119:(Florence, 9 September 1866 – Rome, 11 August 1942), one of the outstanding figures within the women's emancipation movement which started in Italy at the end of the nineteenth century, based on the model of what was happening at the time in the Anglo-Saxon world. Carolina Amari, an extremely cultured woman, with great sensitivity and philanthropic interest, also provided the necessary artistic and technical guidance to establish the cooperative called "Industrie Femminili Italiane" (1903), with the aim of supporting or developing workshops and embroidery and lace-making activities throughout Italy; this led to rediscovering an artistic technique by then in decline. Being also well known in the United States for her artistic interpretation on fabric of medieval and Renaissance patterns, as well as for her technical dexterity, in partnership with Florence Colgate and Gino Speranza, in 1905 she contributed to setting up in New York the "Scuola d'Industrie Italiane", whose purpose was to help immigrant women find meaningful employment by producing and selling embroidered and lace items.
136:
workers was assigned a specific task, which had to be completed independently, without divulging information about the possible techniques learnt and employed there. All this led to training a specialised female workforce, as well as allowing for a unique end product. The work was done from home, passing through the hands of several women, each of them performing their specific task, the same as on an actual "assembly line". Once the finished item was delivered, the job completed was recorded in a pocket-sized log-book, which was indeed one of the first examples of "worker’s personal card", one of which was given to each female staff member. On a set day of the month, in the presence of the
Marchioness and of an accountant, the women went to the villa and were paid for the work they had done; it was then Romeyne herself who encouraged them to open an account with the Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia where they could pay in their earnings.
265:
regions, under the coordination of the Ente
Nazionale per la Scuola Rurale. Opening of the subsidiary school at Pischiello was authorised in 1927, but lessons there started only in the school year 1930–31. The shift towards this new educational trend, however, did not coincide with a change in the intentions of the Marchioness, who persevered in her wish to support disadvantaged children by paying personally the enrolment fee in the Opera Nazionale Balilla for the whole school in 1933; this meant that even the children whose family was worst off, could have access to free material assistance and school meals.
179:
Palazzo
Sorbello all of the unsold artefacts, creating a collection with a large number of items produced both in the embroidery workshop she had inaugurated, and in other affiliated schools from the area. The idea behind this was presumably preventing someone from continuing to produce embroideries in the style known as "Sorbello stitch", whose quality might not be up to the standards which she had set, thus inevitably devaluing a result which had taken more than 30 years to achieve.
97:", established in England around the end of the 20th century, which later developed also in major cities along the north-east coast of the United States. The indigent communities living in what were known as settlement houses, funded by men and women from this movement, benefited from educational and welfare projects; this also included the development – particularly among immigrant women – of artistic and professional training, often with an ideal link to the
261:
year, an official request arrived for items and photographic documentation for the
Universal Exhibition in Brussels in 1910 from the Municipality of Passignano: there was very little time to deliver these materials, therefore the Italian Ministry for Public Education decided not to take part, expressing the intention of using the teaching documentation as part of a national exhibition scheduled for 1911 to celebrate fifty years after Italian unification.
506:" act which is a new proof of the affectionate care you have always lavished on popular education." From a letter of 16 November 1933 sent to Romeyne Robert by the Schools Association for the farmers of the Roman countryside and the Pontine marshes, delegated to the administration of rural schools on behalf of the Ministry of National Education. The letter is kept in the State Archives of Perugia,
152:
origin, widespread both in Italy and in
Portugal. It was usually stitched on rough cloth, and consisted of various types of overlapping needlepoint (using stitches known as curly, witch, grass, entwined, full, scallop, etc.), which resulted in an ideal relief effect. Starting in 1908, the products were made almost exclusively on valuable linen fabric woven in the "Tela Umbra" workshop, founded in
148:, which she used to create a pattern based on a medieval-Renaissance taste concept, with distinctive curls, floral panoplies, animal and anthropomorphic figures. Starting from her preparatory sketches, it was then the task of Carolina Amari to produce more stylised drawings, then copied out on paper patterns for the embroiderers who finally reproduced the subject using several types of stitch.
245:, dedicating her work to Baron and Baroness Franchetti. During the same period she also held the first teachers’ training course with focus on the Montessori method at Palazzo Alberti-Tomassini, headquarters of the Tela Umbra workshop in Città di Castello. After this course, Baroness Franchetti inaugurated a "Casa dei Bambini" at Villa Montesca.
211:, with the latter renting some classrooms through an annual concession free of charge granted by Romeyne's husband, Ruggero Ranieri di Sorbello. From that moment onwards the teachers, who initially had no specific teaching qualifications, began to be recruited by means of a public competition organized by the Municipality of Passignano.
434:
baroness
Franchetti, she became interested in the Montessori system which had attracted much attention in Italy, and she established a little school for the children conducted according to the Montessori principles. ". See Nathalie Smith Dana, Young in New York: a memoir of a victorian girlhood, New York, Doubleday & Co., 1963.
46:, France), which settled in America around the end of the 17th century: the first member of this family who travelled to Italy was Judge Daniel Robert, in 1686. In the nineteenth century the family began to accumulate a substantial fortune, as a result of well-managed business activities; more specifically
409:
in The House Museum of the
Palazzo Sorbello in Perugia, edited by Helen Rees Leahy, Perugia, Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello Foundation, 2010, p. 84. Its offices, as well as the showroom and store, were on the main street in Perugia, Corso Vannucci, at number 8. It was managed by the Marchioness and by
305:
At the end of the war, Romeyne travelled to the United States for a holiday, the first time she had done so since her marriage: even though she had always been an enthusiastic traveller, the routes she followed had mostly been within the borders of Italy and the rest of the
European continent, either
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and
Lodovico), was then applied to teaching in the rural primary school at Pischiello just three months after the meeting with the illustrious pedagogy expert: in June 1909 the Pischiello school appeared to be fully equipped and operational following Maria Montessori's theories. In December that same
214:
Having realised the backwardness of living conditions of farmers in the area, as well as the insufficient educational offer by the
Pischiello facility for dealing with this situation, Romeyne decided to experiment with the Montessori method, following the virtuous example of her friend Baroness Alice
206:
This school was officially opened on 19 December 1903; it consisted of three co-ed forms, with one class for each grade, and had twenty-seven pupils in the school year 1903–1904, whose age ranged between nine and twelve Starting in 1907 the school also took on children resident in the municipality of
178:
The school remained open until 1934. For several years Carolina Amari, by then advanced in age, had no longer been its artistic director, the position having been assigned to Amelia Pompili. Having officially ceased all her activities, Marchioness Romeyne decided to gather in her Perugia residence at
433:
The American writer Nathalie Smith Dana, longtime friend of the Marquise Romeyne, leaves testimony of the contribution made by Baroness Franchetti to the didactic strengthening of the rural school of Pischiello: «Romeyne wanted to do something for the peasants on the estate. Through her friend, the
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Based on this experience, the Marchioness decided to encourage the establishment of other similar vocational schools, which, with more or less difficulty, were being opened in the region. This is how, in 1921, a partnership was created with other women from the Perugia aristocracy, resulting in the
139:
The female staff had the chance to learn, or perfect, several more or less popular embroidery stitches; following a social welfare concept, though, they were not only engaged in their work: many of them also learned to read and write, as well as acquiring basic personal hygiene and cleaning skills,
122:
The partnership between Romeyne and Carolina Amari encompassed both the artistic and the business side, with a view to implementing many of the methods promoted by the company I.F.I., resulting in a successful business, from both an entrepreneurial and a social perspective, as source of employment,
443:
Both adhered to the ideals of modernism, especially of that religious reformist trend, aimed at a zealous industriousness in society, which was headed by the Calvinist pastor Paul Sabatier, a scholar close to the Roman ecumenical groups, author of a fortunate biography of St. Francis of Assisi and
297:
From January to May 1944, Castello di Sorbello was occupied by the German army, then liberated by British Allied troops. Despite the German occupation, Romeyne managed to hide in some rooms of the buildings of the large mansion several British officers for about ten days, thereby making sure that
143:
Romeyne, as well as being head of the school, often prepared patterns for embroidering: she had studied art and drawing, therefore she was skilled at reproducing on sketchbooks the ornaments and friezes she saw on architectural structures, artefacts or painted images. She was also inspired by the
202:
The commitment on the part of Marchioness Romeyne Robert in the area of philanthropy was not limited to the embroidery school, it also took the concrete form of a teaching project aimed at improving the living conditions of children from the rural areas of Pischiello; this project began with the
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region Maria Montessori in the home of the writer Sibilla Aleramo, decided to support her concretely by inviting her to stay at Villa Montesca for the summer of 1909. It was during her stay in CittĂ di Castello that Maria Montessori put down in writing what would become the first edition of her
151:
The point of pride, as well as original creation at the "Scuola di ricami Ranieri di Sorbello" was the so-called "Punto Sorbello" or "Umbro Antico": officially patented by the Marchioness, it was actually the result of restyling by Carolina Amari of traditional stitches and embroideries of Arab
289:
joined the intelligence service of the Allies, known as IS9 (or also as A-Force), in an effort to save disbanded Allied forces beyond enemy lines; he was followed in this venture by his brother Lodovico. Giovanni Antonio, the eldest of the three brothers, after Italy's Liberation was appointed
135:
All the women who lived in the areas around the villa and who had an interest in contributing to supporting the family, or who wished to set aside resources, thus becoming independent from male figures, could enrol in this "vocational school", where they could learn a trade. Each of the female
264:
Starting in the 1920s the Pischiello school started a transformation process from rural school to subsidiary school, according to the classification of experimental schools opened in 1912 by Conte Eugenio Faina, initially in his estates for the training of farmers, and then in various Italian
231:
Already in 1901 Alice Hallgarten Franchetti had decided to set up a school using some of the rooms on the second floor at Villa della Montesca, the Franchetti country residence near CittĂ di Castello. Shortly after that, a second rural school was opened in the small village of Rovigliano. The
227:
Romeyne Robert and Alice Franchetti attended the same intellectual and feminist circles in Rome, as well as sharing the same ideals of social renewal. They had a very close friendship, not just as regards the artisan workshops they managed ("Tela Umbra" for Alice, "Scuola di ricami Ranieri di
457:
Lucy R. Latter (London 1870 – Mysore (India) 1907) was known for having developed an experiential teaching through direct observation of nature and gardening, to train teachers and pupils on botanical experiments and on the management of educational gardens, whose progress was recorded
101:, which had also reached England from the United States and whose purpose was the promotion of arts and the industry, creating products of high artistic value, highlighting the artisan experience by reproducing motifs and drawings related to the past, more specifically to the
276:
During the difficult years after Italy entered the Second World War, Romeyne and her husband Ruggero, who was by then nearly eighty years old and in poor health, went to stay at Castello di Sorbello, a family residence in Sant’Andrea di Sorbello, in the Municipality of
76:
in New Jersey. A cultured young woman, great enthusiast of music and theatre and fluent in four languages, she travelled extensively across Europe with her parents, and continued her education there. In 1901 during a trip to Italy with her mother Charlotte, in
50:(1802–1878), Romeyne's grandfather, was a prosperous businessman, who ̶ in 1835 – founded the company Robert & Williams, for the import of sugar, tea and coffee. A religious man and dedicated philanthropist, in 1863 he established the
171:
Cooperative called “Arti Decorative Italiane", to which the "Scuola di ricami Ranieri di Sorbello" became affiliated and which was active until 1929. The end of this syndicated organisation was mainly due to the economic collapse caused by the
365:
Direct testimony from Margherita Biancalana (1909–2011), one of the last embroiderers employed in the School. In this way it was easier to set aside the money necessary for personal expenses or for a dowry, free from any control by fathers or
591:: catalogo della Mostra documentaria Città di Castello, Collezione tessile di Tela Umbra, 25 settembre 2009–17 gennaio 2010 a cura di Anna Angelica Fabiani, Francesca Tomassini, Perugia, Soprintendenza archivistica per l'Umbria, 2009
167:, proving highly successful. The demand for embroideries from her school increased considerably in Italy, but most notably in Europe and in America: foreign markets were indeed the source of most of its revenues.
423:
fund), Marchioness Romeyne left clear instructions to her heirs regarding the setting up of a museum exhibition with the embroidery items she had collected, to be named after her friend and associate Carolina
127:, who worked there as embroiderers. The school workshop was inaugurated in 1904 with eight embroiderers; ten years later it employed eighty women, and between 1928 and 1933 at least one hundred and fifty.
175:
in the United States, which led to a considerable reduction in orders, bringing down the requests for some textile articles to almost zero because of the exorbitant customs duties being imposed.
232:
relevant syllabus projects were compiled by Baroness Franchetti herself, then perfected with the help of important personalities in the area of modern pedagogy, including the British teacher
182:
Today some examples of the embroideries made by the "Scuola di ricami Ranieri di Sorbello" are kept in 4 museums: Casa Museo di Palazzo Sorbello (Perugia, Italy), Museum of the "Tela Umbra" (
392:
On the occasion of this exhibition she had a brochure-leaflet published (in Italian, English and German), with a description of the Sorbello Stitch and of the Scuola di Ricamo. See also
298:
their presence did not become known in the valley. Being a very assertive woman, she succeeded in ensuring the release of her husband, following the arrest by Fascist supporters of the
444:
frequenter of Villa Montesca, owned by the Franchetti barons on the hills above CittĂ di Castello, where he held two conferences as requested by Alice herself. See Claudia Pazzini,
108:
Following this model, Romeyne then decided to set up at Villa del Pischiello, on the estate of the Ranieri di Sorbello family, in the hilly area around Lake Trasimeno, a school of
58:, an institution to which he left a substantial legacy and which became an important advanced training centre in the Near East, as well as a monument to American philanthropy.
228:
Sorbello" for Romeyne), but also because of their profitable cooperation in fostering the primary schools which they had both started in their respective country residences.
294:
by the Allied Military Government, with the specific assignment of rebuilding roads and bridges in the province, a position which he held from July 1944 to January 1945.
163:
of her own business, Romeyne started to take part in numerous trade fairs and exhibitions, for example the international "Industries and Labour " show in 1911 in
236:. In 1907, Baron and Baroness Franchetti contributed to opening the first "Casa dei Bimbi" in Rome and, after having personally met the pedagogy expert from the
721:
105:
period. These artefacts were actually the subject not only of great artistic interest, but also involved a flourishing market of collectors and enthusiasts.
726:
410:
Carolina Amari who produced an advertising brochure in several languages, outining the specificities of each school and of the embroideries produced there.
61:
Howell Robert (1844–1914), Christopher's son, married Charlotte Shaw (1841–1940), a second cousin of the writer, playwright, linguist and musical critic
191:
711:
219:
Leopoldo Franchetti. The Montessori method played an essential role in the development of the Pischiello school towards a more structured set-up.
567:
I volti diversi del lavoro femminile: modelli di comportamento e pratica imprenditoriale nelle opere tessili in Umbria tra Ottocento e Novecento
285:
in 1943, used their forces in the service of allied troops; they were thus accused of anti-fascist activities and collaboration with the enemy:
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in Rome in 1909. The Montessori method, initially "tested" on request of the Marchioness directly on her three children (Gian Antonio,
746:
203:
opening of the first primary school at Pischiello, founded by Romeyne in 1903 using several rooms in one wing of the Villa del Pischiello.
302:
acting upon an order by the Head of the Province, Armando Rocchi, who tried in vain to make him confess where his three sons were hiding.
716:
81:, she met her future husband: marquis Ruggero Ranieri di Sorbello (1864–1946), whom she married in 1902. She then moved permanently to
669:
Maria Montessori tra Romeyne Ranieri di Sorbello e Alice Franchetti: dall'imprenditoria femminile modernista alla creazione del metodo
706:
701:
156:
in 1908 by Baroness Alice Hallgarten Franchetti, a friend of Romeyne's with whom she started a profitable business arrangement.
617:
La Scuola di Ricami di Romeyne Robert Ranieri di Sorbello. Storia e fortuna di un laboratorio femminile in Umbria (1904–1934)
394:
La Scuola di Ricami di Romeyne Robert Ranieri di Sorbello. Storia e fortuna di un laboratorio femminile in Umbria (1904–1934)
741:
696:
286:
257:
602:, a cura di Stefano Papetti e Ruggero Ranieri, Perugia, Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello Foundation, 2010, pp. 86–96
589:
Oggi non sono andata a parare le pecore…” La memoria delle scuole rurali di Montesca e Rovigliano di Città di Castello
26:
and businesswoman, originally from the United States. She was a member of the Ranieri Bourbon di Sorbello family.
731:
396:, edited by Marilena de Vecchi and Valentina Costantini, Perugia, Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello Foundation, 2011.
585:
Maria Montessori, Alice Hallgarten e Leopoldo Franchetti: un incontro determinante per la storia della pedagogia
93:
Romeyne became active in the area of philanthropy and social promotion, following the model inaugurated by the "
736:
309:
Romeyne Robert Ranieri di Sorbello died on 22 January 1951. She was laid to rest in the monumental cemetery of
208:
98:
69:
657:, in "Annuario del lavoro 2018", a cura di Massimo Mascini, Roma, Il diario del lavoro, 2018, pp. 293–296
619:, a cura di Marilena de Vecchi e Valentina Costantini, Perugia, Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello Foundation, 2011
631:
Romeyne Robert Ranieri di Sorbello imprenditrice americana e le origini della scuola di ricamo e di merletto
596:
Rinascita e riforma. Le origini della cooperativa di ricamo e merletto di Romeyne Robert Ranieri di Sorbello
299:
356:, edited by Antonella Valoroso e Sara Morelli, Perugia, Fondazione Ranieri di Sorbello, 2018, pages 33–41.
73:
85:, at Palazzo Sorbello, an aristocratic residence in town, historically property of her husband's family.
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686:
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The rural school at Pischiello officially closed in 1967 because there were too few pupils enrolled.
183:
153:
215:
Hallgarten Franchetti (1874–1911), also of American origin and wife of the Baron and senator of the
116:
407:
Revival and Reform: The Impetus for the Embroidery Enterprise of Romeyne Robert Ranieri di Sorbello
94:
62:
23:
233:
47:
482:
Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica applicato all'educazione infantile nelle case dei bambini
43:
22:, also known as Romeyne Robert (New York, 16 October 1877 – Perugia, 22 January 1951), was an
650:, a cura di Antonella Valoroso e Sara Morelli, Perugia, Fondazione Ranieri di Sorbello, 2018
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216:
172:
282:
253:
644:, Doctor of Philosophy in History of Art, University of California, Berkeley, Summer 2016
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Gli album di acquerelli di Romeyne Robert dalla Fondazione Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello
377:
Gli album di acquerelli di Romeyne Robert dalla Fondazione Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello
306:
for pleasure or to promote products made at the "Scuola di ricami Ranieri di Sorbello".
578:
Le scuole di ricamo nell’area del Trasimeno: glorie del passato, interesse del presente
124:
51:
560:
OttocentoCittà . Paesi e borghi umbri e dell’Italia centrale nei dipinti del XIX secolo
381:
OttocentoCittà . Paesi e borghi umbri e dell’Italia centrale nei dipinti del XIX secolo
680:
223:
The friendship with Alice Hallgarten Franchetti and the meeting with Maria Montessori
624:
L’Arte ricamata. Uno strumento di emancipazione femmile nell’Opera di Carolina Amari
144:
ancient embroideries she saw in the collection owned by Countess Edith Rucellai in
662:
Coltivare l’immaginario. Letture e albi illustrati dei bambini di Palazzo Sorbello
642:
Creating New Citizens. Art and Handicraft in New York and Boston Settlement Houses
635:
I talenti femminili alle origini dell’imprenditoria umbra. Atti del Convegno, 2013
611:
Ricami della Bell’Epoca. La Scuola di Romeyne Robert Ranieri di Sorbello 1904–1934
535:
Ricami della Bell’Epoca. La Scuola di Romeyne Robert Ranieri di Sorbello 1904–1934
446:
Coltivare l’immaginario. Letture e albi illustrati dei bambini di Palazzo Sorbello
317:, praised her business success and commitment to a social and teaching mission.
102:
35:
109:
339:, edited by Dumas Malone, vol. XVI, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1935.
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income and emancipation for young female farm labourers in the areas around
39:
571:
Donne imprenditrici nella storia dell’Umbria. Ipotesi e percorsi di ricerca
145:
55:
573:, a cura di Barbara Curli, Milano, Franco Angeli, 2005, pp. 111–166
310:
278:
248:
Thanks to mediation by Alice, Romeyne Robert had a chance to meet both
187:
82:
65:. They had three daughters, but only Romeyne lived to become an adult.
34:
Romeyne Robert belonged to a wealthy family of the United States upper
281:. Romeyne's three children, after the armistice was signed by General
112:, which later became known as "Scuola di ricami Ranieri di Sorbello".
237:
164:
542:
Cara Marietta… Lettere di Alice Hallgarten Franchetti (1901–1911)
580:, in “Diomede”, n. 10, settembre-dicembre, 2008, pp. 93–102
78:
115:
For this project of hers, she availed herself of support from
131:
Work procedures in the "Scuola di ricami Ranieri di Sorbello"
419:
In a letter, which is kept in the State Archive in Perugia (
313:. On 27 January 1951, an article published in the newspaper
448:, Perugia, Fondazione Ranieri di Sorbello, 2019, pp. 36–37.
613:, Perugia, Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello Foundation, 2011
607:
L’opera e la figura di Romeyne Robert Ranieri di Sorbello
549:
Scritti scelti di Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello 1906–1969
531:
L’opera e la figura di Romeyne Robert Ranieri di Sorbello
637:, Perugia, Provincia di Perugia, 2013, pp. 25–33
626:, Maniago (Pordenone, Associazione Le Arti Tessili,
562:, Città di Castello, Edimond, 2004, pp. 189–197
524:
Young in New York: a memoir of a victorian girlhood
383:, Città di Castello, Edimond, 2004, pages 189–197.
537:, Foligno, Editoriale Umbra, 1996, pp. 27–47
648:Rossini e la cultura musicale a Palazzo Sorbello
354:Rossini e la cultura musicale a Palazzo Sorbello
198:Her teaching effort: the Pischiello rural school
186:, Italy), Museum of the embroidery of Bologna (
664:, Perugia, Fondazione Ranieri di Sorbello, 201
544:, CittĂ di Castello, edizioni Tela Umbra, 2002
8:
89:The "Scuola di ricami Ranieri di Sorbello"
484:, CittĂ di Castello, Scipione Lapi, 1909.
600:Casa Museo di Palazzo Sorbello a Perugia
325:
252:and the teacher Felicitas Buchner at
140:which were also required on the job.
7:
526:, New York, Doubleday & C., 1963
42:roots, originally from La Rochelle (
722:20th-century Italian businesspeople
727:20th-century Italian businesswomen
547:Elena Dundovich, Ruggero Ranieri,
20:Romeyne Robert Ranieri di Sorbello
14:
272:World War Two and her final years
337:Dictionary of American Biography
551:, Firenze, Leo S. Olschki, 2004
333:Robert, Christopher Rheinlander
30:Family and education background
712:Italian women company founders
48:Christopher Rhinelander Robert
1:
315:Il Mattino del Centro Italia
16:Aristocrat and businesswoman
747:American emigrants to Italy
763:
717:Businesspeople in textiles
671:, Roma, Fefè Editore, 2021
655:Le ricamatrici di Perugia
640:Diana Jocelyn Greenwold,
707:Italian company founders
702:Textile company founders
605:Maria Luciana Buseghin,
583:Maria Luciana Buseghin,
565:Maria Luciana Buseghin,
540:Maria Luciana Buseghin,
529:Maria Luciana Buseghin,
495:Coltivare l’immaginario,
209:Passignano sul Trasimeno
99:Arts and Crafts movement
72:, near Philadelphia and
469:Coltivare l’immaginario
522:Nathalie Smith Dana,
68:Romeyne grew between
742:Artists from Perugia
697:Embroidery designers
192:Cooper Hewitt Museum
159:As entrepreneur and
38:with ancient French
508:Bourbon di Sorbello
421:Bourbon di Sorbello
95:settlement movement
63:George Bernard Shaw
480:Maria Montessori,
348:Antonella Valoroso
667:Claudia Pazzini,
660:Claudia Pazzini,
653:Enrico Speranza,
629:Ruggero Ranieri,
554:Claudia Pazzini,
510:fund, b. 8, f. 1.
493:Claudia Pazzini,
467:Claudia Pazzini,
375:Claudia Pazzini,
194:(New York City).
184:CittĂ di Castello
154:CittĂ di Castello
44:Charente Maritime
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732:Italian nobility
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217:Kingdom of Italy
173:Great Depression
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737:School founders
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622:Ivana Palomba,
594:Louise Ambler,
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517:Further reading
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471:, pages 37–38.
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196:
132:
129:
125:Lake Trasimeno
117:Carolina Amari
90:
87:
52:Robert College
31:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
759:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
682:
675:
670:
666:
663:
659:
656:
652:
649:
646:
643:
639:
636:
632:
628:
625:
621:
618:
615:
612:
608:
604:
601:
597:
593:
590:
586:
582:
579:
575:
572:
568:
564:
561:
557:
553:
550:
546:
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
525:
521:
520:
516:
509:
503:
500:
496:
490:
487:
483:
477:
474:
470:
464:
461:
454:
451:
447:
440:
437:
430:
427:
422:
416:
413:
408:
402:
399:
395:
389:
386:
382:
378:
372:
369:
362:
359:
355:
351:
345:
342:
338:
334:
329:
326:
320:
318:
316:
312:
307:
303:
301:
295:
293:
292:Vice-prefetto
288:
284:
280:
271:
269:
266:
262:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
239:
235:
229:
222:
220:
218:
212:
210:
204:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
180:
176:
174:
168:
166:
162:
157:
155:
149:
147:
141:
137:
130:
128:
126:
120:
118:
113:
111:
106:
104:
100:
96:
88:
86:
84:
80:
75:
71:
66:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
27:
25:
21:
674:
668:
661:
654:
647:
641:
634:
630:
623:
616:
610:
606:
599:
595:
588:
584:
577:
570:
566:
559:
555:
548:
541:
534:
530:
523:
507:
502:
494:
489:
481:
476:
468:
463:
453:
445:
439:
429:
420:
415:
406:
401:
393:
388:
380:
376:
371:
361:
353:
349:
344:
336:
332:
328:
314:
308:
304:
296:
291:
275:
267:
263:
247:
242:
230:
226:
213:
205:
201:
181:
177:
169:
160:
158:
150:
142:
138:
134:
121:
114:
107:
92:
67:
60:
33:
19:
18:
692:1951 deaths
687:1877 births
241:celebrated
234:Lucy Latter
103:Renaissance
36:bourgeoisie
681:Categories
321:References
190:, Italy),
110:embroidery
74:Morristown
70:Germantown
24:aristocrat
366:husbands.
287:Uguccione
258:Uguccione
283:Badoglio
161:promoter
146:Florence
56:Istanbul
40:Huguenot
311:Perugia
279:Cortona
188:Bologna
83:Perugia
587:, in “
424:Amari.
243:Metodo
238:Marche
633:, in
609:, in
598:, in
569:, in
558:, in
533:, in
497:p.47.
379:, in
165:Turin
79:Rome
352:in
335:in
54:in
683::
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