933:
547:, was signed by 250 officers and 250 soldiers, and is probably the first unionist statement to be issued by a Transylvanian representative body. The document states: "we Romanians, like all other subjugated nations, have grown aware that once and for all that we cannot carry on with our lives within the frame of the Austro-Hungarian state; we demand, with unwavering will, our incorporation into Romania, so that together we may form a single national Romanian state. For the sake of this ideal, we throw in the balance all of what we have, our lives and fortunes, our women and children, our descendants' life and happiness. And we never will stop, lest we vanquish or perish."
1246:, reached all 40 POW camps in the region, urging any volunteer to make his own way to Chelyabinsk. That city emerged as a main site of Romanian political and military activity, with a reported population of 3,000 liberated Romanians (July 1918). Major Dâmbu put a momentary stop to Bolshevik influence by arresting Milovan and ordering the Samaran unit to Chelyabinsk. A complex set of sanctions were imposed, in the hope of curbing dissent, ranks were reintroduced, uniforms on the Romanian Land Forces model were distributed around, and a patriotic cultural section began to function.
77:
757:
29:
490:), which regulated the status of Corps soldiers in relation to the Romanian Army, and which the recruits had to sign. It integrated the former Austro-Hungarian officers into the Romanian Army, with equivalent ranks, and equated their Austrian service, including time they spent in the POW camps, with active duty under Romanian banners. The pledge ended with the words: "May God help us, so that through our blood we may liberate our lands and create a
971:(UNR), where they signed up the last group of Romanian volunteers. Some of these efforts were hampered by a diplomatic tensions between the UNR and Romania. Ukrainian officials refused to either rally with the Entente or negotiate border treaties with Romania, but tacitly permitted Deleu, Bocu, Ghibu and other Transylvanian Romanians activists who worked against Austria-Hungary to work on UNR territory.
408:
61:
359:
initiatives; those who insisted to establish contact with
Romania were arrested by the Russian police forces. During the same year, after consultations with Romania, the Russian executive reverted such policies. It was decided that Russia would free at most 15,000 of this demographic group, transferring them to Romania in exchange for a similar number of non-Romanian prisoners from Romanian camps.
1183:
741:, so as to assert, clearly and beyond all doubt, that the Romanian nationals of the Hungarian state do not recognize its authority. To have fought against Hungary, however the war may end, ought to have been a badge of honor for the Romanian nation in Hungary and a moral reinforcement during the battles to come". When it was proposed that men from the Corps be assigned
1078:. On the Western Front, a similar formation was being created, mainly by Romanian citizens who resented their country for surrendering, but also by soldiers who clandestinely left Romania to continue the fight. Its Transylvanian-Bukovinian membership was small, reflecting the number of Austro-Hungarian prisoners in France, who had been taken mainly in the
494:, unified in substance and everlasting." All those who backed out after signing the document were to be considered deserters. Demand for enlistment remained considerable, even though rumor spread that Austro-Hungarian repression forces were by then murdering the families of volunteers and confiscating their property. However, Corps veteran
394:
Additionally, probably half of the 120,000 men excluded themselves from the pool of recruits, as
Austrian loyalists, invalids or men who had reason to fear Austria-Hungary's retaliation. Support from within Romania was therefore weak, and Russian obstruction still had a part to play, but in January the camp was visited by
737:, which was recovering in Iași. It was, however, decided that the formations, particularly those from Transylvania, were to be kept separated from the rest under the common command structure. An official act of 1918 explained the rationale behind this act: "Transylvanians should fight as Transylvanians against the
683:, Romania's provisional capital, where the volunteers were welcomed as heroes. On June 9, at Iași's marching ground, they took their oath and were officially integrated into the Land Forces. The ceremony was attended by King Ferdinand, Premier Brătianu, General Prezan, by representatives of Entente missions (
846:
The divisive command structure was a disappointment for the
Transylvanian and Bukovinian volunteers. In a complaint they sent to King Ferdinand during September, they requested reintegration into a special Corps, arguing: "Through such legions the free will of the formerly oppressed citizens would be
558:
Goga, a civilian refugee in transit through Russia, was supposed to have left
Darnytsia with a copy of the appeal. Some argue that he did, and that the subsequent popularization is largely owed to his work as publicist. Such accounts are contradicted by the recollections of another unionist activist,
550:
The text, which also survives in slightly different versions, included a brief analysis of the international scene. It paid homage to Russia's democratic program, referenced the "generous" Wilsonian doctrine on self-determination, and looked forward to a congress of "blissful, national and democratic
842:
The three battles to hold back the
Central Powers ended in early autumn 1917, by which time there were 31 dead and 453 wounded among the volunteers; 129 received distinction. Dimitrie Lăzărel was one to have survived all three engagements, and legend has it that he never went into combat without the
351:. Estimates for that period place the total population of Bukovinian and Transylvanian Romanians in such facilities, throughout Russia, at 120,000 or 130,000. Meanwhile, in Romania itself there were several thousand Romanian refugees from Austria-Hungary who immediately signed up for service in the
1269:
was formed from this structure, but only 3,000 soldiers still volunteered in its ranks—2,000 others were progressively transferred out of the combat zone, shipped out to
Romania or taken back to prisoner of war camps. As Șerban notes, the Western Front victory had opened the way for Transylvania's
923:
Reenlisted prisoners of war formed a large section of the approximately 30,800 former
Austria-Hungarian citizens who were registered as active on the Romanian side by late 1917. By the time it stopped recruiting (January 1918), the Corps had enlisted some 8,500 to 10,000 men. However, the Kornilov
747:
so as to avoid execution if captured, Deleu reacted strongly: "We intend to be the army of
Transylvania! We aim to be the conscience of Transylvania, which is for absolute freedom and The Union! We do not want a conquered land, we wish to liberate ourselves with our own forces! Hangings? Let them
398:
Constantin Gh. Pietraru of the
Romanian Land Forces, on a mission to evaluate the recruitment project. The reversal of fortunes on the Romanian front had brought a Central Powers' invasion into southern Romania, and the Romanian military authority became pressured into finding new soldiers for the
358:
In Russia, Romanian captives complained about being worse off than prisoners of other Austro-Hungarian ethnicities, a matter which may have contributed to their decision of volunteering into
Romanian service. Russian authorities were undecided about letting them join, and initially prohibited such
1253:
and some other officers of the original Darnytsia Corps joined up with "Horia" in mid autumn, at a moment when the Romanian soldiers were celebrating the breakup of Austria-Hungary. The union between "Horia" and various new arrivals from the western Siberian camps became a second Volunteer Corps,
702:
At a later banquet and public rally in Union Square, Victor Deleu addressed the civilian population, describing the Corps' arrival as a rescue mission: "We had the duty of coming over here on this day, when you are living through such hardships. We left a foreign country, but did so with just one
3077:"Din activitatea desfășurată în Vechiul Regat de voluntarii și refugiații ardeleni și bucovineni în slujba idealului național (iunie 1917 - ianuarie 1918)" ("On the Activity of Transylvanian Volunteers and Refugees in Support of the National Ideal in the Old Kingdom (June 1917 – January 1918)")
393:
Regardless of such initiatives, Romania tended to give little attention to the potential of recruitment in Russia, as many decision-makers were still uncertain about the devotion of Transylvanians and Bukovinians, and worried that they might be welcoming Austro-Hungarian spies into army ranks.
551:
states". The manifesto made ample reference to the activity of "traitors" to the Transylvanian cause. As Nemoianu later recounted, there was a disguised reference to the PNR, whose moderate leaders, ostensibly loyal to the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, still tried to achieve
860:. According to historian Ioan I. Șerban, the approval was creating problems for the Romanian side: of the soldiers in question, the majority were held deep inside Russia, and employed "in the agricultural regions and the various industrial centers of southern Russia, the
1337:-inspired section of the PNR. Petru Nemoianu strongly dismissed the accounts as "enormities", and stated that the Union had good cause to reject the PNR for its handling of the Transylvanian issue. More sympathetic to the PNR, Simion Gocan was President of the Union in
1270:
union, and "their only thought was to regain, as fast as possible, their families and their places of origin". A special case was that of Bolshevik sympathizers: in October, Dâmbu was killed by his own soldiers, partly in retaliation for Milovan's arrest.
847:
expressing a common will. One would not be enrolling isolated individuals , but an entire people free from the yoke." Like his army staff, the monarch disapproved of this initiative, informing Deleanu and Tăslăuanu that, at most, units overseen by
563:: " was supposed to be handed down to Goga, on his stopover in Darnița. For whatever reason Goga stopped for a day in Kiev. In such circumstances I was the one designated to hold it". In this version, Ghibu passed it on to Romania's executive,
3058:"Soldați ai României Mari. Din prizonieratul rusesc în Corpul Voluntarilor transilvăneni și bucovineni (1916 – 1918)" ("Soldiers of Greater Romania. From Russian Captivity to the Corps of Transylvanian and Bukovinian Volunteers (1916 – 1918)")
1169:
were involved in creating new armed formations. Their original goal was to show to the Entente that Romanians were still eager to fight against the Central Powers, but the Romanians also defended the line in skirmishes with the Bolshevik or
1019:
put the recruitment project on a complete standstill, and diminished the effort to move Transylvanian-Bukovinian soldiers into the single new force. According to his own account, Sever Bocu attempted to quickly dispatch Hârlău troops to the
1254:
grouping as many as 5,000 volunteers. Through the alliance it formed with the anti-Bolshevik Czechoslovak Legions, it was a Romanian national contribution to the international coalition, but reluctantly so. Once relocated to Irkutsk and
1004:, where their train stopped on January 6. A skirmish followed, with the Moldavians and Bolsheviks either disarming, or killing or kidnapping Corps soldiers. The survivors were held captive in the same place as Moldavian Army founder
826:
Units of the Volunteer Corps earned distinction in the defense of eastern Romania, which postponed the Central Powers' advance during summer 1917. With the 11th Division, the Transylvanians-Bukovinians participated in the battles of
3122:"Emigranții și prizonierii români din Franța (1917-1919) în lupta pentru întregirea statală a României (I)" ("Romanian Emigrants and Prisoners in France (1917-1919) Engaged in the Struggle for Romania's Stately Completion (I)")
868:
etc." As the Mărășești battle was waging, the Romanian government called on the Russian leadership to allow yet more recruits to be sent to the front, and received a confirmation of Guchkov's earlier 30,000 directly from
1949:
Denize, Eugen, and Oprescu, Paul, "1917. Trimisul Spaniei raportează: 'Unitatea națională — cauză a participării la război' " ("1917. Spain's Envoy Reports: 'National Unity — A Reason for Partaking in the War' "), in
851:
could expect to form special regiments within the existing divisions. Parallel negotiations continued between Russia and Romania over the total number of volunteers allowed to leave Russian soil. During early June,
1305:
union. The Romanian volunteers' rally in support of self-determination was judged by some Romanian authors as a direct predecessor of Alba Iulia's "Great National Assembly", whereby union was being endorsed on
1214:
by Valeriu Milovan. Criticized for his eccentric idea of imitating egalitarian Bolshevik practices and doing away with military ranks, he also sparked a conflict when he arrested the more conservative officer
891:
After Kornilov's promise, the Romanian high command took measures of creating a single and distinct division, comprising both those who had passed through Podil and those refugees already in Romanian service.
3093:"Semnificația memoriului-manifest al voluntarilor români de la Darnița Kievului (13/26 aprilie 1917)" ("The Significance of the Memoir-manifesto of Romanian Volunteers in Kiev's Darnytsia (13/26 April 1917)")
1031:
As Romania faced indecision about its future, the Corps was still the subject of unionist propaganda, spread by Romanian intellectuals in the capitals of Entente nations. From his temporary home in
3241:
1258:
in late 1918, the volunteers expressed their lack of interest in fighting against the Bolsheviks: after rebelling against Colonel Kadlec, their Czech technical adviser, the Corps was placed under
1097:
As the dissolution of Austria-Hungary was taking effect in October 1918, other such units were spontaneously formed on Austrian territory, mainly from rogue components of the Imperial Army. The
992:
was vying for power with the local Bolsheviks. Their action was likely coordinated with the Romanian High Command, which at the time had begun an attack against the western Bessarabian town of
3236:
1138:, but some of their members continued to serve the nationalist cause. In June 1918, a number of Romanian prisoners who had signed up for the Volunteer Corps were cut off from Romania by the
1875:
1008:, and were released later that day, allegedly by Republican troops. Years later, suspicion arose that Pântea had in fact helped the Bolsheviks, as an alleged enemy of Romanian interests in
1387:. Among the relics left behind by the Corps is Dimitrie Lăzărel's banner, probably the only one of seven to have survived. In 1923, Lăzărel paraded it at the Volunteers' Union reunion in
2912:
1322:
after 1918, allegedly refused to welcome the Corps back as a single unit, and plans for its mobilization had to be dropped. A new "Horia" Volunteer Corps was reportedly formed on the
1086:
operations. The 135 who signed up in October 1918 were put off by the refusal of French officials to recognize their Austro-Hungarian officer's ranks. Their unit was attached to the
1158:. The various groups were monitored by French public opinion, and plans were drafted to merge them into the Romanian Legion on the Western Front, or even to have them open up a new
3030:
Mamina, Ion, Ugliș Delapecica, Petre, Dimitriu-Serea, G., Bocan, Ion, Tănăsescu, Fl., Butnaru, I., Dragne, Fl. and Bîrdeanu, N., "Voluntarii unității" ("Volunteers of Unity"), in
1223:, but support for his cause continued to be eroded by the privates' growing support for the Bolsheviks. As a result of Nițescu's activity, supported by Gocan and Nicolae Nedelcu,
3106:"Constituirea celui de-al doilea corp al voluntarilor români din Rusia - august 1918 (II)" ("The Establishment of a Second Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia - August 1918 (II)")
593:. It was also presented individually to representatives of Russian political life and to the foreign press agencies, and circulated among the national emancipation movements of
498:(Nemoian) was later to state that envy and class conflict were also characteristic for the formation, where the intellectual leaders quarreled over the better paid assignments.
3196:
2763:"O zi istorică. - Suveranii la Țebea și povestea celor doi legionari ai lui Avram Iancu" ("An Historic Day. - The Royals at Țebea and the Story of Two Avram Iancu Legionaries")
660:
Six recruiting commissions were then dispatched from Romania to Russia. During May 1917, they received the Romanian volunteers, relocated from Darnytsia to the Girls' Lycée in
347:
against Austria-Hungary and the other Central Powers. After a while, Romania began investigating the fate and loyalties of Austria-Hungarian Romanians who were held in Russian
3181:
1064:
proceeded to form their own abjurers' units, based upon the existing Romanian Corps. Luciano (Lucian) Ferigo became Commander of the newly formed Romanian Legion in Italy (
726:
etc.) to encourage the rapid integration of Podil-formed units into the Romanian line of defense. After a quick session of retraining, the Corps units were attached to the
3014:"Contribuția voluntarilor ardeleni din Rusia la înfăptuirea României Mari" ("The Contribution of Transylvanian Volunteers in Russia to the Fulfillment of Greater Romania")
3206:
1203:
1368:. According to Șerban, communist historiography presented the story "superficially, usually truncated or in the context of other events". During the first wave of
932:
672:. The largely Romanian-inhabited Russian city gave them a warm welcome: the battalion received another Romanian tricolor as war flag, and were presented with an
1207:
1143:
843:
banner. Deleu had left reserve duty to join the 10th Chasseurs Battalion in the Mărășești combat, but fell severely ill and was reassigned to other offices.
390:. The other members of Darnytsia camp's leadership body were Pompiliu Nistor, Vasile Chiroiu, Emil Isopescu, Valeriu Milovan, Octavian Vasu and Ioan Vescan.
3134:
1171:
1235:
Ioan Dâmbu was assigned to lead it, and, under Czechoslovak orders, the new Mărășești and Reserve battalions were sent on mission to other localities.
799:("T and B Bureau") to keep evidence of Austro-Hungarian abjurers, on and behind the front. Its founding members were three Second Lieutenants: Deleu,
516:, who reduced that number to 5,000 prisoners, noting that they were sorely needed as working hands in Russia's agriculture and industry. In practice,
555:. More leniently, Gocan argued that the PNR at home was "deeply terrorized" and bound to government by a forcefully signed "declaration of loyalty".
2807:
3231:
3080:
3061:
431:
facilitated renewed political action. According to veteran Simion Gocan, the soldiers were inspired by both these revolutionary promises and the
292:, the Corps was left without backing and purpose. However, it inspired the creation of similar units in Entente countries, most successfully the
3105:
3092:
955:
government which had no intention of continuing with war against the Central Powers. Although the Romanian presence in Kiev was set back by the
3221:
2909:
1354:
447:
3076:
2946:
1487:
3004:
2456:
3013:
1293:
by the Legion, was cleared of the charges by a higher authority; however, those who killed Dâmbu were sentenced as mutineers and assassins.
298:
3216:
505:, and an agreement was reached regarding the maximum total of troops to be enlisted in the Romanian Corps. Answering to special pleas from
3041:
2910:"Popp, Gheorghe (Ghiță)- un 'memorandist' al epocii comuniste" ("Gheorghe (Ghiță) Popp - A 'Memorandum Activist' of the Communist Epoch")
703:
thought on our minds: coming home. That's why there was only road meant for us, the one leading us ahead. We'll be the victors, for the
3121:
870:
668:
was quickly sent into Romania to reinforce defense. Comprising some 1,300 men, this unit traveled by chartered train, stopping first in
455:
2808:"Guvernul 'Uniunei Naționale' trage pe sfoară U.F.V. din Ardeal" ("The 'National Union' Government Pulls One on the Transylvanian UFV")
924:
order came too late in the war for there to have been a more significant Transylvanian-Bukovinian contribution to the Romanian effort.
1437:
Otu, Petre, "Octavian Goga despre revoluția rusă din februarie 1917" ("Octavian Goga on the Russian Revolution of February 1917"), in
536:
535:
By then, revolutionary examples also inspired the prisoners of Darnytsia to proclaim their own political goals, and openly demand the
276:
after June 1917. It helped defend the last stretches of Romania against the Central Powers' unified offensive, and met success in the
254:
2884:
2762:
2175:
1310:. They call the Corps' April 26 meeting a "1st Alba Iulia". Within Transylvania itself, opinion was more divided. Shortly before the
3176:
2320:
977:
gazette, which still had Bocu as chief editorial manager, closed down in December 1917, having published 23 issues in all. By then,
839:. At the time, they were split between five regiments of the 11th Division: 2nd, 3rd Olt, 5th Chasseurs, 19th Caracal, 26th Rovine.
1090:, to be joined by the various other categories of Romanian recruits, but the effort was stopped midway; in November, the Entente's
711:
recalled, no other speech left as deep an impression on the public: "Deleu was a pure and simple marvel, something unforgettable."
1285:(Дикая Дивизия, "Wild Division"). The anti-Bolshevik formation and the Romanian non-combatants were eventually retrieved from the
2852:
896:
was replaced by a Central Service, answering to General Staff. In early December 1917, the Corps was reformed a final time, as a
552:
454:, created the Volunteer Corps as a special formation of the national army. On the same day, in Darnytsia, Pietraru was tasked by
1130:
A more complex situation reigned in Russia. As early as April 1918, some Romanian volunteer groups joined up with the Bolshevik
3186:
432:
836:
277:
156:
3191:
1346:
1311:
1194:
Some prisoners or drifting units in Russia joined up with new arrivals from Kiev. They created the 1,300-strong battalion of
1109:
gain the upper hand during an anti-Austrian uprising, while other Romanian units were breaking away from Austrian command in
1083:
1079:
807:
was assisted by a Consultative Commission of intellectuals and politicians of Transylvanian or Bukovinian backgrounds (Goga,
634:
424:
1001:
996:. The volunteers had dressed as Russian soldiers during their passage to Iași, but were recognized as Romanian units by the
968:
2982:
732:
3171:
1404:
1102:
989:
960:
768:("Greater Romania"), which became the essential component of its propaganda effort in Russia. It was a new edition of the
540:
443:
2283:
3201:
3109:
1550:, p.40; Părean, . Gocan (p.11) has "approx. 300 officers and 1,500 non-commissioned officers and soldiers" by March 1917
1333:
In 1923, the old Corps set up a veterans' association, the Union of Volunteers, which carried the reputation of being a
378:, who formed the nucleus (and general command) of a "Romanian Corps". Elected First Senior of the Camp, the 40-year-old
293:
101:
1319:
1384:
1159:
1043:
politics and unionist aspirations. He was joined there by Octavian Goga, who had crossed over Bolshevik territory and
1021:
727:
630:
1358:
3226:
3021:
2954:
2815:
2770:
2293:
2183:
590:
273:
1289:
upon the end of foreign intervention, and were fully repatriated with the other Romanians from May 1920. Milovan,
828:
146:
1327:
1301:
The original Volunteers' Corps went out of service in December 1918, soon after German defeat and Transylvania's
1281:, where they forced the Bolsheviks into a truce and established their reputation for brutality with the nickname
1075:
1044:
1016:
506:
1266:
311:
3211:
1314:
erupted, members of Corps were required to present themselves for reenlistment. The old rivals from within the
1098:
524:
520:
375:
2288:
723:
692:
1485:"Din viața și activitatea lui Victor Deleu (1876-1940)" ("From Victor Deleu's Life and Activity (1876-1940)")
1372:, repression touched several figures once associated with the Corps: Bufnea, Sever Bocu (beaten to death in
1315:
1146:
hoping to be repatriated together with the Romanian consulate, while others took to areas controlled by the
956:
688:
684:
673:
383:
285:
2350:
1166:
1091:
567:
76:
2893:
2861:
451:
1342:
1239:
1115:
1087:
832:
352:
289:
230:
151:
509:
2877:
2845:
1238:
At the time, the two recruiting commissions in Vladivostok were also reactivated by the arrival of an
1174:. They resisted especially when the Bolshevik Russian government asked them to surrender all weapons.
306:
Mobilized volunteers or prisoners symbolically tied to the Corps were left behind in Russia after the
2921:
1888:
1792:"Cu voluntarii români în Siberia (1917-1920)" ("With the Romanian Volunteers in Siberia (1917-1920)")
1199:
1187:
1106:
704:
462:
461:
with equipping the new recruits and organizing them into units. The honorary command was assigned to
348:
319:
269:
175:
80:
792:
was successful, despite the fact that only between 3,000 and 5,000 copies were published per issue.
581:
translations, the document was distributed to various institutions: the Provisional Government, the
495:
1484:
1323:
1216:
997:
897:
865:
800:
785:
773:
719:
512:, Guchkov allowed for the recruitment of 30,000 prisoners in his custody. The order was revised by
466:
427:. As a consequence of these, the whole transfer project was delayed, but the Russian acceptance of
420:
90:
3046:
2445:
2284:"Ion Agârbiceanu. Schiță bio-bibliografică" ("Ion Agârbiceanu. Bio-bibliographic Sketch Portrait")
1364:
All praise for the Corps' contributions was toned down between 1948 and 1989, when Romania was a
1250:
1228:
1070:
1025:
948:
857:
816:
748:
hang us! But let them be aware that Transylvania herself is fighting for liberty and The Union!"
738:
513:
428:
395:
281:
250:
242:
2999:("Gherman Pântea between Myth and Reality"), Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, Bucharest, 2010.
1377:
978:
781:
777:
756:
715:
2346:
988:
A last group of Romanian units left the UNR and headed for Kishinev, where a Romanian-friendly
3000:
2316:
1791:
1365:
1139:
1120:
1040:
1005:
664:, where work also began on tailoring of the new Romanian uniforms. From Podil, a newly formed
626:
502:
483:. Coandă received the permission, but the number of recruits was no longer clearly specified.
458:
307:
257:, they passed political resolutions which, in both tone and scope, announced those adopted on
195:
1341:, and complained about tensions with Nemoianu. The Union even ran for Transylvanian seats in
2355:
1286:
820:
586:
574:
265:
222:
28:
648:("Long Live Greater Romania"). Seven such items were sewn in all, of which one was kept by
2974:
2916:
2888:
2856:
2460:
1952:
1491:
1439:
1396:
1307:
1165:
Meanwhile, in tandem with larger Serb and Czech national units, Romanian prisoners on the
964:
812:
776:, and, in this new form, was managed by a team of pro-union activists: the Transylvanians
641:
578:
564:
491:
436:
327:
258:
38:
2881:
764:
In July 1917, Corps offices in Kiev circulated the first issue of a recruitment gazette,
699:
recalled the sermon as "a solemn act", clamoring "the national aspiration" of Romanians.
856:
approved the release of 5,000 Romanian Austro-Hungarian prisoners, all of them from the
1211:
1147:
901:
669:
618:
560:
362:
Subsequently, those who chose to enlist were together relocated at the special camp in
344:
323:
246:
226:
179:
795:
Recruitment itself continued at a steady pace, and the Romanian General Staff created
3165:
3143:
Gazette, Press Organ of the Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia (July-December 1917)")
3139:, organ de presă al corpului voluntarilor români din Rusia (iulie-decembrie 1917)" ("
3057:
2849:
1388:
1373:
1369:
1350:
1290:
1259:
1243:
1224:
877:
873:
861:
743:
614:
610:
598:
544:
517:
343:
During 1916, Romania entered World War I as an Entente country, in alliance with the
1182:
714:
There was a noted effort on the part of Corps staff and other Transylvanian exiles (
1338:
1278:
1232:
1124:
407:
379:
234:
1400:
905:
622:
386:(PNR) and journalist from Transylvania, who came to Darnytsia after internment in
131:
104:(attached to 2nd, 3rd Olt, 5th Chasseurs, 19th Caracal and 26th Rovine Regiments)
2171:
1220:
1135:
917:
881:
708:
215:
141:
2972:
Bodea, Gheorghe I., "87 zile prin apocalips" ("87 Days in the Apocalypse"), in
908:. By the early days of 1918, it had three new regiments under its command: 1st
1009:
982:
940:
913:
885:
808:
606:
815:) and represented in Russia itself by a deputation of Transylvanian officers—
952:
936:
769:
665:
412:
363:
315:
219:
118:
1202:. Romanian officers' clubs were organizing themselves in lands held by the
640:
The Darnytsia soldiers soon gave themselves a special banner, based on the
543:
April 13] 1917, reviewed for publishing by the Transylvanian poet
527:, ordering that no more than 1,500 prisoners should be taken into account.
1131:
582:
387:
238:
1361:), but was only assigned non-eligible positions on the electoral lists.
229:. Officially established in February 1917, it comprised abjurers of the
2850:"Scriitori arestați (1944-1964) (II)" ("Arrested Writers (1944-1964)")
1334:
1274:
1151:
993:
967:, Constantin Gh. Pietraru and a small force remained behind in the new
904:
was placed in charge of the central Volunteer Corps' Command, based in
680:
476:
127:
65:
60:
33:
The Volunteer Corps colors, or "Darnița Flag", inscribed with the text
1060:
By spring 1918, Transylvanian-Bukovinian prisoners held in France and
707:
cannot reach as high as our hearts have been elevated!" As politician
2882:"Poetul și capitalele literaturii" ("The Poet and Literary Capitals")
1383:
Interest in the Volunteer Corps' activity was only revived after the
1155:
1110:
1032:
884:, and set in motion a plan for recruiting more volunteers throughout
594:
471:
245:, and, once in Russian custody, volunteered for service against the
629:
community press. According to one account, it was also included in
374:. In December 1916, that facility held some 200 officers and 1,200
1408:
1195:
1061:
909:
876:. As a result, two of the recruiting commissions relocated to the
696:
661:
649:
602:
122:
1255:
367:
114:
3024:
2957:
2818:
2773:
2296:
2186:
1210:. The original force to emerge from such schemes was formed at
1047:
with false papers, claiming to be a Volunteer Corps veteran.
1024:, but his project vetoed by the Romanian commander in chief
280:, but it still lacked a unitary command structure. When the
1559:
List varies between Părean () and Șerban (2001, p.145, 146)
1395:, it was donated to a local church, then exhibited by the
3084:
Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica (AUASH)
1273:
The combative Legion defended the Trans-Siberian between
501:
In April, Pietraru met with the Provisional Government's
2740:
Nemoianu, p.840; Șerban (1997), p.101; (2001), p.146-147
1927:, p.41; Părean, ; Șerban (1997), p.102; (2001), p.148; (
1632:
Gocan, p.11; Șerban (1997), p.101; (2001), p.145-146; (
382:
was a legal professional, rank-and-file member of the
2727:Șerban (1997), p.109; (2001), p.149; (2003), p.145; (
1506:
1504:
3242:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1919
2315:, East European Monographs, Boulder, 1994, p.64-65
2313:
The Bessarabian Question in Communist Historiography
1154:; still others escaped through northern routes into
1074:
on July 28 and contributed the Austrians' defeat at
479:, Coandă again negotiated the Corps' recognition by
2983:"The Second Corps of Romanian Volunteers in Russia"
1242:. Their propaganda leaflets, drafted by Bukovinian
1142:and left to fend for themselves. Some crossed into
419:Shortly after these events, Russia experienced the
169:
164:
137:
110:
97:
86:
71:
54:
46:
21:
3042:"Uniunea voluntarilor" ("The Union of Volunteers")
2071:, p.41; Șerban (1997), p.104-105; (2001), p.149; (
1113:. Romanians also formed a distinct segment of the
633:dropped over the Austro-Hungarian trenches on the
3237:Military units and formations established in 1917
3020:, Nr. 9-10/1929, p. 11-14 (digitized by the
2654:Șerban (2003), p.161-163. See also Gocan, p.13-14
2596:
2594:
2351:"Acum 90 de ani... (II)" "(60 Years Ago... (II)")
1756:Părean, ; Șerban (1997), p.101; (2001), p.146-148
985:for Hârlău, where he became the Corps' chaplain.
310:was ignited. Various such individuals formed the
2428:, p.41-43; Părean, ; Șerban (1997), p.110-111; (
1403:. The Kishinev flag was donated by the Corps to
943:(1917). Romanian soldiers watching from the side
475:(General Headquarters). Over the next month, in
2987:Revista Română pentru Studii Baltice și Nordice
1227:, Romanian loyalists in Chelyabinsk created a "
1178:"Horia" Regiment and Romanian Legion of Siberia
1094:ended World War I for both France and Romania.
212:Corpul Voluntarilor transilvăneni și bucovineni
2829:
2827:
2549:
2547:
2240:
2238:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1837:Șerban (2001), p.147-148. See also Gocan, p.11
939:rally at a train station in either Romania or
2705:
2703:
2307:
2305:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2054:
2052:
1987:
1985:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1824:
1822:
1680:
1678:
326:. These units were ultimately repatriated to
204:Volunteer Corps of Transylvanians-Bukovinians
8:
2953:, Nr. 5-9/1920, p.564-565 (digitized by the
2676:; Șerban (1997), p.109, 111; Șerban (2003),
2663:Cazacu, p.114, 116-117; Șerban (2003), p.161
2164:
2162:
981:and family had left their temporary home in
652:-born soldier Dimitrie Lăzărel (Lăzărescu).
272:, and regularly dispatched new units to the
3197:World War I prisoners of war held by Russia
2618:Cazacu, p.113-114; Șerban (2003), p.158-159
2214:, p.41; Șerban (1997), p.102; (2001), p.149
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1219:. Nițescu escaped imprisonment and fled to
951:shook Russia and placed most of it under a
691:) and by ambassadors of neutral countries.
3182:Expatriate units and formations of Romania
2454:and the Fulfillment of the Reunion Ideal")
1846:Șerban (2001), p.147. See also Gocan, p.11
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1068:) which took its ceremonial flag from the
523:only allowed recruitment to take place in
241:. These had been obliged to fight against
1663:, p.40-41; Părean, ; Șerban (2001), p.146
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1326:, as a first line of defense against the
1198:, which was effectively a subunit of the
2450:și împlinirea idealului Reîntregirii" ("
2359:, October 15, 2008; Constantin, p.65, 70
2330:
2328:
1181:
931:
755:
539:. Their manifesto of April 26 [
411:Romanian soldiers receiving visitors in
406:
2292:, Nr. 10/1942, p.354 (digitized by the
2156:Șerban (1997), p.105. See also Părean,
2119:Șerban (1997), p.103. See also Părean,
1940:Părean, . See also Șerban (1997), p.102
1646:
1644:
1642:
1419:
486:On March 18, Coandă issued a "Pledge" (
208:Corpul Voluntarilor ardeleni-bucovineni
2197:
2195:
1880:este expus la Muzeul Banatului" ("The
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1619:
1617:
446:February 23] 1917, Romania's
18:
3099:, Nr. 4-5, 2000-2001, p. 145-149
2997:Gherman Pântea între mit și realitate
2947:"Raportul general" ("General Report")
2814:, Nr. 21/1931, p.4 (digitized by the
2769:, Nr. 32/1919, p.1 (digitized by the
2182:, Nr. 20/1919, p.3 (digitized by the
1855:Gocan, p.11; Șerban (2001), p.147-148
1533:
1531:
1529:
1349:. It formed an electoral cartel with
1186:Railroad car used as quarters by the
1134:, taking their orders from Commissar
1056:Diaspora units and the cut-off troops
963:, then dispersed by the anti-Entente
928:October Revolution and Romanian truce
679:The battalion arrived in the city of
7:
3062:Nicolae Bălcescu Land Forces Academy
2395:Bodea, p.68; Șerban (1997), p.111; (
1807:Gocan, p.12-13; Șerban (2001), p.147
1249:Taking a long and perilous journey,
1017:peace treaty with the Central Powers
264:The Corps was effectively an active
200:Corpul Voluntarilor români din Rusia
3207:History of Transylvania (1867–1918)
3081:1 December University of Alba Iulia
3065:Revista Academiei Forțelor Terestre
2176:"Ordin de chemare" ("Call to Arms")
1000:and Bolshevik troops garrisoned in
784:, Iosif Șchiopu and the Bukovinian
442:By Order 1191 of March 8 [
423:, which brought to power a liberal
2636:Șerban (2003), p.154, 157-158, 161
1796:Memoria. Revista Gândirii Arestate
1510:Părean, ; Șerban (1997), p.105-106
1357:and against PNR's successors (the
1240:international anti-Bolshevik force
912:(commander: Dragu Buricescu), 2nd
760:The Romanian front in January 1917
537:union of Transylvania with Romania
294:Romanian Volunteer Legion of Italy
192:Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia
22:Romanian Volunteer Corps in Russia
14:
2579:Șerban (2003), p.153-154, 156-157
2084:Părean, ; Șerban (1997), p.103; (
1320:Directory Council of Transylvania
609:". A copy was later taken to the
16:Military formation of World War I
2463:, in the Bucharest City Library
1884:on Display at the Banat Museum")
75:
59:
27:
3128:, Nr. 42, 2004, p. 357-366
3115:, Nr. 37, 2003, p. 153-164
613:by Romania's special delegates
433:American entry into World War I
214:), was a military formation of
3232:1917 establishments in Ukraine
3149:, Nr. 8, 2004, p. 175-182
3086:, Nr. 1, 1997, p. 101-111
3050:, Nr. 26/1923, p. 838-841
2046:Părean, ; Șerban (1997), p.102
1914:Părean, ; Șerban (1997), p.102
1738:Părean, ; Șerban (2001), p.146
1693:Părean, ; Șerban (2001), p.146
1672:Părean, ; Șerban (2001), p.146
425:Russian Provisional Government
1:
3222:Russian Revolution in Ukraine
3034:, October 1968, p. 40-46
3025:Transsylvanica Online Library
2989:, Nr. 1/2010, p. 111-118
2958:Transsylvanica Online Library
2819:Transsylvanica Online Library
2774:Transsylvanica Online Library
2297:Transsylvanica Online Library
2187:Transsylvanica Online Library
1405:ASTRA National Museum Complex
1103:Czechoslovak National Council
990:Moldavian Democratic Republic
3110:National Museum of the Union
1594:Șerban (2001), p.145, 146; (
1355:Democratic Nationalist Party
1119:personnel who rioted on the
439:an official Entente policy.
437:Wilsonian Self-Determination
3217:Organizations based in Kyiv
1519:Părean, . See also Șerban (
1385:Romanian Revolution of 1989
1231:" Battalion (or Regiment).
969:Ukrainian People's Republic
916:(Constantin Pașalega), 3rd
631:airborne leaflet propaganda
435:, which seemingly made the
370:, rendered in Romanian as
3258:
2978:, July 2001, p. 65-69
2004:, p.41; Părean, ; Șerban (
1267:Romanian Legion of Siberia
752:During and after Mărășești
312:Romanian Legion of Siberia
233:, mainly contingents from
2812:Chemarea Tinerimei Române
1328:Hungarian Soviet Republic
1099:Romanian Legion of Prague
521:Ivan Pavlovich Romanovsky
376:non-commissioned officers
93:(three regiments in 1918)
26:
3177:Divisions of World War I
2785:Nemoianu, p.838, 840-841
2645:Șerban (2003), p.158-161
2627:Șerban (2003), p.158-159
2600:Șerban (2003), p.154-155
2465:Biblioteca Metropolitană
2253:Șerban (1997), p.106-111
2223:Șerban (1997), p.105-106
2110:Șerban (1997), p.104-105
1979:Șerban (1997), p.103-104
1359:National Peasants' Party
693:Manuel Multedo y Cortina
644:, with the added slogan
525:Moscow Military District
318:in cooperation with the
288:took Romania out of the
106:Volunteer Corps' Command
3022:Babeș-Bolyai University
2955:Babeș-Bolyai University
2816:Babeș-Bolyai University
2771:Babeș-Bolyai University
2294:Babeș-Bolyai University
2184:Babeș-Bolyai University
2097:Șerban (1997), p.105; (
1607:Șerban (1997), p.101; (
1316:Romanian National Party
1262:of the French Mission.
1066:Legione Romena d'Italia
689:Henri Mathias Berthelot
625:, and reprinted in the
384:Romanian National Party
3187:Romania in World War I
2467:, Nr. 12/2009, p.10-11
2210:Cazacu, p.113; Mamina
1878:Drapelul de la Darnița
1312:Hungarian–Romanian War
1206:and the White Russian
1191:
1167:Trans-Siberian Railway
944:
761:
685:Alexander Shcherbachov
465:, who was already the
416:
199:
3192:Austro-Hungarian Army
1956:, December 1987, p.24
1443:, November 2007, p.20
1391:. Referred to as the
1347:1931 general election
1185:
1123:and elsewhere in the
1088:French Foreign Legion
1035:, Bocu reestablished
1002:Kishinev City Station
935:
759:
646:Trăiască România Mare
410:
353:Romanian Armed Forces
314:, which resisted the
249:. As campaigners for
231:Austro-Hungarian Army
35:TRĂIASCĂ ROMÂNIA MARE
3172:Divisions of Romania
2833:Șerban (2001), p.145
2709:Șerban (2003), p.155
2588:Șerban (2003), p.153
2386:Șerban (1997), p.106
2368:Constantin, p.66, 70
2147:Șerban (1997), p.105
2133:Șerban (2003), p.154
2058:Șerban (1997), p.102
1991:Șerban (1997), p.104
1970:Șerban (1997), p.103
1828:Șerban (2001), p.148
1765:Gocan, p.12; Mamina
1684:Șerban (2001), p.146
1308:Wilsonian principles
1200:Czechoslovak Legions
1092:victory over Germany
570:and General Prezan.
320:Czechoslovak Legions
270:Romanian Land Forces
81:Romanian Land Forces
50:March 8, 1917 – 1919
3202:History of Bukovina
2925:, November 18, 2006
2377:Constantin, p.70-71
1905:, p.40-41; Părean,
1816:Nemoianu, p.839-840
1729:Nemoianu, p.840-841
1188:Czechoslovak Legion
1116:k.u.k. Kriegsmarine
900:formation. Colonel
772:gazette founded by
670:Kishinev (Chișinău)
553:Austrian devolution
531:Darnytsia manifesto
421:February Revolution
403:February Revolution
278:Battle of Mărășești
157:Battle of Mărășești
2915:2017-08-07 at the
2887:2016-03-04 at the
2855:2016-03-04 at the
2459:2012-04-25 at the
2444:Nencescu, Marian,
1874:Forțiu, Laura M.,
1490:2012-03-31 at the
1452:Părean, ; Șerban (
1192:
1039:as the tribune of
1026:Alexandru Averescu
965:Skoropadsky regime
949:October Revolution
945:
858:Moscow Governorate
762:
724:Octavian Tăslăuanu
514:Alexander Kerensky
510:Ion I. C. Brătianu
429:self-determination
417:
399:defensive action.
396:Lieutenant Colonel
286:Romanian armistice
284:in Russia and the
282:October Revolution
255:union with Romania
251:self-determination
3227:Russian Civil War
3070:Șerban, Ioan I.,
3040:Nemoianu, Petru,
3005:978-973-8369-83-2
2995:Constantin, Ion,
2878:Ungureanu, Cornel
2846:Ștefănescu, Alex.
2718:Cazacu, p.117-118
2688:Cazacu, p.115-116
2282:Boitoș, Olimpiu,
2270:2004), p.177, 178
1931:2004), p.176, 177
1208:Siberian Autonomy
1140:Russian Civil War
1121:Austrian Littoral
1041:Romanian diaspora
961:January Rebellion
957:November Uprising
803:, Leonte Silion.
642:Romanian tricolor
627:Romanian American
503:Alexander Guchkov
463:Constantin Coandă
459:Constantin Prezan
308:Russian Civil War
185:
184:
176:Constantin Coandă
147:Battle of Mărăști
3249:
3133:
3120:
3104:
3091:
3075:
3055:
3039:
3011:
2994:
2961:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2894:România Literară
2876:
2872:
2866:
2862:România Literară
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2822:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
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2783:
2777:
2760:
2756:
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2747:
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2725:
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2707:
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2643:
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2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2589:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2570:2004), p.357-358
2564:
2558:
2551:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2506:2004), p.362-365
2500:
2494:
2487:
2481:
2480:2004), p.358-363
2474:
2468:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2356:Ziarul Financiar
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2323:
2311:van Meurs, Wim.
2309:
2300:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2266:, p.41; Șerban (
2260:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2199:
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2157:
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2148:
2145:
2134:
2131:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2101:2004), p.179-180
2095:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2075:2004), p.179-180
2065:
2059:
2056:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2037:2004), p.177-178
2031:
2025:
2018:
2012:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1957:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1873:
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1856:
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1612:
1611:2004), p.176-177
1605:
1599:
1598:2004), p.176-177
1592:
1586:
1579:
1573:
1572:2004), p.176-177
1566:
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1557:
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1535:
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1511:
1508:
1499:
1498:, March 16, 2007
1482:
1478:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1435:
1324:Crișul Alb River
1291:court-martialled
1287:Russian Far East
1204:Komuch Democrats
1144:Bolshevik Russia
736:
587:Petrograd Soviet
507:Romanian Premier
467:military attaché
452:Vintilă Brătianu
302:
266:military reserve
223:prisoners of war
79:
64:
63:
31:
19:
3257:
3256:
3252:
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3248:
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3246:
3212:History of Kyiv
3162:
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3158:
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3102:
3089:
3073:
3053:
3037:
3032:Magazin Istoric
3012:Gocan, Simion,
3009:
2992:
2981:Cazacu, Ioana,
2975:Magazin Istoric
2969:
2964:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2934:Nemoianu, p.841
2933:
2929:
2917:Wayback Machine
2906:
2905:
2901:
2889:Wayback Machine
2874:
2873:
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2857:Wayback Machine
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2825:
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2798:
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2753:
2749:Nemoianu, p.840
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2541:Bodea, p.67, 68
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2461:Wayback Machine
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2399:2004), p.363; (
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2432:2004), p.359
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2403:2004), p.182
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2172:Maniu, Iuliu
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2088:2004), p.179
2085:
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2024:2004), p.177
2021:
2016:
2009:
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1636:2004), p.176
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1523:2004), p.176
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1456:2004), p.176
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893:
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98:Part of
37:("Long live
34:
2609:Gocan, p.13
2244:Bodea, p.67
1650:Gocan, p.11
1345:during the
1297:Late echoes
1251:Elie Bufnea
1221:Chelyabinsk
1150:, reaching
1101:helped the
918:Avram Iancu
882:Vladivostok
817:Elie Bufnea
797:Biroul A. B
731: [
709:Ion G. Duca
705:Carpathians
568:Ferdinand I
297: [
216:World War I
142:World War I
138:Engagements
111:Garrison/HQ
3166:Categories
3018:Vestitorul
2967:References
2347:Bulei, Ion
2289:Luceafărul
1378:Ghiță Popp
1343:Parliament
1084:Macedonian
1010:Bessarabia
941:Bessarabia
914:Alba Iulia
809:Ion Nistor
782:Ghiță Popp
778:Sever Bocu
607:Ruthenians
488:Angajament
316:Bolsheviks
172:commanders
165:Commanders
72:Allegiance
3108:, in the
3079:, in the
3060:, in the
2519:, p.44-45
1401:Timișoara
1190:in Russia
998:Moldavian
953:Bolshevik
937:Bolshevik
837:Mărășești
770:Bucharest
666:battalion
623:Ioan Moța
413:Darnytsia
364:Darnytsia
349:POW camps
330:in 1920.
119:Darnytsia
3135:"Gazeta
2913:Archived
2885:Archived
2853:Archived
2761:Tr. M.,
2672:Cazacu,
2566:Șerban (
2553:Șerban (
2502:Șerban (
2489:Șerban (
2476:Șerban (
2457:Archived
2201:Părean,
2033:Șerban (
2020:Șerban (
1747:Părean,
1720:Părean,
1702:Părean,
1623:Părean,
1581:Șerban (
1568:Șerban (
1537:Părean,
1488:Archived
1303:de facto
1225:Dr. iur.
1136:Béla Kun
1132:Red Army
1125:Adriatic
1105:and the
959:and the
880:port of
589:and the
583:Mossovet
388:Kineshma
322:and the
239:Bukovina
225:held by
196:Romanian
91:Division
2528:Mamina
2515:Mamina
2424:Mamina
2412:Bodea,
2262:Mamina
2067:Mamina
2008:2004),
2000:Mamina
1923:Mamina
1901:Mamina
1659:Mamina
1546:Mamina
1335:fascist
1275:Tayshet
1152:Irkutsk
1080:Serbian
1045:Finland
994:Ungheni
878:Pacific
829:Mărăști
575:Russian
477:Mogilev
372:Darnița
339:Origins
268:of the
243:Romania
170:Notable
66:Romania
55:Country
3126:Apulum
3113:Apulum
3003:
2729:Apulum
2678:passim
2674:passim
2568:Apulum
2555:Apulum
2532:, p.46
2530:et al.
2517:et al.
2504:Apulum
2491:Apulum
2478:Apulum
2430:Apulum
2426:et al.
2414:passim
2397:Apulum
2319:
2264:et al.
2212:et al.
2069:et al.
2010:passim
2002:et al.
1925:et al.
1903:et al.
1769:, p.40
1767:et al.
1661:et al.
1548:et al.
1212:Samara
1156:Sweden
1111:Vienna
1107:Sokols
1051:Legacy
1033:France
906:Hârlău
854:Stavka
595:Czechs
585:, the
579:French
481:Stavka
472:Stavka
415:, 1917
227:Russia
202:), or
132:Hârlău
47:Active
3147:AUASH
3145:, in
3124:, in
3097:AUASH
3095:, in
3044:, in
3016:, in
2985:, in
2949:, in
2919:, in
2891:, in
2859:, in
2810:, in
2765:, in
2401:AUASH
2353:, in
2286:, in
2268:AUASH
2178:, in
2099:AUASH
2086:AUASH
2073:AUASH
2035:AUASH
2022:AUASH
2006:AUASH
1929:AUASH
1886:, in
1794:, in
1634:AUASH
1609:AUASH
1596:AUASH
1583:AUASH
1570:AUASH
1521:AUASH
1494:, in
1454:AUASH
1415:Notes
1409:Sibiu
1233:Major
1229:Horia
1196:Kinel
1062:Italy
910:Turda
833:Oituz
735:]
697:Spain
662:Podil
650:Banat
605:and "
603:Serbs
599:Poles
301:]
123:Podil
3001:ISBN
2806:P.,
2317:ISBN
1389:Arad
1277:and
1256:Omsk
1082:and
947:The
862:Ural
835:and
681:Iași
621:and
577:and
565:King
541:O.S.
444:O.S.
368:Kiev
253:and
237:and
190:The
128:Iași
115:Kiev
87:Size
1407:of
1376:),
1353:'s
695:of
573:In
3168::
2880:,
2848:,
2826:^
2702:^
2593:^
2546:^
2349:,
2327:^
2304:^
2237:^
2194:^
2174:,
2161:^
2138:^
2124:^
2051:^
1984:^
1961:^
1860:^
1821:^
1774:^
1707:^
1677:^
1641:^
1616:^
1528:^
1503:^
1461:^
1422:^
1411:.
1399:,
1380:.
1330:.
1265:A
1162:.
1127:.
1028:.
1012:.
920:.
888:.
864:,
831:,
823:.
819:,
811:,
788:.
780:,
733:ro
722:,
718:,
687:,
676:.
637:.
617:,
601:,
597:,
450:,
355:.
303:.
299:ro
261:.
210:,
198::
121:,
41:")
3027:)
2960:)
2821:)
2776:)
2446:"
2299:)
2189:)
1876:"
206:(
194:(
125:)
117:(
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