538:
spikelets are very similar to the sterile spikelets, being around 3.5-5mm long, ovate and dorsally flattened, although they are attached differently to the rachis. The glumes of these spikelets are dissimilar as the lower one is wider than the upper and is not winged, whereas the upper is V-shaped. The lower glume has 13 veins and is 2-keeled, unlike the upper which is 11-veined and singularly keeled. Both reach the apex of the florets but the lower glume apex is notched (emarginate) whereas the upper is acute.
46:
33:
520:
are 3–15 cm long, cylindrical, hairless (glabrous), erect and are found on terminal and axillary culms. Each raceme is either embraced at the base by, or projects beyond, a leaf arising from an inflated leaf-sheath. The peduncle at the base of each raceme is rough and widens as it approaches its
503:
with prop roots supporting erect, laterally-branching culms which are usually between 30–300 cm in length, although up to 400 cm high culms have been described. Cauline leaves arise from hispid leaf-sheaths with irritating hairs, especially on the lower sheaths. The leaf-sheaths are as wide
508:
of 1mm in length. The leaf blades are slightly rough (scabridulous) and are generally linear to linear-lanceolate, terminating in an acuminate apex. The leaves are usually between 15–45 cm long and 5-20mm wide, although larger dimensions of 80 cm long and 45mm wide have been suggested as
1478:
Soreng, R. J., Peterson, P. M., Romaschenko, K., Davidse, G., Teisher, J. K., Clark, L. G., … Zuloaga, F. O. (2017). A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the
Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications. Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 55(4), 259–290.
549:, fleshy scales which open the glumes during flowering. These lodicules are the same size as the 3 anthers present in the florets at 2mm long and within them are the female parts of the flower consisting of 2 stigmas. Also typically for the Poaceae, the fruit formed is a single seed fused to the
537:
which are hardened, smooth, obtuse, blunt, distinctly veined, glabrous and winged on the margins. The sterile spikelet is deciduous with the fertile spikelet, meaning they break off together with a central peg where the pair were attached transversely at each rachis node. The fertile, sessile
1440:
Skendzic, E. M., Travis
Columbus, J., & Cerros-Tlatilpa, R. (2007). Phylogenetics of Andropogoneae (Poaceae: Panicoideae) Based on Nuclear Ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast trnL-F Sequences. In Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany (Vol.
565:, the scar where the caryopsis attached to the placenta, is point-like (punctiform) and the endosperm is covered with a mealy powder (farinose). The caryopsis is then disseminated with the rachis internode and a structure called the eliastome (callus knob) still attached.
529:
abaxially: one sterile and attached with a pedicel fused to the internode, the other fertile and attached directly (sessile). The raceme tapers off with a number of reduced, sterile spikelets at the apex, which form a false panicle as they appear to be much-branched.
1405:
Veldman, J. W., & Putz, F. E. (2019). Long-distance
Dispersal of Invasive Grasses by Logging Vehicles in a Tropical Dry Forest Author ( s ): Joseph W . Veldman and Francis E . Putz Published by : Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation Stable URL :
1462:
Soreng, R. J., Peterson, P. M., Romaschenko, K., Davidse, G., Zuloaga, F. O., Judziewicz, E. J., … Morrone, O. (2015). A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the
Poaceae (Gramineae). Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 53(2), 117–137.
817:
It flowers all year long in tropical climates, but during July and August in the US and is a prodigious seed producer, sometimes producing over 2000 seeds per plant (although not all would be viable) and over 650 kg per hectare.
1061:
Smith, M. C., Reeder, R. H., & Thomas, M. B. (1997). A Model to
Determine the Potential for Biological Control of Rottboellia cochinchinensis with the Head Smut Sporisorium ophiuri. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 34(2), 388.
1491:
Kahlheber, S., & Eggert, M. K. H. (2014). Pearl Millet and Other Plant
Remains from the Early Iron Age Site of Boso-Njafo (Inner Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of the Congo) The African Archaeological Review 31(3),
938:
by many characters including fragile racemes, subtended by a leaf-sheath, which bear pairs spikelets, one fertile and sessile and the other pedicelled and barren. Like many members of the tribe, the pairs of spikelets in
1349:
Leon, R. G., Izquierdo, J., & Gonzalez-Andujar, J. L. (2015). Characterization and
Modeling of Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) Biphasic Seedling Emergence Patterns in the Tropics. Weed Science, 63(3),
1368:
Alves, E. C. C., Silva, M. A. S., Moro, F. V. Luís, P., Bachega, M. F., Moro, J. R., F, M. V., (2019). Identification and
Characterization of Different Accessions of Itchgrass ( Rottboellia America 51(2),
834:
by floodwater, birds, small mammals and latterly by humans and vehicles. The eliastome (callus knob) which is disseminated with the caryopsis, contains oils which may attract ants and aid dispersal.
442:) grow up to 3 metres (9 ft 10 in) in height with leaf-blades of up to 45 centimetres (1 ft 6 in) in length. The species flowers at the apex of culms in the form of spike-like
914:. Introductions are speculated to have originated from the transportation of crop products and agricultural and forestry machinery, or even intentionally introduced for grazing in the Caribbean
1006:
was found in the early 2010s, possibly suggesting the species native distribution covers the Old World
Tropics. African communities have been known to use leaves and culms to produce mats.
930:
is largely still based on the work of
Clayton and Renvoize in 1986, who placed the genus within the Andropogoneae tribe of the Panicoideae, which is a subfamily within the Grasses (Family:
1325:
Strahan, R. E., Griffin, J. L., Reynolds, D. B., & Miller, D. K (2019). Interference between Rottboellia cochinchinensis and Zea mays. Weed Science Society of America. 48(2), 205–211.
1450:
Teerawatananon, A., Jacobs, S. W. L., & Hodkinson, T. R. (2010). Phylogenetics of Panicoideae (Poaceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. Telopea, 13(1–2), 115–142.
850:, as it was first described from specimens found in this area, although some sources cite India. It is now pantropical in distribution, being found across the Old World tropics from
1187:
Bolfrey-Arku, G. E.-K., Chauhan, B. S., & Johnson, D. E. (2011). Seed Germination Ecology of Itchgrass ( Rottboellia cochinchinensis ) . Weed Science, 59(2), 182–187.
982:
has been well supported. Skendzic et al. (2007) also has Hackelochloa, Hemarthria and Elionurus as sister genera within Rottboelliinea sensu Clayton and Renvoize (1986)
533:
The sterile, pedicelled spikelet in each pair is well developed at about 3-5mm long and is egg-shaped and dorsally flattened. The spikelet is enclosed by bracts called
1337:
Spaunhorst, D. J., & Orgeron, A. J. (2019). Dry Heat and Exposure Time Influence Divine Nightshade and Itchgrass Seed Emergence. Agronomy Journal, 111(5), 2226.
1783:
970:
methodologies have experienced difficulties in resolving evolutionary relationships within the tribe, and have pointed to rapid basal radiation and/or frequent
1936:
1835:
963:. Clayton and Renvoize also recognised a subtribe Rottboelliinae which included the genera Coelorachis, Hackelochloa, Hemarthria and Elionurus, amongst others
1081:
Lencse, R. J., & Griffin, J. L. (1991). Itchgrass ( Rottboellia cochinchinensis ) Interference in Sugarcane ( Saccharum sp .) Weed Science. 5(2), 396–399.
1252:
Millhollon, R. W., & Burner, D. M. (1993). Itchgrass ( Rottboellia cochinchinensis ) Biotypes in World Populations. Weed Science, 41(3), 379–387.
2049:
1695:
2088:
2062:
1809:
1734:
1204:
Cope, T. A. (2002). Rottboellia L.f. In G. V. Pope & E. S. Martins (Eds.), Flora Zambesiaca (pp. 174–176). London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
966:
More recent evaluations of the Andropogoneae. have found evolutionary relationships between the constituent genera more difficult to tease out.
1910:
1101:
Hafliger, E., & Scholz, H. (1980). Grass weeds I. Weeds of the subfamily Panicoideae. Grass Weeds I. Weeds of the Subfamily Panicoideae.
846:
is somewhat unclear as the species seems to have been very successful at growing its range. Most sources assume the species is native to
1393:
BioNet Atlas of NSW Wildlife:SRXLI0013904 | Occurrence record | Atlas of Living Australia. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2019, from
1708:
1381:
Plants of the World Online | Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton | Kew Science. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2019, from
1424:
Clayton, W. D., & Renvoize, S. A. (1986). Genera graminum. Grasses of the World. Genera Graminum. Grasses of the World., 13.
2075:
1770:
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Holm, L. G., Plucknett, D. L., Pancho, J. V., & Herberger, J. P. (1977). The world’s worst weeds. The World’s Worst Weeds.
1542:
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and recent research is aiming to better understand seedling emergence patterns in order to inform control regimes. They are
32:
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Kellogg, E. A., & Kubitzki, K. (2015). Flowering plants. Monocots: Poaceae. In Flowering Plants. Monocots: Poaceae.
1003:
561:
the pericarp becomes free with time. The caryopsis is 3.5mm in length with the embryo around half the total length. The
2023:
1796:
1594:
1581:
1146:
1311:
Simon, B. K. 1982. (667) Proposal to conserve the species name Rottboellia exaltata L. f. (Poaceae). Taxon 31:564-565
45:
2101:
1923:
1840:
592:
596:
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1928:
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GBIF Secretariat (2019) Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset
1674:
1682:
971:
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cells having either 20, 36, 40 or 60 chromosomes, so either x=10 or sometimes x=9 are common basic numbers.
223:
1687:
1661:
1609:
2155:
1656:
1504:
525:. The rachides are strongly inflated at around 2–3.5mm wide and 5-7mm between each node and bear pairs of
1599:
1232:
Veldkamp, Koning, & Sosef. (1986). Generic Limitation of Rottboellia and Related Genera. 31, 281–307.
2067:
1739:
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Veldkamp, Koning & Sosef. (1986). Generic Limitation of Rottboellia and Related Genera. 31, 281–307.
789:
383:
172:
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1863:
1630:
1169:
Clayton, W. D. (1980). Notes on the Tribe Andropogoneae ( Gramineae ) Kew Bulletin, 35(4), 813–818.
615:
1827:
2127:
1972:
1915:
1669:
923:
855:
684:
657:
198:
40:
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Clifford, H.T. & Bostock, P.B. (2007) Etymological Dictionary of Grasses. Springer, Germany.
1788:
2036:
1884:
1617:
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with high sunlight, generally in the tropics and between the northern and southern 20 °C
572:
1964:
1218:
Beentje, H. (2016). Plant Glossary: an illustrated dictionary of plant terms. Kew Publishing
935:
819:
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as such a serious weed, suggesting that certain biotypes of the species are more vigorously
676:
465:
1889:
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802:, and also able to grow rapidly under high light exposure. The species is usually found at
1871:
907:
883:
871:
847:
807:
703:
500:
435:
83:
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Loureiro, J. de (1790). Flora Cochinchinensis, v. 1. In Flora cochinchinensis (Vol. 1).
995:
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70:
1941:
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911:
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96:
1281:
Linnaeus, C. (1781). Supplementum Plantarum Part 2. Supplementum Plantarum, 126–127.
1149:, Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora.
2132:
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1977:
1622:
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and has also been introduced to the Americas where it is often considered to be an
2028:
1726:
1713:
1586:
943:
fall together with the internode at maturity. From this classification, the genus
2015:
2004:
1573:
1527:
675:. Carbon fixation by this pathway allows plants to avoid the wasteful process of
450:
comes from the bristly (hispid) leaf-sheath which can be irritating to the skin.
1822:
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https://biocache.ala.org.au/occurrences/613cf229-2a51-44b0-8106-8c39c83fbe95
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crops across the tropics. Globally there are least 18 crop species where
2114:
1998:
1949:
1521:
691:
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608:
550:
546:
526:
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to denote the specimen he described being from Cochinchina, now part of
2054:
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1700:
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within the clade as possible causes. However, the merger of the genera
931:
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297:
263:
119:
1498:
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in high light intensity, high heat and low humidity conditions over
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https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:909653-1
2080:
1775:
1648:
1116:
1063:
781:
740:
725:
637:. Due to a mistake by Linnaeus the Younger and the strict laws of
473:
356:
332:
189:
57:
886:. In addition, it has been widely introduced across the tropical
1635:
1333:
1331:
891:
521:
apex, where the raceme is divided by fragile nodes between each
477:
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312:
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and as such confers a competitive advantage to species such as
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1265:
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1097:
1095:
1093:
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was thought to have evolved from a common ancestor with the
504:
as the blade at the collar and have a truncated, membranous
1077:
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1181:
1179:
1177:
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1224:
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family, the fertile spikelets contain florets with two
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1317:
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1988:
1511:
1057:
1055:
1045:
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1041:
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806:up to 2300m, with low temperatures often being the
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
645:combination had to be controversially discarded.
1289:
1287:
1214:
1212:
1210:
690:The species can be found in a diverse array of
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
446:composed of paired spikelets. The common name
8:
1377:
1375:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1111:
1109:
1107:
629:as a new combination for the species named
591:was named in honour of the Danish botanist
1499:
1339:https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2019.02.0072
714:is considered an important weed including
31:
20:
1271:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15332-2
1254:https://doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500052085
822:patterns are unclear and vary across the
1189:https://doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-10-00095.1
1151:http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html
1015:
882:, with one georeferenced record from
363:Stegosia cochinchinensis var. robusta
7:
1864:32d894b8-a9b9-4378-99d2-9a2f7ee63914
1120:https://www.gbif.org/species/2704075
664:and as such is mostly found in warm
702:, as well as being a major weed of
472:of a wide range of crops including
1408:https://www.jstor.org/stable/40891
14:
1481:https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12262
1465:https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12150
898:but rapidly spreading across the
607:traces its etymology back to the
319:Rottboellia exaltata var. robusta
2107:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:423021-1
1929:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:909653-1
44:
1117:https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei
1064:https://doi.org/10.2307/2404884
1:
990:Archaeological evidence of a
1004:Democratic Republic of Congo
842:The natural distribution of
541:As with most members of the
1675:Rottboellia cochinchinensis
1543:Rottboellia cochinchinensis
1513:Rottboellia cochinchinensis
992:Rottboellia cochinchinensis
928:Rottboellia cochinchinensis
796:Rottboellia cochinchinensis
784:do not seem to suffer from
780:). Asian countries such as
654:Rottboellia cochinchinensis
627:Rottboellia cochinchinensis
599:in 1781 in the publication
569:Rottboellia cochinchinensis
497:Rottboellia cochinchinensis
454:Rottboellia cochinchinensis
396:Rottboellia cochinchinensis
370:) M.R.Almeida & S.Yadav
182:Rottboellia cochinchinensis
25:Rottboellia cochinchinensis
2172:
959:forming a sister clade to
625:Clayton proposed the name
571:has been found to vary in
403:known by the common names
934:). The tribe was defined
597:Carl Linnaeus the Younger
204:
197:
178:
171:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1990:Stegosia cochinchinensis
924:taxonomic classification
918:Taxonomy and systematics
810:above this, and favours
792:with crops than others.
612:Stegosia cochinchinensis
353:Stegosia cochinchinensis
601:Supplementum Plantarum.
593:Christen Friis Rottbøll
270:Rottboellia arundinacea
260:Ophiuros appendiculatus
164:R. cochinchinensis
986:Additional information
456:is native to tropical
434:It is a tall, tufted
284:Rottboellia corymbosa
906:and across tropical
890:, possibly first to
633:, now as synonym of
631:Rottboellia exaltata
614:, which was used by
603:The species epithet
304:Rottboellia exaltata
294:Rottboellia denudata
220:Aegilops fluviatilis
828:R. cochinchinensis,
649:Habitat and ecology
438:grass whose stems (
329:Rottboellia hispida
994:caryopsis from an
941:R. cochinchinensis
856:Sub-Saharan Africa
844:R. cochinchinensis
786:R. cochinchinensis
712:R. cochinchinensis
681:R. cochinchinensis
658:C4 carbon fixation
641:, the widely used
635:R. cochinchinensis
559:R. cochinchinensis
343:Rottboellia setosa
230:Manisuris exaltata
2143:
2142:
1885:Open Tree of Life
1505:Taxon identifiers
1410:. 42(6), 697–703.
573:chromosome number
468:. It is a major
420:Guinea-fowl grass
392:
391:
386:
375:Stegosia exaltata
371:
359:
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325:
315:
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245:Ophiuros exaltata
241:
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208:Aegilops exaltata
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826:distribution of
820:Seed germination
677:photorespiration
616:João de Loureiro
466:invasive species
399:is a species of
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16:Species of grass
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1572:
1570:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1507:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1428:
1423:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1259:
1251:
1236:
1231:
1222:
1217:
1208:
1203:
1194:
1186:
1173:
1168:
1157:
1145:Clayton, W.D.,
1144:
1125:
1114:
1105:
1100:
1085:
1080:
1069:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1017:
1012:
988:
936:morphologically
920:
884:New South Wales
872:Solomon Islands
848:South-East Asia
840:
808:limiting factor
651:
605:cochinchinensis
595:(1727–1797) by
585:
494:
193:
186:
180:
167:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2133:wfo-0000901588
2124:
2111:
2098:
2085:
2072:
2059:
2046:
2033:
2020:
2010:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:wfo-0000896247
1969:
1959:
1946:
1933:
1920:
1907:
1894:
1881:
1868:
1858:
1845:
1832:
1819:
1806:
1793:
1780:
1767:
1757:
1744:
1731:
1718:
1705:
1692:
1679:
1666:
1653:
1640:
1627:
1614:
1604:
1591:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1533:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1468:
1452:
1443:
1426:
1412:
1398:
1386:
1371:
1361:
1352:
1342:
1327:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1283:
1274:
1257:
1234:
1220:
1206:
1192:
1171:
1155:
1123:
1103:
1083:
1067:
1051:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1008:
996:Early Iron Age
987:
984:
919:
916:
839:
836:
800:shade tolerant
798:is relatively
662:photosynthesis
650:
647:
584:
581:
557:, although in
518:R. cochinensis
509:upper limits.
493:
490:
390:
389:
388:
387:
372:
360:
350:
340:
326:
316:
301:
291:
281:
267:
257:
242:
227:
217:
202:
201:
195:
194:
187:
176:
175:
169:
168:
161:
159:
155:
154:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
100:
99:
94:
87:
86:
81:
74:
73:
68:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2168:
2157:
2156:Andropogoneae
2154:
2153:
2151:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:Lulonga River
997:
993:
985:
983:
981:
977:
973:
972:hybridisation
969:
964:
962:
958:
955:genera, with
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
917:
915:
913:
912:South America
909:
905:
904:United States
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:southern Asia
849:
845:
837:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:
773:
769:
768:
763:
762:
757:
753:
752:
747:
743:
742:
737:
733:
732:
727:
723:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:marginal land
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
536:
531:
528:
524:
519:
515:
510:
507:
502:
498:
491:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:jointed grass
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:
402:
398:
397:
385:
381:
376:
373:
369:
364:
361:
358:
354:
351:
348:
344:
341:
338:
334:
330:
327:
324:
320:
317:
314:
310:
305:
302:
299:
295:
292:
289:
285:
282:
279:
275:
271:
268:
265:
261:
258:
255:
251:
246:
243:
240:
236:
231:
228:
225:
221:
218:
214:
209:
206:
205:
203:
200:
196:
191:
185:
183:
177:
174:
173:Binomial name
170:
166:
165:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:Tracheophytes
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1989:
1512:
1487:
1446:
1401:
1389:
1364:
1355:
1345:
1307:
1298:
1277:
998:site on the
991:
989:
979:
975:
968:Phylogenetic
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
927:
921:
843:
841:
838:Distribution
827:
816:
812:acidic soils
795:
794:
785:
775:
765:
759:
749:
739:
729:
719:
711:
689:
680:
653:
652:
642:
639:nomenclature
634:
630:
626:
624:
611:
604:
600:
588:
586:
568:
567:
558:
540:
532:
517:
511:
496:
495:
453:
452:
447:
432:Kelly grass.
431:
428:Shamwa grass
427:
423:
419:
416:Kokoma grass
415:
411:
407:
404:
395:
394:
393:
374:
362:
352:
342:
328:
318:
303:
293:
283:
269:
259:
244:
229:
219:
207:
181:
179:
163:
162:
150:
103:
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
1823:NatureServe
1748:iNaturalist
1537:Wikispecies
980:Coelorachis
976:Rottboellia
957:Rottboellia
953:Coelorachis
945:Rottboellia
902:, southern
824:pantropical
790:competitive
736:upland rice
643:R. exaltata
589:Rottboellia
492:Description
408:Raoul grass
151:Rottboellia
140:Panicoideae
136:Subfamily:
110:Commelinids
84:Angiosperms
1903:kew-439578
1898:Plant List
1607:Calflora:
1010:References
949:Phacelurus
880:Queensland
878:as far as
868:New Guinea
860:Madagascar
694:including
587:The genus
486:sugar cane
405:Itchgrass,
2005:Q95983111
1722:GrassBase
1688:242414244
1662:242414244
1528:Q15057501
900:Caribbean
876:Australia
864:Indonesia
832:dispersed
804:altitudes
751:Gossypium
721:Saccharum
716:sugarcane
704:perennial
696:grassland
673:isotherms
583:Etymology
555:caryopsis
553:called a
547:lodicules
527:spikelets
448:Itchgrass
412:corngrass
192:) Clayton
158:Species:
54:Kingdom:
2150:Category
2120:25517177
2115:Tropicos
2081:423021-1
1999:Wikidata
1955:25521195
1950:Tropicos
1828:2.161320
1789:10696588
1776:909653-1
1727:imp08931
1522:Wikidata
1492:479–512.
1369:177–180.
1350:623–630.
888:Americas
870:and the
708:rotation
692:habitats
687:plants.
669:climates
666:tropical
609:basionym
551:pericarp
199:Synonyms
126:Family:
97:Monocots
2055:4146231
1965:4962486
1849:NTFlora
1701:2704075
1636:1115533
1002:in the
932:Poaceae
908:Central
777:Arachis
772:peanuts
767:Sorghum
761:Glycine
660:during
620:Vietnam
577:diploid
575:, with
543:Poaceae
514:racemes
482:sorghum
444:racemes
368:Hook.f.
347:J.Presl
337:Hook.f.
323:Hook.f.
278:A.Rich.
274:Hochst.
146:Genus:
130:Poaceae
116:Order:
58:Plantae
2094:795388
2068:310371
2029:209357
2013:APDB:
1962:uBio:
1942:1288-1
1911:PLANTS
1877:199566
1861:NZOR:
1841:300125
1815:504836
1753:168001
1740:310370
1600:272279
1587:116962
1571:APDB:
1551:AoFP:
896:Brazil
874:, and
746:cotton
535:glumes
523:rachis
506:ligule
501:annual
499:is an
462:Africa
436:annual
380:Kuntze
298:Steud.
264:Steud.
254:Kuntze
239:Kuntze
224:Blanco
120:Poales
2042:4ZP9D
2016:54651
1937:SANBI
1916:ROCO6
1890:30534
1802:47782
1784:IRMNG
1760:IPA:
1670:FoAO2
1649:ROOEX
1623:4TGKN
1610:10317
1574:52482
1561:APA:
782:India
741:Oryza
726:maize
656:uses
563:hilum
474:maize
440:culms
401:grass
357:Lour.
333:Roxb.
190:Lour.
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
2102:POWO
2089:ITIS
2076:IPNI
2063:GRIN
2050:GBIF
2024:APNI
1924:POWO
1854:4740
1836:NCBI
1810:ITIS
1771:IPNI
1763:4568
1735:GRIN
1709:GISD
1696:GBIF
1644:EPPO
1595:BOLD
1582:APNI
1564:5011
1554:1922
1441:23).
978:and
951:and
922:The
910:and
892:Cuba
862:and
770:and
764:),
706:and
698:and
512:The
484:and
478:rice
470:weed
460:and
458:Asia
430:and
384:Nash
313:L.f.
288:L.f.
2128:WFO
2037:CoL
1973:WFO
1797:ISC
1714:772
1683:FoC
1657:FNA
1631:EoL
1618:CoL
961:Zea
926:of
894:or
866:to
756:soy
754:),
744:),
734:),
731:Zea
724:),
516:of
335:ex
276:ex
2152::
2130::
2117::
2104::
2091::
2078::
2065::
2052::
2039::
2026::
2001::
1975::
1952::
1939::
1926::
1913::
1900::
1887::
1874::
1851::
1838::
1825::
1812::
1799::
1786::
1773::
1750::
1737::
1724::
1711::
1698::
1685::
1672::
1659::
1646::
1633::
1620::
1597::
1584::
1539::
1524::
1471:^
1455:^
1429:^
1415:^
1374:^
1330:^
1316:^
1286:^
1260:^
1237:^
1223:^
1209:^
1195:^
1174:^
1158:^
1153:.
1126:^
1106:^
1086:^
1070:^
1054:^
1018:^
858:,
854:,
814:.
685:C3
622:.
488:.
480:,
476:,
426:,
422:,
418:,
414:,
410:,
382:)
311:)
309:L.
252:)
250:L.
237:)
235:L.
215:)
213:L.
106::
93::
80::
67::
774:(
758:(
748:(
738:(
728:(
718:(
378:(
366:(
307:(
248:(
233:(
211:(
188:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
