:Legendary beings
4737:Tullus Hostilius
4574:Abstract deities
4433:Lares Familiares
4296:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4241:
4189:Magistri equitum
4104:Cities and towns
4097:
4023:Constantinopolis
3833:Diodorus Siculus
3765:Valerius Maximus
3700:Seneca the Elder
3620:Nonius Marcellus
3388:
2941:Hippika gymnasia
2904:Infantry tactics
2810:Consular tribune
2800:Magister equitum
2749:Military tribune
2714:
2674:Pontifex maximus
2669:Princeps senatus
2659:Magister militum
2425:Byzantine Empire
2346:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2079:Georgian London,
2057:, 1980 edition,
1962:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1841:
1835:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1744:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1700:
1694:
1691:
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1682:
1676:
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1664:
1658:
1655:
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1646:
1640:
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1631:
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1609:
1592:
1586:
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1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
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1558:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1393:Forum Holitorium
1207:Temple of Saturn
1009:Thomas Jefferson
1005:Belle Isle House
788:. The sculptor
768:elements of the
751:Capitoline Triad
681:Valerius Romulus
424:Corinthian order
407:classical orders
334:with columns, a
196:Early Christians
168:Etruscan temples
79:important bridge
21:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5128:Myth and ritual
5123:Greek mythology
5084:
5046:
5042:Pignora imperii
5037:Parabiago Plate
5020:
4989:
4948:
4882:
4876:
4858:Sibylline Books
4792:
4771:
4742:Servius Tullius
4705:
4690:
4569:
4285:
4277:
4268:
4238:
4233:
4095:
4093:
4087:
3977:
3813:AĂ«tius of Amida
3794:
3780:Verrius Flaccus
3760:Valerius Antias
3720:Silius Italicus
3655:Pliny the Elder
3600:Marcus Aurelius
3475:Cornelius Nepos
3425:Aurelius Victor
3379:
3301:
3213:
3147:Secessio plebis
3118:
2993:
2945:
2819:
2773:
2703:
2585:
2537:
2453:
2374:
2335:
2317:
2311:
2271:Wayback Machine
2260:
2259:
2258:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2121:
2119:Further reading
2075:Summerson, John
2049:Summerson, John
2027:Stamper, John,
1970:
1965:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1842:
1838:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1776:Rykwert, Joseph
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1747:
1740:Ab urbe condita
1737:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1712:. Jane Fejfer,
1704:Marcus Aurelius
1701:
1697:
1693:Henig, 55; Sear
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
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1612:
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1519:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1423:
1402:Battle of Mylae
1384:Temple of Janus
1266:Southern France
1238:Temple of Vesta
1201:Temple of Vesta
1031:
1025:
985:Donato Bramante
969:St Peters, Rome
898:, Rome (1597),
876:Andrea Palladio
837:St Peters, Rome
806:
743:Capitoline Hill
731:Marcus Aurelius
720:
669:Marcus Aurelius
597:
578:broken pediment
551:other buildings
539:, from the rear
529:
521:Celtic religion
455:Egyptian temple
428:Composite order
293:
240:
166:initially from
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5172:
5170:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
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5140:
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5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5060:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4980:Pythagoreanism
4977:
4975:Peripateticism
4972:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:The Golden Ass
4860:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4841:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4827:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4788:Barnacle goose
4785:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4732:Numa Pompilius
4729:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
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4643:
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4603:
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4570:
4568:
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4527:
4522:
4517:
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4507:
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4415:
4410:
4405:
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4380:
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4365:
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4355:
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4335:
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4325:
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4315:
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4278:
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4231:
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4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
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2609:Cursus honorum
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2224:External links
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2203:Roman Religion
2199:
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2015:
2001:
1983:Rasmussen, Tom
1975:Boëthius, Axel
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:
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1943:Wheeler, 93–96
1936:
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1765:Stamper, 12–13
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1754:Einar Gjerstad
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1121:Capitoleum of
1092:Mount Vesuvius
1024:
1021:
868:triumphal arch
805:
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790:Flaminio Vacca
719:
716:
664:Roman emperors
660:Arval Brothers
603:Temple of the
596:
593:
566:Pantheon, Rome
528:
527:Circular plans
525:
509:Western Empire
451:Dendera Temple
353:Pantheon, Rome
292:
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232:Pantheon, Rome
175:Roman religion
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4902:Imperial cult
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4883:and practices
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4289:Dii Consentes
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3555:Julius Paulus
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3227:Amphitheatres
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2964:Deforestation
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2914:Siege engines
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2847:Establishment
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2778:Extraordinary
2776:
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2764:Promagistrate
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2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Twelve Tables
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2091:Howard Colvin
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:0-500-20177-3
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1648:Strong, 47-48
1645:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:Gaius Duilius
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:Maison Carrée
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1061:Palatine Hill
1058:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
942:
938:
934:
932:
929:in India and
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:Santa Susanna
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
849:
844:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
818:
814:
810:
803:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
732:
728:
724:
717:
715:
713:
712:Julius Caesar
709:
708:Ancient Egypt
705:
701:
697:
696:Cleopatra VII
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
661:
657:
652:
649:
648:
643:
642:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:Imperial cult
617:
610:
606:
605:Imperial cult
601:
594:
592:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:
538:
533:
526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
513:Roman Britain
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
456:
452:
448:
443:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
377:
372:
368:
366:
362:
361:Maison Carrée
358:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
321:
317:
313:
311:
307:
303:
298:
290:
288:
286:
282:
281:
276:
275:
270:
269:
264:
263:
258:
254:
250:
249:
245:
237:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
171:
169:
164:
160:
155:
153:
148:
144:
140:
137:image of the
136:
132:
130:
124:
120:
116:
115:Roman culture
112:
106:
105:Imperial cult
102:
98:
94:
90:
84:
80:
76:
72:
65:
64:Forum Boarium
61:
56:
49:
48:Imperial cult
45:
41:
37:
36:Maison Carrée
32:
19:
18:Roman temples
5032:Gubernaculum
5001:Golden Bough
4970:Neoplatonism
4965:Epicureanism
4926:
4894:
4867:
4848:
4829:
4822:
4808:
4313:Anna Perenna
4287:
4169:Institutions
4033:Leptis Magna
3986:Major cities
3893:Philostratus
3680:Quadrigarius
3500:Rufus Festus
3363:Contemporary
3286:
3084:Romanization
3007:Architecture
2614:Collegiality
2463:Constitution
2314:Ancient Rome
2279:QuickTime VR
2273:QuickTime VR
2244:Online books
2235:Roman temple
2234:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2105:World of Art
2100:
2078:
2062:World of Art
2061:
2052:
2035:
2028:
2004:
1999:google books
1986:
1956:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1923:Ancient Rome
1922:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1857:google books
1844:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1807:
1799:
1792:google books
1779:
1770:
1761:
1748:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1598:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1489:
1483:
1464:
1458:
1410:Garni Temple
1391:
1303:
1135:
1131:
1072:Garni Temple
1055:View of the
993:
965:
952:
946:
912:
904:Val-de-Grâce
857:
848:Early Modern
841:
821:
763:
736:
687:
685:
655:
653:
645:
644:from Celtic
640:
624:Roman Empire
615:
613:
586:
563:
544:
542:
490:
475:
460:
436:Tuscan order
404:
381:
365:half columns
328:Greek temple
325:
294:
291:Architecture
284:
278:
272:
266:
260:
256:
246:
241:
200:
187:
172:
156:
126:
110:
109:
5106:Persecution
5058:Gallo-Roman
4850:Res divinae
4722:Rhea Silvia
4164:Geographers
3848:Dioscorides
3828:Cassius Dio
3450:Cassiodorus
3353:Renaissance
2959:Agriculture
2931:Auxiliaries
2872:Engineering
2709:Magistrates
2561:Citizenship
2556:Mos maiorum
2491:Late Empire
1979:Ling, Roger
1811:Stamper, 15
1533:Stamper, 10
1186:Roman Forum
1177:Roman Forum
1059:, from the
1017:The Rotunda
963:(1832–34).
923:James Gibbs
917:was set by
902:(1646) and
843:Renaissance
829:White House
817:James Gibbs
794:Medici lion
770:entablature
702:, the last
679:to his son
434:, a simple
422:trend, the
420:Hellenistic
310:entablature
224:Roman Forum
133:housed the
5143:Categories
5051:Variations
4953:Philosophy
4932:Capitolium
4839:Propertius
4606:Averruncus
4591:Aeternitas
4581:Abundantia
4510:Proserpina
4053:Mediolanum
3993:Alexandria
3958:Themistius
3923:Porphyrius
3750:Tertullian
3685:Quintilian
3675:Propertius
3570:Lactantius
3520:Fulgentius
3455:Censorinus
3277:Sanitation
3262:Metallurgy
3219:Technology
3184:Demography
3132:Patricians
3099:Spectacles
3057:Literature
3052:Hairstyles
2889:Technology
2639:Praefectus
2591:Government
2581:Litigation
2566:Auctoritas
2511:Centuriate
2398:Principate
2393:Pax Romana
2353:Foundation
2187:--. 1982.
2170:20:95–112.
2155:0192880039
2113:0500200211
2087:0712620958
2044:0300052936
2013:0714822140
1995:0300052901
1968:References
1934:Strong, 48
1853:0674035720
1822:Review of
1788:0262681013
1639:Henig, 225
1607:0140218661
1595:Cook, R.M.
1499:0567089436
1474:0674015177
892:GesĂą, Rome
862:, 1462 by
766:terracotta
747:capitolium
582:architrave
517:ambulatory
344:terracotta
184:of animals
182:, chiefly
180:Sacrifices
5078:Mithraism
5063:Mysteries
4912:Palladium
4890:Festivals
4666:Securitas
4616:Concordia
4560:Vertumnus
4378:DÄ«s Pater
4275:mythology
4209:Quaestors
4139:Empresses
4129:Dynasties
4119:Dictators
4094:and other
4083:Volubilis
4078:Vindobona
4038:Londinium
3963:Theodoret
3933:Procopius
3913:Polyaenus
3888:Pausanias
3790:Vitruvius
3735:Symmachus
3730:Suetonius
3640:Petronius
3625:Obsequens
3590:Macrobius
3585:Lucretius
3510:Frontinus
3485:Eutropius
3470:Columella
3420:Augustine
3410:Appuleius
3358:Neo-Latin
3333:Classical
3324:Versions
3232:Aqueducts
3174:Patronage
3094:Sexuality
3067:Mythology
3042:Education
3032:Cosmetics
2857:Campaigns
2852:Structure
2805:Decemviri
2664:Imperator
2363:overthrow
2036:Roman Art
1973:"EERA" =
1599:Greek Art
1404:in 260 BC
1390:, in the
1220:Elsewhere
981:Tempietto
804:Influence
774:antefixes
677:Maxentius
656:caesareum
616:caesareum
595:Caesareum
589:Praeneste
501:Near East
486:antefixes
482:acroteria
463:vermilion
412:Vitruvius
400:Parthenon
392:colonnade
348:antefixes
306:antefixes
300:by early
253:Vitruvius
222:, in the
147:libations
143:dedicated
62:, in the
5118:Glossary
5089:See also
4985:Stoicism
4960:Cynicism
4922:Pomerium
4881:Concepts
4863:Apuleius
4783:She-wolf
4767:Hersilia
4686:Victoria
4586:Aequitas
4540:Summanus
4530:Silvanus
4515:Quirinus
4445:Libertas
4408:Hercules
4353:Cloacina
4338:Carmenta
4333:Bona Dea
4308:Angerona
4303:Agenoria
4214:Tribunes
4204:Praetors
4154:Generals
4134:Emperors
4043:Lugdunum
4028:Eboracum
4018:Carthage
4003:Aquileia
3918:Polybius
3908:Plutarch
3878:Libanius
3868:Josephus
3863:Herodian
3755:Tibullus
3670:Priscian
3645:Phaedrus
3605:Manilius
3550:Jordanes
3535:Hydatius
3465:Claudian
3445:Catullus
3435:Boëthius
3430:Ausonius
3348:Medieval
3320:Alphabet
3292:Theatres
3267:Numerals
3252:Concrete
3242:Circuses
3209:Bagaudae
3199:Adoption
3194:Marriage
3167:Assembly
3072:Religion
3047:Folklore
3027:Clothing
3022:Calendar
2979:Currency
2969:Commerce
2867:Strategy
2829:Military
2815:Triumvir
2795:Dictator
2790:Interrex
2769:Governor
2754:Quaestor
2717:Ordinary
2699:Province
2689:Tetrarch
2679:Augustus
2644:Vicarius
2634:Officium
2571:Imperium
2521:Plebeian
2481:Republic
2403:Dominate
2370:Republic
2331:Timeline
2267:Archived
2077:(1988),
2064:series,
2051:(1980),
1961:. II.49.
1421:See also
1151:Pantheon
1108:Somerset
894:(1584),
798:Florence
778:Domitian
690:was the
688:caesarea
641:coloniae
499:and the
445:A Roman
396:Pergamon
340:pediment
297:Etruscan
274:delubrum
262:sacellum
218:in 415.
216:Honorius
163:pediment
44:Augustan
5101:Decline
5025:Objects
4927:Temples
4907:Charity
4641:Laverna
4631:Fortuna
4621:Feronia
4550:Veritas
4520:Salacia
4505:Priapus
4490:Penates
4470:Neptune
4465:Minerva
4460:Mercury
4423:Jupiter
4363:Dea Dia
4328:Bellona
4283:Deities
4184:Legions
4144:Fiction
4114:Consuls
4109:Climate
4063:Ravenna
4058:Pompeii
4048:Lutetia
4013:Bononia
4008:Berytus
3998:Antioch
3973:Zosimus
3968:Zonaras
3943:Sozomen
3928:Priscus
3903:Photius
3745:Terence
3740:Tacitus
3725:Statius
3710:Servius
3695:Sallust
3650:Plautus
3630:Orosius
3610:Martial
3565:Juvenal
3540:Hyginus
3525:Gellius
3384:Writers
3315:History
3297:Thermae
3287:Temples
3237:Bridges
3204:Slavery
3152:Equites
3124:Society
3104:Theatre
3077:Deities
3037:Cuisine
3017:Bathing
2999:Culture
2974:Finance
2951:Economy
2842:Borders
2837:History
2739:Tribune
2734:Praetor
2624:Legatus
2619:Emperor
2506:Curiate
2476:Kingdom
2471:History
2447:History
2430:decline
2388:History
2358:Kingdom
2341:History
2326:Outline
2093:, 2003)
1958:Annales
1953:Tacitus
1414:Armenia
1367:Tunisia
1363:Sbeitla
1342:Lebanon
1338:Baalbek
1290:Croatia
1252:Brescia
1127:Tunisia
1076:Armenia
1046:Lebanon
1042:Baalbek
888:volutes
782:Vandals
759:Minerva
741:on the
704:pharaoh
698:of the
570:Baalbek
537:Baalbek
447:mammisi
378:, Split
336:pronaos
332:portico
285:templum
257:templum
248:templum
210:. The
204:mosques
188:templum
152:portico
101:Croatia
5068:Cybele
4994:Events
4942:Celtic
4810:Aeneid
4804:Virgil
4717:Aeneas
4651:Pietas
4636:Fontus
4611:Caelus
4601:Annona
4596:Africa
4565:Vulcan
4525:Saturn
4500:Pomona
4403:Genius
4393:Faunus
4383:Egeria
4323:Aurora
4318:Apollo
4194:Nomina
4179:Legacy
4159:Gentes
4096:topics
4092:Lists
4073:Smyrna
3953:Strabo
3883:Lucian
3873:Julian
3823:Arrian
3818:Appian
3808:Aelian
3785:Vergil
3560:Justin
3545:Jerome
3530:Horace
3515:Fronto
3505:Florus
3480:Ennius
3460:Cicero
3440:Caesar
3338:Vulgar
3162:Tribes
3089:Romans
2899:Legion
2882:castra
2759:Aedile
2729:Censor
2724:Consul
2684:Caesar
2654:Lictor
2576:Status
2516:Tribal
2496:Senate
2486:Empire
2380:Empire
2316:topics
2232:about
2153:
2111:
2085:
2068:
2042:
2011:
1993:
1851:
1786:
1605:
1551:
1496:
1471:
1432:Temple
1373:Dougga
1357:Jordan
1276:Vienne
1242:Tivoli
1139:votive
1123:Dougga
835:, and
727:Relief
647:oppida
632:Vienne
609:Vienne
546:tholos
471:gilded
457:style.
277:, and
192:Empire
159:podium
83:Trajan
81:under
4937:Cella
4844:Varro
4824:Fasti
4797:Texts
4681:Terra
4661:Salus
4626:Fides
4555:Vesta
4545:Venus
4495:Pluto
4485:Orcus
4440:Liber
4428:Lares
4413:Janus
4398:Flora
4388:Fauna
4368:Diana
4358:Cupid
4348:Ceres
3858:Galen
3800:Greek
3770:Varro
3580:Lucan
3392:Latin
3307:Latin
3282:Ships
3272:Roads
3257:Domes
3189:Women
3137:Plebs
3062:Music
2604:Forum
2599:Curia
1798:from
1743:, 2.8
1439:Notes
1304:cella
1300:Évora
1262:Nîmes
636:Nîmes
628:Évora
574:cella
555:Vesta
497:Egypt
280:fanum
268:aedes
244:Latin
238:Terms
139:deity
129:cella
40:Nîmes
5073:Isis
4818:Ovid
4671:Spes
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4068:Roma
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2435:fall
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