163:. Tsiranana responded by temporarily closing the university and forbidding the meetings of numerous student organizations, while continuing to permit that of the PSD-affiliated socialist student group. The news media reported this protest and that occurring in Toliara, inspiring students in high schools and junior high schools to launch protests in solidarity beginning on 19 April. A committee was formed of students, media, lawyers and other figures to demand information on the status of the prisoners sent to Nosy Lava, which resulted in the rapid release of the southerners held in the island prison.
130:, approached Jaona on 10 March 1971 to urge him to lead a movement to unseat Tsiranana. Jaona's eventual action would provide PSD with an opportunity to arrest the leader and other key party figures in the "rebellion", which they would stave off before it grew large enough to pose a threat; Tsiranana's advisers expected the arrest of Jaona would also demoralize and hobble southern PSD politicians and their constituencies alike, and cement northern control of the party and the country's politics.
17:
78:. Under Tsiranana's leadership, French influence remained ever present. In 1969, foreigners controlled 95% of the modern industrial sector and produced a quarter of all exported agricultural products, despite making up a tiny fraction of the population. The sale of manufactured goods was largely controlled by the
138:
Jaona incited armed farmers to protest in
Toliara in early April 1971. MONIMA was dissolved by official decree on 3 April 1971. On 6 April Tsiranana gave a radio address in which he blamed Jaona for the bloodshed resulting from clashes between the police and armed protesters and accused him of being
139:
a communist, which Jaona loudly denied, instead declaring himself a nationalist since the day he was born. On 12 May, Tsiranana and six ministers, including
Resampa, came to Toliara to meet with Jaona; the MONIMA leader only agreed to talk with the president if the conversation could be held in the
105:
party who had served two years as mayor of
Toliara (1959–1961) before being chased from office by power politics. Jaona had since developed an image as an opposition figure and champion of the common man against the increasingly unpopular policies of the PSD, including the neo-colonial economic and
158:
On 24 March 1971, students at the
College of Medicine in Antananarivo started a protest to express popular rejection of the policies and repression of president Tsiranana's neo-colonial administration. The protest quickly spread to include 5,000 students across numerous colleges at the
121:
president
Tsiranana – and members in the southern part of the island, who were relatively marginalized and increasingly sympathetic to Jaona. To neutralize Jaona and the crush the MONIMA party, the PSD devised a ploy whereby the Minister of the Interior,
170:
protested in solidarity with the city's medical university students to support revisions of the colonial era curriculum and the dismissal of teachers from France. On 13 May, security forces shot student protesters in
Antananarivo.
90:, the late 1960s saw a recession and deterioration in quality of life in Madagascar, largely prompted by global economic conditions but to which the Tsiranana response had been ineffectual and muted.
54:, was not selected in an open election, but rather was nominated by the senate, in which Tsiranana's heavily pro-French Socialist Democratic Party (PSD) dominated. The PSD was an outgrowth of
109:
Over the first decade of PSD domination in
Malagasy politics, PSD members gradually became less focused on the shared objective of preventing a revival of Merina power as under the former
146:
While the protest had been quickly foiled and MONIMA disbanded, Jaona's efforts made a significant impact on public opinion of
Tsiranana. The Malagasy people's image of their country as
303:
143:
rather than French, a term to which
Tsiranana agreed. Jaona declared that he sought to find a way to work in harmony with the president, and was released from prison.
150:(laid back, gentle) and their first president as a refined leader had been shattered by his violent crushing of the clearly harmless farmer protest.
415:
375:
396:
311:
117:. By 1970, there were strong tensions within the PSD between its alliance of northern and western members - including the
34:
was a series of farmer and student protests in
Madagascar between April 1971 and May 1972 that led to the collapse of the
87:
35:
425:
420:
114:
102:
83:
160:
435:
430:
179:
Within days, Tsiranana announced his resignation and a transitional government was put in place under General
110:
79:
180:
51:
39:
93:
Popular disapproval of the Tsiranana administration began to grow. Among his loudest critics was
75:
392:
371:
140:
74:
feared would attempt to re-establish the Merina hegemony that existed under the pre-colonial
190:, was formed by high school students who performed at their school's protests in Antsirabe.
118:
388:
Paysans, intellectuels et populisme à Madagascar: de Monja Jaona à Ratsimandrava, 1960-1975
113:, and more on maximizing access to political and financial benefits for their particular
304:"Mahaleo, 40 ans d'histoire(s) de Madagascar: Un livre témoignage à valeur patrimoniale"
409:
123:
67:
50:
Madagascar regained independence from France in 1960. The nation's first president,
167:
386:
94:
16:
86:. Although Madagascar enjoyed a period of economic prosperity for much of the
127:
98:
187:
106:
cultural relationship with France perpetuated by PSD political elites.
55:
62:(coastal peoples') party formed in reaction to the establishment of
15:
285:
283:
281:
210:
208:
206:
204:
202:
63:
166:
On 24 April 1972, secondary school students in the capital of
346:
344:
331:
329:
239:
289:
272:
260:
226:
214:
385:Raison-Jourde, Françoise; Roy, Gérard (2010).
8:
368:Mahaleo, 40 ans d'histoire(s) de Madagascar
186:Madagascar's most popular musical group,
391:(in French). Paris: Karthala Editions.
350:
335:
198:
302:Lavaine, Bertrand (22 February 2012).
242:(in French). Laterit Productions. 2011
20:Protesters in Antananarivo burned the
82:, while import-export companies were
7:
14:
126:from the western coastal town of
416:Political history of Madagascar
370:(in French). Laterit éditions.
1:
290:Raison-Jourde & Roy 2010
273:Raison-Jourde & Roy 2010
261:Raison-Jourde & Roy 2010
227:Raison-Jourde & Roy 2010
215:Raison-Jourde & Roy 2010
154:Student protests (1971–1972)
36:First Republic of Madagascar
310:(in French). Archived from
452:
308:Radio France International
161:University of Antananarivo
366:Pigeaud, Fanny (2010).
134:Farmer protests (1971)
80:South Asian population
25:
111:Kingdom of Madagascar
19:
58:, a pro-French, pro-
275:, pp. 247–248.
181:Gabriel Ramanantsoa
52:Philibert Tsiranana
40:Philibert Tsiranana
426:1972 in Madagascar
421:1971 in Madagascar
314:on 2 December 2013
101:politician of the
76:Kingdom of Imerina
26:
24:city hall in 1972.
377:978-2-919702-01-5
353:, pp. 37–38.
338:, pp. 28–30.
141:Malagasy language
70:elites, who many
443:
436:1972 in politics
431:1971 in politics
402:
381:
354:
348:
339:
333:
324:
323:
321:
319:
299:
293:
287:
276:
270:
264:
258:
252:
251:
249:
247:
236:
230:
224:
218:
212:
38:under President
451:
450:
446:
445:
444:
442:
441:
440:
406:
405:
399:
384:
378:
365:
362:
357:
349:
342:
334:
327:
317:
315:
301:
300:
296:
288:
279:
271:
267:
259:
255:
245:
243:
238:
237:
233:
225:
221:
213:
200:
196:
177:
156:
136:
48:
12:
11:
5:
449:
447:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
408:
407:
404:
403:
397:
382:
376:
361:
358:
356:
355:
340:
325:
294:
292:, p. 248.
277:
265:
263:, p. 247.
253:
231:
219:
217:, p. 244.
197:
195:
192:
176:
173:
155:
152:
135:
132:
88:First Republic
47:
44:
22:Hotel de Ville
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
448:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
411:
400:
398:9782811103958
394:
390:
389:
383:
379:
373:
369:
364:
363:
359:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
313:
309:
305:
298:
295:
291:
286:
284:
282:
278:
274:
269:
266:
262:
257:
254:
241:
235:
232:
229:, p. 49.
228:
223:
220:
216:
211:
209:
207:
205:
203:
199:
193:
191:
189:
184:
182:
174:
172:
169:
164:
162:
153:
151:
149:
144:
142:
133:
131:
129:
125:
124:Andre Resampa
120:
116:
112:
107:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
43:
41:
37:
33:
32:
23:
18:
387:
367:
351:Pigeaud 2010
336:Pigeaud 2010
316:. Retrieved
312:the original
307:
297:
268:
256:
244:. Retrieved
234:
222:
185:
178:
168:Antananarivo
165:
157:
147:
145:
137:
115:ethnic group
108:
92:
84:French-owned
71:
59:
49:
30:
29:
27:
21:
95:Monja Jaona
66:in 1946 by
410:Categories
360:References
46:Background
240:"Mahaleo"
175:Aftermath
128:Morondava
119:Tsimihety
148:moramora
318:23 July
246:25 July
188:Mahaleo
99:Tandroy
72:cotiers
60:cotiers
395:
374:
103:MONIMA
68:Merina
56:PADESM
31:rotaka
194:Notes
393:ISBN
372:ISBN
320:2013
248:2013
97:, a
64:MDRM
28:The
412::
343:^
328:^
306:.
280:^
201:^
183:.
42:.
401:.
380:.
322:.
250:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
