553:, members of the Zacapa Military Zone attacked a peaceful peasant demonstration, killing many people. The deceased, indigenous peasants who had been summoned in place were fighting for the legalization of public lands they had occupied for years. Their struggle faced them directly with investors who wanted to exploit the mineral wealth of the area, particularly oil reserves—by Basic Resources International and Shenandoah Oil— and nickel -EXMIBAL. The Panzós Massacre caused a stir at the university because of the high number of victims and conflicts arising from the exploitation of natural resources by foreign companies. In 1978, for example, Osorio Paz and other universities received death threats for their outspoken opposition to constructing an inter-oceanic pipeline that would cross the country to facilitate oil exploration. On June 8, the AEU organized a massive protest in downtown Guatemala City where speakers denounced the slaughter of Panzós and expressed their repudiation of the Laugerud García regime in stronger terms than ever before.
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pastor of San Mateo Ixtatán during the
Guatemala Civil War, arrived in October 1980, amid people's fight against the presence of Cuchumaderas and accused in his writings as Cuchumaderas partners the following people: Lucas Garcia, who FTN director when Cuchumaderas was founded, general Otto Spiegler Noriega, who was the Chief of Staff of the Army and later became Minister of Defense under Lucas García; Jorge Spiegler Noriega, manager of the National Forestry Institute (INAFOR), and then-colonel Rodolfo Lobos Zamora, commander of Military Zone of Quiché. However, later in the Commercial Register, investigations showed that the owner of the company was a different person: it was the engineer Fernando Valle Arizpe, and was well known for being the husband of journalist Irma Flaquer until 1965. Valle Arizpe had developed close relations with senior officials and close members of the government of Lucas García, especially Donaldo Alvarez Ruiz, the Minister of Interior.
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assassinations of prominent right-wing
Guatemalans and landowners. In 1980, armed insurgents assassinated prominent Ixil landowner Enrique Brol and president of the CACIF (Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations) Alberto Habie. Encouraged by guerrilla advances elsewhere in Central America, the Guatemalan insurgents, especially the EGP, began to quickly expand their influence through a wide geographic area and across different ethnic groups, thus broadening the appeal of the insurgent movement and providing it with a more extensive popular base. In October 1980, a tripartite alliance was formalized between the EGP, the FAR and the ORPA as a precondition for Cuban-backing.
654:"Beheaded corpses hanging from their legs in between what is left from blown up cars, shapeless bodies among glass shards and tree branches all over the place is what a terrorist attack caused yesterday at 9:35 am. El Gráfico reporters were able to get to exact place where the bomb went off, only seconds after the horrific explosion, and found a truly infernal scene in the corner of the 6th avenue and 6th street -where the Presidential Office is located- which had turned into a huge oven -but the solid building where the president worked was safe-. The reporters witnessed the dramatic rescue of the wounded, some of them critical, like the man that completely lost a leg and had only stripes of skin instead."
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between the municipality and the company, town people forced the authorities to conduct an open meeting and explain the characteristics of the commitment; each of the members of the municipal corporation gave their account of the negotiation, showing contradictions that led to resignation of the mayor at the very same meeting. Despite threats received by some residents of San Mateo, they organized a local committee to defend the forest and started a lawsuit against the company. As a result, forest extraction processes were stopped.
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relationship with students, different representations combined to build a higher education institution of higher social projection. In 1978, the
University of San Carlos became one of the sectors with more political weight in Guatemala; that year, the student movement, faculty, and University Governing Board -Consejo Superior Universitario- united against the government and were in favor of opening spaces for the neediest sectors. To expand its university extension, the Student Body (AEU) rehabilitated the "Student House" in downtown
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people. The new
Secretary of the Interior under President Lucas García, Donaldo Alvarez Ruiz, promised to break up any protests done without government permission, as the new government had realized that the opposition and Marxist left had a powerful organization by the time the new president was inaugurated. The protestors, having refused to ask for permission, were met by the Pelotón Modelo (Model Platoon) of the National Police. Employing new anti-riot gear donated by the
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holding many demonstrations in Nebaj, Chajul, and Cotzal. At the same time the EGP was expanding its presence in the
Altiplano, a new insurgent movement called the ORPA (Revolutionary Organization of Armed People) made itself known. Composed of local youths and university intellectuals, the ORPA developed out of the Regional de Occidente, movement, which split from the FAR-PGT in 1971. The ORPA's leader, Rodrigo Asturias (a former activist with the PGT and first-born son of
502:, which completely swept all student body positions that were up for election that year. FRENTE leaders were primarily members of the Patriotic Workers' Youth, the Guatemalan Labor Party youth wing (Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo (PGT)). This Guatemalan communist party had worked in the shadows since it was illegalized in 1954. Unlike other Marxist organizations in Guatemala at the time, PGT leaders trusted the mass movement to gain power through elections.
373:, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) financed infrastructure projects in Sebol. In 1960, then Army captain Fernando Romeo Lucas García inherited Saquixquib and Punta de Boloncó farms in northeastern Sebol. In 1963, he bought the farm "San Fernando" El Palmar de Sejux and finally bought the "Sepur" farm near San Fernando. During those years, Lucas was in the Guatemalan legislature and lobbied in Congress to boost investment in that area of the country.
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were drawn from larger military brigades. The army, to curtail civilian participation in the insurgency and provide greater distinction between "hostile" and compliant communities in the countryside, resorted to a series of "civic action" measures. The military under Chief of Staff
Benedicto Lucas García (the President's brother) began to search out communities in which to organize and recruit civilians into pro-government
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725:(EGP) right in front of the Guatemalan National Palace, then the headquarters of the Guatemalan government. The intention was to prevent the Guatemalan people from supporting a massive demonstration that the government of Lucas Garcia had prepared for Sunday, 7 September 1980. In the attack, six adults and a little boy died after two bombs inside a vehicle went off.
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542:. Although not strictly an armed group, FERG sought confrontation with government forces all the time, giving prominence to measures that could degenerate into mass violence and paramilitary activity. Its members were not interested in working within an institutional framework and never asked permission for their public demonstrations or actions.
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exploitation of that vast land. By managing this project, Lucas García obtained greater knowledge and interaction with the transnational companies that were in the area and increased his own personal economic interests in the region, given that his family-owned land there and he had commercial relationships with
Shenandoah Oil company.
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of the junior officers or any other entity. General Lucas was reportedly prepared to resist the coup and could have quickly opposed the coup with his contingent of troops stationed at the presidential palace, but was coerced into surrendering by being shown his mother and sister held with rifles to their heads.
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Cuchumaderas was closely related to the interests of the military leaders who held political power in the 1970s and spread throughout the defined territory of the FTN; the forest wealth of San Mateo Ixtatán made it the target of economic interests in the
Northern Transversal Strip. Ronald Hennessey,
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In response to the guerrilla offensive in early 1981, the
Guatemalan Army began mobilizing for a large-scale rural counter-offensive. The Lucas government instituted a policy of forced recruitment and began organizing a "task-force" model for fighting the insurgency, by which strategic mobile forces
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as his running mate. Villagrán Kramer was a man of recognized democratic trajectory, having participated in the
Revolution of 1944 and was linked to the interests of transnational corporations and elites, as he was one of Guatemala's main advisers of agricultural, industrial, and financial chambers.
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and deposed General Romeo Lucas Garcia. Aside from the junior officers involved in engineering the coup, the coup was not supported by any entities within the Lucas government. At the time of the coup, the most of Lucas Garcia's senior officers were unaware of any previous coup plotting on the part
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I understand that there was a lot of corruption. It came to the point with corruption, that Guatemala -being a country with great economic reserves- lost its economic reserves in two years; and also practically mortgaged the country with large constructions made -such as peripheral highway loops-
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In 1962, the DGAA became the National Institute of Agrarian Reform (INTA) by Decree 1551, which created the law of Agrarian Transformation. In 1964, INTA defined the geography of the FTN as the northern part of the departments of Huehuetenango, Quiché, Alta Verapaz, and Izabal, and that same year,
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In those years, the importance of the region was in livestock, exploitation of precious export wood, and archaeological wealth. Timber contracts were granted to multinational companies such as Murphy Pacific Corporation from California, which invested US$ 30 million in the colonization of southern
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and the insurgency's victories against the Lucas Garcia government led rebel leaders to falsely conclude that a military equilibrium was being reached in Guatemala. Thus the insurgency underestimated the government's military strength. and found itself overwhelmed and unable to secure its advances
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stated, "Between January and November 1980, some 3,000 people described by government representatives as "subversives" and "criminals" were either shot on the spot in political assassinations or seized and murdered later; at least 364 others seized in this period have not yet been accounted for."
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occupied the embassy in a desperate attempt to bring attention to the issues they were having with the Army in that region of the country, which was rich in oil and had been recently populated as part of the "Franja Transversal del Norte" agricultural program. In the end, thirty-seven people died
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The effects of state repression on the population further radicalized individuals within the mass movement. They led and led to increased popular support for the insurgency. In late 1979, the EGP expanded its influence, controlling a large amount of territory in the Ixil Triangle in El Quiche and
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On 4 August 1978, barely a month after he took office, high school, university students, and other popular movement sectors, organized the mass movement's first urban protest of the Lucas García period. The demonstrations, intended as a march against violence, were attended by an estimated 10,000
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On April 15, 1981, EGP rebels attacked a Guatemalan Army patrol from the village of Cocob near Nebaj, killing five personnel. On April 17, 1981, a reinforced company of Airborne troops was deployed to the village. They discovered foxholes, guerrillas and a hostile population. The local people to
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There was an undetermined number of wounded and heavy material losses, not only from art pieces from the National Palace but from all the surrounding buildings, particularly in the Lucky Building, which is right across the Presidential Office. Among the deceased was Domingo Sánchez, Secretary of
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In 1977, the municipality of San Mateo Ixtatán signed a contract with Cuchumaderas company for the "sanitation, reforestation, maintenance and exploitation of forests, based on the urgent need to build and maintain natural resources attacked by the pine beetle." Upon learning of the negotiation
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In the months following the Spanish Embassy Fire, the human rights situation continued to deteriorate. The daily number of killings by official and unofficial security forces increased from an average of 20 to 30 in 1979 to a conservative estimate of 30 to 40 daily in 1980. Human rights sources
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As army repression intensified in the countryside, relations between the Guatemalan military establishment and the Lucas Garcia regime worsened. Professionals within the Guatemalan military considered the approach counterproductive because the Lucas government's strategy of military action and
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Large numbers of civilians were killed or displaced in the Guatemalan military's counterinsurgency operations. The army, to alienate the insurgents from their civilian base, carried out large-scale mass killings of unarmed civilians, burned villages and crops, and butchered animals, destroying
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In early 1981, the insurgency mounted the largest offensive in the country's history. This was followed by an additional offensive towards the end of the year, in which many civilians were forced to participate by the insurgents. Villagers worked with the insurgency to sabotage roads and army
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de León was elected as President of the Student Body and Saúl Osorio Paz as President of the university; plus, they had ties with the university workers union (STUSC) through their PGT connections. Osorio Paz gave space and support to the student movement, and instead of having a conflictive
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Together with the government in neighboring El Salvador, the Lucas Garcia regime was cited as the worst human rights violator in the Western-Hemisphere. The daily number of killings by government forces and officially sanctioned death squads increased from an average of 20 to 30 in 1979 to a
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FRENTE had to face the radical left, represented then by the Student Revolutionary Front "Robin García" (FERG), which emerged during the Labor Day march of 1 May 1978. FERG coordinated several student associations at different colleges within the University of San Carlos and public secondary
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In 1977, when he stepped down as defense minister to pursue his presidential campaign, General Fernando Romeo Lucas García also happened to hold the position of coordinator of the megaproject of the Northern Transversal Strip, whose main objective was to bring production of to facilitate oil
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It was not Lucas Garcia, but the government itself; they gave lots on the banks of the Transversal del Norte, to get (farmers) out of land where there was oil. Then they got land because they bought it to keep the money from the farm sales. They grabbed these people and threw it over the
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Insurgent movements active in the initial phase of the conflict, such as the FAR, also began to reemerge and prepare for combat. In 1980, guerrilla operations on both the urban and rural fronts greatly intensified, with the insurgency carrying out many overt acts of armed propaganda and
579:, Platoon agents surrounded marchers and tear-gassed them. Students were forced to retreat, and dozens of people, primarily school-aged adolescents, were hospitalized. This was followed by more protests and death squad killings throughout the later part of the year. In September 1978, a
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Due to his seniority in the military and economic elites in Guatemala and his fluency fluent in Q'ekchi, one of the Guatemalan indigenous languages, Lucas García was the ideal official candidate for the 1978 elections. To further enhance his image, he was paired with the leftist doctor
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In its later years, Lucas Garcia's regime was perceived as a threat by the military establishment in Guatemala, as it engaged in actions that compromised the legitimacy of the Guatemalan military with both the populace and within its ranks, thereby undermining the effectiveness of the
714:, to resign on September 1, 1980. In his resignation, Kramer cited his disapproval of the government's human rights record as one of the primary reasons for his resignation. He then went into voluntary exile in the United States, taking a position in the Legal Department of the
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helicopters worth $ 10.5 million to the army. In June 1981, the Reagan Administration announced a $ 3.2 million delivery of 150 military trucks and jeeps to the army, justifying these shipments by blaming the guerrillas for the violence perpetrated against civilians.
622:, where it enjoyed considerable popular support. On 18 September 1979, ORPA made its existence publicly known when it occupied the Mujulia coffee farm in the coffee-growing region of the Quezaltenango province to hold a political education meeting with the workers.
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The United States, Israel, and Argentina all provided military support to the regime in the form of pipeline aid, sales, credits, training, and counterinsurgency advisors. Between FS 1978 and FS 1980, the U.S. provided $ 8.5 million in military assistance, mainly
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Despite the democratic facade, the electoral victory was not easy. The establishment had to impose Lucas García, causing further discredit to the electoral system —which had already suffered fraud when General Laugerud was imposed in the 1974 elections.
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The repression and excessive force used by the government against the opposition was such that it became a source of contention within Lucas Garcia's administration itself. This contention within the government caused Lucas Garcia's Vice President,
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Whereas under the previous administration, the human rights situation in Guatemala had improved, the regime of Lucas Garcia brought the repression to much the same level observed during the "State of Siege" period under former President
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FRENTE used its power within the student associations to launch a political campaign for the 1978 university general elections. It allied with leftist faculty members grouped in "University Vanguard." The alliance was effective, and
365:. Sebol, then regarded as a strategic point and route through the Cancuén River, which communicated with Petén through the Usumacinta River on the border with Mexico, and the only road that existed was a dirt one built by President
736:" and "millionaire exploiters" who were collaborating with the genocidal government. The following is a non-exhaustive list of the terrorist attacks that occurred in Guatemala City and are presented in the UN Commission report:
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Finance Center in 2011. In 1981, a powerful bomb exploded in the basement of the building, leaving it without windows for several years. The owners -Industrial Bank- decided to keep it open to the public to defy the leftist
522:, which, besides reporting on the university's activities, constantly denounced the violation of human rights, especially the repression against the popular movement. It also told what was happening with the revolutionary
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CSU members are: University president, University Provost, University Treasurer, College Deans, ten tenured faculty representatives, ten student body representatives and eleven representatives from the Professional
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conservative estimate of 30 to 40 in 1980. An estimated 5,000 civilians were killed by government forces in Guatemala in 1980. In 1981, the number of killings and assassinations by government forces exceeded 9,000.
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In May 2018, his brother Manuel Benedicto Lucas García, who served as his Army Chief of Staff, would receive a 58-year prison sentence after being convicted for a 1981 incident that involved torture and rape.
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credit sales, and approximately $ 1.8 million in export licensing for commercial arms sales, despite a 1977 congressional prohibition on military aid. In 1980 and 1981, the United States also delivered three
390:"It is of public interest and national emergency, the establishment of Agrarian Development Zones in the area included within the municipalities: San Ana Huista, San Antonio Huista, Nentón, Jacaltenango,
451:, along with Horacio Maldonado Shaad colonels and Francisco Gordillo. On 2 June 1982, international journalists interviewed Ríos Montt, who said the following regarding Lucas García government and FTN:
618:), formed the organization after returning from exile in Mexico. ORPA established an operational base in the mountains and rain forests above the coffee plantations of southwestern Guatemala and in the
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fares; the government responded harshly, arresting dozens of protesters and injuring many more. However, due to the campaign, the government agreed to the protesters' demands, including establishing a
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Car bomb against the building which virtually destroyed one of the bank towers. In a sign of defiance, the bank did not repair the windows immediately and continued operating as normally as it could.
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support the guerrillas fully. "The soldiers were forced to fire at anything that moved." The army killed 65 civilians, including 34 children, five adolescents, 23 adults, and two elderly people.
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During Lucas García regime there were many social projects, much more than in previous governments, except in the revolutionary governments of (1944–1954). How will this government be different?
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There were many causes; government had reached such decomposition that it was slashing its roots; it had no roots or the people or institutions. As a result, it fell; plain and simple.
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Petén and Alta Verapaz and formed the North Impulsadora Company. Colonization of the area was made through a process by which inhospitable areas of the FTN were granted to native peasants.
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survivors' means of livelihood. Sources with the human rights office of the Catholic Church estimated the death toll from the counterinsurgency in 1981 at 11,000, with most of the victims
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Given his family wealth, Valle Arizpe was able to afford Alvarez's legal services from the time the latter graduated; over the years, their continuous dealings led to a strong friendship.
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helicopters and $ 3.2 million worth of military trucks and jeeps to the Guatemalan Army. In 1981, the Reagan administration also approved a $ 2 million covert CIA program for Guatemala.
538:(EGP), a guerrilla group that had appeared in 1972 and had its headquarters in the oil-rich region of northern Quiché department -i.e., the Ixil Triangle of Ixcán, Nebaj and Chajul in
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Transversal del Norte, and that is why they built the road to the Transversal del Norte: to avoid protests of the people who were taken from their land, where there was oil.
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The Northern Transversal Strip was officially created by the government of General Carlos Arana Osorio in 1970 by Decree 60-70 in the Congress for agricultural development.
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The attacks against private financial, commercial, and agricultural targets increased in the Lucas Garcia years, as the leftist Marxist groups saw those institutions as "
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861:" or "Operation Ashes," which lasted through March 1982. The purpose of the operation was to "separate and isolate the insurgents from the civilian population." During "
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estimated that 5,000 Guatemalans were killed by the government for "political reasons" in 1980 alone, making it the worst human rights violator in the hemisphere after
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order and the Order of the Sacred Heart began the first process of colonization, along with INTA, carrying settlers from Huehuetenango to the Ixcán sector in Quiché.
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denied the extradition on 22 June 2005, arguing "...medical reports from García's wife showing that her husband is severely affected by the Alzheimer's disease."
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after a fire started within the embassy after the police force tried to occupy the building; after that, Spain broke its diplomatic relationship with Guatemala.
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Despite advances by the insurgency, the insurgency made a series of fatal strategic errors. The successes of the revolutionary forces in Nicaragua against the
515:; they welcomed and supported families of villagers and peasants already sensitized politically. They also organized groups of workers in the informal trade.
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On 7 March 1978, Lucas Garcia was elected president; shortly after, on 29 May 1978—in the late days of Laugerud García government—in the central square of
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During the Lucas García administration, the Army Engineers Battalion built the road stretch from Cadenas (Petén / Izabal) to Fray Bartolomé de las Casas.
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peasants of the Guatemalan highlands. Other sources and observers put the death toll due to government repression in 1981 at between 9,000 and 13,500.
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Bombs against newly built structures: Chamber of Industry, Torre Panamericana (Bank of Coffee headquarters) and Industrial Bank Financial Center
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community actively supported the insurgency. Guatemalan Army Intelligence (G-2) estimated a minimum of 360,000 indigenous supporters of the
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establishments and destroy anything of strategic value to the armed forces. By 1981, an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 members of Guatemala's
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865:" some 15,000 troops were deployed on a gradual sweep through the predominantly indigenous Altiplano region, comprising the departments of
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counterinsurgency war. In the 1982 elections, Lucas Garcia went against both popular opinion and the military's interests by endording
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Car bomb damaged the building and neighbor Guatemalan and international financial institutions; there were more than Q300k in losses.
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movements. The state university was a united and progressive institution for a few months, preparing to confront the State head-on.
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systematic terror overlooked the social and ideological causes of the insurgency while radicalizing the civilian population.
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263:. After the government created the Franja Transversal del Norte -Northern Cross Strip- in 1970, he came to own almost 30% of
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2554:"Avalancha terrorista en contra de la manifestación de mañana; poder público y transporte extraurbano blancos de ataque".
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Arias, Arturo (1990). "Changing Indian Identity: Guatemala's Violent Transition to Modernity". In Carol Smith (ed.).
1115:"Guatemala and El Salvador: Latin America's worst human rights violators in 1980" The Council on Hemispheric Affairs
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2202:(in Spanish). Programa de Ciencia y Derechos Humanos, Asociación Americana del Avance de la Ciencia. Archived from
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594:. Fearful that this concession would encourage more protests, the military government, along with state-sponsored
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414:, San Pedro Carchá, Lanquín, Senahú, Cahabón and Chahal, in Alta Verapaz and the entire department of Izabal."
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After the overthrow of Lucas Garcia on 23 March 1982, rose to power a military triumvirate headed by General
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Sebol finally adopted the name "Fray Bartolomé de las Casas', municipality created in 1983 in Alta Verapaz.
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In July 1981, the armed forces initiated a new phase of counterinsurgency operations under the code-name "
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2383:"Una crónica impactante en el aniversario de la quema de la Embajada de España tras 33 años de impunidad"
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On 31 January 1980, Guatemala got worldwide attention when the Spanish Embassy in Guatemala City was
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2637:. Centro de Estudios y Documentación de la Frontera Occidental de Guatemala, CEDFOG. Archived from
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2135:"En pie de lucha: Organización y represión en la Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala 1944 a 1996"
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2366:(in Spanish). Madrid: Artigrafía; Instituto de Estudios Políticos para América Latina y Africa.
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Draining the Sea: An Analysis of Terror in Three Rural Communities in Guatemala (1980–1984)
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Fried, Jonathan L.; Gettleman, Marvin E.; Levenson, Deborah T.; et al., eds. (1983).
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Revolution in the countryside: rural conflict and agrarian reform in Guatemala, 1944–1954
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Agriculture driver; Joaquín Díaz y Díaz, car washer; and Amilcar de Paz, security guard.
319:(4 July 1924 – 27 May 2006) was a military officer and politician who served as the 37th
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Richards, Michael (1985). "Cosmopolitan world-view and counterinsurgency in Guatemala".
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which really had no concept of planning from the point of view of transit and traffic.
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and protect the indigenous civilian population from reprisals by the security forces.
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2594:. Hague Academy of International Law: Center for Studies and Research. p. 337.
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Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit: Guatemala under General Efraín Ríos Mont
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education institutions. This coordination between legal groups came from the
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At the beginning of his tenure as president, Saúl Osorio founded the weekly
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from July 1, 1978, to March 23, 1982. He was elected as the nominee for the
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2481:"Estado y Políticas de Desarrollo Agrario. La Masacre Campesina de Panzós"
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patrols, who would combat the insurgents and kill their collaborators.
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1402:
3378:
2224:"Agudización de la Violencia y Militarización del Estado (1979–1985)"
1979:"Scientific Responsibility, Human Rights & Law Program |"
411:
399:
2631:
Contextualización histórica de la Franja Transversal del Norte (FTN)
2612:
2490:(in Spanish). Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. Archived from
1998:
Aguilera Peralta, Gabriel; Romero Imery, Jorge; et al. (1981).
2053:"State Violence in Guatemala, 1960–1996: A Quantitative Reflection"
2051:
Ball, Patrick; Kobrak, Paul; Spirer, Herbert F.; Chapter 4 (n.d.).
2139:
Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Regionales, Universidad de San Carlos
682:
1952:"Guatemala sentences four military officers for civil war crimes"
2658:"Gen. Romeo Lucas García, 85, Former Guatemalan President, Dies"
2461:
Dictating Democracy: Guatemala and the End of Violent Revolution
2222:
Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Agudización (1999).
929:
On March 23, 1982, junior officers under the command of General
3228:
2754:
2118:(Revised ed.). Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
2094:
361:
The first settler project in the FTN was in Sebol-Chinajá in
3298:
2194:
Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV (1999).
1747:
The Guatemalan Military Project: A Violence Called Democracy
1733:
Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Agudización 1999
1658:
1432:
2685:
Vice President's Task Force on Combating Terrorism (1989).
2260:"The Social Consequences of "Development" Aid in Guatemala"
1901:
National Security Archive, The George Washington University
1603:
1601:
1528:
1526:
347:
measures further terrorized populations of poor civilians.
267:, aside from investment in oil and wood mills in the area.
2410:"Entrevista completa Ríos Montt: Yo controlo al ejército"
1670:
1592:
1377:
1375:
1647:
Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV 1999
1632:
Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV 1999
1620:
Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV 1999
498:
In 1976, a student group called "FRENTE" emerged at the
1786:
1784:
1494:
Vice President's Task Force on Combating Terrorism 1989
1252:
1250:
1248:
2114:
The War for the Heart and Soul of a Highland Maya Town
797:
Car bombs completely destroyed the buildings windows.
721:
On 5 September 1980, took place a terrorist attack by
339:
and the government increased. The military started to
2464:(Illustrated ed.). University Press of Florida.
2435:"Guatemala, viudas y huérfanos que dejó el comunismo"
1983:
AAAS – The World's Largest General Scientific Society
1568:
1408:
335:. During Lucas García's regime, tensions between the
2275:"Murió en Puerto La Cruz ex dictador guatemalteco".
605:
Increased insurgency and state repression: 1980–1982
601:, generated an unsafe situation for public leaders.
369:
in 1928. In 1958, during the government of General
3397:
3366:
3340:
3309:
3267:
2897:
2788:
2541:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Mi ejército, sitio oficial
2024:
Guatemala: A Government Program of Political Murder
1685:"Guatemala Uses U.S. 'Civilian' Copters in Warfare"
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
699:
Guatemala: A Government Program of Political Murder
302:
294:
284:
276:
271:
255:
245:
216:
200:
177:
172:
156:
144:
113:
79:
51:
2310:
2111:
1937:
1816:
2253:(Revised ed.). Concerned Guatemala Scholars.
1802:
964:population after a formal petition introduced by
918:
1328:
1316:
1304:
466:Was there corruption in the previous government?
259:His family possessed large extension of land in
838:In 1980 and 1981, the United States, under the
652:
454:
388:
42: and the second or maternal family name is
2044:Guatemalan Indians and the State, 1540 to 1988
987:and various other ailments, at the age of 81.
952:began criminal proceedings for accusations of
3398:Presidents of Guatemala related to the region
3240:
2766:
2433:La otra memoria histórica (5 December 2011).
2160:"Guatemalan Soldiers Kill Civilians in Cocob"
1111:
1109:
27:37th President of Guatemala from 1978 to 1982
8:
1773:Minority Rights Group International (1994).
1607:
1532:
1367:
2691:(Illustrated ed.). DIANE. p. 86.
2081:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1913:
3476:Institutional Democratic Party politicians
3247:
3233:
3225:
2773:
2759:
2751:
2714:
2313:Guatemala in rebellion: unfinished history
1819:Guatemala in Rebellion: Unfinished History
1775:Minority Rights Group International Report
1150:Heads of States and Governments Since 1945
738:
64:
48:
1704:"Military Truck Sale to Guatemala Backed"
1556:
762:Corporación Financiera Nacional (CORFINA)
2530:Platero Trabanino, Oscar German (2013).
2250:Guatemala, Dare to Struggle, Dare to Win
1880:
1868:
1659:Aguilera Peralta & Romero Imery 1981
1420:
744:
741:
583:broke out to protest sharp increases in
235:
2441:(in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from
2279:(in Spanish). Caracas, Venezuela. 2006.
1683:Dickey, Christopher (23 January 1982).
1444:
1127:
1068:
2592:The Right to Life in International Law
2345:. University of North Carolina Press.
2074:
2027:. Amnesty International Publications.
1544:
1393:
1381:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1209:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1134:
3341:International corporation in the area
2532:"La farsa del genocidio en Guatemala"
2247:Concerned Guatemala Scholars (1982).
1790:
1517:
1456:
1084:Valle Arizpe died on 26 October 2010.
919:1982 coup d'état and "state of siege"
331:). Elections for his presidency were
7:
3486:20th-century presidents of Guatemala
2196:"Atentados contra sedes municipales"
2046:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
1580:
1482:
1355:
842:, delivered $ 10.5 million worth of
102: – March 23, 1982
3481:People from Alta Verapaz Department
2790:Federal Republic of Central America
2567:"Victimization – the EXMIBAL Story"
2479:Mendizábal P., Ana Beatriz (1978).
2326:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1925:
1847:. Moreorless.au.com. Archived from
1720:
3374:Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres
2817:direct central rule, 1826–27
2800:direct central rule, 1823–24
2706:Violence and Genocide in Guatemala
2322:Garrard-Burnett, Virginia (2010).
2000:Dialéctica del terror en Guatemala
1506:Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres
1470:"Timeline of Guatemalan Civil War"
723:Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres
25:
3456:Deaths from dementia in Venezuela
2099:"Guatemala ex-head dies in exile"
2013:Amnesty International Report 1979
1433:Concerned Guatemala Scholars 1982
805:EGP "Otto René Castillo" commando
570:Initial protests and early crisis
458:What were the causes of the coup?
3471:Guatemalan genocide perpetrators
3255:
2888:
2517:from the original on 4 July 2010
2511:"Recordando el 14 julio de 1980"
2381:García, Jody (31 January 2013).
2284:El Periódico (31 January 2012).
2110:Carlsen, Robert (1 April 2011).
1702:Goshko, John M. (19 June 1981).
1025:
1013:
1001:
808:Industrial Bank Financial Center
776:Industrial Bank Financial Center
675:. A group of native people from
3451:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
2669:Velásquez, S. (8 August 1997).
2420:from the original on 2021-12-22
2228:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio
2200:Guatemala: Memoria del Silencio
1903:. June 30, 1983. pp. 1, 2.
1845:"Efraín Ríos Montt killer file"
1147:Lentz, Harris M. (2014-02-04).
716:Inter-American Development Bank
231:
3461:Defense ministers of Guatemala
3446:20th-century Guatemalan people
2560:. Guatemala. 6 September 1980.
2539:Fundación Contra el Terrorismo
2021:Amnesty International (1981).
2002:(in Spanish). San José: EDUCA.
1745:Schirmer, Jennifer G. (1998).
1593:La otra memoria histórica 2011
1223:"Franja Transversal del Norte"
325:Institutional Democratic Party
1:
3410:Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García
2565:Rakosy, Betsy (23 May 2002).
2176:"Guatemala 1981 – Chapter IX"
1950:Menchu, Sofia (23 May 2018).
1759:Grupo de Apoyo Mutuo (1996),
1052:Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garcia
394:, and Santa Cruz Barillas in
3261:Franja Transversal del Norte
2363:Guatemala, un futuro próximo
2286:"Quema de embajada española"
2230:(in Spanish). Archived from
2141:(in Spanish). Archived from
1894:"Possible Coup in Guatemala"
1042:Franja Transversal del Norte
750:
747:
540:Franja Transversal del Norte
357:Franja Transversal del Norte
351:Franja Transversal del Norte
34:, the first or paternal
3415:Fernando Romeo Lucas García
2782:Heads of state of Guatemala
2488:Escuela de Ciencia Política
2416:(in Spanish). 11 May 2013.
2392:. Guatemala. Archived from
2309:Fried, Jonathan L. (1983).
2292:. Guatemala. Archived from
970:Venezuelan Supreme Tribunal
950:Audiencia Nacional of Spain
925:1982 Guatemalan coup d'état
317:Fernando Romeo Lucas García
58:Fernando Romeo Lucas García
3502:
3405:Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio
2671:"Crímenes de la Guerrilla"
2571:MAC: Mines and communities
2258:Cultural Survival (n.d.).
1569:Amnesty International 1981
1409:Amnesty International 1979
1037:Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio
922:
712:Francisco Villagrán Kramer
645:
536:Guerrilla Army of the Poor
492:Francisco Villagrán Kramer
354:
341:murder political opponents
124:Francisco Villagrán Kramer
29:
3348:Basic Resources (PERENCO)
3296:
3268:Departments in the region
3209:
2886:
2739:
2730:
2722:
2717:
2601:Anthropological Quarterly
2458:McCleary, Rachel (1999).
2439:La otra memoria histórica
1823:. New York: Grove Press.
419:Decree 60-70, 1st Article
327:(with the support of the
310:
211:Puerto la Cruz, Venezuela
168:
87:
75:
63:
3275:Huehuetenango Department
2688:Terrorist Group Profiles
2680:(in Spanish). Guatemala.
2590:Ramcharan, B.G. (1985).
2016:. Amnesty International.
915:, his defense minister.
577:United States Government
500:University of San Carlos
3285:Alta Verapaz Department
2795:Supreme Chiefs of State
1938:The New York Times 2006
371:Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes
70:Official portrait, 1978
3310:Major rivers and lakes
3303:
2733:President of Guatemala
1649:, p. Sección 252.
1634:, p. Sección 253.
1622:, p. Sección 256.
689:
656:
557:Presidency (1978–1982)
481:
416:
321:president of Guatemala
94:July 1, 1978
82:President of Guatemala
3302:
2899:Republic of Guatemala
2628:Solano, Luis (2012).
2509:Molina Mejía (2007).
2277:El Nacional Newspaper
2008:Amnesty International
1977:AAAS (19 June 2014).
1803:Cultural Survival n.d
1329:Justice Republic 2013
1317:Justice Republic 2013
1305:Justice Republic 2013
840:Reagan administration
703:Amnesty International
697:. In a report titled
686:
642:Civil war in the city
616:Miguel Ángel Asturias
589:public transportation
585:public transportation
520:Siete Días en la USAC
295:Years of service
151:Kjell Laugerud Garcia
133:Óscar Mendoza Azurdia
3384:Guatemalan Civil War
3280:El Quiché Department
2428:– via YouTube.
1058:Notes and references
1047:Guatemalan Civil War
1020:Biography portal
1008:Guatemala portal
975:He died in exile in
913:Angel Anibal Guevara
3466:Guatemalan generals
2718:Government offices
2644:on 13 November 2014
2341:Handy, Jim (1994).
2262:. Cultural Survival
2085:) CS1 maint: year (
779:Building sabotage.
773:EGP Urban guerrilla
329:Revolutionary Party
54:General of Division
3304:
2793:(1823–1839);
2662:The New York Times
2445:on 7 December 2013
2396:on 7 December 2013
2296:on 30 October 2013
2158:CIA (April 1981).
2105:. London, England.
1032:History portal
789:Otto René Castillo
756:15 September 1981
690:
662:, 6 September 1980
508:Oliverio Castañeda
18:Romeo Lucas Garcia
3423:
3422:
3290:Izabal Department
3222:
3221:
2749:
2748:
2743:Efraín Ríos Montt
2740:Succeeded by
2698:978-1-56806-864-0
2577:on 6 October 2014
2471:978-0-8130-1726-6
2352:978-0-8078-4438-0
2333:978-0-19-537964-8
2125:978-0-292-72398-6
2034:978-0-86210-026-1
1608:Prensa Libre 1980
1533:El Periódico 2012
1368:Molina Mejía 2007
1160:978-1-134-26490-2
931:Efraín Ríos Montt
863:Operación Ceniza,
859:Operación Ceniza,
815:
814:
802:28 December 1981
784:21 December 1981
759:Rebel Army Forces
449:Efraín Ríos Montt
432:Cuchumaderas case
392:San Mateo Ixtatán
345:counterinsurgency
314:
313:
191:San Juan Chamelco
163:Efraín Ríos Montt
16:(Redirected from
3493:
3367:Civil War events
3259:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3217:
3213:
3042:
2892:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2752:
2723:Preceded by
2715:
2702:
2681:
2675:
2665:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2636:
2624:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2573:. Archived from
2561:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2485:
2475:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2414:Justice Republic
2405:
2403:
2401:
2377:
2356:
2337:
2318:
2316:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2254:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2209:on 22 April 2005
2208:
2207:(Online edition)
2190:
2188:
2186:
2170:
2167:CIA Secret Cable
2164:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2145:on 11 March 2009
2129:
2117:
2106:
2090:
2080:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2059:. Archived from
2047:
2038:
2017:
2003:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1914:El Nacional 2006
1911:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1822:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1233:on 14 April 2014
1229:. Archived from
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1116:
1113:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1006:
1005:
1004:
966:Rigoberta Menchú
826:Operation Ceniza
770:19 October 1981
739:
663:
614:-winning author
420:
272:Military service
256:Personal fortune
239:
237:
233:
207:
187:
185:
173:Personal details
159:
147:
116:
109:
107:
101:
99:
92:
68:
49:
21:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3393:
3389:Panzós Massacre
3379:Chisec Massacre
3362:
3336:
3305:
3294:
3263:
3253:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3047:Arévalo Bermejo
3030:
2965:García Granados
2903:
2901:
2893:
2884:
2794:
2792:
2784:
2779:
2745:
2736:
2728:
2713:
2709:Yale University
2699:
2684:
2678:Revista Crónica
2673:
2668:
2656:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2613:10.2307/3317916
2598:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2564:
2553:
2544:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2520:
2518:
2508:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2457:
2448:
2446:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2380:
2374:
2360:IEPALA (1980).
2359:
2353:
2340:
2334:
2321:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2246:
2237:
2235:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2193:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2162:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2132:
2126:
2109:
2093:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2050:
2041:
2035:
2020:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1916:, p. A-13.
1912:
1908:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1782:
1777:. p. 1981.
1772:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1708:Washington Post
1701:
1700:
1696:
1689:Washington Post
1682:
1681:
1677:
1671:Ball et al. n.d
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1384:, p. 3-26.
1380:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1335:
1331:, p. 7:18.
1327:
1323:
1319:, p. 1:15.
1315:
1311:
1307:, p. 0:45.
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1026:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1002:
1000:
997:
968:. However, the
946:
927:
921:
828:
673:Eduardo Cáceres
665:
658:
650:
644:
607:
572:
559:
487:
482:
477:
468:
460:
434:
422:
418:
402:and San Miguel
381:priests of the
359:
353:
289:Guatemalan Army
241:
229:
225:
223:Elsa Cirigliano
209:
205:
189:
183:
181:
157:
145:
140:
137:
135:
128:
126:
114:
105:
103:
97:
95:
93:
88:
71:
59:
56:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3499:
3497:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3332:Río Usumacinta
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:Lago de Izabal
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3297:
3295:
3293:
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3134:Mejía Víctores
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3075:González López
3072:
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3054:
3049:
3044:
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3015:
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2999:
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2726:Kjell Laugerud
2724:
2720:
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2703:
2697:
2682:
2666:
2654:
2625:
2596:
2587:
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2527:
2513:(in Spanish).
2506:
2476:
2470:
2455:
2430:
2406:
2378:
2372:
2357:
2351:
2338:
2332:
2319:
2317:. Grove Press.
2306:
2281:
2272:
2255:
2244:
2219:
2191:
2171:
2155:
2130:
2124:
2107:
2091:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2018:
2004:
1995:
1985:. Shr.aaas.org
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1836:
1829:
1807:
1795:
1793:, p. 180.
1780:
1765:
1752:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1694:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1559:, p. 337.
1557:Ramcharan 1985
1549:
1537:
1522:
1520:, p. 255.
1510:
1498:
1486:
1475:
1461:
1459:, p. 270.
1449:
1447:, p. 144.
1437:
1425:
1413:
1398:
1386:
1371:
1360:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1259:, p. 147.
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1178:
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1139:
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1056:
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1044:
1039:
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1010:
996:
993:
977:Puerto la Cruz
945:
942:
923:Main article:
920:
917:
827:
824:
813:
812:
809:
806:
803:
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774:
771:
767:
766:
763:
760:
757:
753:
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749:
746:
743:
651:
648:Guatemala City
646:Main article:
643:
640:
606:
603:
581:general strike
571:
568:
558:
555:
513:Guatemala City
486:
483:
453:
433:
430:
387:
355:Main article:
352:
349:
312:
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308:
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300:
299:
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292:
291:
286:
285:Branch/service
282:
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273:
269:
268:
257:
253:
252:
247:
243:
242:
227:
221:
220:
218:
214:
213:
208:(aged 81)
202:
198:
197:
179:
175:
174:
170:
169:
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165:
160:
154:
153:
148:
142:
141:
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131:
129:
122:
119:
117:
115:Vice President
111:
110:
85:
84:
77:
76:
73:
72:
69:
61:
60:
57:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Serrano Elías
3143:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
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2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2915:López Requena
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2902:(since 1839);
2900:
2896:
2891:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2851:
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2783:
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2727:
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2710:
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2563:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2497:on 2014-05-27
2493:
2489:
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2373:9788485436101
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2256:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2234:on 6 May 2013
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2181:
2177:
2174:CIDH (n.d.).
2172:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:CEUR (2009).
2131:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2063:on 5 May 2013
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1883:, p. 47.
1882:
1881:McCleary 1999
1877:
1874:
1871:, p. 46.
1870:
1869:McCleary 1999
1865:
1862:
1851:on 2013-05-13
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1830:0-394-53240-6
1826:
1821:
1820:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1776:
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1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1749:. p. 45.
1748:
1741:
1738:
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1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1698:
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1541:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1496:, p. 86.
1495:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1435:, p. 40.
1434:
1429:
1426:
1423:, p. 94.
1422:
1421:Richards 1985
1417:
1414:
1411:, p. 63.
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1378:
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1372:
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1352:
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1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1295:, p. 19.
1294:
1289:
1286:
1283:, p. 27.
1282:
1277:
1274:
1271:, p. 26.
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1212:, p. 15.
1211:
1206:
1203:
1200:, p. 13.
1199:
1194:
1191:
1188:, p. 12.
1187:
1182:
1179:
1176:, p. 10.
1175:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1122:
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1057:
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1023:
1021:
1011:
1009:
999:
998:
994:
992:
988:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
948:In 1999, the
943:
941:
938:
937:
932:
926:
916:
914:
908:
905:
901:
896:
890:
886:
882:
880:
874:
872:
871:Huehuetenango
868:
864:
860:
855:
851:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
825:
823:
820:
819:Somoza regime
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
796:
793:
790:
786:
783:
782:
778:
775:
772:
769:
768:
764:
761:
758:
755:
754:
740:
737:
735:
734:reactionaries
730:
726:
724:
719:
717:
713:
707:
704:
700:
696:
685:
681:
678:
674:
670:
664:
661:
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641:
639:
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633:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
604:
602:
600:
597:
593:
590:
586:
582:
578:
569:
567:
566:(1970–1974).
565:
556:
554:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
531:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
509:
503:
501:
496:
493:
485:Rise to power
484:
480:
476:
471:
467:
462:
459:
452:
450:
445:
442:
438:
431:
429:
425:
421:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:Huehuetenango
393:
386:
384:
378:
374:
372:
368:
367:Lázaro Chacón
364:
358:
350:
348:
346:
342:
338:
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318:
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305:
301:
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258:
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212:
203:
199:
196:
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180:
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171:
167:
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161:
155:
152:
149:
143:
134:
130:
125:
121:
120:
118:
112:
91:
86:
83:
78:
74:
67:
62:
55:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3414:
3358:Cuchumaderas
3327:Río Polochic
3181:Pérez Molina
3121:
3024:Ponce Vaides
2816:
2815:
2799:
2731:
2687:
2677:
2661:
2646:. Retrieved
2639:the original
2630:
2604:
2600:
2591:
2581:17 September
2579:. Retrieved
2575:the original
2570:
2557:Prensa Libre
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2538:
2519:. Retrieved
2499:. Retrieved
2492:the original
2487:
2460:
2447:. Retrieved
2443:the original
2438:
2422:. Retrieved
2413:
2398:. Retrieved
2394:the original
2386:
2362:
2342:
2323:
2312:
2298:. Retrieved
2294:the original
2289:
2276:
2264:. Retrieved
2249:
2238:20 September
2236:. Retrieved
2232:the original
2227:
2213:20 September
2211:. Retrieved
2204:the original
2199:
2183:. Retrieved
2180:Cidh.oas.org
2179:
2166:
2147:. Retrieved
2143:the original
2138:
2113:
2102:
2065:. Retrieved
2061:the original
2056:
2043:
2023:
2012:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1982:
1970:Bibliography
1956:. Retrieved
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1853:. Retrieved
1849:the original
1839:
1818:
1810:
1798:
1774:
1768:
1760:
1755:
1746:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1707:
1697:
1688:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1627:
1615:
1588:
1576:
1571:, p. 5.
1564:
1552:
1540:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1489:
1478:
1464:
1452:
1445:Carlsen 2011
1440:
1428:
1416:
1389:
1363:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:the original
1226:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1149:
1142:
1137:, p. 5.
1130:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
989:
974:
960:against the
947:
934:
928:
909:
891:
887:
883:
875:
862:
858:
856:
852:
837:
833:paramilitary
829:
816:
745:Perpetrator
731:
727:
720:
708:
698:
691:
666:
659:
657:
653:
628:
624:
608:
599:death squads
596:paramilitary
573:
564:Arana Osorio
560:
551:Alta Verapaz
544:
532:
519:
517:
504:
497:
488:
474:
472:
465:
463:
457:
455:
446:
443:
439:
435:
426:
423:
417:
389:
379:
375:
363:Alta Verapaz
360:
337:radical left
333:fraud-ridden
316:
315:
265:Alta Verapaz
261:Alta Verapaz
206:(2006-05-27)
158:Succeeded by
89:
43:
39:
32:Spanish name
3441:2006 deaths
3436:1924 births
2829:de Aycinena
2290:elPeriódico
2067:12 February
1545:García 2013
1394:Rakosy 2002
1382:Solano 2012
1293:Solano 2012
1281:Solano 2012
1269:Solano 2012
1257:IEPALA 1980
1210:Solano 2012
1198:Solano 2012
1186:Solano 2012
1174:Solano 2012
1135:Solano 2012
985:Alzheimer's
944:Prosecution
936:coup d'état
695:El Salvador
612:Nobel Prize
528:El Salvador
406:in Quiché;
204:27 May 2006
188:4 July 1924
146:Preceded by
136:(1980–1982)
127:(1978–1980)
3430:Categories
3216:† military
3197:Giammattei
3128:Ríos Montt
2991:M. Estrada
2904:Presidents
2861:Valenzuela
2823:J. Estrada
2737:1978–1982
2648:31 October
2545:26 October
2501:2015-02-11
2449:10 October
2424:22 October
2149:31 January
1855:2014-08-18
1791:Handy 1994
1518:Arias 1990
1457:Fried 1983
1237:30 October
1123:References
879:indigenous
791:" commando
688:guerrilla.
669:burnt down
660:El Gráfico
632:indigenous
277:Allegiance
246:Occupation
184:1924-07-04
106:1982-03-23
98:1978-07-01
3322:Río Dulce
3212:* interim
3186:Maldonado
2975:Sinibaldi
2840:Barrundia
2811:Barrundia
2607:(3): 94.
2400:8 October
2300:8 October
2266:18 August
2185:18 August
1989:18 August
1954:. Reuters
1483:AAAS 2014
1356:CEUR 2009
1227:Wikiguate
981:Venezuela
933:staged a
867:El Quiché
677:El Quiché
524:Nicaragua
383:Maryknoll
298:1949–1977
280:Guatemala
195:Guatemala
90:In office
3166:Portillo
3116:Laugerud
3093:Ydígoras
3069:Castillo
3040:Toriello
3002:Orellana
2981:Barillas
2954:Aycinena
2931:Martínez
2521:22 March
2515:Archived
2418:Archived
2097:(2006).
2077:cite web
2057:AAAS.org
2010:(1979).
1926:BBC 2006
1721:CIA 1981
1581:CIDH n.d
995:See also
958:genocide
904:Bell 412
902:and six
900:Bell 212
848:Bell 412
844:Bell 212
404:Uspantán
30:In this
3353:EXMIBAL
3202:Arévalo
3192:Morales
3156:de León
3099:Peralta
3081:Mendoza
3029:Junta (
2997:Herrera
2970:Barrios
2949:Carrera
2943:Paredes
2937:Escobar
2926:Carrera
2873:Salazar
2850:Márquez
2834:Zenteno
2664:. 2006.
2621:3317916
2389:La Hora
2387:Diario
1958:29 June
1763:, p. 42
954:torture
751:Result
748:Target
638:alone.
620:Atitlan
592:subsidy
306:General
250:General
240:
228:
104: (
96: (
36:surname
3171:Berger
3150:Espina
3140:Cerezo
3105:Méndez
3087:Flores
3063:Monzón
3052:Árbenz
3036:Árbenz
3007:Chacón
2921:Rivera
2910:Rivera
2879:Rivera
2867:Rivera
2856:Gálvez
2845:Molina
2695:
2619:
2468:
2370:
2349:
2330:
2122:
2031:
1827:
1508:, 1983
1157:
1103:Clubs.
547:Panzós
412:Chisec
400:Chajul
343:while
234:
217:Spouse
44:García
3176:Colom
3122:Lucas
3110:Arana
3032:Arana
3018:Ubico
3012:Reina
2986:Reina
2960:Cerna
2674:(PDF)
2642:(PDF)
2635:(PDF)
2617:JSTOR
2535:(PDF)
2495:(PDF)
2484:(PDF)
2163:(PDF)
1897:(PDF)
1063:Notes
787:EGP "
742:Date
408:Cobán
238:)
230:(
226:
80:37th
40:Lucas
3161:Arzú
3057:Díaz
2805:Díaz
2693:ISBN
2650:2014
2583:2014
2547:2014
2523:2017
2466:ISBN
2451:2013
2426:2014
2402:2013
2368:ISBN
2347:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2302:2013
2268:2014
2240:2014
2215:2014
2187:2014
2151:2015
2120:ISBN
2087:link
2083:link
2069:2015
2029:ISBN
1991:2014
1960:2021
1825:ISBN
1239:2014
1155:ISBN
962:Maya
956:and
869:and
846:and
526:and
473:3.
464:2.
456:1.
303:Rank
236:1978
201:Died
178:Born
3038:†,
3034:†,
3026:* †
2609:doi
2103:BBC
2095:BBC
895:FMS
636:EGP
38:is
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2075:{{
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