273:, (the 99 comes from the British emergency services telephone number which is 999). The tour was marred by on-pitch violence, which the match officials did not adequately control and the relative absence of cameras compared to the modern game made citing and punishment after the fact unlikely. The Lions' captain, Willie John McBride (Ireland), therefore instigated a policy of "one in, all in" - that is, when one Lions player retaliated, all other Lions were expected to join in the melee or hit the nearest Springbok. By doing so, the referee would be unable to identify any single instigator, and so would be left with the choice of sending off all or none of the team. In this respect, the "99" call was extremely successful - no Lions player was sent off during the tour.
303:"Advantage" is the period of time after an infringement in which the non-offending side have the opportunity to gain sufficient territory or tactical opportunity to negate the need to stop the game due to the infringement. The referee will signal advantage with his arm out horizontally toward the non-infringing team. If no tactical or territorial advantage is gained, the referee will whistle and give the decision that had been delayed. If sufficient advantage is gained, the referee will call "advantage over", and play will continue. The Advantage Law allows the game to flow more freely, and not stop for every minor infringement, giving no incentive for a player to commit "intentional" fouls.
2577:
805:
in the attacking winger's hands near the line of touch. This player would then find themselves surrounded on one side by a defending outside centre, with the opposing winger opposite and the touchline on his other side. This will prevent a cut-back and allows the
Touchline to act as a 16th player. Its disadvantage is that if the attacking team are strong enough to break through the pocket tackle the defending team will have no players spare to cover a breakout.
2416:
2193:
3465:
1676:
he/she catches the ball. The referee then awards that player a free kick which must be taken by that specific player. (If, for whatever reason, that player cannot take the kick, a scrum is awarded instead.) If the player is simply a poor kicker he/she is likely to take a 'Tap Kick' and immediately pass the ball to the fly-half or full back who will generally deliver a clearance kick.
2471:
is able to dive at the other player's feet and, with outstretched arm, deliver a tap or hook to the player's foot (or feet) causing the player to stumble. At speed, this will often be sufficient to bring the ball-carrier down, allowing a teammate of the tackling player to retrieve the ball or provide sufficient delay for the defending team to organise a defence.
3475:
2545:
1363:(or head-high tackle) is a form of tackle where the tackler grasps the ball carrier above the line of the shoulders (most commonly around the neck or at the line of the chin and jaw). Executed violently or at speed, a high tackle is potentially dangerous, so are often not just sanctioned with a penalty, but also a yellow or red card.
1349:) is the action by the ball carrier of repelling a tackler using his arm. For the action to be legal, the ball carrier's arm must be straight before contact is made; a shove or "straight-arm smash", where the arm is extended immediately before contact or on contact, is illegal and classed as dangerous play.
2513:. A tight head prop traditionally wears the number 3 shirt. He is named the tight head since in the scrum he will have an opposition player bind to both his left- and right-hand sides, meaning his head is unexposed to the side of the scrum, as opposed to the loose head, whose left-hand side is exposed.
2693:
If a maul stops moving forward the referee will often shout "use it or lose it" to the team in possession of the ball. This means they must pass the ball within a five-second time period. If they do not, the referee will call a scrum and the team not in possession at the beginning of the maul will be
2258:
A person who is delegated with the task of choosing players for a team. Typically the term is used in the context of team selection for a national, county, state or provincial representative side, where the selector, or "selection panel", act under the authority of the relevant national or provincial
702:
If a team scores a try, they have an opportunity to "convert" it for two further points by kicking the ball through the goal - that is, between the posts and above the crossbar. The kick is taken at any point on the field of play in line with the point that the ball was grounded for the try, parallel
2486:
In the normal Law of
Offside in open play, it is possible for an offside player to be put onside by actions of the opposing team. This ability to be put onside by a member of the opposing team does not apply if the offside player was within 10 metres along the field of a defending player waiting to
1697:
The offside line becomes the last foot of the last man on each side of the maul. Players can join in only from behind that teammate. Anyone who comes in from the sides will be penalised by the referee. Hands are allowed to be used in the maul. If either team deliberately collapses the maul then that
1217:
Two solid, straight white lines (one at each end) stretching across the entire width of the pitch passing directly through the goal posts which defines the boundary between the "field of play" and the "in-goal". As the goal line is defined as part of the "in-goal", attacking players can score tries
849:
An offensive ruse, where the ball carrier moves as if to pass the ball to a teammate, but then continues to run with the ball himself; the objective is to trick defenders into marking the would-be pass receiver, creating a gap for the ball carrier to run into. If it is successful, the player is said
2470:
Despite its name, a tap tackle is a not actually a tackle as the ball carrier is brought to ground by a form of trip, is not actually held on the ground and may attempt to get up and continue to run. A tap tackle is used when a defending player is unable to get close enough to the ball carrier but
2223:
The scrum is taken again if the ball comes straight out of the tunnel or if it collapses. If the scrum wheels (rotates) due to pushing more than 90 degrees the scrum is reformed and awarded to the other side. Pulling in an attempt to unbalance the other side or to assist in rotating the scrum is a
2166:
A ruck is formed when the ball is on the ground and two opposing players meet over the ball. The offside line becomes the last foot of the last man on each side of the ruck and players compete for the ball by attempting to drive one another from the area and to 'ruck' the ball backwards with their
2006:
at goal from where the infringement occurred (or, if the offence occurred when a player was in the process of kicking the ball, the non-offending team can opt to take the kick from where the ball landed which may be more advantageous). This is called a penalty kick. If successful, it is worth three
1872:
Previously offside players may be "put onside" by the actions of other players (for example, in a kick ahead in open play, players in the kicker's team in front of the kick are offside but can be put onside by the kicker or any other team member who was onside at the time of the kick running up the
1746:
The mulligrubber kick is a style of kicking. A mulligrubber is directed towards the ground and forced to bounce. Often used in situations where either the ball needs to be placed in a specific position (i.e. on the try line) or to intentionally stop the opponent from being able to catch the ball on
975:
Also known as breakaways or wing forwards. They are the players wearing shirts numbers 6 & 7. They are the players with the fewest set responsibilities. The player should have all round attributes: speed, strength, fitness, tackling and handling skills. Flankers are always involved in the game,
881:
technique. The tackler wraps his arms around the ball carrier's thighs and lifts him a short distance in the air before forcibly driving him to the ground. The tackler must go to ground with the ball carrier for the tackle to be legal. This technique is useful to completely stop the opponent in his
804:
The drift defence is a defensive technique that forces the attacking side into an ever-shrinking pocket near to the touchline. It operates by the defensive side moving forward and diagonally following the path of the attacking side's ball movements. If used successfully the ball will usually end up
362:
is a form of tackle. It is used when the player carrying the ball is running at speed and a defending player is approaching from behind. Even if the defender is not able to get close enough to the ball-carrier to wrap his arms around him in a conventional tackle, he may still be able to dive at the
2792:
In
International matches, a yellow card is shown to a player who has been cautioned to indicate "temporary suspension" for repeated or deliberate infringements of the rules. The offending player is sent to the “sin bin” for at least 10 minutes while his team must play a man short. A player who is
2240:(especially in New Zealand), they are the players traditionally wearing shirt number 9. Scrum halves form the all-important link between the forwards and the backs. They are relatively small but with a high degree of vision, the ability to react to situations very quickly, and good handling skills.
1675:
Marks can also be defined by a defending player who executes a clean catch (catches the ball before it bounces or touches another player) of a ball kicked by an attacking player if the defender is standing within his/her own 22-metre zone or in-goal. To "call a mark", the player shouts "Mark!" as
1375:
Hookers traditionally wear the number 2 shirt. The hooker is the player who is in the centre position of the front row of the scrum and who uses his/her feet to 'hook' the ball back. Due to the pressure put on the body by the scrum and the requirement to use both arms to bind to other players (and
948:
Fending is the action by the ball carrier of repelling a tackler using his arm. For the action to be legal, the ball carrier's arm must be straight before contact is made; a shove or "straight-arm smash", where the arm is extended immediately before contact or on contact, is illegal and classed as
786:
A kick which goes from one side of the field to the other and is kicked very high, usually resulting in an aerial battle between an attacker and defender to catch it. This is usually used near the defending team's try-line, often with the catch happening in the in-goal area itself. Most often used
507:
The idea of this technique is to prevent the attacking team gaining any ground by tackling them behind the gain line and forcing interceptions and charged down kicks. However, the defending team can be vulnerable to chip kicks and any player breaking the defensive line will have much space to play
2245:
They are often the first tackler in defence and are behind every scrum, maul or ruck to get the ball out and maintain movement. They put the ball into the scrum and collect it afterwards. Scrum halves generally also act as "receiver" in the line-out to catch the ball knocked down by the forwards.
2023:
awarded if the referee believes a team illegally prevented a try from probably being scored. As of 2018, penalty tries score an immediate seven points, with no conversion having to be taken. Generally a penalty try is awarded when the try-preventing offence cannot be easily attributed to a single
1669:
A mark is the place where the game will restart after a stoppage, such as where a scrum-offence or penalty offence occurred, or on the touchline where the ball went out of play (or where the ball was kicked in the case of ball-back). Marks are generally defined by the referee, or the touch judge
1235:
but now performed by many players, is a running technique where the player slows down and takes a small 'hop' into the air before sprinting off - sometimes in a different direction - upon landing. Its purpose is to confuse the defender, who is often unable to predict the sudden change of pace and
1798:
They are the players wearing shirts number 8. It is the only position that is known only by the shirt number. Number eights must have a good tactical awareness in order to coordinate scrums and ruck moves with the scrum-half. If the ball is at his feet at the back of a scrum, ruck or maul, it is
1767:
In the days prior to professionalism in rugby union, players would often convert to rugby league — which was a paid sport — thereby becoming ineligible to play rugby union again. In Wales and (to a lesser extent) England, the term "to go north" referred to this change of code, an allusion to the
1397:
Any pass that is made which has the inevitable, unavoidable consequence of the receiver being tackled. This is because the receiver has already been marked and the opposing player is bearing down on the receiver so rapidly that, as soon as the ball is caught, the opposing player smashes into the
2115:
In
International matches, red cards are shown by the referee to players who have been ordered off the pitch, which results in the player being removed from the game without being replaced. This usually occurs when a player is guilty of serious foul play, or violent conduct or for committing two
2099:
They are the players wearing shirts number 1 & 3. The role of both the props is to support the hooker in the scrum and to provide support for the jumpers in the line-out. The props provide the main power in the push forward in the scrum. For this reason they need to be exceptionally big and
1519:
A late tackle is a tackle executed on a player who has already passed or kicked away the ball. As it is illegal to tackle a player who does not have the ball, late tackles are penalty offences (referees allow a short margin of error where the tackler was already committed to the tackle) and if
1012:
in New
Zealand, this player wears shirt number 10. They are the back-line player most likely to be passed the ball from the scrum-half or half-back, and therefore make many key tactical decisions during a game. Often this player is also the goal kicker as the position requires excellent kicking
2571:
A colloquial term for an accidental obstruction. "Truck and trailer" occurs when a player carrying the ball leaves a maul, along with one or more of his teammates. Once the ball carrier leaves the maul, the maul is over, and if the ball carrier's teammates are in front of the ball carrier and
2709:
Also called TMO (Television Match
Official). This is the official who monitors the match in television recorded matches. He is the person who could be called upon by the referee if he is unaware of the outcome of a rugby situation. A good example is a try that is obscured from view i.e. under
1100:
They are the player wearing jersey number 15. They act as the last line of defence against running attacks by the opposing three-quarter backs. The full-back is expected to field high kicks from the opposition, and reply with a superior kick or a counter-attack. The full back is sometimes the
575:
This is a kick taken from behind a scrum, normally by the scrum-half, in which he turns away from the scrum facing the touchline, and kicks the ball back over the scrum into the clear "box" of space behind the opposition to allow his own team to chase through and regain the ball in undefended
1961:
A pass is to transfer a ball to a teammate by throwing it. Passes in rugby must not travel forwards. There are different varieties of pass, including the flat, direct spin pass; the short, close-quarters pop pass; and the floated pass - a long pass which an advancing player can run onto at
1289:
It is a type of kick that makes the ball roll and tumble across the ground, producing irregular bounces making it hard for the defending team to pick up the ball without causing a knock-on. It gives the ball both high and low bounce and on occasions, the ball can sit up in a perfect catching
616:
Typically during a penalty kick or free kick, the attacking players form a line behind their kicker. When signaled, they charge forward. The kicker then tap-kicks the ball and passes to one of the players behind. This move is explicitly forbidden under 10.4(p) and the penalty is a penalty
1651:
As the loose head has considerable potential freedom of movement compared to other front row players, the loose head can attempt to play various illegal techniques to divert the push of the opposing pack and is often able to illegally interfere with the ball in the scrum using his free
404:
If the kicking player is inside his own 22m line when he receives and then kicks the ball. If the player receives the ball outside the 22 then retreats back into the 22 and kicks into touch on the full it is a lineout at the nearest point on the touchline from where the ball was
591:. Most referees will call "ruck" or "hands away" as soon as the ruck is formed. Most infringements take place at the breakdown, owing to the greater variety of possible offences at a breakdown, for example handling in the ruck, killing the ball, offside at the ruck, and so on.
2539:
Touch is the area outside and including the two touch-lines which define the sides of the playing area. As the touch-lines are not part of the playing area they are part of touch. The ball, and players carrying the ball, are not considered to be in touch until they touch the
2177:
Handling the ball while it is in the vicinity of a ruck is a penalty offence. (Though modern practice allows a player on the ground to support the ball with his/her hands and for the player who is acting as scrum half to 'dig' for the ball once possession has been
1935:
Situation where there are more attacking players (typically backs) on one side of the field than there are defending players. An overlap can be used to manufacture a try by forcing the defenders into tackles and offloading to teammates until the defenders have run
1698:
side will be penalised by the referee. (Note that from August 1, 2008, the IRB is conducting a global trial of a modification of this Law which will allow players to deliberately collapse a maul providing the collapse is achieved by pulling from above the waist.)
2208:
The eight forwards from each team bind together and push against each other. The scrum-half from the team that has been awarded possession feeds the ball into the centre of the scrum from the side most advantageous for his hooker (which is typically the side of
2121:
Red cards are also commonly used in non-international matches in precisely the same manner as in
International matches but there is no regulation requiring their use. (i.e. in a domestic match, a referee may dismiss a player without actually displaying a red
438:
A mark in the centre of the crossbar connecting the goal posts, usually black in colour, used as an aid to kickers with their aiming. A player scoring a try in the centre of the goal line, that is beneath the posts, can be said to have scored "under the black
1550:
A minimum of two players line up parallel with each other one metre apart between the five-metre and 15-metre lines. Usually, the hooker of the team in possession throws the ball in while his opposite number stand in between the touchline and the five-metre
2596:
in the in-goal area between (and including) the goal-line and up to but not including dead ball line of the opposition's half. (As the goal posts and post protectors are also part of the goal-line, touching the ball down against the base of these is also a
2405:
The
Stellenbosch Laws were a set of experimental laws of rugby union considered by World Rugby, then known as the International Rugby Board (IRB), from 2006 to 2008. The trials ended in late 2008, with the IRB choosing to adopt roughly half of the proposed
1974:
Penalties are awarded for serious infringements like dangerous play, offside and handling the ball on the ground in a ruck. Penalties are signalled by the referee with a straight arm raised in the air. Players can also receive red and yellow cards, as in
2560:
The touch judge is an official who monitors the touch-line and raises a flag if the ball (or player carrying it) goes into touch. Touch judges also stand behind the posts to confirm that a goal has been scored following a penalty kick or conversion of a
2670:
Scrum in which, due to absence of key specialist forwards through injuries or yellow cards, the safety of the scrum cannot be guaranteed. In an uncontested scrum, the players form a scrum but the two teams do not push against each other or compete for
1847:
In open play, only the ball carrier's team (or the team that last carried or deliberately touched the ball) is bound by offside - the offside line for them is the ball. (Note every player who passes the ball backwards is offside and must attempt to
542:
Bonus points are a method of deciding table points from a rugby union match. It was implemented in order to encourage attacking play throughout a match, to discourage repetitive goal-kicking, and to reward teams for "coming close" in losing efforts.
2034:
A phase is the time a ball is in play between breakdowns. For example, first phase would be winning the ball at the lineout and passing to a centre who is tackled. Second phase would be winning the ball back from the ensuing breakdown and attacking
586:
The breakdown is a colloquial term for the short period of open play immediately after a tackle and before and during the ensuing ruck. During this time teams compete for possession of the ball, initially with their hands and then using feet in the
931:
When a scrum offence is committed within 5 m of either try line, or in the in-goal area, the referee will award a scrum on the five metre line; this is to prevent all but the most brutal packs from driving the ball over the try line within the
2725:
A scrum that has rotated through 90 degrees or more is said to have "wheeled". The referee will order the scrum to be reset, with the ball being turned over if the attacking team is deemed to have been deliberately or repeatedly wheeling the
2572:
prevent defending players from making a tackle, the defending team will be awarded a scrum. If the incident of truck and trailer is judged to be deliberate or the latest in a series of similar infringements, a penalty may be awarded instead.
822:
The team awarded a free kick cannot score a dropped goal until the ball next becomes dead, or until an opponent has played or touched it, or has tackled the ball carrier. This restriction applies also to a scrum taken instead of a free
1681:
Marks can be called when the ball is cleanly caught following a kick by the opposition for any type of kick except a kick off or restart after a score. It is legal, though very unusual, to call a mark from a clean catch of a penalty
2798:
In domestic matches, yellow cards are commonly used in exactly the same manner as in
International matches but this is not required by regulation so a referee may order the temporary suspension of a player without showing a yellow
1440:
from the centre-point of the halfway line. The kick must cross the opposition's 10-metre line, unless played by a member of the receiving team. The opposition are not allowed to encroach beyond the 10-metre line until the ball is
1202:
from there. In the modern game, a goal cannot be scored from a free kick, but in the past the reward for scoring a "goal from mark" (which is a difficult kick to play) was three or four points. Occasionally referred to as a field
1485:
with the put-in to the opposition. If the ball is intentionally knocked forward it is deemed a deliberate knock-on; the opposition is rewarded with a penalty and the offending player is given a yellow card and sent to the sin
2630:
When a team concedes possession of the ball, particularly at the breakdown, they are said to have turned the ball over to the other team. This can happen due to defending players stealing the ball from an isolated attacker,
2776:
The players wearing shirts numbers 11 and 14 are the left and right wingers. Wingers must be fast runners and agile in order to evade tackles and have excellent ball-handling skills in order to pass and receive the ball at
2649:
A drop kick is taken from behind the 22m line if a team touches down in its own in-goal area but did not carry the ball over the try line, or if the ball is kicked over the dead ball line from any other play other than the
1079:. This is a lesser form of the penalty, usually awarded to a team for a technical offence committed by the opposing side such as numbers at the line-out or time wasting at a scrum. A free kick is also awarded for calling a
860:
Another offensive tactic; a player on the attacking team runs towards the opposition as if running onto a pass, only for the ball to be passed to another player, carried on by the ball carrier or kicked forwards. As with a
730:
If a team (usually the team that took the ball into contact) has secured the ball at a ruck, and the other team manage to force them off the ball and secure possession themselves, the defending team are said to have
1561:
The ball must be thrown in straight down the middle of the lineout and the hooker must not cross into the field of play while throwing in. If the throw is not straight then the throw is given to the opposition or a
1480:
Also called knock-forward. A knock-on occurs when the ball accidentally moves forward after coming into contact with the upper body of a player, and then touches either the ground or another player. It results in a
2382:
A spear tackle is a dangerous tackle in which a player is picked up by the tackler and turned so that they are upside down. The tackler then drops or drives the player into the ground often head, neck or shoulder
1841:
In a match, most players will be offside several times but they only become liable for penalty if they do not act to attempt to become onside (which generally means retreat downfield) or attempt to interfere with
553:
replaces the four-try bonus point with a point for a win in which the winning team scores at least 3 more tries than its opponent. In addition, the "losing" bonus point requires a margin of defeat of 5 or fewer
1857:
may occur (and be penalised) if the ball carrier accidentally collides with one of his own team's players while that player is attempting to retire behind the ball (or is otherwise in an offside position).
308:
An example of the application of advantage would be if Team A knocked the ball on (technical offence, conceding a scrum) but a Team B player picked the ball up and made a run forwards before being tackled.
2459:
In a tap kick, the player momentarily releases the ball from his hands and taps it with his foot or lower leg and then quickly catches it again. The player will then generally try to run forward with the
1030:
A forward pass occurs when the ball fails to travel backwards in a pass. If the ball is not thrown or passed forward but it bounces forward after hitting a player or the ground, it is not a throw-forward.
1446:
If the ball does not travel 10 metres, goes straight into touch, or goes over the dead ball line at the end of the pitch, the opposing team may accept the kick, have the ball kicked off again, or have a
1538:
Action by which the player with the ball gets through the opponent's defensive line without being tackled. If there is insufficient cover, or the player has support, line breaks can often lead to tries.
655:
Tackle in which the tackler tries to keep the ball carrier on his feet and push him backwards before taking him to the ground. This is harder to execute but gives the tackler's side a gain in territory.
1617:
Locks or second-row are the players wearing shirts number 4 & 5. Locks are very tall, athletic and have an excellent standing jump along with good strength. This makes them the primary targets at
1456:
After a score, the game is restarted from the same place under the same restrictions, with the conceding team drop-kicking the ball to the scoring team. However, in sevens, the scoring team kicks off.
2292:
Where players who are on the ground on the opposition side of the ruck do not move away quickly enough, players on their feet may be tempted to "help" them move by pushing them away with their boots.
645:
When a player makes a defensive clearance kick, but it hits an opponent who has run towards him in an attempt to block it, it is known as a charge-down. These can be good try-scoring opportunities.
743:
It is an attacking tactic where a player receives a pass at pace and runs directly at the opposition's defensive line. The crash ball runner attempts to commit two or more opposing players to the
2024:
individual, such as when a team repeatedly deliberately collapses a scrum near its own tryline. When the prevention of the try is due to an individual, a yellow card is a more common punishment.
2152:
A style of place-kicking in which the kicker, instead of facing directly toward the goal-posts, approaches the ball from an angle and swings his kicking leg in an arc. It was first credited to
1708:
Mauls can only exist in the field of play. Play that looks like a maul can exist within the in-goal but restrictions on entry to the maul and the need to bind on to a team member do not apply.
787:
when the kicker knows the referee is playing advantage and his team will get a penalty if the kick fails - this is because the kick itself is very risky and likely to result in an interception.
2454:
A tap kick is a type of kick used by players at penalties or free kicks to meet the regulation that requires the ball must be kicked a visible distance before a player may pass or run with it.
2388:
Spear tackles are particularly dangerous and have caused serious injury, including spinal damage, dislocations and broken bones in the shoulder or neck. On rare occasion, even death can occur.
3572:
1436:
A coin is tossed and the winning captain either chooses which direction his team shall play, or elects to take the kick that starts the game. Both halves of the match are started with a
817:
A drop goal is scored when a player kicks the ball from hand through the opposition's goal, but the ball must touch the ground between being dropped and kicked. It is worth three points.
2132:
This is a term most commonly used by coaches to describe the area of the pitch between the try line and around 22 metres out, in which it is most likely a try may be scored or conceded.
2183:
If the ball remains contested and does not come out of a ruck after about five seconds, the referee will award a scrum to the team he considers to have been moving forward in the ruck.
681:
Men's youth rugby players, generally with an upper age limit of 21 years, may be referred to as colts. In some instances the age limit may be as high as 23, but this is uncommon.
1088:
A team cannot kick for goal and the normal 22m rule applies for kicking for position from a free kick. A Free Kick is signalled by the referee with a bent arm raised in the air.
835:
A drop kick is when a player kicks the ball from hand and the ball touches the ground between being dropped and kicked. If a drop kick goes through a goal then it results in a
522:
or blood sub(stitution). A player who has a visible bleeding injury may be replaced for up to fifteen minutes (running time, not game time), during which he or she may receive
2481:
The Ten Metre Law is a form of offside which is designed to prevent injury to a defending player who attempts to catch a ball that has been kicked ahead by the attacking side.
2218:
The ball must be fed straight down the middle of the tunnel and the hookers must not contest for the ball until it is put in. If they do, a free-kick is awarded for "foot up".
346:
A non-player associated with a rugby game or club, especially a committee member or administrative official. May perform various off-field roles, particularly on a match day.
1736:
Situation where a back is one-on-one with a forward. This favours the attacking side, as often forwards are too slow to stop backs, and backs are too small to stop forwards.
1786:
is unfairly towards the team in possession, preventing any contest for the ball. It is punished by resetting the set piece and giving control of the ball to the opposition.
1867:
A player is onside whenever he or she is behind the relevant offside line for the particular phase of play. Players who are onside take an active part in playing the game.
1824:
A short pass made by a player being tackled before he reaches the ground, usually by turning to face a teammate and tossing the ball into the air for a teammate to catch.
3415:
3410:
2444:
Once briefly held, the tackler(s) must release the tackled player who must then him/herself immediately release or attempt to pass the ball so that play can continue.
1413:
The gaining of possession by running forward from the defensive line and taking a pass meant for a member of the opposition. The result is similar to the result of a
3314:
3309:
1218:
by placing the ball with downward pressure onto the goal line itself. The base of the goal posts and post protectors are also defined to be part of the goal line.
3673:
3511:
1587:
within one team in a match without giving information away to the other team. The advantage in line-out comes from knowing in advance how the throw will be made.
1398:
receiver. Generally made in times of panic or when there is no one else available, it is called the hospital pass because of the inevitability of a hard tackle.
3011:
2439:
A tackle takes place when one or more opposition players grasp onto the ball carrier and succeed in bringing/pulling him/her to ground and holding them there.
1873:
pitch past them). So that players can be confident they are now onside and can take an active part in the game, the referee may shout "Onside" or "All Onside".
606:
A player who deliberately or repeatedly infringes the laws is cautioned, and shown a yellow card. A cautioned player is suspended from playing for ten minutes.
760:
By committing players to the tackle, the crash ball runner creates holes in the opposition's defense, thereby creating attacking opportunities for teammates.
3202:
1063:
A fourth official is one who controls replacements and substitutes. He may also substitute for referee or touch judge in case of injury to either of them.
3420:
3319:
2655:
The ball only needs to cross the line, but if it goes directly into touch a scrum is awarded to the receiving team at the centre-point of the 22m line.
3777:
3772:
1836:
A player is offside when he/she is forward of the relevant offside line i.e. between the relevant offside line and the opposing team's dead ball line.
3747:
3130:
1470:. So-called because the ball moves back and forth like in a tennis match. It is considered boring to watch and also referred to as aerial ping-pong.
1692:
When a ball carrier is held up (without being tackled) by both an opposing player and a player from his own team, a maul is then considered formed.
3678:
3529:
3167:
270:
1525:
If a late tackle occurs after a kick and a penalty is awarded, the non-offending team has the option of taking the penalty where the ball landed.
629:
They are the players wearing shirts numbers 12 & 13. They are divided into inside and outside centre. The inside centre is also known as the
3552:
3335:
2602:
There is no such thing as an "own try". If you touch the ball down in your own in-goal area, it results in a goal-line dropout or a five-metre
1984:
The offending team must retire 10 metres (or to their goal line if closer) for both penalties and free kicks. A team can either kick for goal,
1466:
Style of play characterised by both teams repeatedly kicking from hand to the opposition, rather than running at the opposition and risking a
3562:
3212:
1332:
1883:
If the ball is kicked into touch without first bouncing inside the field of play it is termed as ball is kicked into touch on the full. The
3450:
1268:
team could be eliminated, or (2) more teams have a legitimate chance to advance to the next stage than allowed by the tournament structure.
2487:
catch the ball and the offside player remains offside until either he/she retreats onside or is put onside by a member of their own team.
3599:
3542:
2061:. It typically involves placing the ball on the ground. To keep the ball in position, a mound of sand or plastic tee is sometimes used.
1703:
If the ball does not come out in a timely fashion, the referee will award a scrum to the team that did not take the ball into the maul.
3856:
3504:
546:
Under the standard system, 1 bonus point is awarded for scoring 4 (or more) tries and 1 bonus point for losing by 7 points (or fewer).
1571:
Jumpers can be lifted by their teammates below the waist, but the opposition's jumpers must not be obstructed, barged or pulled down.
1376:
hence having no free arm to use to support or deflect bodyweight) it is considered to be one of the most dangerous positions to play.
3690:
3626:
1385:, partly because they are normally the shortest of the forwards, but more often because they are the most skillful of the forwards.
363:
other player's feet and, with outstretched arm, deliver a tap or hook to the player's foot (or feet) causing the player to stumble.
2576:
3851:
3697:
3614:
3384:
3162:
2592:
This is the primary method of scoring. A try is worth five points. It is scored when a player places the ball on the ground with
490:. It relies on the whole defensive line moving forward towards their marked man as one, as soon as the ball leaves the base of a
2087:
A professional foul is a deliberate act of foul play, usually to prevent an opponent scoring. It is punishable by a yellow card.
890:
has ruled that a dangerous tackle of this type, sometimes also called a tip tackle, should be punished with a straight red card.
2793:
temporarily suspended cannot return to the pitch until the first break in play after his/her 10-minute suspension is completed.
2367:
2351:
686:
A competition for players below the age of 19, for example, may be known as Under-19 Colts. The term is usually not applied to
536:
470:
The blindside of the scrum is the side that the opposing scrum half is feeding the ball from. The open side is the other side.
2246:(The receiver is a member of the line-out and so stands within 10 metres of it and may join the line once the ball is thrown.)
1501:
A latcher is a player who binds himself to the ballcarrier in open play in order to add his power and weight to an attempt to
3757:
3702:
668:
550:
2639:, an intercepted pass or the ball not emerging from a maul (wherein the referee awards the scrum feed to the opposing team).
2393:
Spear tackles are taken very seriously by the various Union disciplinary committees and can result in lengthy playing bans.
3861:
3830:
3497:
3172:
1621:. They also make good ball carriers, bashing holes in the defence around the ruck and maul. They also have to push in the
2981:
565:
uses the same system as France, except that a losing bonus point is awarded if the margin of defeat is 8 points or fewer.
3732:
3717:
3712:
3668:
3636:
3579:
3123:
2761:
2620:
is formed, the gap between the legs of the three players from each team who form the 'front row' is called the 'tunnel'.
3817:
3663:
2399:
1172:
A goal is scored when a player kicks the ball through the plane bounded by the two uprights and above the crossbar. A
562:
3018:
1799:
normally the number eight's decision whether to pass the ball out or drive the breakdown on in order to make ground.
3767:
3621:
3609:
3567:
3389:
2172:
Rucks commonly form soon after tackles, but can form anywhere in the field of play where the ball is on the ground.
1792:
910:
3727:
3722:
3631:
3547:
3478:
3369:
3182:
886:, and will almost invariably concede a penalty and possibly result in a caution for the tackler. In rugby union,
322:. It is an imaginary line drawn across the centre of the pitch when there is a breakdown in open play, such as a
3797:
3792:
3752:
2493:
2297:
This potentially dangerous act is illegal and if done deliberately (or recklessly) may result in penalties and
2230:
1718:
A player signed by a professional club as an injury replacement. The term is directly borrowed from the French
1611:
1222:
The goal line is often referred to as the "try line" though that term does not appear in the Laws of the Game.
250:
56:
of rugby union. Where words in a sentence are also defined elsewhere in this article, they appear in italics.
382:
at the point where the ball left the field of play. The exception to this is if the ball is kicked into touch
3742:
3594:
3584:
3557:
3468:
3394:
3374:
3116:
1556:
All players not involved in the lineout, except the receiver (usually the scrum-half) must retire 10 metres.
1069:
1148:
in open play, such as a ruck, maul or scrum. Advancing across the gain line represents a gain in territory.
703:
to the touch-lines. So it is advantageous to score a try nearer to the posts as it is easier to convert it.
3812:
3782:
3737:
3288:
3197:
2433:
1544:
1257:
1253:
998:
878:
3651:
3445:
3364:
3217:
3177:
1968:
1910:
1601:
closes down the opposing team. A high line speed will make it difficult for the opposition to cross the
1094:
969:
454:
1988:
and run the ball, take a scrum or kick directly into touch with the resulting line-out awarded to them.
1887:
is then taken from where the ball was kicked, except in situations where it was kicked from inside the
3043:
3379:
3187:
2757:
2745:
1951:
The pack is another name used for the forwards players, particularly when they are bound for a scrum.
1369:
1273:
Typically, a group of death will see an unusual match-up of heavyweight sides, due to a quirk in the
623:
527:
499:
3787:
3685:
3646:
3641:
3589:
3233:
3207:
2202:
988:
flanker will attach to the scrum on whichever side is further from the nearer touchline, while the
798:
631:
3098:
449:
The narrow side of the pitch in relation to a scrum or a breakdown in play; it is the opposite of
3802:
2770:
2210:
2093:
1199:
2736:
A player signed by a professional club, usually on a short term deal, as a replacement during a
3807:
3658:
3604:
2683:
An up and under, or a
Garryowen kick, is a high, short punt onto or behind the defending team.
2415:
2330:
The notional area where a player must remain for a minimum of ten minutes after being shown a
2192:
2081:
519:
3707:
3283:
2509:
The tight head prop is the player who takes the right-hand position on the front row of the
2424:
2420:
2252:
687:
28:
3065:
1642:
The loose head prop is the player who takes the left hand position on the front row of the
526:
treatment to stop the flow of blood and dress the wound. The player may then return to the
2737:
1830:
1160:
A Garryowen, or up-and-under kick, is a high short punt onto or behind the defending team.
963:
The preferred starting line-up of a team – more colloquially, the senior team of any club.
865:, this tactic draws defenders away from the ball and creates space for the attacking team
1144:
The gain line is an imaginary line drawn across the centre of the pitch when there is a
17:
3440:
3139:
2749:
1242:
938:
425:
3845:
2533:
2524:
1814:
Offence whereby a player deliberately impedes an opponent who does not have the ball.
1577:
1391:
1324:
1274:
1232:
480:
2045:
The official name of a rugby playing field. Dimensions are 100 m long by 70 m wide.
882:
tracks. A dump tackle that drops the ball carrier on his head or neck is known as a
390:
is taken at the point from where the ball was kicked, and not from where it entered
3349:
3253:
2376:
1663:
1283:
1195:
1166:
1019:
717:
487:
3093:
2580:
Try during a game between Newport Gwent Dragons and Leinster in the Magners League
2499:
International rugby union matches with full (Test) status are called Test matches.
1505:
and gain yards. If the defence is able to stop the ballcarrier and hold him up, a
3066:"The Life and career of Wilf Wooler, Rydal School, Sale, Cardiff & Wales.htm"
1039:
to the opposing team; however deliberate forward passes result in the award of a
3278:
3268:
3248:
3238:
3147:
2677:
2586:
2554:
2324:
2153:
2020:
2013:
1360:
1335:, prior to international matches. It serves as a challenge to the opposing team.
1154:
887:
871:
696:
38:
3273:
3258:
3243:
2989:
2051:
1194:
Goal from mark is an antiquated method of scoring. It occurred when a player "
766:
737:
340:
3263:
2753:
2142:
The kick taken from the centre line after the opposition have scored points.
1249:
1138:
1053:
Foul play is defined as the deliberate infringement of the laws of the game.
829:
811:
523:
508:
because the defence are running the other way and must stop, turn and chase.
352:
1583:
It is a coded piece of information, used to communicate intentions about a
3103:
992:
flanker attaches himself to the scrum on the side closer to the touchline.
486:
The blitz defence is a defensive technique similar to the defence used in
2360:
2344:
2544:
1509:
usually forms. However latching on does not automatically create a maul.
3489:
3293:
980:, especially the number 7. The two flankers do not usually bind to the
263:
1101:
specialist goal-kicker in a team, taking penalty and conversion kicks.
2741:
1976:
1723:
1313:, but in New Zealand is exclusively used to describe the scrum-half.
227:
The 22 m line, marking 22 metres (72 ft) from the tryline.
2575:
2543:
2414:
2269:
Collective term for the scrum, line-out and sometimes the restart.
2191:
53:
3108:
2057:
The place kick is a kicking style commonly used when kicking for
690:
teams; most colts players have completed their high school years.
1328:
661:
334:. Advancing across the gain line represents a gain in territory.
3493:
3112:
269:
The "99" call was a policy of simultaneous retaliation by the
2803:
59:
44:
is a team sport played between two teams of fifteen players.
1646:. A loose head prop traditionally wears the number 1 shirt.
1331:
performed by New Zealand national teams, most famously the
747:, then attempts to make the ball available to teammates by
1252:
used to describe a situation that often occurs during the
2334:. In high level games, the sin bin is monitored by the
2287:
commonly forms over the players involved in the tackle.
1035:
If the referee deems it accidental, this results in a
1008:
Referred to by a number of different names, including
378:
If the ball enters touch, then play is restarted by a
2523:
Television match official (TMO), commonly called the
2002:
infringement the opposition can take the option of a
1520:
severe or reckless may result in yellow or red Cards.
1025:
It is called a throw-forward in the laws of the game.
751:
in the tackle or recycling the ball quickly from the
457:
is expected to cover the opposing team blindside at
3433:
3403:
3357:
3348:
3328:
3302:
3226:
3155:
3146:
1913:is expected to cover the opposing team openside at
1768:
popularity of rugby league in the north of England.
424:Australian name given to the (William Webb Ellis)
2196:Scrum between ASM Clermont-Auvergne and Saracens.
3012:"IRB memorandum, Dangerous Tackles, 8 June 2009"
2366:Siva Tau is a Samoan war dance performed by the
2350:Sipi Tau is a Tongan war dance performed by the
667:The cibi is a Fijian war dance performed by the
2116:offences resulting in cautions (yellow cards).
1726:; that country has long allowed such signings.
3505:
3124:
1901:The broad side of the pitch in relation to a
708:In the 15-man game, the kick can be either a
399:Ball back is waived in certain circumstances:
8:
2740:. The term is most commonly associated with
2370:before each of their international matches.
2354:before each of their international matches.
1670:when the ball leaves play by the touchline.
671:before each of their international matches.
3512:
3498:
3490:
3354:
3152:
3131:
3117:
3109:
1782:throw or the feeding of the ball into the
976:as they are the real ball winners at the
1417:, and has a good chance of leading to a
1231:A goose step, made famous by Australian
2973:
271:1974 British Lions tour to South Africa
3099:Rugby union laws & equipment guide
2744:. Examples that took place during the
1381:Hookers normally throw the ball in at
249:picks up the ball and transfers it to
1722:and is most commonly associated with
720:, all conversions must be drop kicks.
7:
3474:
3044:"Full house for Hernández at Loftus"
1264:team in the group could qualify and
2957:
498:. The charge is usually led by the
3674:Australian and New Zealand punting
1762:(to go north, to head north, etc.)
984:in a fixed position. Instead, the
474:in this situation means unimpeded.
48:This is a general glossary of the
25:
3104:Laws of the Game (worldrugby.org)
3046:. Planet Rugby. 12 September 2009
2419:Tackle during a game between the
3473:
3464:
3463:
27:For the Sons of Zion album, see
3530:Sports terms named after people
3203:International eligibility rules
1306:
1:
2952:
1310:
3679:North American horse racing
563:National Rugby Championship
408:If a side elects to kick a
3878:
551:French professional league
26:
3857:Rugby union-related lists
3826:
3563:Australian rules football
3538:
3525:
3459:
2645:Twenty two metre drop-out
1345:Handing off (also called
909:Alternative name for the
850:to have "sold the dummy".
3094:Rugby union phrase guide
2813:
2148:Round the corner kicking
1921:. It is the opposite of
1305:Can refer to either the
74:
69:
18:Round the corner kicking
3852:Rugby union terminology
3778:Skiing and snowboarding
3773:Skiing and snowboarding
3070:world-rugby-museum.com/
1820:Off-load pass (offload)
1597:The speed with which a
1329:traditional Māori dance
1180:count for 3 points and
241:is a phase following a
3748:Professional wrestling
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2581:
2549:
2428:
2197:
1778:Referee's call when a
290:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
2579:
2547:
2418:
2195:
772:Another name for the
3862:Glossaries of sports
3553:Association football
3520:Glossaries of sports
2746:2023 Rugby World Cup
2259:administrative body.
1998:If a side commits a
1977:Association football
530:to continue playing.
3451:Oldest competitions
3385:Physical disability
3336:Olympic venues (7s)
3234:American flag rugby
3168:Oldest competitions
2742:France's top league
2368:Samoa national team
2352:Tonga national team
1724:France's top league
1497:Latcher/Latching on
1260:, where either (1)
776:as mentioned above.
632:second five-eighths
63:Contents:
2582:
2550:
2429:
2198:
1855:accidental offside
1127:in the same match.
669:Fiji national team
518:It is also called
386:. In this case, a
284:Accidental offside
3839:
3838:
3600:Canadian football
3543:American football
3487:
3486:
3429:
3428:
3416:Canadian football
3411:American football
3344:
3343:
3315:Canadian football
3310:American football
3213:Playing countries
2758:Logovi'i Mulipola
2710:numerous players.
2689:Use it or lose it
2666:Uncontested scrum
2594:downward pressure
2567:Truck and trailer
2400:Stellenbosch Laws
2311:Short arm penalty
2082:Professional foul
1077:short arm penalty
1010:first five-eighth
520:blood replacement
455:blindside flanker
16:(Redirected from
3869:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3491:
3477:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3434:Related articles
3355:
3153:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3110:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3024:on 28 March 2013
3023:
3017:. Archived from
3016:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2988:. Archived from
2978:
2808:
2425:Aviron Bayonnais
2421:Stade toulousain
2236:Also known as a
2224:Penalty Offence.
1911:openside flanker
923:Five metre scrum
782:Cross-Field Kick
731:"counter-rucked"
688:secondary school
358:An ankle-tap or
318:Also called the
64:
29:First XV (album)
21:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3822:
3627:Contract bridge
3534:
3521:
3518:
3488:
3483:
3455:
3425:
3399:
3340:
3324:
3298:
3222:
3142:
3137:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2993:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2809:
2806:
2784:
2738:Rugby World Cup
2732:World Cup Joker
2717:
2701:
2694:given the feed.
2662:
2633:counter rucking
2413:
2336:fourth official
2211:loose head prop
2190:
2107:
1943:
1806:
1754:
1659:
1633:
1529:
1493:
1428:
1405:
1297:
1248:Is an informal
1198:" and scored a
1134:
1059:Fourth official
949:dangerous play.
919:
897:
794:
726:Counter rucking
635:in New Zealand.
598:
370:
280:
245:, in which the
239:eight-nine move
219:
214:
213:
212:
211:
65:
62:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3875:
3873:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3768:Shooting sport
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3698:Figure skating
3695:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3615:computer chess
3612:
3610:chess problems
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3573:derived idioms
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:
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3494:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3471:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3441:Burnside rules
3437:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3329:Related topics
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3173:Dangerous play
3170:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3140:Rugby football
3138:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3088:External links
3086:
3083:
3082:
3057:
3035:
3003:
2992:on May 8, 2022
2972:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2958:External links
2955:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
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2906:
2901:
2896:
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2800:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2750:Alun Wyn Jones
2734:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2008:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1503:break the line
1499:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1451:at the centre.
1443:
1442:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1246:
1243:Group of death
1238:
1237:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1190:Goal from mark
1186:
1185:
1184:count for two.
1170:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1006:
994:
993:
973:
965:
964:
961:
951:
950:
946:
934:
933:
929:
918:
915:
914:
913:
907:
896:
893:
892:
891:
875:
867:
866:
858:
852:
851:
847:
841:
840:
833:
825:
824:
819:
818:
815:
807:
806:
802:
793:
790:
789:
788:
784:
778:
777:
770:
762:
761:
757:
756:
741:
733:
732:
728:
722:
721:
716:. However, in
705:
704:
700:
692:
691:
683:
682:
679:
673:
672:
665:
657:
656:
653:
647:
646:
643:
637:
636:
627:
619:
618:
614:
612:Cavalry Charge
608:
607:
604:
597:
594:
593:
592:
584:
578:
577:
573:
567:
566:
558:
557:
556:
555:
547:
540:
532:
531:
516:
510:
509:
504:
503:
484:
476:
475:
467:
466:
447:
441:
440:
436:
430:
429:
426:Webb Ellis Cup
422:
416:
415:
414:
413:
406:
400:
397:
395:
376:
369:
366:
365:
364:
356:
348:
347:
344:
336:
335:
316:
314:Advantage line
310:
309:
305:
304:
301:
295:
294:
286:
279:
276:
275:
274:
267:
259:
258:
235:
229:
228:
225:
218:
215:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
61:
60:
58:
46:
45:
42:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3874:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3691:Italian terms
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3515:
3510:
3508:
3503:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3480:
3472:
3470:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:Playing field
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3020:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2705:Video Referee
2703:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2525:video referee
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2477:Ten Metre Law
2475:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:in the 1930s.
2155:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2071:A very short
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1909:in play. The
1908:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:joker médical
1717:
1715:
1714:Medical joker
1712:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:blitz defence
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1578:Line-out code
1575:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1392:Hospital pass
1389:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:David Campese
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
971:
967:
966:
962:
960:
959:First fifteen
956:
953:
952:
947:
945:
941:
940:
936:
935:
930:
928:
924:
921:
920:
916:
912:
908:
906:
902:
899:
898:
894:
889:
885:
880:
876:
874:
873:
869:
868:
864:
859:
857:
854:
853:
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
834:
832:
831:
827:
826:
821:
820:
816:
814:
813:
809:
808:
803:
801:
800:
799:Drift defence
796:
795:
791:
785:
783:
780:
779:
775:
771:
769:
768:
764:
763:
759:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
740:
739:
735:
734:
729:
727:
724:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:
701:
699:
698:
694:
693:
689:
685:
684:
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
666:
664:
663:
659:
658:
654:
652:
649:
648:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
633:
628:
626:
625:
621:
620:
615:
613:
610:
609:
605:
603:
600:
599:
595:
590:
585:
583:
580:
579:
574:
572:
569:
568:
564:
560:
559:
552:
548:
545:
544:
541:
539:
538:
534:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
515:
512:
511:
506:
505:
501:
500:inside centre
497:
493:
489:
485:
483:
482:
481:Blitz defence
478:
477:
473:
469:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
446:
443:
442:
437:
435:
432:
431:
427:
423:
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418:
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411:
407:
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402:
401:
398:
396:
393:
389:
385:
381:
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371:
367:
361:
357:
355:
354:
350:
349:
345:
343:
342:
338:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
315:
312:
311:
307:
306:
302:
300:
297:
296:
293:
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287:
285:
282:
281:
277:
272:
268:
266:
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261:
260:
256:
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248:
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240:
236:
234:
231:
230:
226:
224:
221:
220:
216:
210:
206:
203:
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198:
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188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
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163:
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158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
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143:
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138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
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121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
57:
55:
51:
43:
41:
40:
36:
35:
34:
30:
19:
3803:Trampolining
3793:Table tennis
3762:
3758:Rugby league
3703:Gaelic games
3446:Oldest clubs
3350:Rugby league
3320:Rugby league
3192:
3163:Competitions
3073:. Retrieved
3069:
3060:
3048:. Retrieved
3038:
3026:. Retrieved
3019:the original
3006:
2994:. Retrieved
2990:the original
2985:
2976:
2948:
2787:
2769:
2731:
2720:
2704:
2688:
2678:Up and under
2676:
2665:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2611:
2603:
2593:
2585:
2566:
2553:
2548:Touch judge.
2532:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2492:
2476:
2465:
2449:
2432:
2398:
2377:Spear tackle
2375:
2359:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2264:
2251:
2237:
2229:
2201:
2161:
2147:
2137:
2127:
2110:
2092:
2080:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2040:
2029:
2012:
2003:
1999:
1994:Penalty kick
1993:
1985:
1967:
1956:
1946:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1862:
1854:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1774:Not straight
1773:
1757:
1742:Mulligrubber
1741:
1731:
1719:
1713:
1687:
1662:
1643:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1563:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1448:
1437:
1431:
1418:
1414:
1409:Interception
1408:
1390:
1382:
1368:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1318:
1300:
1284:Grubber kick
1282:
1265:
1261:
1241:
1226:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1189:
1181:
1178:penalty goal
1177:
1173:
1165:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1093:
1080:
1076:
1075:Also called
1068:
1058:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1020:Forward pass
1018:
1009:
1003:
997:
989:
985:
981:
977:
968:
958:
954:
943:
937:
926:
922:
904:
900:
884:spear tackle
883:
870:
862:
856:Dummy runner
855:
844:
836:
828:
810:
797:
781:
773:
767:Crash tackle
765:
752:
748:
744:
736:
725:
713:
709:
695:
676:
660:
651:Choke tackle
650:
640:
630:
622:
611:
601:
588:
581:
570:
561:Australia's
537:Bonus points
535:
513:
495:
491:
488:rugby league
479:
471:
462:
458:
450:
444:
433:
419:
409:
391:
387:
383:
379:
373:
359:
351:
339:
331:
327:
323:
319:
313:
298:
289:
283:
262:
254:
246:
242:
238:
232:
222:
209:
52:used in the
49:
47:
37:
33:
3763:Rugby union
3585:Board games
3421:Rugby union
3404:Comparisons
3303:Comparisons
3249:Samoa rules
3183:Eye-gouging
3148:Rugby union
2982:"Alickadoo"
2788:Yellow Card
2762:Montpellier
2671:possession.
2555:Touch judge
2332:yellow card
2154:Wilf Wooler
2021:penalty try
2014:Penalty try
1879:On the full
1810:Obstruction
1515:Late tackle
1462:Kick tennis
1361:high tackle
1355:High tackle
1254:group stage
1182:conversions
1004:five-eighth
888:World Rugby
872:Dump tackle
749:off-loading
641:Charge-down
412:into touch.
384:on the full
237:An "89" or
50:terminology
39:Rugby union
3846:Categories
3813:Water polo
3808:Volleyball
3738:Pickleball
3733:Motorsport
3718:Ice hockey
3713:Gymnastics
3669:Equestrian
3637:Cue sports
3580:Basketball
3395:Wheelchair
3284:Wheelchair
3227:Variations
3028:5 November
2968:References
2505:Tight Head
2494:Test match
2466:Tap-tackle
2231:Scrum half
2052:Place kick
2004:place kick
1638:Loose head
1593:Line speed
1534:Line break
1415:line break
1333:All Blacks
1307:scrum-half
1258:tournament
1236:direction.
1227:Goose Step
1117:conversion
1111:Scoring a
1107:Full house
944:"hand off"
927:Scrum-five
905:Eighth-man
863:dummy pass
845:Dummy pass
774:crash ball
738:Crash ball
714:place kick
697:Conversion
576:territory.
360:tap-tackle
255:scrum-half
3818:Wing Chun
3664:Disc golf
3558:Athletics
3370:Geography
3218:Positions
3178:Equipment
3075:13 August
2650:kick-off.
2317:free kick
2303:red cards
2281:breakdown
2265:Set piece
2238:half-back
2178:secured.)
1923:blindside
1919:breakdown
1907:breakdown
1747:the full.
1619:line-outs
1603:gain line
1438:drop kick
1383:line-outs
1301:Half-back
1290:position.
1250:sobriquet
1209:Goal line
1174:drop goal
1155:Garryowen
1146:breakdown
1139:Gain line
1125:drop goal
1095:Full-back
1070:Free-kick
1049:Foul play
990:blindside
978:breakdown
837:drop goal
830:Drop kick
812:Drop goal
710:drop kick
582:Breakdown
524:first-aid
514:Blood bin
463:breakdown
445:Blindside
434:Black dot
374:Ball back
353:Ankle tap
341:Alickadoo
320:gain line
299:Advantage
3831:Category
3622:Climbing
3568:Baseball
3469:Category
3365:Gameplay
3193:Glossary
3188:Gameplay
3050:21 April
2953:See also
2807:Contents
2748:include
2721:Wheeling
2637:knock on
2626:Turnover
2450:Tap kick
2406:changes.
2361:Siva Tau
2345:Sipi Tau
2253:Selector
2128:Red zone
2111:Red card
2067:Pop pass
1897:Openside
1885:line-out
1848:retire.)
1793:Number 8
1780:line-out
1732:Mismatch
1585:line-out
1566:awarded.
1545:Line-out
1476:Knock-on
1468:turnover
1432:Kick-off
1341:Hand-off
1311:fly-half
999:Fly half
986:openside
955:First XV
911:Number 8
901:Eightman
879:tackling
877:It is a
571:Box-kick
451:openside
388:line-out
380:line-out
251:number 9
247:number 8
3788:Surfing
3728:Kho kho
3723:Kabaddi
3686:Fencing
3647:Cycling
3642:Curling
3632:Cricket
3590:Bowling
3548:Archery
3479:Commons
3375:History
3358:General
3294:Rugby X
3289:Women's
3198:History
3156:General
2616:When a
2325:Sin bin
2279:At the
2275:Shoeing
2138:Restart
2100:strong.
2007:points.
2000:penalty
1969:Penalty
1957:Passing
1931:Overlap
1831:Offside
1441:kicked.
1277:system.
1275:seeding
1213:Tryline
1121:penalty
1041:penalty
1013:skills.
970:Flanker
602:Caution
554:points.
410:penalty
405:kicked.
291:Offside
3798:Tennis
3753:Rowing
2986:Lexico
2754:Toulon
2726:scrum.
2612:Tunnel
2540:floor.
2434:Tackle
2383:first.
2299:yellow
2122:card.)
2035:again.
1863:Onside
1370:Hooker
1196:marked
932:scrum.
745:tackle
718:sevens
624:Centre
453:. The
3743:Poker
3659:Darts
3652:parts
3605:Chess
3595:Bowls
3279:Touch
3269:Tambo
3239:Beach
3022:(PDF)
3015:(PDF)
2996:4 May
2799:card.
2777:pace.
2618:scrum
2604:scrum
2597:try.)
2534:Touch
2511:scrum
2460:ball.
2203:Scrum
2167:feet.
2041:Pitch
2030:Phase
1962:pace.
1915:scrum
1905:or a
1903:scrum
1842:play.
1784:scrum
1758:North
1682:kick.
1644:scrum
1627:mauls
1623:rucks
1564:scrum
1551:line.
1483:scrum
1449:scrum
1327:is a
1256:of a
1203:goal.
1037:scrum
982:scrum
823:kick.
712:or a
677:Colts
617:kick.
528:pitch
459:scrum
439:dot".
392:touch
332:scrum
243:scrum
54:sport
3783:Sumo
3708:Golf
3380:Laws
3259:Snow
3244:Mini
3208:Laws
3077:2014
3052:2016
3030:2012
2998:2020
2771:Wing
2760:for
2752:for
2635:, a
2561:try.
2423:and
2315:See
2285:ruck
2162:Ruck
2094:Prop
2073:pass
2059:goal
1947:Pack
1936:out.
1917:and
1688:Maul
1664:Mark
1652:arm.
1625:and
1612:Lock
1507:maul
1486:bin.
1347:fend
1325:haka
1323:The
1319:Haka
1200:goal
1167:Goal
1123:and
1081:mark
939:Fend
753:ruck
662:Cibi
589:ruck
549:The
496:maul
492:ruck
472:Open
461:and
420:Bill
328:maul
324:ruck
288:see
3274:10s
3264:Tag
2814:Top
2756:or
2587:Try
2519:TMO
2301:or
1986:tap
1853:An
1419:try
1309:or
1266:any
1262:any
1176:or
1113:try
1002:or
957:or
942:or
494:or
330:or
257:).
217:0-9
75:0–9
70:Top
3848::
3254:7s
3068:.
2984:.
2283:a
2213:).
2019:A
1889:22
1359:A
1211:,
1119:,
1115:,
925:,
903:,
326:,
264:99
233:89
223:22
3513:e
3506:t
3499:v
3132:e
3125:t
3118:v
3079:.
3054:.
3032:.
3000:.
2944:Z
2939:Y
2934:X
2929:W
2924:V
2919:U
2914:T
2909:S
2904:R
2899:Q
2894:P
2889:O
2884:N
2879:M
2874:L
2869:K
2864:J
2859:I
2854:H
2849:G
2844:F
2839:E
2834:D
2829:C
2824:B
2819:A
2782:Y
2764:.
2715:W
2699:V
2660:U
2606:.
2527:.
2427:.
2411:T
2338:.
2305:.
2188:S
2105:R
2075:.
1979:.
1941:P
1925:.
1891:.
1804:O
1752:N
1657:M
1629:.
1605:.
1491:L
1426:K
1421:.
1403:I
1295:H
1132:G
1083:.
1043:.
917:F
895:E
839:.
792:D
755:.
596:C
502:.
465:.
428:.
394:.
368:B
278:A
253:(
205:Z
200:Y
195:X
190:W
185:V
180:U
175:T
170:S
165:R
160:Q
155:P
150:O
145:N
140:M
135:L
130:K
125:J
120:I
115:H
110:G
105:F
100:E
95:D
90:C
85:B
80:A
31:.
20:)
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