172:. He was disappointed, however, with the sound in his home compared to the large showroom where he originally heard it. Consequently, he attempted to design a speaker to overcome this. He initially tried making a cabinet similar to Hammond's, but soon concluded that pipe organs produced a spatially varied sound because of the different location of each pipe. He set out to emulate this by making a moving speaker. He tried various combinations of speakers and speeds, and discovered that a single one running at what's now known as the "tremolo" speed worked best. After further experimentation, he decided that splitting the signal into a rotating drum and horn helped accentuate bass and treble frequencies.
586:
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Leslie manufactured were the 900 and 910, which contained a 100 watt, three-channel power amplifier. Both could split into two sections. The most popular version of the Pro-Line series was the 760. It was a smaller version of the 900 and 910, and contained a 40 watt treble and 50 watt bass amplifier. A smaller, more portable version of the 760 is the 820. It is a solid-state cabinet like the 760, and it connects to the organ with a 9-pin connector as well. However, it is only 31 inches (790 mm) high and has only a single rotor with a full-range 12-inch speaker.
128:, and discovered that baffles rotating along the axis of the speaker cone gave the best sound effect. Hammond was not interested in marketing or selling the speakers, so Leslie sold them himself as an add-on, targeting other organs as well as Hammond. Leslie made the first speaker in 1941. The sound of the organ being played through his speaker received national radio exposure across the US, and it became a commercial and critical success. It soon became an essential tool for most jazz organists. In 1965, Leslie sold his business to
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frequency modulation. It contained a 15-inch (380 mm) drum and the power amplifier was housed in the top of the unit, to allow easy repair. This was superseded between 1947 and 1949 by the 31H, also known as the "Tall Boy". It was similar in appearance to the 30A, but contained additional louvres along the top of the cabinet. Also, reflectors were placed on the end of the horn, to allow the treble signal to exit the unit through the sides, rather than on the top.
452:-like speaker body and a rotating foam dispersion block. It was built for guitarists, portable, and had "Leslie" written on the front. It contained just a single 10-inch speaker, and was designed to be powered by an external amplifier, and contained an additional output for an extension speaker. Control of the speaker was via two switches, one of which controlled the speed and one switched the rotors on and off. It was also released later as the
424:
that it is housed in a 33-inch (840 mm) cabinet, and thus slightly easier to move. As with the 122, Hammond-Suzuki manufactures a modern replacement, the 147A. The model X-77, released in 1968, was designed to accompany
Hammond's new tonewheel / transistor organ, the X-66. It contained seven different tab controls and six speakers. It has a completely different interface from other Leslies, using a 12-pin amphenol connector.
731:. According to Petersen, "I got a call from Lou Adler on New Years Eve 1963 in Las Vegas. He asked me to come to LA right away to cut a Brian Wilson song. When I got to RCA's studio, the track had already been cut by Brian. The only people there were Lou and two engineers. Lou rigged up the Leslie organ sound for the vocals, and that was it." Adler also used the effect on the simultaneously released "He Don't Love Me" by
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31:
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541:, are evident in the Leslie's sound. The thinner ply of the top of the cabinet adds a certain resonance as well. Like an acoustic instrument, a Leslie's tone is uniquely defined by its cabinet design and construction, the amplifier, crossover and speakers used, and the motors—not merely by the spinning of rotors.
440:
By the late 1960s, gigging musicians were finding that older
Leslies like the 122 were not loud enough for large venues, which led to the introduction of the "Pro Line" series. These Leslies had louder solid-state power amplifiers, and were mounted on casters for ease of portability. The first models
414:
The 147 is the "universal" version of the 122, designed for many organs, and has a different amplifier input and motor speed control, but is otherwise identical. The signal input is unbalanced, allowing a simpler connection to organs that have a built-in speaker system, such as the
Hammond A100, or a
226:
guitar company. In 1980, the
Hammond Corporation finally bought Electro Music and the Leslie name from CBS. After Hammond went out of business in 1986, a former engineer re-established Electro Music, licensing the name from Noel Crabbe, who had acquired the rights to Hammond. It was subsequently sold
410:
amplifier, which fed through to a separate static speaker. A slightly smaller version, the 33-inch (840 mm) 142 was available. Hammond-Suzuki currently manufacture the 122A, a straight reissue of the 122, and the 122XB, which contains a modern 11-pin adapter, an IECC mains adaptor, line-in, and
368:
The initial models of Leslie speakers did not have the "chorale" setting. The control switch was simply a choice between "off" and "tremolo". The first model of Leslie produced was the 30A. It emulated
Hammond's DXR-20 tone cabinet, which used moving drums but only produced amplitude modulation, not
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devices can give an approximation of the sounds produced by a Leslie speaker. The Uni-Vibe, a four-stage phase shifter, was specifically marketed as a low-cost Leslie substitute for guitarists, and used a foot-operated fast/slow switch similar to the combo preamp. The pedal was popular, and notable
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Control of a Leslie speaker is normally catered for by an external two way switch, between two settings marked "chorale" and "tremolo". The switch is mounted onto the controlling instrument, so the player can easily switch settings. Some earlier models were limited to "off" and "tremolo", and some
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voltage control of the 122. In operation, the noticeable differences between the 122 and the 147 are the 122's lower susceptibility to induced noise, and a delay between operation of the speed control and the actual change in speed. As with the 122 and 142, the 145 is identical to the 147, except
175:
By 1940, Leslie decided his prototype was ready to market, and went to the
Hammond Organ Company to demonstrate it. Laurens Hammond, however, was not impressed with Leslie's attempt to better his own organ design, and declined to market it. The company even changed the speaker interface on their
104:
and other instruments. A typical Leslie speaker contains an amplifier, a treble horn and a bass speaker—though specific components depend upon the model. A musician controls the Leslie speaker by either an external switch or pedal that alternates between a slow and fast speed setting, known as
528:
Much of the Leslie's unique tone is due to the fact that the system is at least partially enclosed, whereby linear louvres along the sides and front of the unit can vent the sound from within the box after the sound has bounced around inside, mellowing it. The crossover is deliberately set to
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As well as the 122A and 147A reissues, Hammond-Suzuki now makes smaller and transportable
Leslies using modern technology. The 2101 is 20 inches (520 mm) high and has a rotating horn as found on the 122 and 147, along with a pair of 2-inch (51 mm) compression drivers and two 5-inch
679:, a contract was made to install another prototype in the station's studios, where Mitchell would be the only organist authorized to use it. Mitchell was so impressed that he tried to patent the speaker, but discovered that he could not. Soon afterwards, Mitchell became an organist with the
95:
that projects the signal from an electric or electronic instrument and modifies the sound by rotating a baffle chamber ("drum") in front of the loudspeakers. A similar effect is provided by a rotating system of horns in front of the treble driver. It is most commonly associated with the
320:, audio and control signals are all carried on the connector, and the design of the pin layouts varies between organs and speakers. Care is taken when attempting to service them since an incorrectly or poorly wired cable can cause permanent damage to the organ or speaker, or result in
444:
The Pro-Line series was durable and fault-tolerant, with many models lasting for years. However, because they used solid-state amplifiers, they are not as highly regarded as the older tube-based
Leslies, because they lack the characteristic sound when the amp is overdriven.
298:
later models had all three settings. The switch can be used while notes are being played, and the sound of changing between the two settings is part of the characteristic sound. On both settings, the treble horn rotates slightly faster than the bass woofer; about 50
626:, but vintage units tend not to be in good condition now due to the degradation of capacitors in the unit. Although the sound of a Leslie speaker heard in person is quite distinct, digital clones have become increasingly better at emulating it.
335:
input onto a single amphenol connector, and provide a footswitch to select between the speeds of the Leslie. Modern products such as the Trek II UC-1A allow any instrument with a phone jack connection to use a variety of Leslie speakers.
192:. He returned to the name "Leslie Vibratone" in 1947. To counteract Hammond's slogan "Music's Most Glorious Voice," Leslie added a similar slogan, "Pipe Voice of the Electric Organ" to the plates. He eventually owned nearly 50
465:(130 mm) woofers. The unit provides two separate inputs so different instruments can be plugged into the rotary and stationary components respectively. The 2121 is a 15-inch (380 mm) stationary speaker that uses
637:'s Rotosphere has received good reviews for accurately producing the sound of a Leslie speaker with a tube amplifier. The Neo Ventilator has been particularly praised for its accuracy in emulating the sound of a Leslie.
247:, which splits it into separate frequency bands that can be individually routed to each loudspeaker. Different models have different combinations of speakers, but the most common model, the 122, consists of a single
557:
are placed around the Leslie, and the output from these is connected to the PA. A typical setup for onstage miking is to use two microphones placed on opposite sides of the horn and a single microphone on the drum.
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The next models Leslie produced were the 21H and the 22H, which had a cabinet in a similar styling to the better known 122, with the same dimensions and louvres. They were powered by a 40 watt tube amplifier.
389:
The 122 is the most popular Leslie. It was specifically designed for the
Hammond organ and is the model most commonly identified with it. It is 41 inches (1,000 mm) high, offers two different speeds for
167:
Leslie worked as a radio service engineer at Barker
Brothers Department Store in Los Angeles, which sold and repaired Hammond organs. He bought one in 1937, hoping it would be a suitable substitute for a
719:
had been experimenting with the technique as early as 1963, and one of the first recordings to feature vocals recorded through a Leslie speaker was the 1964 single "She Rides with Me", written by
553:
if the volume onstage from the built-in amplifier is too quiet. This is particularly problematic for an older Leslie like the 122 or 147, which only has a 40 watt RMS power amplifier. Instead,
683:, and played a Hammond with the Leslie on its shows, ensuring national exposure for the sound. The Leslie was subsequently a standard component of several notable jazz organists, including
316:
Older models that used tube power amplifiers use a variety of six-pin connectors, while later models use nine-pin connectors. In all cases, for a single organ – Leslie configuration, the
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Miking a Leslie is also important in a recording studio, as the choice and positioning of microphones determines the overall recorded sound. A popular recommendation is two
176:
organs to make them "Leslie-proof," though Leslie quickly worked around this. Leslie began manufacturing the speaker in 1941—initially under a variety of names, including
243:
A Leslie speaker consists of a number of individual components. The audio signal enters the amplifier from the instrument. Once amplified, the signal travels to an
60:
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for treble. The audio emitted by the speakers is isolated inside an enclosure, aside from a number of outlets that lead towards either a rotating horn or drum. An
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800 Hz to give the optimum balance between the horn and the drum, and is considered an integral part of the speaker. The tone is also affected by the
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The only control common to all Leslie speakers is a dial that controls the master volume. This is normally set up once and then left, since the organ's
654:. California based company Strymon released the Lex pedal, a rotary speaker emulator pedal, suitable for a variety of applications, including guitar.
569:
on the drum. Recording Magazine's Dave Martin suggests a similar setup, with various microphone models used as stereo pairs on the horn but using an
313:
to interface directly to an organ via a console connector. The type and design of the connector depends on the organ and model of Leslie speaker.
59:
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reviewer was "blown away by how authentic the Ventilator sounds". In 2013, Hammond-Suzuki started manufacturing their own Leslie simulator in a
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223:
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2102:
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While the Leslie speaker is still made and sold, similar effects can now be obtained via analogue electronic devices and digital emulation.
324:. It is also possible to connect multiple Leslie speakers to a single organ, by using a power relay that provides the necessary AC current.
1826:
2067:
1625:
Keyboard Magazine Presents Vintage Synthesizers: Pioneering Designers, Groundbreaking Instruments, Collecting Tips, Mutants of Technology
1945:
51:
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sidebands. To stop a Leslie's rotor, a special brake circuit was added to the Leslie motor controls, that incorporated an electronic
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are often credited as such, they were not the first to experiment with processing other sounds through a Leslie speaker. Producer
339:
Modern Leslie speakers have 11-pin interfaces that are safer to service, as the mains power is carried separately using standard
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2019:
1433:
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766:" (1966) marked the first time that a vocal was recorded using a microphone wired directly into the input of a Leslie, after
629:
Most modern keyboards that emulate the Hammond organ also include a Leslie simulator, including Hammond's own XK-3c and the
469:
to emulate the rotating drum found in older Leslies. The 3300 is the same as the 2121, but with a 300 watt power amplifier.
585:
2863:
1676:
331:, is necessary to connect a vintage Leslie to another instrument such as a guitar. This combines a separate AC input and
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amplifier can be a desirable sound, to the extent that modern Leslie simulators have an explicit "overdrive" setting.
1915:
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1596:
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Because a Leslie speaker modifies as well as amplifies the sound, the output cannot simply be connected to a larger
139:
Because the Leslie is a sound modification device in its own right, various attempts have been made to simulate the
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1109:
680:
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1972:
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776:
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Although "She Rides with Me" was not a hit record, Leslie-processed sounds soon became a prominent feature of
66:
A chord is played on the organ while the Leslie speaker is switched from "chorale" to "tremolo" and back again
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1300:
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The Beatles inspired others to use the speaker. Harrison played through a Leslie in his guest appearance on
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2506:
901:
740:
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1415:
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302:(rpm) for "chorale" and 400 rpm for "tremolo", compared to the woofer's 40 rpm and 340 rpm respectively.
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2674:
2039:
1846:
1249:
1184:
1025:
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235:
212:
1143:
509:, to alter or modify sound. As the sound source is rotated around a specific pivot point, it produces
2641:
1055:
The Csound Book: Perspectives in Software Synthesis, Sound Design, Signal Processing, and Programming
763:
514:
208:
2646:
2636:
2526:
2472:
945:. Vol. 77, no. 38. Cincinnati, Ohio: Billboard Publishing. September 18, 1965. p. 6.
634:
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recorded his Leslie using a single mic each on the horn and the drum, but with the covers removed.
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s Mark Ashfield described it as "quite simply the best Leslie speaker simulator to date", while a
411:
a jack socket for a footswitch to control the speed. This eliminates the need for a combo preamp.
120:, who began working in the late 1930s to get a speaker for a Hammond organ that better emulated a
2806:
1598:
365 Guitars, Amps & Effects You Must Play: The Most Sublime, Bizarre and Outrageous Gear Ever
1330:
774:
singing from the highest mountain top". They went on to use a Leslie throughout the sessions for
570:
398:, and has a 40 watt tube amplifier. The 122 is the most adaptable to being recorded, as it has a
310:
252:
1830:
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normally controls the volume. Leslie recommended playing the organ at full volume with all
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215:. He never particularly liked Hammond organs, once remarking "I hate those damn things."
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jacks, so a combo preamp is no longer required. Its settings can also be controlled via
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2773:
2717:
2679:
2598:
2516:
2425:
2369:
The Hammond Organ: An introduction to the instrument and the players who made it famous
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808:
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Leslie manufactured the speaker to work with other organs besides Hammond, including
125:
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106:
97:
2069:
The Big Book of Jazz Piano Improvisation: Tools and Inspiration for Creative Soloing
513:(the modulation of amplitude) and a variation in pitch. This produces a sequence of
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17:
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2511:
2416:– the history and workings of the Fender Vibratone cabinet (and similar boxes)
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1997:
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The Foundations of Rock: From "Blue Suede Shoes" to "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes"
1462:
1081:
The Foundations of Rock: From "Blue Suede Shoes" to "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes"
703:
was the first notable British organist to play a Hammond through a Leslie.
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Leslie never advertised his speakers. After demonstrating a prototype with
1923:
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that changes setting on the Leslie speaker between "chorale" and "tremolo"
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2413:
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416:
148:
2172:
Good Vibrations: Brian Wilson and the Beach Boys in Critical Perspective
2583:
2501:
2226:
This Bird Has Flown: The Enduring Beauty of Rubber Soul, Fifty Years On
538:
510:
381:
344:
163:
Identification plate with the slogan "Pipe Voice of the Electric Organ"
110:
406:
and other noise. The 122RV was the same model, but with an additional
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2546:
407:
248:
193:
481:
An animation showing the behavior of a Leslie speaker when running.
2588:
2254:
Beatles Gear: All the Fab Four's Instruments, from Stage to Studio
1304:
584:
518:
431:
380:
284:
158:
151:, the Neo Ventilator, or Hammond-Suzuki's own simulator in a box.
29:
530:
352:
2441:
2020:"Theatre Organ: Journal of the American Theatre Organ Society"
672:
633:. However, there is still a market for standalone simulators.
219:
129:
750:. The Beatles first recorded with a Leslie in June 1965 when
505:
The Leslie is specifically designed, via reproduction of the
448:
The smallest Leslie is the Model 16, made in 1970. It has a
227:
to Suzuki in 1992, who continue to manufacture the speaker.
40:
274:(drawbars) pulled out and adjusting the volume just before
1554:
1552:
992:
990:
988:
902:"Donald Leslie, 93; His Namesake Speaker Influenced Music"
827:
825:
823:
735:. Wilson himself used the effect on the guitar sound for
2323:
Tomorrow Never Knows: Rock and Psychedelics in the 1960s
2275:
2273:
239:
A diagram showing the key components of a Leslie speaker
1106:"Hammond USA Announces First-ever Digital Leslie Pedal"
1946:"The 33 best modulation and filter pedals of all time"
1108:. Hammond-Suzuki USA. January 22, 2013. Archived from
537:
for speaker and rotor shelves instead of the previous
278:
occurs. However, the distorted sound of an overdriven
1916:"Neo Instruments Ventilator Best Rotary Stompbox Yet"
880:
878:
876:
415:
Wurlitzer. The motor speed switching uses a separate
136:
subsequently acquired the Hammond and Leslie brands.
1084:. Oxford University Press. 2008-11-07. p. 107.
770:
had asked for his voice to sound "as though I'm the
2820:
2799:
2764:
2726:
2693:
2665:
2629:
2479:
2422:– A more technical in-depth analysis of the Leslie.
2341:
2256:. San Francisco, CA: Backbeat Books. p. 184.
939:"Electro Music Purchased by Columbia Distribution"
533:used. Tone differences, due to cost cutting using
309:to connect to instruments, Leslie speakers use an
218:In 1965, Leslie sold his Electro Music company to
2228:. Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books. pp. 57–58.
1422:. Vol. 32, no. 7–12. 2006. p. 136.
754:was overdubbing one of his lead guitar parts on "
1888:Guitar Tone:: Pursuing the Ultimate Guitar Sound
263:rotates both horn and drum at a variable speed.
343:. The Hammond-Suzuki Leslie 2101 also includes
305:Unlike most popular music amplifiers, that use
2420:Unearthing the Mysteries of the Leslie Speaker
1910:
1908:
1721:UNEARTHING THE MYSTERIES OF THE LESLIE CABINET
2453:
2175:. University of Michigan Press. p. 120.
1712:
1710:
8:
2124:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 52.
1163:
1161:
2145:
2143:
2141:
34:A Leslie speaker in a clear plastic cabinet
2460:
2446:
2438:
2294:Echoes: The Complete History of Pink Floyd
2026:. American Theatre Organ Society. 1989: 17
1799:White, Paul; Robjohns, Hugh (April 2008).
1331:"Hammond XK3/XLK3 & Leslie 2121/2101"
895:
893:
795:used a similar setup when recording with
436:Fender Vibratone reissue of the Leslie 16
116:The speaker is named after its inventor,
1735:
1701:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1543:
1531:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1287:
1213:"Uncle Harvey's Guide to Leslie Pinouts"
1144:"Article: Rotary Speaker Cabinet Miking"
1130:
1052:Boulanger, Richard Charles, ed. (2000).
996:
979:
967:
955:
925:
831:
476:
234:
2279:
2072:. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 51.
1725:. Recording Engineer/Producer magazine.
1457:
1455:
819:
2048:
2037:
1855:
1844:
1324:
1322:
1258:
1247:
1193:
1182:
1034:
1023:
73:
2296:. Mind Head Publishing. p. 161.
2164:
2162:
1801:"How do you record a Leslie speaker?"
1717:Clifford A. Henricksen (April 1981).
134:Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation
7:
2095:The Virgin encyclopedia of the blues
1872:
1829:. Recording Magazine. Archived from
1786:
1747:
1628:. Backbeat Books. pp. 260–261.
1519:
1436:. Hammond-Suzuki USA. Archived from
1275:
884:
867:
855:
843:
2344:The Hammond Organ – Beauty in The B
1010:"Leslie 122 / 122RV service manual"
100:, though it was later used for the
1652:. Hammond Organ UK. Archived from
900:Oliver, Myrna (7 September 2004).
132:who, in 1980, sold it to Hammond.
27:Electric amplifier and loudspeaker
25:
1891:. Cengage Learning. p. 264.
671:, an organist with radio station
1971:Ashfield, Mark (December 2011).
1766:. Cengage Learning. p. 20.
1234:"Leslie 760 User Service Manual"
327:A separate device, known as the
74:Problems playing this file? See
56:
2325:. University of Chicago Press.
1827:"Miking the Hammond and Leslie"
1601:. Voyageur Press. p. 56.
597:. This model was once used by
593:was an early adaptation as an
222:, which had also acquired the
1:
2430:NAMM Oral History Collection
2097:. Virgin Books. p. 42.
1973:"Neo Instruments Ventilator"
1922:. 1 May 2010. Archived from
1329:Robjohns, Hugh (July 2005).
521:by producing a half-wave of
2414:Inside the Fender Vibratone
2371:. Hal Leonard Corporation.
2348:. Backbeat Books. pp.
1169:"Leslie 825 Service Manual"
2885:
1058:. MIT Press. p. 209.
681:Mutual Broadcasting System
289:The half-moon switch on a
1885:Gallagher, Mitch (2012).
467:digital signal processing
2367:Faragher, Scott (2011).
2169:Lambert, Philip (2016).
2118:Everett, Walter (2009).
1998:"Leslie (product range)"
727:and performed by singer
419:signal, rather than the
2779:Piano Technicians Guild
1763:Live Sound Fundamentals
1681:. Newnes. p. 427.
1675:Brice, Richard (2001).
758:". According to author
2321:Bromell, Nick (2002).
2093:Larkin, Colin (1998).
2066:Bearman, Noah (2003).
2047:Cite journal requires
1854:Cite journal requires
1257:Cite journal requires
1211:Olsen, Harvey (2006).
1192:Cite journal requires
1033:Cite journal requires
602:
581:Clones and simulations
502:
501:Amplifier not pictured
485:2 = Compression driver
437:
386:
300:revolutions per minute
294:
251:for bass and a single
240:
164:
45:
35:
2854:Instrument amplifiers
2292:Povey, Glenn (2007).
1595:Hunter, Dave (2013).
1463:"Leslie 122A Speaker"
1301:"UC-1A Combo Pre Amp"
588:
573:on the drum instead.
480:
435:
384:
288:
238:
162:
44:
33:
2864:Keyboard instruments
2800:Amplifiers, speakers
2642:Generalized keyboard
2473:keyboard instruments
2426:Don Leslie Interview
2224:Kruth, John (2015).
2202:Party/Stack-O-Tracks
1760:Evans, Bill (2011).
1546:, pp. 117, 121.
764:Tomorrow Never Knows
741:You're So Good to Me
635:Hughes & Kettner
385:A Leslie 122 speaker
341:IEC mains connectors
147:. These include the
2859:American inventions
2647:Isomorphic keyboard
2637:Enharmonic keyboard
2527:Electronic keyboard
2340:Vail, Mark (2002).
1622:Vail, Mark (2000).
1465:. Goff Professional
1381:, pp. 108–109.
1369:, pp. 107–108.
1357:, pp. 106–107.
858:, pp. 129–130.
515:frequency modulated
2807:Keyboard amplifier
2727:Piano construction
1236:. Electro Music: 6
1171:. Electro Music: 4
1112:on 31 October 2013
1012:. Electro Music: 3
739:' July 1965 song "
603:
571:Electro-Voice RE20
565:on the horn and a
503:
495:7 = Drum enclosure
483:1 = Horn enclosure
438:
387:
311:amphenol connector
295:
253:compression driver
241:
186:Hollywood Speakers
165:
46:
36:
2836:
2835:
2378:978-1-4584-0287-5
2332:978-0-226-07562-4
2303:978-0-9554624-0-5
2263:978-0-87930-731-8
2235:978-1-61713-573-6
2182:978-0-472-12227-1
2131:978-0-19-531023-8
2104:978-0-7535-0226-6
2079:978-0-7390-3171-1
1920:Keyboard Magazine
1898:978-1-4354-5621-1
1773:978-1-4354-5603-7
1688:978-0-7506-5040-3
1678:Music Engineering
1656:on 11 August 2013
1635:978-0-87930-603-8
1608:978-0-7603-4366-1
1440:on 7 October 2013
1420:Keyboard Magazine
1146:. Harmony Central
1091:978-0-19-971870-2
1065:978-0-262-52261-8
906:Los Angeles Times
748:psychedelic music
707:Pioneering usages
648:Keyboard Magazine
567:Sennheiser MD 421
402:which eliminates
190:Crawford Speakers
182:Brittain Speakers
143:using electronic
61:
16:(Redirected from
2876:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2439:
2409:
2408:
2406:Official website
2399:
2398:
2396:Official website
2382:
2363:
2347:
2336:
2308:
2307:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2147:
2136:
2135:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1952:. April 14, 2011
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1833:on 1 August 2013
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1714:
1705:
1699:
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1523:
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1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
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1459:
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1449:
1447:
1445:
1430:
1424:
1423:
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1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
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1376:
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1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1303:. Archived from
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1230:
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1021:
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994:
983:
977:
971:
965:
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953:
947:
946:
935:
929:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
897:
888:
882:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
645:
487:3 = Treble motor
473:Sound generation
454:Fender Vibratone
268:expression pedal
196:on the speaker.
63:
62:
43:
21:
18:Rotating speaker
2884:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2816:
2795:
2760:
2722:
2689:
2680:Manual keyboard
2661:
2625:
2606:Piano accordion
2475:
2466:
2404:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2366:
2360:
2339:
2333:
2320:
2311:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2211:Capitol Records
2195:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2149:
2148:
2139:
2132:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2046:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1853:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1416:"Jargon Jockey"
1414:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1256:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1191:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1032:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1003:
995:
986:
978:
974:
966:
962:
954:
950:
937:
936:
932:
924:
920:
910:
908:
899:
898:
891:
883:
874:
866:
862:
854:
850:
842:
838:
830:
821:
817:
805:
752:George Harrison
733:Shelley Fabares
709:
665:
660:
643:
614:users included
583:
547:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
475:
462:
430:
400:balanced signal
379:
366:
361:
245:audio crossover
233:
157:
102:electric guitar
81:
80:
72:
70:
69:
68:
67:
64:
57:
54:
47:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2828:Prepared piano
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2812:Leslie speaker
2809:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2718:Pedal keyboard
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2652:Jankó keyboard
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2599:Electric piano
2596:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2517:Clavicytherium
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2433:
2432:(May 13, 2001)
2423:
2417:
2411:
2401:
2389:
2388:External links
2386:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2364:
2358:
2337:
2331:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2284:
2269:
2262:
2241:
2234:
2216:
2207:The Beach Boys
2188:
2181:
2158:
2155:(Media notes).
2137:
2130:
2110:
2103:
2085:
2078:
2058:
2049:|journal=
2011:
1989:
1977:Sound on Sound
1963:
1937:
1926:on 1 June 2013
1904:
1897:
1877:
1875:, p. 153.
1865:
1856:|journal=
1825:Martin, Dave.
1817:
1805:Sound on Sound
1791:
1789:, p. 152.
1779:
1772:
1752:
1750:, p. 155.
1740:
1738:, p. 104.
1728:
1706:
1704:, p. 101.
1694:
1687:
1667:
1641:
1634:
1614:
1607:
1587:
1585:, p. 119.
1575:
1573:, p. 117.
1563:
1561:, p. 120.
1548:
1536:
1534:, p. 121.
1524:
1522:, p. 141.
1512:
1500:
1498:, p. 164.
1488:
1486:, p. 111.
1476:
1451:
1425:
1407:
1405:, p. 110.
1395:
1393:, p. 109.
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:Sound on Sound
1318:
1292:
1290:, p. 124.
1280:
1278:, p. 150.
1268:
1259:|journal=
1225:
1203:
1194:|journal=
1157:
1135:
1133:, p. 102.
1123:
1097:
1090:
1071:
1064:
1044:
1035:|journal=
1001:
999:, p. 103.
984:
972:
970:, p. 162.
960:
958:, p. 100.
948:
930:
928:, p. 126.
918:
889:
887:, p. 131.
872:
870:, p. 130.
860:
848:
846:, p. 129.
836:
834:, p. 108.
818:
816:
813:
812:
811:
809:Sharma speaker
804:
801:
793:Richard Wright
791:" (1969), and
762:, the band's "
756:It's Only Love
737:the Beach Boys
708:
705:
664:
663:Early adopters
661:
659:
656:
640:Sound on Sound
582:
579:
546:
543:
535:particle board
523:direct current
507:Doppler effect
491:5 = Bass motor
474:
471:
461:
460:Hammond-Suzuki
458:
429:
426:
378:
375:
365:
362:
360:
357:
261:electric motor
232:
229:
156:
153:
87:is a combined
85:Leslie speaker
71:
65:
55:
50:
49:
48:
39:
38:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2881:
2870:
2869:Effects units
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:Miscellaneous
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:Digital piano
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2577:Theatre organ
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:Hammond organ
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Bowed clavier
2485:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2359:0-87930-705-6
2355:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2282:, p. 95.
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2000:. Hammond USA
1999:
1993:
1990:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1848:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1736:Faragher 2011
1732:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:Faragher 2011
1698:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1668:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1583:Faragher 2011
1579:
1576:
1572:
1571:Faragher 2011
1567:
1564:
1560:
1559:Faragher 2011
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:Faragher 2011
1540:
1537:
1533:
1532:Faragher 2011
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1510:, p. 93.
1509:
1508:Faragher 2011
1504:
1501:
1497:
1496:Faragher 2011
1492:
1489:
1485:
1484:Faragher 2011
1480:
1477:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:Faragher 2011
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:Faragher 2011
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:Faragher 2011
1375:
1372:
1368:
1367:Faragher 2011
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:Faragher 2011
1351:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1307:on 2012-01-15
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1288:Faragher 2011
1284:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1251:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1186:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:Faragher 2011
1127:
1124:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1027:
1011:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:Faragher 2011
993:
991:
989:
985:
982:, p. 14.
981:
980:Faragher 2011
976:
973:
969:
968:Faragher 2011
964:
961:
957:
956:Faragher 2011
952:
949:
944:
940:
934:
931:
927:
926:Faragher 2011
922:
919:
907:
903:
896:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
877:
873:
869:
864:
861:
857:
852:
849:
845:
840:
837:
833:
832:Faragher 2011
828:
826:
824:
820:
814:
810:
807:
806:
802:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:Paul Petersen
726:
722:
718:
714:
706:
704:
702:
698:
697:Shirley Scott
694:
693:Jimmy McGriff
690:
686:
682:
678:
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658:Notable users
657:
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627:
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621:
620:David Gilmour
617:
612:
611:phase shifter
608:
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596:
595:effects pedal
592:
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576:
575:Keith Emerson
572:
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489:4 = Crossover
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322:electrocution
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291:Hammond organ
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257:acoustic horn
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126:theatre organ
123:
119:
118:Donald Leslie
114:
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98:Hammond organ
94:
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79:
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53:
32:
19:
2849:Loudspeakers
2811:
2657:Short octave
2537:Harmonichord
2435:
2368:
2343:
2322:
2293:
2287:
2280:Bromell 2002
2253:
2250:Babiuk, Andy
2244:
2225:
2219:
2205:(CD Liner).
2201:
2191:
2171:
2152:Pet Projects
2151:
2120:
2113:
2094:
2088:
2068:
2061:
2040:cite journal
2030:11 September
2028:. Retrieved
2023:
2014:
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1992:
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1976:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1949:
1940:
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1924:the original
1919:
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1847:cite journal
1835:. Retrieved
1831:the original
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:
1794:
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1762:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1720:
1697:
1677:
1670:
1660:11 September
1658:. Retrieved
1654:the original
1644:
1624:
1617:
1597:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1539:
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1515:
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1491:
1479:
1469:10 September
1467:. Retrieved
1444:10 September
1442:. Retrieved
1438:the original
1428:
1419:
1410:
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1334:
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1238:. Retrieved
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1206:
1185:cite journal
1173:. Retrieved
1148:. Retrieved
1138:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:the original
1100:
1080:
1074:
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1047:
1026:cite journal
1014:. Retrieved
1004:
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963:
951:
942:
933:
921:
909:. Retrieved
905:
863:
851:
839:
782:
775:
745:
725:Brian Wilson
710:
669:Bob Mitchell
666:
647:
638:
631:Nord Electro
628:
624:Robin Trower
616:Jimi Hendrix
604:
599:Jimi Hendrix
560:
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527:
504:
463:
447:
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371:
367:
364:Single speed
338:
329:combo preamp
328:
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217:
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189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
166:
145:effect units
138:
115:
84:
82:
52:Leslie Sound
2766:Maintenance
2739:Innovations
2685:Split sharp
2675:Frequencies
2616:Synthesizer
2542:Harpsichord
2480:Instruments
2197:Leaf, David
1982:9 September
1956:February 2,
1950:Music radar
1930:9 September
1837:9 September
1810:9 September
1340:9 September
1240:9 September
1175:9 September
1150:January 30,
1116:9 September
1016:9 September
911:9 September
768:John Lennon
760:Andy Babiuk
713:the Beatles
701:Graham Bond
689:Jack McDuff
685:Jimmy Smith
677:Los Angeles
563:Shure SM57s
555:microphones
499:9 = Cabinet
318:mains power
280:vacuum tube
93:loudspeaker
2843:Categories
2703:Expression
2572:Reed organ
2567:Pipe organ
2532:Fortepiano
2512:Clavichord
815:References
797:Pink Floyd
772:Dalai Lama
721:Beach Boys
493:6 = Woofer
377:Dual speed
333:line level
307:jack plugs
276:distortion
170:pipe organ
76:media help
2734:Acoustics
2522:Claviharp
1873:Vail 2002
1787:Vail 2002
1748:Vail 2002
1520:Vail 2002
1276:Vail 2002
943:Billboard
885:Vail 2002
868:Vail 2002
856:Vail 2002
844:Vail 2002
787:'s song "
780:in 1966.
717:Lou Adler
711:Although
652:stomp box
551:PA system
404:mains hum
201:Wurlitzer
178:Vibratone
89:amplifier
2621:Virginal
2552:Melodica
2497:Carillon
2492:Calliope
2252:(2002).
2199:(1990).
2004:1 August
1650:"Leslie"
803:See also
777:Revolver
591:Uni-Vibe
497:8 = Drum
428:Pro-Line
349:line out
231:Features
149:Uni-Vibe
2749:Aliquot
2713:Sustain
2630:Layouts
2584:Orphica
2502:Celesta
2469:Musical
2350:129–131
1434:"122XB"
1218:22 June
723:leader
539:plywood
511:tremolo
396:tremolo
392:chorale
345:line in
213:Baldwin
194:patents
155:History
111:tremolo
109:" and "
107:chorale
2789:Wrench
2784:Tuning
2774:Action
2744:Wiring
2695:Pedals
2611:Spinet
2547:Keytar
2375:
2356:
2329:
2300:
2260:
2232:
2179:
2128:
2101:
2076:
1895:
1770:
1685:
1632:
1605:
1311:25 Jun
1088:
1062:
607:Chorus
545:Miking
450:Fender
408:reverb
359:Models
249:woofer
224:Fender
209:Thomas
188:, and
141:effect
2754:Cross
2589:Piano
2557:Organ
2507:Chime
2314:Books
789:Badge
785:Cream
644:'
519:relay
272:stops
2708:Soft
2667:Keys
2471:and
2410:– UK
2400:– US
2373:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2298:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2230:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2126:ISBN
2099:ISBN
2074:ISBN
2053:help
2032:2013
2006:2013
1984:2013
1958:2021
1932:2013
1893:ISBN
1860:help
1839:2013
1812:2013
1768:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1662:2013
1630:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1471:2013
1446:2013
1342:2013
1313:2012
1263:help
1242:2013
1220:2006
1198:help
1177:2013
1152:2016
1118:2013
1086:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1039:help
1018:2013
913:2013
695:and
622:and
609:and
589:The
531:wood
394:and
353:MIDI
347:and
255:and
211:and
205:Conn
122:pipe
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83:The
2428:at
743:".
675:in
673:KFI
220:CBS
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