1116:
1130:
79:
at the time. Concurrently, Yves
Bertrais, a Roman Catholic missionary in Kiu Katiam, Luang Prabang, was undertaking a similar project with Chong Yeng Yang and Chue Her Thao. The two working groups met in 1952 and reconciled any differences by 1953 to produce a version of the script.
1227:
Examples taken from: Heimbach, Ernest H. White Hmong-English
Dictionary . 2003 ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications, 1969. Note that many of these words have multiple meanings.
47:
advisers, it has gone on to become the most widespread system for writing the Hmong language in the West. It is also used in
Southeast Asia and China alongside other writing systems, most notably
67:, Protestant missionary G. Linwood Barney began working on the writing system with speakers of Green Mong (Mong Leng), Geu Yang and Tua Xiong, among others. He consulted with
943:. Unlike Vietnamese and Chinese, all Hmong syllables end in a vowel, which means that using consonant letters to indicate tone will be neither confusing nor ambiguous.
1350:
1195:
1199:
1282:
1298:
1345:
1330:
96:) dialects. While these dialects have much in common, each has unique sounds. Consonants and vowels found only in
104:(denoted with ⁂) are color-coded respectively. Some writers make use of variant spellings. Much as with Tosk for
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48:
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64:
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68:
1315:
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105:
675:
is not indicated in the orthography. The few truly vowel-initial words are indicated by an
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1135:
932:
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40:
1324:
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72:
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44:
36:
1203:
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1111:
676:
927:
RPA indicates tone by letters written at the end of a syllable, similarly to
88:
The alphabet was developed to write both the Hmong Der (White Hmong, RPA:
1273:
Mother of
Writing: The Origin and Development of a Hmong Messianic Script
1257:, in Féry, Caroline; Green, Antony Dubach; van de Vijver, Ruben (eds.),
1245:, Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, vol. 29, pp. 46–61
43:. Created in Laos between 1951 and 1953 by a group of missionaries and
940:
108:, White Hmong was arbitrarily chosen to be the "standard" variant.
1103:
represents a phrase-final low-rising variant of the creaky tone
1310:
1304:
688:
Fricative consonants in the
Romanized Popular Alphabet
117:
Occlusive consonants in the
Romanized Popular Alphabet
935:, rather than with diacritics like those used in the
1196:"Preliminaries to Mong Leng (Hmong Njua) Phonology"
1270:
947:Tone representation in Romanized Popular Alphabet
1307:– includes lessons on writing Mong Leng with RPA
1261:, Potsdam: University of Potsdam, pp. 40–57
1243:Diexis and anaphora and prelinguistic universals
1191:
1174:
1162:
8:
1187:
1269:; Vang, Chia Koua; Yang, Gnia Yee (1990).
782:Vowels in the Romanized Popular Alphabet
1277:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
945:
780:
686:
115:
1351:Writing systems introduced in the 1950s
1155:
92:) and Mong Leng (Green/Blue Mong, RPA:
16:Romanization system for Hmong languages
1316:Father Yves Bertrais papers, 1950-2007
1215:
1194::48–51). See also: Mortensen, David.
7:
1250:Golston, Chris; Yang, Phong (2001),
14:
1128:
1114:
39:for the various dialects of the
1192:Smalley, Vang & Yang (1990
1175:Smalley, Vang & Yang (1990
1163:Smalley, Vang & Yang (1990
1:
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71:, a missionary studying the
1367:
1252:"Hmong loanword phonology"
21:Romanized Popular Alphabet
1188:Golston & Yang (2001)
1186:Phonology adapted from:
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1311:http://www.hmongrpa.org/
1241:Clark, Marybeth (2000),
679:, which thus acts as a
1346:West Hmongic languages
958:Orthographic Spelling
77:Luang Prabang Province
49:Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong
33:Roman Popular Alphabet
1259:Proceedings of HILP 5
112:Consonants and vowels
391:Preceding/Following
100:(denoted with †) or
65:Xiangkhoang Province
1267:Smalley, William A.
948:
937:Vietnamese alphabet
783:
689:
118:
1331:Phonetic alphabets
1299:Hmong Language FAQ
946:
781:
687:
116:
69:William A. Smalley
35:), is a system of
1301:, David Mortensen
1101:⟨d⟩
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554:⟨h⟩
550:⟨n⟩
393:⟨h⟩
276:⟨n⟩
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1336:Latin alphabets
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1202:) Unpublished,
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1144:Standard Zhuang
1136:Language portal
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929:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
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1293:External links
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1284:978-0226762876
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1085:'grandmother'
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681:zero consonant
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41:Hmong language
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1305:Mong Literacy
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1017:High falling
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993:
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74:
73:Khmu language
70:
66:
58:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1341:Romanization
1272:
1258:
1242:
1235:Bibliography
1223:
1211:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1090:
1088:
1076:Low falling
1068:
1066:
1047:
1045:
1028:
1026:
1009:
1007:
991:
974:
972:
926:
790:Monophthongs
673:glottal stop
658:
649:
637:
628:
619:
610:
600:
588:
579:
570:
538:
529:
520:
511:
502:
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371:
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292:
93:
89:
87:
62:
53:Pahawh Hmong
37:romanization
32:
28:
24:
20:
18:
1216:Clark (2000
1204:UC Berkeley
1122:Asia portal
1042:'to throw'
1036:Mid rising
796:Diphthongs
135:Affricates
98:White Hmong
84:Orthography
1325:Categories
693:Fricatives
677:apostrophe
274:Preceding
187:Unmodified
122:Occlusives
102:Green Mong
90:Hmoob Dawb
1177::151–154)
1165::151–154)
1063:'to see'
1023:'female'
988:'spleen'
793:Nasalized
94:Moob Leeg
29:Hmong RPA
1108:See also
1004:'thorn'
955:Example
705:Glottal
106:Albanian
1206:. 2004.
1200:Archive
1078:breathy
969:'ball'
699:Coronal
59:History
1281:
1056:Creaky
941:Pinyin
933:Zhuang
787:Vowels
702:Dorsal
696:Labial
663:/ᶯʈʂʰ/
654:/ⁿtsʰ/
646:
597:
567:
564:
561:
558:
368:
319:
289:
286:
283:
280:
125:Nasals
31:(also
1255:(PDF)
1150:Notes
1083:/pɔ̤/
1061:/pɔ̰/
1040:/pɔ̌/
1021:/pɔ̂/
1002:/pɔ̀/
967:/pɔ́/
963:High
952:Tone
923:Tones
642:/ᶰqʰ/
633:/ᵑkʰ/
624:/ᶮcʰ/
615:/ᶯʈʰ/
593:/ⁿtʰ/
575:/ᵐpʰ/
543:/ʈʂʰ/
534:/tsʰ/
385:/ᶯɖʐ/
376:/ⁿdz/
327:/ⁿdˡ/
306:/ᵐbˡ/
128:Stops
45:Hmong
27:) or
1279:ISBN
1218::47)
1190:and
998:Low
986:/pɔ/
982:Mid
915:/uə/
909:/iə/
904:/au/
899:/aɨ/
894:/ai/
889:/ɔ̃/
837:ia†
822:aa⁂
671:The
659:ntsh
650:ntxh
605:/ⁿt/
601:ndlh
584:/ᵐp/
580:nplh
552:and
516:/qʰ/
507:/kʰ/
498:/cʰ/
489:/ʈʰ/
469:/dʱ/
460:/tʰ/
442:/pʰ/
432:/m̥/
422:/m̥/
412:/n̥/
402:/ɲ̥/
364:/ᶰɢ/
355:/ᵑɡ/
346:/ᶮɟ/
337:/ᶯɖ/
315:/ⁿd/
297:/ᵐb/
268:/ʈʂ/
263:/ts/
232:/tˡ/
216:/pˡ/
206:/mˡ/
164:dl⁂
51:and
19:The
939:or
931:or
883:/ã/
878:/ẽ/
873:/ɨ/
868:/u/
863:/ɔ/
858:/a/
853:/e/
848:/i/
840:ua
834:au
831:aw
828:ai
825:oo
819:ee
774:/h/
769:/ʝ/
764:/ç/
759:/ʐ/
754:/ʂ/
749:/s/
744:/v/
739:/f/
725:xy
638:nqh
629:nkh
620:nch
611:nrh
589:nth
571:nph
539:tsh
530:txh
525:/ɬ/
479:/t/
475:dlh
451:/p/
447:plh
428:hml
398:hny
381:nts
372:ntx
323:ndl
302:npl
258:/l/
253:/q/
248:/k/
243:/c/
238:/ʈ/
226:/d/
221:/t/
211:/p/
201:/m/
196:/n/
191:/ɲ/
182:ts
179:tx
161:d†
155:pl
149:ml
140:ny
75:in
63:In
25:RPA
1327::
1089:po
1067:po
1046:po
1027:po
1008:po
992:po
973:po
816:w
813:u
810:o
807:a
804:e
801:i
731:h
728:y
722:z
719:s
716:x
713:v
710:f
521:hl
512:qh
503:kh
494:ch
485:rh
465:dh
456:th
438:ph
418:hm
408:hn
360:nq
351:nk
342:nc
333:nr
311:nt
293:np
176:q
173:k
170:c
167:r
158:t
152:p
146:m
143:n
55:.
1287:.
1198:(
1091:g
1069:m
1048:v
1029:j
1010:s
975:b
911:†
885:⁂
683:.
607:⁂
481:⁂
471:†
434:†
424:†
414:†
404:†
329:⁂
234:⁂
228:†
132:l
23:(
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