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Phil., Numa, Chapter 11, section 1, line 5, Νομᾶς δὲ λέγεται καὶ τὸ τῆς Ἑστίας ἱερὸν ἐγκύκλιον περιβαλέσθαι τῷ ἀσβέστῳ πυρὶ φρουράν, ἀπομιμούμενος οὐ τὸ σχῆμα τῆς γῆς ὡς Ἑστίας οὔσης, ἀλλὰ τοῦ σύμπαντος κόσμου, οὗ μέσον οἱ Πυθαγορικοὶ τὸ πῦρ ἱδρῦσθαι νομίζουσι, καὶ τοῦτο Ἑστίαν καλοῦσι καὶ μονάδα· τὴν δὲ γῆν οὔτε ἀκίνητον οὔτε ἐν μέσῳ τῆς περιφορᾶς οὖσαν, ἀλλὰ κύκλῳ περὶ τὸ πῦρ αἰωρουμένην οὐ τῶν τιμιωτάτων οὐδὲ τῶν πρώτων τοῦ κόσμου μορίων ὑπάρχειν.
987:, indicating that Earth rotates more than 360 degrees relative to the fixed stars in one solar day. Earth's movement along its nearly circular orbit while it is rotating once around its axis requires that Earth rotate slightly more than once relative to the fixed stars before the mean Sun can pass overhead again, even though it rotates only once (360°) relative to the mean Sun. Multiplying the value in rad/s by Earth's equatorial radius of
4029:
1067:
1220:; a compilation of these measurements found that the length of the day has increased steadily from about 21 hours at 600 Myr ago to the current 24-hour value. By counting the microscopic lamina that form at higher tides, tidal frequencies (and thus day lengths) can be estimated, much like counting tree rings, though these estimates can be increasingly unreliable at older ages.
562:
4091:
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1249:; at this day length, the decelerative lunar torque could have been canceled by an accelerative torque from the atmospheric tide, resulting in no net torque and a constant rotational period. This stabilizing effect could have been broken by a sudden change in global temperature. Recent computational simulations support this hypothesis and suggest the
4067:
1398:
and elsewhere. These observations can be used to determine changes in Earth's rotation over the last 27 centuries, since the length of the day is a critical parameter in the calculation of the place and time of eclipses. A change in day length of milliseconds per century shows up as a change of hours
1236:
The current rate of tidal deceleration is anomalously high, implying Earth's rotational velocity must have decreased more slowly in the past. Empirical data tentatively shows a sharp increase in rotational deceleration about 600 Myr ago. Some models suggest that Earth maintained a constant day length
280:
suggested that the spherical Earth rotates about its axis daily, and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of Earth. He provided the following analogy: "Just as a man in a boat going in one direction sees the stationary things on the bank as moving in the
169:
Scientists reported that in 2020 Earth had started spinning faster, after consistently spinning slower than 86,400 seconds per day in the decades before. On June 29, 2022, Earth's spin was completed in 1.59 milliseconds under 24 hours, setting a new record. Because of that trend, engineers worldwide
1815:
Pseudo-Plutarchus, Placita philosophorum (874d-911c), Stephanus page 896, section A, line 5 Ἡρακλείδης ὁ Ποντικὸς καὶ Ἔκφαντος ὁ Πυθαγόρειος κινοῦσι μὲν τὴν γῆν, οὐ μήν γε μεταβατικῶς, ἀλλὰ τρεπτικῶς τροχοῦ δίκην ἐνηξονισμένην, ἀπὸ δυσμῶν ἐπ' ἀνατολὰς περὶ τὸ ἴδιον αὐτῆς κέντρον; Plutarchus Biogr.,
173:
This increase in speed is thought to be due to various factors, including the complex motion of its molten core, oceans, and atmosphere, the effect of celestial bodies such as the Moon, and possibly climate change, which is causing the ice at Earth's poles to melt. The masses of ice account for the
711:. The average length of the mean solar day since the introduction of the leap second in 1972 has been about 0 to 2 ms longer than 86,400 SI seconds. Random fluctuations due to core-mantle coupling have an amplitude of about 5 ms. The mean solar second between 1750 and 1892 was chosen in 1895 by
352:
world system did the contemporary understanding of Earth's rotation begin to be established. Copernicus pointed out that if the movement of Earth is violent, then the movement of the stars must be very much more so. He acknowledged the contribution of the
Pythagoreans and pointed to examples of
313:), the Earth is in constant circular motion, and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the Earth and not the stars." Treatises were written to discuss its possibility, either as refutations or expressing doubts about Ptolemy's arguments against it. At the
762:. At time 1, the Sun and a certain distant star are both overhead. At time 2, the planet has rotated 360 degrees and the distant star is overhead again but the Sun is not (1→2 = one stellar day). It is not until a little later, at time 3, that the Sun is overhead again (1→3 = one solar day).
375:
strongly supported Earth's rotation in his treatise on Earth's magnetism and thereby influenced many of his contemporaries. Those like
Gilbert who did not openly support or reject the motion of Earth about the Sun are called "semi-Copernicans". A century after Copernicus,
308:
based on the idea believed by some of his contemporaries "that the motion we see is due to the Earth's movement and not to that of the sky." The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states: "According to the geometers
612:
of Earth's orbit. Both vary over thousands of years, so the annual variation of the true solar day also varies. Generally, it is longer than the mean solar day during two periods of the year and shorter during another two. The true solar day tends to be longer near
1407:
Around every 25–30 years Earth's rotation slows temporarily by a few milliseconds per day, usually lasting around five years. 2017 was the fourth consecutive year that Earth's rotation has slowed. The cause of this variability has not yet been determined.
174:
Earth's shape being that of an oblate spheroid, bulging around the equator. When these masses are reduced, the poles rebound from the loss of weight, and Earth becomes more spherical, which has the effect of bringing mass closer to its centre of gravity.
1489:
impact 4.5 billion years ago. Regardless of the speed and tilt of Earth's rotation before the impact, it would have experienced a day some five hours long after the impact. Tidal effects would then have slowed this rate to its modern value.
1641:
In astronomy, unlike geometry, 360° means returning to the same point in some cyclical time scale, either one mean solar day or one sidereal day for rotation on Earth's axis, or one sidereal year or one mean tropical year or even one mean
890:. This is a result of the Earth turning 1 additional rotation, relative to the celestial reference frame, as it orbits the Sun (so 366.24 rotations/y). The mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods
535:
in Paris. Because of Earth's rotation under the swinging pendulum, the pendulum's plane of oscillation appears to rotate at a rate depending on latitude. At the latitude of Paris the predicted and observed shift was about
995:
ellipsoid) (factors of 2π radians needed by both cancel) yields an equatorial speed of 465.10 metres per second (1,674.4 km/h). Some sources state that Earth's equatorial speed is slightly less, or
516:, using taller towers and carefully released weights. A ball dropped from a height of 158.5 m departed by 27.4 mm from the vertical compared with a calculated value of 28.1 mm.
2900:
Scrutton, C. T. (1 January 1978). "Periodic Growth
Features in Fossil Organisms and the Length of the Day and Month". In Brosche, Professor Dr Peter; Sündermann, Professor Dr Jürgen (eds.).
775:
3315:
1108:
Precession is a rotation of Earth's rotation axis, caused primarily by external torques from the gravity of the Sun, Moon and other bodies. The polar motion is primarily due to free core
2723:
465:
In Earth's rotating frame of reference, a freely moving body follows an apparent path that deviates from the one it would follow in a fixed frame of reference. Because of the
3340:
1603:
When Earth's eccentricity exceeds 0.047 and perihelion is at an appropriate equinox or solstice, only one period with one peak balances another period that has two peaks.
1015:
The tangential speed of Earth's rotation at a point on Earth can be approximated by multiplying the speed at the equator by the cosine of the latitude. For example, the
477:) from the direction in which they are shot. The Coriolis effect is mainly observable at a meteorological scale, where it is responsible for the opposite directions of
1177:
410:
1197:
1399:
and thousands of kilometers in eclipse observations. The ancient data are consistent with a shorter day, meaning Earth was turning faster throughout the past.
380:
disputed the model of a rotating Earth due to the lack of then-observable eastward deflections in falling bodies; such deflections would later be called the
3999:
1520:
1925:
1019:
is located at latitude 28.59° N, which yields a speed of: cos(28.59°) × 1,674.4 km/h = 1,470.2 km/h. Latitude is a placement consideration for
488:
Hooke, following a suggestion from Newton in 1679, tried unsuccessfully to verify the predicted eastward deviation of a body dropped from a height of
2053:
1893:
1199:
is the orbital radius of the Moon. This process has gradually increased the length of the day to its current value, and resulted in the Moon being
1395:
767:
289:
1591:
1008:, so the corresponding time unit must be a sidereal hour. This is confirmed by multiplying by the number of sidereal days in one mean solar day,
2731:
4111:
2631:
2386:
2062:
1954:
1681:
2253:
Graney, Christopher M. (2012). "126 arguments concerning the motion of the earth. GIOVANNI BATTISTA RICCIOLI in his 1651 ALMAGESTUM NOVUM".
4004:
3145:
Sośnica, K.; Bury, G.; Zajdel, R. (16 March 2018). "Contribution of Multi-GNSS Constellation to SLR-Derived
Terrestrial Reference Frame".
364:
247:
in the fourth century BCE who assumed that Earth rotated but did not suggest that Earth revolved about the Sun. In the third century BCE,
2649:
2666:
1791:
909:, which must be added to both the stellar and sidereal days given in mean solar time above to obtain their lengths in SI seconds (see
469:, falling bodies veer slightly eastward from the vertical plumb line below their point of release, and projectiles veer right in the
3208:
2917:
2310:
2233:
2030:
2005:
1358:, whereas their derivatives, denoted as length-of-day excess and nutation rates can be derived from satellite observations, such as
1319:
910:
1290:
1257:
broke this stable configuration about 600 Myr ago; the simulated results agree quite closely with existing paleorotational data.
262:
in the fourth century BCE criticized the ideas of
Philolaus as being based on theory rather than observation. He established the
175:
1765:
1625:
1228:
3734:
3452:
1531:
817:
353:
relative motion. For
Copernicus this was the first step in establishing the simpler pattern of planets circling a central Sun.
3563:
3399:
1367:
51:
716:
2936:
Bartlett, Benjamin C.; Stevenson, David J. (1 January 2016). "Analysis of a
Precambrian resonance-stabilized day length".
493:
195:
4045:
3231:
2429:"INTERNATIONAL EARTH ROTATION AND REFERENCE SYSTEMS SERVICE : EARTH ORIENTATION PARAMETERS : EOP (IERS) 05 C04"
1208:
This gradual rotational deceleration is empirically documented by estimates of day lengths obtained from observations of
224:
school believed in the rotation of Earth rather than the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens. Perhaps the first was
2499:
1515:
1478:
is heterogeneous, any asymmetry during gravitational accretion resulted in the angular momentum of the eventual planet.
1274:
74:
1621:
It can be established that SI seconds apply to this value by following the citation in "USEFUL CONSTANTS" to E. Groten
901:
Recently (1999–2010) the average annual length of the mean solar day in excess of 86,400 SI seconds has varied between
3905:
3827:
2302:
1940:
501:
372:
266:
of a sphere of fixed stars that rotated about Earth. This was accepted by most of those who came after, in particular
2550:
2483:
1416:
3832:
1972:
1612:
Aoki, the ultimate source of these figures, uses the term "seconds of UT1" instead of "seconds of mean solar time".
544:
151:
3837:
1551:
1323:
1232:
A simulated history of Earth's day length, depicting a resonant-stabilizing event throughout the
Precambrian era
3639:
2130:
1289:, is also changing the distribution of Earth's mass, thus affecting the moment of inertia of Earth and, by the
3553:
2453:
1084:
1643:
1482:
1327:
1125:
451:
159:
134:). Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is due to the
2856:
78:
3426:
If the Earth's rotation period is less than 24 hours, why don't our clocks fall out of sync with the Sun?
1074:
is about 23.4°. It oscillates between 22.1° and 24.5° on a 41,000-year cycle and is currently decreasing.
3606:
3409:
2754:
1900:
1571:
1467:
1265:
1026:
707:
second because Earth's mean solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to
703:, which contains 86,400 mean solar seconds. Currently, each of these seconds is slightly longer than an
318:
3106:"System-specific systematic errors in earth rotation parameters derived from GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo"
734:
is a measure of Earth's rotation and the difference between it and the mean solar time is known as the
186:
3767:
3719:
3500:
3367:
3270:
3154:
3117:
3026:
2955:
2861:
2848:
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1016:
938:
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605:
570:
322:
314:
248:
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3910:
3867:
3701:
3644:
3495:
3487:
3445:
1421:
1391:
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1354:
can be determined using space geodetic observations, such as very-long-baseline interferometry and
1254:
1250:
1129:
921:
731:
532:
474:
470:
455:
345:
240:
191:
112:
108:
1485:
for the origin of the Moon is correct, this primordial rotation rate would have been reset by the
4083:
3779:
3170:
2979:
2945:
2818:
2258:
2100:
1843:
1835:
1546:
1141:
431:
135:
2996:
2839:
Zahnle, K.; Walker, J. C. (1 January 1987). "A constant daylength during the
Precambrian era?".
46:
4121:
4009:
3991:
3895:
3862:
3296:
3204:
2971:
2913:
2882:
2874:
2810:
2693:
2627:
2382:
2306:
2296:
2229:
2221:
2058:
2026:
2001:
1950:
1919:
1677:
1475:
1331:
1278:
1051:
1039:
642:
520:
405:
2708:
2646:
2403:
2201:
1946:
653:. Currently, the perihelion and solstice effects combine to lengthen the true solar day near
4059:
3922:
3789:
3774:
3651:
3631:
3573:
3477:
3472:
3375:
3286:
3278:
3239:
3196:
3162:
3125:
3104:
Zajdel, Radosław; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Bury, Grzegorz; Dach, Rolf; Prange, Lars (July 2020).
3034:
2963:
2905:
2866:
2800:
2781:"Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit"
2670:
2248:
2092:
1827:
1718:
1714:
1541:
1510:
1464:
1448:
1428:
1301:
1246:
1210:
1152:
1146:
813:
735:
724:
524:
513:
492:, but definitive results were obtained later, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, by
401:
274:
267:
97:
31:
3316:"Earth's Rotation Is Mysteriously Slowing Down: Experts Predict Uptick In 2018 Earthquakes"
3079:
2428:
1739:
3917:
3900:
3857:
3847:
3739:
3403:
2653:
2554:
2487:
1629:
1566:
1113:
1012:, which yields the equatorial speed in mean solar hours given above of 1,674.4 km/h.
661:
solar seconds, but the solstice effect is partially cancelled by the aphelion effect near
589:
509:
466:
443:
381:
368:
360:
86:
178:
dictates that a mass distributed more closely around its centre of gravity spins faster.
130:, but once every 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds with respect to other distant stars (
107:, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the
3379:
3371:
3274:
3158:
3121:
3030:
2959:
2852:
2796:
2602:
2347:
746:
4116:
4032:
3950:
3940:
3804:
3799:
3558:
3548:
3438:
3291:
3258:
3039:
3014:
1486:
1436:
1335:
1313:
1304:
has increased the length of Earth's day by 0.06 microseconds due to the shift in mass.
1201:
1182:
1090:
883:
Both the stellar day and the sidereal day are shorter than the mean solar day by about
708:
333:
221:
163:
2573:
2070:
2047:
1862:
111:
where Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. This point is distinct from Earth's
37:"Earth's rotation period" redirects here. For the duration of daylight and night, see
4105:
3960:
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3174:
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751:
712:
349:
341:
329:(born 1403); the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus.
252:
229:
17:
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4071:
4014:
3965:
3955:
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3885:
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3520:
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which states units are SI units, except for an instance not relevant to this value.
1556:
1444:
1277:, have caused the length of a day to shorten by 3 microseconds by reducing Earth's
1216:
1102:
1005:
930:
822:
435:
389:
337:
143:
3396:
3188:
1296:
The length of the day can also be influenced by man-made structures. For example,
1066:
3200:
2909:
2376:
1995:
1671:
170:
are discussing a 'negative leap second' and other possible timekeeping measures.
3762:
3568:
3505:
2284:. Translated by A. Motte. New-York : Published by Daniel Adee. p. 412.
2279:
2203:
De
Magnete, On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth
1561:
1238:
1058:'s surface farthest from its axis; thus, it rotates the fastest as Earth spins.
609:
446:
at the end of the 17th century suggested the opposite. However, measurements by
439:
423:
356:
270:(2nd century CE), who thought Earth would be devastated by gales if it rotated.
155:
147:
3130:
3105:
2083:
Ragep, F. Jamil (2001a), "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context",
645:
causes the Sun to move through a greater angle than usual. Conversely, near an
3852:
3819:
3794:
3596:
3515:
2326:
2096:
1339:
1094:
1071:
1043:
759:
694:
604:. It depends on Earth's orbital motion and is thus affected by changes in the
593:
583:
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326:
209:
120:
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104:
90:
2975:
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2814:
2510:
699:
The average of the true solar day during the course of an entire year is the
641:
when the projection of the Sun's apparent motion along the ecliptic onto the
119:
is the other point where Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface, in
3784:
3729:
3714:
3686:
3656:
3583:
3525:
3243:
1766:"The Earth is spinning faster now than at any time in the past half century"
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205:
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IERS Earth Orientation Center: Earth rotation data and interactive analysis
3300:
3282:
2886:
2536:"Topographic core-mantle coupling and fluctuations in the Earth's rotation"
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Over millions of years, Earth's rotation has been slowed significantly by
3166:
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2805:
2780:
1525:
1460:
1452:
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techniques. This provides an absolute reference for the determination of
1109:
1098:
638:
618:
419:
377:
297:
158:. Analysis of historical astronomical records shows a slowing trend; the
66:
3358:
Stevenson, D. J. (1987). "Origin of the moon–The collision hypothesis".
3877:
3754:
3724:
3540:
3530:
1623:"Parameters of Common Relevance of Astronomy, Geodesy, and Geodynamics"
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93:
38:
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Starry circles arc around the south celestial pole, seen overhead at
481:
rotation in the Northern and Southern hemispheres (anticlockwise and
217:
925:
Plot of latitude versus tangential speed. The dashed line shows the
4066:
3015:"Pleistocene deglaciation and the earth's rotation: a new analysis"
2950:
1831:
1000:. This is obtained by dividing Earth's equatorial circumference by
876:). Thus, the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about
3932:
3709:
3691:
3676:
3461:
2263:
1415:
1264:
1227:
1065:
1055:
1025:
992:
920:
745:
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202:
185:
70:
45:
3421:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS)
3415:
2626:. Mill Valley, California: University Science Books. p. 48.
1004:. However, the use of the solar day is incorrect; it must be the
527:
in 1851, which consisted of a lead-filled brass sphere suspended
3981:
3601:
1432:
1297:
979:. Multiplying by (180°/π radians) × (86,400 seconds/day) yields
727:. In 1967 the SI second was made equal to the ephemeris second.
263:
139:
82:
3434:
3189:"Solar and lunar eclipses recorded in medieval Arab chronicles"
1670:
Dennis D. McCarthy; Kenneth P. Seidelmann (18 September 2009).
2647:
IERS Excess of the duration of the day to 86,400s … since 1623
1970:
Alessandro Bausani (1973). "Cosmology and Religion in Islam".
1440:
1359:
1347:
1101:. It also moves with respect to Earth's crust; this is called
566:
556:
228:(470–385 BCE), though his system was complicated, including a
127:
3195:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 431–455, 5 June 1997,
2298:
The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment
1089:
Earth's rotation axis moves with respect to the fixed stars (
3257:
FR Stephenson; LV Morrison; CY Hohonkerk (7 December 2016).
1149:
is slowly transferred to the Moon at a rate proportional to
1318:
The primary monitoring of Earth's rotation is performed by
704:
776:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
723:
between 1900 and 1983, so this second became known as the
392:
gathered support for the theory of the rotation of Earth.
292:
accepted that Earth rotates around its axis. According to
162:
increased by about 2.3 milliseconds per century since the
126:
Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the
3430:
3259:"Measurement of the Earth's rotation: 720 BC to AD 2015"
1427:
Earth's original rotation was a vestige of the original
150:
than a century ago, slowly increasing the rate at which
3420:
2404:"pierpaoloricci.it/dati/giorno solare vero VERSIONE EN"
1145:
through gravitational interactions with the Moon. Thus
1394:
beginning in the 8th century BCE, as well as from the
4043:
3019:
Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
2931:
2929:
2048:"Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā"
1997:
Religion, Learning and Science in the 'Abbasid Period
1792:"Humans Contribute to Earth's Wobble, Scientists Say"
1185:
1155:
669:
longer. The effects of the equinoxes shorten it near
1818:
Burch, George Bosworth (1954). "The Counter-Earth".
1370:
and satellite laser ranging to geodetic satellites.
1046:
is farthest from Earth's centre (blue). Not to scale
929:
example. The dot-dash line denotes typical airliner
649:
the projection onto the equator is shorter by about
519:
The most celebrated test of Earth's rotation is the
418:
would amount to one part in 230, and pointed to the
3990:
3974:
3931:
3876:
3818:
3753:
3700:
3630:
3582:
3539:
3486:
3232:"Ancient eclipses show Earth's rotation is slowing"
2119:
Commentaria in libros Aristotelis De caelo et Mundo
1300:scientists calculated that the water stored in the
458:, thus confirming the positions of both Newton and
336:accepted Aristotle's view and so, reluctantly, did
2624:Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac
2206:. New York, J. Wiley & sons. pp. 313–347.
2147:Quaestiones super libris quattuo De Caelo et mundo
1191:
1171:
719:. These tables were used to calculate the world's
2730:. NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center. Archived from
2667:"Excess to 86400s of the duration day, 1995–1997"
2500:"Prediction of Universal Time and LOD Variations"
2023:An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines
1346:. The absolute value of Earth rotation including
1241:. This day length corresponds to the semidiurnal
621:through a greater angle than usual, taking about
2904:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 154–196.
2226:The Reception of Copernicus' Heliocentric Theory
281:opposite direction, in the same way to a man at
146:show that the modern day is longer by about 1.7
3055:"NASA Details Earthquake Effects on the Earth"
2215:
2213:
359:, who produced accurate observations on which
285:the fixed stars appear to be going westward."
3446:
3360:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
235:A more conventional picture was supported by
131:
81:of the rotation axis in space. Earth rotates
8:
2997:Sumatran earthquake sped up Earth's rotation
1592:Fallexperimente zum Nachweis der Erdrotation
1273:Some recent large-scale events, such as the
2375:Jean Meeus; J. M. A. Danby (January 1997).
2000:. Cambridge University Press. p. 413.
1673:Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics
1521:Formation and evolution of the Solar System
812:). Earth's rotation period relative to the
367:, used Copernicus's work as the basis of a
3453:
3439:
3431:
2187:On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
1699:"Historical eclipses and Earth's rotation"
543:per hour. Foucault pendulums now swing in
426:in 1673 as corroboration of the change in
3290:
3129:
3038:
2949:
2860:
2834:
2832:
2804:
2262:
1722:
1269:Deviation of day length from SI-based day
1184:
1160:
1154:
1042:is farthest from Earth's axis (pink) and
1034:is Earth's highest elevation (green) and
947:of Earth's rotation in inertial space is
625:longer to do so. Conversely, it is about
3193:Historical Eclipses and Earth's Rotation
2370:
2368:
2054:Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers
2050:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.).
1994:Young, M. J. L., ed. (2 November 2006).
1989:
1987:
1740:"Earth sets record for the shortest day"
766:Earth's rotation period relative to the
617:when the Sun apparently moves along the
384:. However, the contributions of Kepler,
4050:
2902:Tidal Friction and the Earth's Rotation
2779:Williams, George E. (1 February 2000).
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2021:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1 January 1993).
1790:Pappas, Stephanie (25 September 2018).
1662:
1583:
768:International Celestial Reference Frame
715:as the independent unit of time in his
2057:. New York: Springer. pp. 570–2.
1945:. Princeton University Press. p.
1924:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1917:
1676:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 232.
371:assuming a stationary Earth. In 1600,
2774:
2772:
2755:"Distance to the Center of the Earth"
2172:
2152:
1093:); the components of this motion are
344:in the fourteenth century. Not until
232:rotating daily about a central fire.
7:
4005:Geology of solar terrestrial planets
2622:Seidelmann, P. Kenneth, ed. (1992).
2603:The new definition of Universal Time
2255:Journal for the History of Astronomy
2222:"Copernican System in Great Britain"
321:, Earth's rotation was discussed by
3380:10.1146/annurev.ea.15.050187.001415
2724:"Speed of the turning of the Earth"
2381:. Willmann-Bell. pp. 345–346.
1378:There are recorded observations of
1237:of 21 hours throughout much of the
1038:is tallest from its base (orange),
3263:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
3040:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb01920.x
400:Earth's rotation implies that the
25:
2127:A Source Book in Medieval Science
1764:Knapton, Sarah (4 January 2021).
1594:(German Knowledge (XXG) article).
1320:very-long-baseline interferometry
1314:Universal time § Measurement
911:Fluctuations in the length of day
782:seconds of mean solar time (UT1)
695:Solar time § Mean solar time
27:Rotation of Earth around its axis
4089:
4077:
4065:
4053:
4028:
4027:
2709:The Cambridge planetary handbook
2694:Allen's Astrophysical Quantities
2669:. 13 August 2007. Archived from
2454:"Physical basis of leap seconds"
1724:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.44222.x
1291:conservation of angular momentum
176:Conservation of angular momentum
3735:Human impact on the environment
3230:Sid Perkins (6 December 2016).
1697:Stephenson, F. Richard (2003).
1532:Geodesics in general relativity
3564:Climate variability and change
3013:Wu, P.; Peltier, W.R. (1984).
2378:Mathematical Astronomy Morsels
1650:for revolution around the Sun.
212:of the stars as Earth rotates.
89:. As viewed from the northern
52:Deep Space Climate Observatory
1:
4000:Evolution of the Solar System
1420:An artist's rendering of the
494:Giovanni Battista Guglielmini
454:in the 1730s established the
4112:Dynamics of the Solar System
3740:Evolutionary history of life
3201:10.1017/cbo9780511525186.012
3147:Geophysical Research Letters
2938:Geophysical Research Letters
2910:10.1007/978-3-642-67097-8_12
2871:10.1016/0301-9268(87)90073-8
2257:. volume 43, pages 215–226.
2167:Le livre du ciel et du monde
1738:Robert Lea (3 August 2022).
1516:Earth orientation parameters
1275:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
77:, as well as changes in the
2303:University of Chicago Press
2125:Grant, Edward, ed. (1974).
2025:. SUNY Press. p. 135.
1973:Scientia/Rivista di Scienza
1443:that coalesced to form the
1293:, Earth's rotation period.
502:Johann Friedrich Benzenberg
50:Earth's rotation imaged by
4138:
3131:10.1007/s10291-020-00989-w
2722:Butterworth & Palmer.
2607:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1880:Almagest Book I, Chapter 8
1703:Astronomy & Geophysics
1311:
1123:
1082:
936:
692:
581:
554:
288:In the 10th century, some
36:
29:
4023:
3468:
3412:old site, to be abandoned
3406:new site, being populated
2251:, chapter nine, cited in
2224:. In J. Dobrzycki (ed.).
2200:Gilbert, William (1893).
2097:10.1017/s0269889701000060
1552:Inner core super-rotation
1324:Global Positioning System
1285:, ongoing since the last
843:of mean solar time (UT1)
523:first built by physicist
300:(d. c. 1020) invented an
142:has on Earth's rotation.
4010:Location in the Universe
3941:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
3640:List of sovereign states
3341:"Why do planets rotate?"
2220:Russell, John L (1972).
2131:Harvard University Press
2046:Ragep, Sally P. (2007).
1245:of the thermally driven
742:Stellar and sidereal day
545:museums around the world
414:, Newton predicted this
365:laws of planetary motion
30:Not to be confused with
3244:10.1126/science.aal0469
1715:2003A&G....44b..22S
1483:giant-impact hypothesis
1328:satellite laser ranging
1126:Day length fluctuations
754:planet like Earth, the
452:French Geodesic Mission
408:are flattened. In his
319:Samarkand observatories
3397:USNO Earth Orientation
3283:10.1098/rspa.2016.0404
3080:"Permanent monitoring"
2652:3 October 2008 at the
2278:Newton, Isaac (1846).
2145:Buridan, John (1942).
1424:
1396:medieval Islamic world
1270:
1233:
1224:Resonant stabilization
1193:
1173:
1172:{\displaystyle r^{-6}}
1075:
1047:
934:
763:
596:to solar noon) is its
574:
557:Day § Definitions
422:measurements taken by
213:
55:
3720:Biogeochemical cycles
3645:dependent territories
2785:Reviews of Geophysics
2728:Ask an Astrophysicist
2553:12 March 2015 at the
2486:12 March 2015 at the
2348:"What Is Solar Noon?"
2305:. pp. 324, 355.
2295:Shank, J. B. (2008).
2185:Copernicus, Nicolas.
1628:21 March 2019 at the
1572:World Geodetic System
1463:, as well as heavier
1419:
1322:coordinated with the
1268:
1231:
1194:
1174:
1085:Earth's rotation axis
1069:
1029:
1010:1.002 737 909 350 795
924:
874: mean solar days
810: mean solar days
749:
592:relative to the Sun (
564:
189:
49:
18:Rotation of the Earth
3768:Computer cartography
3501:Prebiotic atmosphere
3167:10.1002/2017GL076850
2968:10.1002/2016GL068912
2841:Precambrian Research
2806:10.1029/1999RG900016
2691:Arthur N. Cox, ed.,
2548:Leap seconds by USNO
1942:Mathematics in India
1939:Kim Plofker (2009).
1867:. Book II, Ch 13. 1.
1374:Ancient observations
1283:Post-glacial rebound
1255:Sturtian glaciations
1183:
1153:
1017:Kennedy Space Center
939:Earth rotation angle
927:Kennedy Space Center
758:is shorter than the
571:La Silla Observatory
531:from the top of the
432:initial measurements
332:In medieval Europe,
249:Aristarchus of Samos
3911:Geologic time scale
3632:Culture and society
3496:Atmosphere of Earth
3402:14 May 2011 at the
3372:1987AREPS..15..271S
3275:2016RSPSA.47260404S
3159:2018GeoRL..45.2339S
3122:2020GPSS...24...74Z
3031:1984GeoJ...76..753W
3003:, 30 December 2004.
2960:2016GeoRL..43.5716B
2853:1987PreR...37...95Z
2797:2000RvGeo..38...37W
2706:Michael E. Bakich,
2516:on 28 February 2008
2189:. Book I, Chap 5–8.
2169:. pp. 519–539.
2149:. pp. 226–232.
1906:on 13 December 2013
1796:Scientific American
1646:containing exactly
1422:protoplanetary disk
1392:Chinese astronomers
1356:lunar laser ranging
1120:In rotational speed
732:apparent solar time
471:Northern Hemisphere
456:oblateness of Earth
346:Nicolaus Copernicus
253:Sun's central place
192:long-exposure photo
113:North Magnetic Pole
109:Northern Hemisphere
54:, showing axis tilt
3906:Geological history
3780:Geodetic astronomy
3269:(2196): 20160404.
2574:"USEFUL CONSTANTS"
2461:Iopscience.iop.org
2402:Ricci, Pierpaolo.
2281:Newton's Principia
2175:, pp. 503–510
2155:, pp. 500–503
2121:. Lib II, cap XIV.
2085:Science in Context
1547:History of geodesy
1425:
1403:Cyclic variability
1271:
1234:
1189:
1169:
1142:tidal acceleration
1135:Tidal interactions
1079:In rotational axis
1076:
1048:
935:
780:86 164.098 903 691
764:
602:apparent solar day
575:
406:geographical poles
348:in 1543 adopted a
290:Muslim astronomers
216:Among the ancient
214:
56:
32:Earth's revolution
4041:
4040:
3992:Planetary science
3975:Natural satellite
3896:Extremes on Earth
3863:Signal processing
3345:Ask an Astronomer
2944:(11): 5716–5724.
2734:on 8 January 2019
2673:on 13 August 2007
2633:978-0-935702-68-2
2408:Pierpaoloricci.it
2388:978-0-943396-51-4
2117:Aquinas, Thomas.
2064:978-0-387-31022-0
1956:978-0-691-12067-6
1683:978-3-527-62795-0
1476:interstellar dust
1332:satellite geodesy
1279:moment of inertia
1192:{\displaystyle r}
998:1,669.8 km/h
717:Tables of the Sun
643:celestial equator
521:Foucault pendulum
485:, respectively).
473:(and left in the
275:Indian astronomer
220:, several of the
16:(Redirected from
4129:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4070:
4069:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4031:
4030:
3923:History of Earth
3574:Paleoclimatology
3455:
3448:
3441:
3432:
3384:
3383:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3153:(5): 2339–2348.
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3010:
3004:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2953:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2864:
2862:10.1.1.1020.8947
2836:
2827:
2826:
2808:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2719:
2713:
2704:
2698:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2663:
2657:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2619:
2613:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2570:
2557:
2545:
2539:
2534:R. Hide et al.,
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2509:. Archived from
2504:
2496:
2490:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2327:"Starry Spin-up"
2323:
2317:
2316:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2249:Almagestum novum
2246:
2240:
2239:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2165:Oresme, Nicole.
2162:
2156:
2150:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2091:(1–2): 145–163,
2080:
2074:
2068:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1899:. Archived from
1898:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1709:(2): 2.22–2.27.
1694:
1688:
1687:
1667:
1651:
1649:
1639:
1633:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1542:History of Earth
1528:(in mathematics)
1481:However, if the
1459:produced in the
1451:was composed of
1449:primordial cloud
1431:of the cloud of
1429:angular momentum
1302:Three Gorges Dam
1247:atmospheric tide
1211:tidal rhythmites
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1147:angular momentum
1130:ΔT (timekeeping)
1054:is the point of
1050:The peak of the
1011:
1003:
999:
990:
986:
984:
978:
972:
968:
965:
962:
956:
955:
952:
908:
904:
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893:
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886:
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873:
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867:
864:
858:
857:
856:
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842:
840:
837:
834:
831:
811:
809:
806:
803:
800:
794:
793:
792:
789:
781:
736:equation of time
725:ephemeris second
685:, respectively.
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
665:when it is only
664:
660:
656:
652:
636:
628:
624:
539:
530:
491:
436:meridian lengths
325:(born 1201) and
268:Claudius Ptolemy
98:counterclockwise
59:Earth's rotation
21:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4044:
4042:
4037:
4019:
3986:
3970:
3927:
3918:Geologic record
3872:
3858:Plate tectonics
3848:Mineral physics
3828:Earth structure
3814:
3749:
3696:
3626:
3578:
3535:
3482:
3464:
3459:
3404:Wayback Machine
3393:
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3084:Hpiers.obspm.fr
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2665:
2664:
2660:
2654:Wayback Machine
2645:
2641:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2612:(1982) 359–361.
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2578:Hpiers.obspm.fr
2572:
2571:
2560:
2555:Wayback Machine
2546:
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2498:
2497:
2493:
2488:Wayback Machine
2479:
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2433:Hpiers.obspm.fr
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2354:
2352:timeanddate.com
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2020:
2019:
2015:
2008:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1894:"Archived copy"
1892:
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1887:
1877:
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1630:Wayback Machine
1620:
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1576:
1567:Spherical Earth
1496:
1414:
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1376:
1316:
1310:
1263:
1243:resonant period
1226:
1181:
1180:
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1150:
1137:
1132:
1124:Main articles:
1122:
1114:Chandler wobble
1087:
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1052:Cayambe volcano
1009:
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988:
982:
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634:
626:
622:
590:rotation period
586:
580:
559:
553:
537:
528:
510:Ferdinand Reich
489:
467:Coriolis effect
398:
396:Empirical tests
382:Coriolis effect
373:William Gilbert
273:In 499 CE, the
184:
164:8th century BCE
160:length of a day
154:is adjusted by
87:prograde motion
73:around its own
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4135:
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3951:Atlantic Ocean
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3833:Fluid dynamics
3830:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3805:Geopositioning
3802:
3800:Remote Sensing
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3559:Climate change
3556:
3554:Energy balance
3551:
3549:Climate system
3545:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3392:
3391:External links
3389:
3386:
3385:
3366:(1): 271–315.
3350:
3332:
3314:Nace, Trevor.
3306:
3249:
3222:
3209:
3180:
3137:
3096:
3071:
3046:
3025:(3): 753–792.
3005:
2989:
2925:
2918:
2892:
2828:
2768:
2753:Klenke, Paul.
2745:
2714:
2699:
2684:
2658:
2639:
2632:
2614:
2590:
2558:
2540:
2527:
2491:
2473:
2445:
2420:
2394:
2387:
2364:
2339:
2318:
2311:
2287:
2270:
2241:
2234:
2209:
2192:
2177:
2157:
2137:
2109:
2075:
2063:
2038:
2031:
2013:
2006:
1983:
1962:
1955:
1931:
1885:
1870:
1864:Of the Heavens
1853:
1832:10.1086/368583
1808:
1782:
1756:
1730:
1689:
1682:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1634:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1384:lunar eclipses
1375:
1372:
1336:universal time
1309:
1306:
1262:
1259:
1225:
1222:
1202:tidally locked
1188:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1136:
1133:
1121:
1118:
1091:inertial space
1083:Main article:
1080:
1077:
1063:
1060:
918:
915:
743:
740:
709:tidal friction
701:mean solar day
693:Main article:
690:
689:Mean solar day
687:
637:longer near a
633:. It is about
598:true solar day
582:Main article:
579:
578:True solar day
576:
555:Main article:
552:
549:
402:Equator bulges
397:
394:
334:Thomas Aquinas
251:suggested the
210:apparent paths
183:
180:
96:, Earth turns
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4134:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4097:
4087:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4051:
4047:
4034:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:Pacific Ocean
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3891:Earth science
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:Magnetosphere
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3810:Virtual globe
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3775:Earth's orbit
3773:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3682:World history
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:World economy
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3622:South America
3620:
3618:
3617:North America
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3223:
3212:
3210:9780521461948
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3110:GPS Solutions
3107:
3100:
3097:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2919:9783540090465
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2847:(2): 95–105.
2846:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2757:. Summit Post
2756:
2749:
2746:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2656:Graph at end.
2655:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2462:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2312:9780226749471
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2235:9789027703118
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2135:pages 496–500
2132:
2128:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2032:9781438414195
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2007:9780521028875
2003:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1902:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1809:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1771:
1770:The Telegraph
1767:
1760:
1757:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1663:
1656:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Earth's orbit
1509:
1507:
1506:Diurnal cycle
1504:
1502:
1501:Allais effect
1499:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1261:Global events
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1217:stromatolites
1213:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1186:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1007:
994:
977:per SI second
976:
946:
945:angular speed
940:
932:
928:
923:
917:Angular speed
916:
914:
912:
899:
881:
841: seconds
825:
824:
819:
815:
777:
773:
770:, called its
769:
761:
757:
753:
748:
741:
739:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:Simon Newcomb
710:
706:
702:
696:
688:
686:
648:
644:
640:
632:
629:shorter near
620:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
585:
577:
572:
568:
563:
558:
550:
548:
546:
542:
534:
526:
525:Léon Foucault
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:
347:
343:
342:Nicole Oresme
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
279:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
230:counter-earth
227:
223:
219:
211:
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
188:
181:
179:
177:
171:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:Atomic clocks
141:
137:
136:tidal effects
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4096:Solar System
4015:Solar System
3966:Oceanography
3956:Indian Ocean
3946:Arctic Ocean
3886:Age of Earth
3838:Geomagnetism
3521:Thermosphere
3511:Stratosphere
3363:
3359:
3353:
3344:
3335:
3323:. Retrieved
3319:
3309:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3235:
3225:
3214:, retrieved
3192:
3183:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3089:22 September
3087:. Retrieved
3083:
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3058:
3049:
3022:
3018:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2941:
2937:
2901:
2895:
2844:
2840:
2791:(1): 37–59.
2788:
2784:
2759:. Retrieved
2748:
2736:. Retrieved
2732:the original
2727:
2717:
2707:
2702:
2692:
2687:
2677:22 September
2675:. Retrieved
2671:the original
2661:
2642:
2623:
2617:
2609:
2606:
2598:
2593:
2583:22 September
2581:. Retrieved
2577:
2543:
2530:
2520:22 September
2518:. Retrieved
2511:the original
2506:
2494:
2481:Leap seconds
2476:
2466:22 September
2464:. Retrieved
2460:
2448:
2438:22 September
2436:. Retrieved
2432:
2423:
2413:22 September
2411:. Retrieved
2407:
2397:
2377:
2355:. Retrieved
2351:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2321:
2297:
2290:
2280:
2273:
2254:
2244:
2228:. Springer.
2225:
2202:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2166:
2160:
2146:
2140:
2126:
2118:
2112:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2051:
2041:
2022:
2016:
1996:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1941:
1934:
1908:. Retrieved
1901:the original
1888:
1879:
1873:
1863:
1856:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1769:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:
1733:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1672:
1665:
1637:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1586:
1557:Nychthemeron
1480:
1445:Solar System
1426:
1406:
1377:
1330:, and other
1317:
1295:
1272:
1235:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1205:with Earth.
1200:
1140:
1138:
1107:
1103:polar motion
1088:
1049:
1014:
1006:sidereal day
942:
931:cruise speed
900:
882:
823:sidereal day
821:
816:mean vernal
771:
765:
755:
729:
700:
698:
675:16 September
606:eccentricity
601:
597:
587:
518:
487:
464:
409:
399:
355:
350:heliocentric
338:John Buridan
331:
310:
305:
287:
272:
257:
234:
215:
172:
168:
156:leap seconds
148:milliseconds
125:
102:
63:Earth's spin
62:
58:
57:
43:
4084:Outer space
3763:Cartography
3702:Environment
3569:Climatology
3506:Troposphere
2071:PDF version
1861:Aristotle.
1826:: 267–294.
1775:11 February
1648:365.25 days
1644:Julian year
1562:Rossby wave
1308:Measurement
1239:Precambrian
989:6,378,137 m
985: °/day
778:(IERS), is
772:stellar day
756:stellar day
721:ephemerides
655:22 December
610:inclination
357:Tycho Brahe
222:Pythagorean
79:orientation
4106:Categories
3868:Tomography
3853:Seismology
3820:Geophysics
3795:Navigation
3687:Time zones
3652:In culture
3597:Antarctica
3584:Continents
3516:Mesosphere
3488:Atmosphere
3325:18 October
2951:1502.01421
2738:3 February
2173:Grant 1974
2153:Grant 1974
1980:(67): 762.
1910:8 December
1657:References
1474:. As this
1472:supernovas
1388:Babylonian
1340:precession
1312:See also:
1095:precession
1072:axial tilt
1044:Chimborazo
1021:spaceports
937:See also:
888:56 seconds
814:precessing
683:21 seconds
679:18 seconds
667:13 seconds
651:20 seconds
635:20 seconds
627:10 seconds
623:10 seconds
615:perihelion
594:solar noon
584:Solar time
538:11 degrees
490:8.2 meters
460:Copernicus
448:Maupertuis
416:flattening
363:based his
311:muhandisīn
241:Heraclides
208:shows the
201:above the
121:Antarctica
117:South Pole
105:North Pole
91:polar star
69:of planet
4060:Astronomy
3785:Geomatics
3730:Ecosystem
3715:Biosphere
3677:Etymology
3657:Earth Day
3607:Australia
3526:Exosphere
3410:USNO IERS
3175:134160047
3116:(3): 74.
2976:1944-8007
2879:0301-9268
2857:CiteSeerX
2815:1944-9208
2332:24 August
2264:1103.2057
2123:trans in
2105:145372613
1878:Ptolemy.
1848:144330867
1801:12 August
1744:Space.com
1162:−
1036:Mauna Kea
896:1962–2005
892:1623–2005
885:3 minutes
760:solar day
541:clockwise
483:clockwise
411:Principia
306:al-zūraqī
302:astrolabe
294:al-Biruni
278:Aryabhata
260:Aristotle
258:However,
245:Ecphantus
226:Philolaus
206:Himalayas
199:night sky
132:see below
4122:Rotation
4033:Category
3400:Archived
3301:28119545
3064:22 March
3059:NASA/JPL
2984:36308735
2887:11542096
2823:51948507
2650:Archived
2551:Archived
2484:Archived
1920:cite web
1749:8 August
1626:Archived
1526:Geodesic
1494:See also
1465:elements
1461:Big Bang
1453:hydrogen
1352:nutation
1344:nutation
1251:Marinoan
1179:, where
1112:and the
1110:nutation
1099:nutation
1070:Earth's
1002:24 hours
820:, named
752:prograde
671:26 March
639:solstice
631:aphelion
619:ecliptic
588:Earth's
551:Periods
533:Panthéon
514:Freiberg
475:Southern
450:and the
420:pendulum
404:and the
378:Riccioli
298:al-Sijzi
196:northern
83:eastward
67:rotation
4046:Portals
3878:Geology
3790:Gravity
3755:Geodesy
3725:Ecology
3541:Climate
3531:Weather
3478:History
3473:Outline
3368:Bibcode
3292:5247521
3271:Bibcode
3236:Science
3216:15 July
3155:Bibcode
3118:Bibcode
3027:Bibcode
2956:Bibcode
2849:Bibcode
2793:Bibcode
2712:, p.50.
2357:15 July
1711:Bibcode
1537:Geodesy
1468:ejected
1447:. This
1368:Galileo
1364:GLONASS
1287:ice age
1062:Changes
1040:Cayambe
1032:Everest
981:360.985
975:radians
903:0.25 ms
845:(23 56
830:164.090
818:equinox
784:(23 56
774:by the
663:19 June
659:30 mean
647:equinox
506:Hamburg
498:Bologna
479:cyclone
444:Cassini
428:gravity
386:Galileo
315:Maragha
304:called
237:Hicetas
194:of the
182:History
94:Polaris
65:is the
39:Daytime
3933:Oceans
3901:Future
3745:Nature
3667:Symbol
3612:Europe
3592:Africa
3320:Forbes
3299:
3289:
3207:
3173:
3001:Nature
2982:
2974:
2916:
2885:
2877:
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2813:
2761:4 July
2697:p.244.
2630:
2597:Aoki,
2507:Ien.it
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2309:
2232:
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2061:
2029:
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1846:
1840:301675
1838:
1820:Osiris
1680:
1457:helium
1412:Origin
1030:While
973:
949:(7.292
878:8.4 ms
440:Picard
430:, but
424:Richer
390:Newton
369:system
361:Kepler
327:Qushji
218:Greeks
203:Nepali
115:. The
4117:Earth
4072:Stars
3710:Biome
3692:World
3462:Earth
3171:S2CID
2980:S2CID
2946:arXiv
2819:S2CID
2599:et al
2538:1993.
2514:(PDF)
2503:(PDF)
2457:(PDF)
2259:arXiv
2101:S2CID
1904:(PDF)
1897:(PDF)
1844:S2CID
1836:JSTOR
1579:Notes
1487:Theia
1437:rocks
1380:solar
1056:Earth
993:WGS84
959:0.000
861:0.997
847:4.090
826:, is
797:0.997
786:4.098
750:On a
283:Lanka
190:This
85:, in
71:Earth
3982:Moon
3662:Flag
3602:Asia
3327:2019
3297:PMID
3218:2022
3205:ISBN
3091:2018
3066:2019
2972:ISSN
2914:ISBN
2883:PMID
2875:ISSN
2811:ISSN
2763:2018
2740:2019
2679:2018
2628:ISBN
2601:., "
2585:2018
2522:2018
2468:2018
2440:2018
2415:2018
2383:ISBN
2359:2022
2334:2015
2307:ISBN
2230:ISBN
2059:ISBN
2052:The
2027:ISBN
2002:ISBN
1951:ISBN
1926:link
1912:2013
1803:2022
1777:2021
1751:2022
1678:ISBN
1590:See
1455:and
1439:and
1433:dust
1390:and
1382:and
1350:and
1342:and
1298:NASA
1214:and
1128:and
1097:and
943:The
907:1 ms
905:and
894:and
730:The
681:and
673:and
608:and
529:67 m
508:and
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388:and
340:and
323:Tusi
317:and
264:idea
243:and
140:Moon
138:the
103:The
75:axis
3376:doi
3287:PMC
3279:doi
3267:472
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3197:doi
3163:doi
3126:doi
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2171:in
2151:in
2093:doi
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