22:, also known as “mom posture”, is a common postural problem in which the resting position of the shoulders leans forward from the body’s ideal alignment. Patients usually feel slouched and hunched, with the situation deteriorating if left untreated. A 1992 study concluded that 73% of workers aged 20 to 50 years have a right rounded shoulder, and 66% of them have a left rounded shoulder. It is commonly believed that digitalisation combined with the improper use of digital devices have resulted in the prevalence of sedentary lifestyles, which contribute to bad posture. Symptoms of RSP will lead to upper back stiffness, neck stiffness and shoulder stiffness. It can be diagnosed by several tests, including physical tests and imaging tests. To prevent RSP from worsening, maintaining a proper posture, doing regular exercise, and undergoing therapeutic treatments could be effective. If the situation worsens, patients should seek help from medical practitioners for treatments. If RSP is left untreated, chronic pain, reduction in lung capacity and worsened psychosocial health are likely to be resulted.
94:
361:
stretching the chest muscles and strengthening the back muscles can also help improve posture. Exercises that strengthen the back muscles include rows, pull-ups, and shoulder blade squeezes. Exercises like doorway stretches for the chest can help stretch out tension that contributes to rounded shoulders. Synergistically implementing muscle strengthening and stretching can effectively prevent the development of rounded shoulders.
452:
properly managed or if it is interfering with everyday tasks, these emotions can be particularly difficult to navigate. Social interactions could also be impacted by chronic pain. Patients with chronic pain could find that their discomfort makes it difficult for them to work, exercise, and socialize, which can lead to feelings of loneliness and frustration that might exacerbate the psychological issues outlined above.
86:
451:
and anxiety are two prevalent psychological side effects of chronic pain. Individuals with chronic pain may have anxiety about the future and their capacity to manage the pain, as well as depressive symptoms owing to the negative effects the pain has on their quality of life. If the pain is not being
343:
Chiropractic adjustments, decompression therapy as well as therapeutic massages have also been known to unlock tight shoulders by strengthening the chest muscles. By applying controlled forces to spinal joints, creating space between vertebrae and kneading soft tissues of the body respectively; these
480:
Prolonged pain or discomfort as a result of rounded shoulders should be reported to medical practitioners. Seeking the counsel of a physician or physical therapist could help create a specific strategy for avoiding and treating the issue. Any underlying problems correlated to the patient’s lifestyle
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However, if left undiagnosed, rounded shoulders can lead to several prolonged complications. The extent of postural abnormality may result in a significantly increased incidence of pain and discomfort in the neck, shoulders, and upper back, which then possibly affects overall health and well-being.
369:
Rounded shoulders can also be prevented by taking frequent breaks from prolonged sitting to engage in regular physical activity. Activities that require arm and shoulder motion, such as swimming, walking, and other sports, can help to strengthen and stretch the associated muscles, improving posture
39:
and uneven weight distribution in our upper body. Long periods of time spent in positions that put undue strain on the shoulders and neck may wear out some of the muscles while weakening others. For instance, if an individual spends a long period of time in sitting positions without stretching, the
476:
To prevent or correct RSP, individuals should maintain good posture when performing daily tasks, and take frequent breaks when necessary. Regular exercise is also useful in strengthening the upper back and neck muscles. Postural alignment, pain and discomfort will be reduced to improve our overall
2596:
Lee, Ji-hyun; Cynn, Heon-seock; Yoon, Tae-lim; Ko, Chang-hee; Choi, Woo-jeong; Choi, Sil-ah; Choi, Bong-sam (February 2015). "The effect of scapular posterior tilt exercise, pectoralis minor stretching, and shoulder brace on scapular alignment and muscles activity in subjects with round-shoulder
48:
The development of RSP is often influenced by genetics, as certain inherited traits could possibly have an impact on bone structure, muscular strength, and connective tissue elasticity. For instance, some people naturally have a rounded upper back because of the way their spinal vertebrae are
360:
One of the most direct preventive measure for rounded shoulders is consistently maintaining a good posture. Sitting up straight and engaging the core muscles to keep the shoulders back and down can help maintain proper alignment and prevent the shoulders from rounding forward. Additionally,
418:
reduction is another issue associated with rounded shoulders. The chest cavity might become constrained when the shoulders are positioned forward, making it more difficult to take deep breaths due to a lowered total lung capacity. Furthermore, secondary muscles of inspiration, such as the
77:, holding one’s breath and hunching one’s shoulders. Persistent psychological stressors such as career dissatisfaction, financial difficulties, or family problems may cause physical changes in the body like rounded shoulders, tension headaches and muscle tension.
2283:
Griegel-Morris, Patricia; Larson, Keith; Mueller-Klaus, Krissann; Oatis, Carol A (June 1992). "Incidence of Common
Postural Abnormalities in the Cervical, Shoulder, and Thoracic Regions and Their Association with Pain in Two Age Groups of Healthy Subjects".
318:
A randomized, blinded and controlled experimental study concluded that physical therapy treatment targeting the pectoralis minor soft tissue combined with self-stretching significantly improved rounded shoulder posture. Commonly applied regimens include the
472:
RSP is an issue that should be addressed, as many serious complications, such as chronic pain, headaches, or breathing difficulties will result if left untreated. RSP may also lower one’s self-esteem and confidence because of its atypical appearance.
439:. Atypical breathing patterns then arise from the overactivation of secondary muscles of inspiration due to their weakness. This might lead to shortness of breath and exhaustion, making it increasingly difficult to participate in physical exercise.
1817:
Rosa, Dayana P.; Borstad, John D.; Pogetti, LĂvia S.; Camargo, Paula R. (January 2017). "Effects of a stretching protocol for the pectoralis minor on muscle length, function, and scapular kinematics in individuals with and without shoulder pain".
1768:"The Combined Effect of the Trapezius Muscle Strengthening and Pectoralis Minor Muscle Stretching on Correcting the Rounded Shoulder Posture and Shoulder Flexion Range of Motion among Young Saudi Females: A Randomized Comparative Study"
394:
and range of motion, making it harder to accomplish regular chores. A patient's quality of life may also be significantly impacted by unilateral cervicogenic headaches that originate in musculoskeletal tissue innervated by
2222:
Roddey, Toni S.; Olson, Sharon L.; Grant, Susan E. (July 2002). "The Effect of
Pectoralis Muscle Stretching on the Resting Position of the Scapula in Persons with Varying Degrees of Forward Head/Rounded Shoulder Posture".
141:
The diagnosis of rounded shoulders involves a physical examination. Healthcare professionals will assess the patient’s posture, range of motion and strength during the examination. The following tests may be carried out:
1861:
Cleland, Joshua; Selleck, Ben; Stowell, Thomas; Browne, Lindsey; Alberini, Steve; St. Cyr, Heather; Caron, Thomas (April 2004). "Short-Term
Effects of Thoracic Manipulation on Lower Trapezius Muscle Strength".
178:
The ability of the patient to move their shoulders and upper back through their complete range of motion will be assessed by the medical professionals to check if there are any restrictions or limitations.
49:
arranged. Others may naturally have muscles in their upper back and neck that are weaker and more prone to stretching, as well as with chest and front shoulder muscles that are more resistant to stretching.
1992:
Kang, Jeong il; Jeong, Dae Keun; Choi, Hyun (31 March 2018). "Effect of
Cervical Spinal Decompression on the Cervical Muscle Tone and Disc Height in Patients with Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation".
660:
Harman, Katherine; Hubley-Kozey, Cheryl L.; Butler, Heather (July 2005). "Effectiveness of an
Exercise Program to Improve Forward Head Posture in Normal Adults: A Randomized, Controlled 10-Week Trial".
1897:
Wong, Christopher Kevin; Coleman, Denise; diPersia, Vincent; Song, Judi; Wright, Dennis (October 2010). "The effects of manual treatment on rounded-shoulder posture, and associated muscle strength".
40:
chest and front arm muscles shorten and tighten, whereas the upper back and neck muscles weaken and lengthen. Due to this asymmetry, the shoulders may roll forward and the upper back may be rounded.
1679:
Davidson, Robin I.; Dunn, Edward J.; Metzmaker, Jeffrey N. (September 1981). "The
Shoulder Abduction Test in the Diagnosis of Radicular Pain in Cervical Extradural Compressive Monoradiculopathies".
1043:
O'Dowd, Seán; Curtin, Denis; Waite, Adrian J.; Roberts, Kinley; Pender, Niall; Reid, Valerie; O'Connell, Martin; Williams, Nigel M.; Morris, Huw R.; Traynor, Bryan J.; Lynch, Timothy (July 2012).
206:. Patients are instructed to keep their forearms bent at right angles while holding their arms at their sides. Resistance will be applied on patients while the patient rotates their shoulders.
133:
Symptoms of RSP include forward head posture, chronic shoulder and neck pain, as well as reduced mobility and flexibility in the shoulder; hindering the ability to perform daily activities.
2628:"The effects of shoulder stabilization exercises and pectoralis minor stretching on balance and maximal shoulder muscle strength of healthy young adults with round shoulder posture"
233:
strength is measured by this test. Patients are instructed to lift the arm away from the body. Resistance is applied when the patients attempt to raise the arm during the test.
222:, are evaluated in this test. Patients are instructed to pose with their arms at the sides. Resistance is applied as the patients try to pinch their shoulder blades together.
2037:
Diego, Miguel A.; Field, Tiffany; Hernandez-Reif, Maria; Hart, Sybil; Brucker, Bernard; Field, Tory; Burman, Iris (2002). "Spinal cord patients benefit from massage therapy".
352:
The prevalence of rounded shoulders is often linked to modern lifestyles, such as spending long hours sitting in front of a computer or hunching over a mobile device.
1309:"Degenerative Adult Cervical Kyphosis With Secondary Diagnosis Codes Are Associated With Higher Cost and Complications After Spinal Fusion: A Medicare Database Study"
390:
and discomfort brought on by the persistent tension in the muscles of the upper body may have a negative influence on everyday life. This discomfort leads to reduced
994:
Maciejewska-Skrendo, Agnieszka; Leźnicka, Katarzyna; Leońska-Duniec, Agata; Wilk, Michal; Filip, Aleksandra; Cięszczyk, Paweł; Sawczuk, Marek (31 August 2020).
797:"Evaluation and Correlation of the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment and Rapid Office Strain Assessment Methods for Predicting the Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders"
1259:
1632:"Infraspinatus scapular retraction test: a reliable and practical method to assess infraspinatus strength in overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis"
69:
When the brain detects a threat, whether it is physical or psychological, the body will prepare itself to react against the threat (also known as the “
298:’s function in favoring the internal and downward rotation of the scapula has been clinically established. Muscle strength deficits in the lower
2123:"An analysis of the activity and muscle fatigue of the muscles around the neck under the three most frequent postures while using a smartphone"
344:
therapeutic treatments address core sources of rounded shoulders and restore musculoskeletal imbalances by realigning the spine and shoulders.
241:
The examiner will feel the patient’s upper back and neck muscles with their hands to check the tightness, tension or abnormalities of muscles.
2432:
Hoffman, Pamela K.; Meier, Brian P.; Council, James R. (December 2002). "A Comparison of
Chronic Pain Between an Urban and Rural Population".
1968:
265:
The examiner will be able to identify areas of weakness, and provide patients with a targeted exercise regime for treatment to improve RSP.
166:(TS) are found and marked. The distance between the CP and SN, and the distance between the PLA and TS are measured with tape to calculate
2389:
Dağ, Figen; Taş, Serkan; Çimen, Özlem Bölgen (May 2022). "Pulmonary
Functions in Patients With Chronic Neck Pain: A Case-Control Study".
323:– a self therapy exercise consisting of repetitive motions such as mobilization and manipulation to aid posture correction; and the
1932:
Clare, Helen A; Adams, Roger; Maher, Christopher G (2004). "A systematic review of efficacy of McKenzie therapy for spinal pain".
1209:
1045:"C9ORF72 expansion in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia also causes parkinsonism: Letters to the Editor"
548:"Effect of Rounded and Hunched Shoulder Postures on Myotonometric Measurements of Upper Body Muscles in Sedentary Workers"
795:
Davudian-Talab, Amirhossein; Azari, Gholamreza; Badfar, Gholamreza; Shafeei, Asrin; Derakhshan, Zainab (5 October 2017).
481:
habits can be addressed by a healthcare expert, who can then suggest particular stretches and exercises to correct them.
2683:
2354:
Kapreli, Eleni; Vourazanis, Evangelos; Strimpakos, Nikolaos (January 2008). "Neck pain causes respiratory dysfunction".
2170:
54:
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is a spinal disorder that contributes to excessive curvature of the upper back, leading to a hunched posture and RSP.
50:
2524:
302:
muscles are also a common clinical finding in patients with rounded shoulders as it has been speculated to restrict
424:
159:
931:
837:"Impact of upper crossed syndrome on pulmonary function among the recreational male players: A preliminary report"
701:"Diagnostic values of abdominal muscles thickness and sterno-costal angle for young adults with rounded shoulders"
1546:
Gerhardt, John J.; Rondinelli, Robert D. (August 2001). "Goniometric
Techniques for Range-of-Motion Assessment".
945:
Valachi, Bethany; Valachi, Keith (October 2003). "Mechanisms leading to musculoskeletal disorders in dentistry".
420:
70:
163:
2023:
Myofascial
Decompression Therapy with Movement in Middle-Aged Female with Shoulder Pain and Postural Deficits
287:
2555:"Correlation between rounded shoulder posture, neck disability indices, and degree of forward head posture"
1161:"Flight and fight: A comparative view of the neurophysiology and genetics of honey bee defensive behavior"
310:. Therefore, RSP treatment often targets the symptoms or root causes associated with these problem areas.
110:
1727:"The relationship of forward head posture and rounded shoulders with neck pain in Iranian office workers"
1630:
Merolla, Giovanni; De Santis, Elisa; Campi, Fabrizio; Paladini, Paolo; Porcellini, Giuseppe (June 2010).
1210:"Freeze, Flight, Fight, Fright, Faint: Adaptationist Perspectives on the Acute Stress Response Spectrum"
432:
2319:
Moore, Michele K. (July 2004). "Upper Crossed Syndrome and Its Relationship to Cervicogenic Headache".
2021:
320:
324:
199:
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Although the cause of RSP is multifactorial, two major contributors to RSP are the tightness of the
190:
testing are also utilised to evaluate RSP. The following tests can assess the strength of muscles:
167:
1307:
Jain, Nikhil; Malik, Azeem T.; Phillips, Frank M.; Khan, Safdar N.; Yu, Elizabeth (February 2021).
400:
155:
58:
1766:
Hasan, Shahnaz; Iqbal, Amir; Alghadir, Ahmad H.; Alonazi, Asma; Alyahya, Danah (8 February 2023).
1581:
Papotto, Brianna M.; Rice, Thomas; Malone, Terry; Butterfield, Timothy; Uhl, Tim L. (1 May 2016).
1356:
Ryan, Stephen D.; Fried, Linda P. (December 1997). "The Impact of Kyphosis on Daily Functioning".
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With this test, the strength of external rotators of the shoulders are examined, including the
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1466:"Changes in rounded shoulder posture and forward head posture according to exercise methods"
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Understanding the Muscles of the Shoulders, Back, and Core: Injury Prevention for Pianists
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Understanding the Muscles of the Shoulders, Back, and Core: Injury Prevention for Pianists
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187:
1092:
883:"Impact of Chronic Pain on Patients' Quality of Life: A Comparative Mixed-Methods Study"
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Additional reported complications of rounded shoulders include poor balance, jaw pain,
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57:, could also alter the strength and elasticity of ligaments and tendons. The risk of
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Guduru, Rama Krishna Reddy; Domeika, Aurelijus; DomeikienÄ—, AuksÄ— (25 March 2022).
504:
404:
387:
2610:
2006:
745:"Musician Health and Safety: Preventing Playing-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders"
2445:
1531:
1514:
579:
Jung, Sang In; Lee, Na Kyung; Kang, Kyung Woo; Kim, Kyoung; Lee, Do Youn (2016).
150:
Patients are instructed to stand normally with their hands by their sides. Their
2493:
2476:
1464:
Lee, Do Youn; Nam, Chan Woo; Sung, Youn Bum; Kim, Kyoung; Lee, Hae Yong (2017).
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Nejati, Parisa; Lotfian, Sara; Moezy, Azar; Moezy, Azar; Nejati, Mina (2014).
1647:
1583:"Reliability of Isometric and Eccentric Isokinetic Shoulder External Rotation"
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853:
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Kirthika, SVeena; Sudhakar, Selvaraj; Padmanabhan, K; Ramanathan, K (2018).
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1515:"Relationship of self esteem with forward head posture and round shoulder"
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2138:
2082:"Estimation and prevention of text neck syndrome among smart phone users"
1481:
1127:
581:"The effect of smartphone usage time on posture and respiratory function"
461:
114:
102:
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996:"Genetics of Muscle Stiffness, Muscle Elasticity and Explosive Strength"
790:
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596:
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547:
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983:. University Health Service, The Regents of the University of Michigan.
391:
291:
254:
219:
1060:
121:
refers to a condition where there is a sideways curve in a person's
2080:
Kamalakannan, M.; Rakshana, R.; Padma priya, R. (9 November 2020).
981:"Computer Ergonomics: How to Protect Yourself from Strain and Pain"
505:"Rounded shoulders: Causes, risk factors, diagnosis, and exercises"
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korooshfard, Negar; Ramezanzade, Hesam; Arabnarmi, Batool (2011).
1324:
881:
Hadi, Muhammad Abdul; McHugh, Gretl A; Closs, S José (June 2019).
626:
624:
250:
92:
84:
1400:
655:
653:
651:
447:
Rounded shoulders can also affect psychosocial and mental health
932:"Rounded Shoulders? It's Probably Weakness in These Two Muscles"
541:
539:
537:
73:”). Common responses include tensing one’s jaw, contracting the
258:
125:, causing our shoulders to become uneven and rounded.
2626:
Kim, Mi-Kyoung; Lee, Jung Chul; Yoo, Kyung-Tae (March 2018).
2171:"Lactose intolerance - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic"
1995:
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1548:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
370:
and reducing the likelihood of developing rounded shoulders.
1720:
1718:
1969:"Rounded Shoulders Functional Personal Injury Chiropractor"
101:
RSP could be a symptom of some medical conditions, such as
2217:
2215:
261:
scans are used to determine the cause and extent of RSP.
876:
874:
872:
35:
Poor posture can cause rounded shoulders because of the
2391:
Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
2321:
Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics
2121:
Choi, Jung-Hyun; Jung, Min-Ho; Yoo, Kyung-Tae (2016).
1284:"Stress: Signs, Symptoms, Management & Prevention"
431:, become weak as a result of the kyphotic posture and
2475:
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738:
736:
801:
Internal Medicine and Medical Investigation Journal
2477:"The Economic Costs of Pain in the United States"
694:
692:
1731:Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran
743:Foxman, Irina; Burgel, Barbara J. (July 2006).
170:using the formula (CP to SN)/(PLA to TS) *100.
2553:Kim, Eun-Kyung; Kim, Jin Seop (October 2016).
1973:El Paso's Personal Injury Doctors 915-850-0900
947:The Journal of the American Dental Association
699:Lee, Chan-hee; Hwang, Sujin (30 March 2020).
498:
496:
494:
8:
2225:Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy
1864:Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy
663:Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy
374:Complications of untreated rounded shoulders
290:anteriorly originating and inserting to the
2599:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
218:, which are responsible for retracting the
1899:Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
1358:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
314:Physical therapy / Exercise and stretching
2651:
2578:
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2146:
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1793:
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1519:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
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1019:
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852:
812:
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604:
563:
1636:Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology
1260:"Causes and Cures for Rounded Shoulders"
705:Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
490:
1313:International Journal of Spine Surgery
2039:International Journal of Neuroscience
1447:"Rounded Shoulders and Shoulder Pain"
7:
1208:Bracha, H. Stefan (September 2004).
930:Friedrich, Cathe (14 October 2018).
2632:Journal of Physical Therapy Science
2559:Journal of Physical Therapy Science
2525:"Kyphosis (Roundback) of the Spine"
2434:Journal of Community Health Nursing
2127:Journal of Physical Therapy Science
1934:Australian Journal of Physiotherapy
1470:Journal of Physical Therapy Science
585:Journal of Physical Therapy Science
89:Normal person vs Kyphosis patient
61:and instability will be increased.
1370:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb03199.x
14:
306:extension in the middle to lower
1693:10.1097/00007632-198109000-00004
1116:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
841:Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine
160:posterolateral angle of acromion
1967:Jimenez, Dr Alex (2022-09-17).
1587:Journal of Sport Rehabilitation
1264:Australian Institute of Fitness
959:10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0048
194:Shoulder External Rotation Test
1177:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.01.010
522:Todd, Sarah (7 January 2019).
20:Rounded shoulder posture (RSP)
1:
2611:10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.10.010
2007:10.20540/JIAPTR.2018.9.1.1420
1946:10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60110-0
1560:10.1016/S1047-9651(18)30047-0
887:Journal of Patient Experience
503:Johnson, Jon (25 July 2017).
468:Seeking medical practitioners
2446:10.1207/S15327655JCHN1904_02
1532:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.358
1258:Price, Justin (2022-09-19).
1165:Journal of Insect Physiology
339:Other therapeutic treatments
335:to correct neck alignment.
2494:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.03.009
2020:Gaignard, Angela S (2019).
1399:Aebi, Max (December 2005).
327:for strengthening the deep
282:and the weakening of lower
51:Connective tissue disorders
2700:
2403:10.1016/j.jmpt.2022.07.002
2368:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.07.050
2333:10.1016/j.jmpt.2004.05.007
2237:10.1179/106698102790819247
1911:10.1016/j.jbmt.2009.05.001
1876:10.1179/106698104790825284
1785:10.3390/healthcare11040500
762:10.1177/216507990605400703
675:10.1179/106698105790824888
174:Range of motion assessment
1832:10.1016/j.jht.2016.06.006
1648:10.1007/s10195-010-0095-x
1451:Lu Strength & Therapy
1417:10.1007/s00586-005-1053-9
1229:10.1017/S1092852900001954
1093:"Ehlers-Danlos syndromes"
1000:Journal of Human Kinetics
718:10.14474/ptrs.2020.9.1.49
1112:"Ehlers-Danlos syndrome"
1110:Beighton, P (May 1970).
899:10.1177/2374373518786013
456:Additional complications
210:Scapular Retraction Test
164:thoracic vertebral spine
71:fight or flight response
2258:Santoro, Scott (2022).
2194:Santoro, Scott (2022).
1820:Journal of Hand Therapy
1159:Hunt, G.J. (May 2007).
1012:10.2478/hukin-2020-0027
854:10.4103/sjsm.sjsm_51_17
814:10.24200/imminv.v2i4.87
280:pectoralis minor muscle
226:Shoulder Abduction Test
183:Muscle strength testing
65:Psychological stressors
2051:10.1080/00207450212023
1405:European Spine Journal
632:"Shoulder Examination"
477:health and wellbeing.
288:scapulothoracic muscle
249:Imaging tests such as
111:ankylosing spondylitis
98:
90:
55:Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
16:Human postural problem
1599:10.1123/jsr.2015-0046
1401:"The adult scoliosis"
433:posterior pelvic tilt
411:Reduced lung capacity
214:The middle and lower
97:Scoliosis vs Normal
96:
88:
2571:10.1589/jpts.28.2929
2298:10.1093/ptj/72.6.425
2139:10.1589/jpts.28.1660
1482:10.1589/jpts.29.1824
1128:10.1136/ard.29.3.332
399:and progress to the
286:muscle. As the only
162:(PLA), and adjacent
2684:Orthopedic problems
2644:10.1589/jpts.30.373
2481:The Journal of Pain
2086:Biomedicine (India)
597:10.1589/jpts.28.186
565:10.3390/app12073333
443:Psychosocial health
425:sternocleidomastoid
204:teres minor muscles
59:joint hypermobility
2356:Medical Hypotheses
2175:www.mayoclinic.org
2099:10.51248/.v40i3.30
1099:. 18 October 2017.
1049:Movement Disorders
509:Medical News Today
464:and other issues.
146:Posture assessment
99:
91:
81:Medical conditions
2565:(10): 2929–2932.
1476:(10): 1824–1827.
1364:(12): 1479–1486.
1061:10.1002/mds.25022
953:(10): 1344–1350.
435:that flatten the
421:serratus anterior
321:McKenzie exercise
75:abdominal muscles
2691:
2665:
2655:
2622:
2592:
2582:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2496:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2362:(5): 1009–1013.
2351:
2345:
2344:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2286:Physical Therapy
2280:
2274:
2273:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2133:(5): 1660–1664.
2118:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2001:(1): 1420–1425.
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1493:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1288:Cleveland Clinic
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1214:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1055:(8): 1072–1074.
1040:
1034:
1033:
1023:
991:
985:
984:
977:
971:
970:
942:
936:
935:
927:
921:
920:
910:
878:
867:
866:
856:
832:
819:
818:
816:
792:
783:
782:
764:
740:
731:
730:
720:
696:
687:
686:
657:
646:
645:
643:
642:
628:
619:
618:
608:
576:
570:
569:
567:
552:Applied Sciences
543:
532:
531:
528:Northwell Health
519:
513:
512:
500:
429:pectoralis minor
365:Regular exercise
325:Kendall exercise
296:pectoralis minor
152:coracoid process
37:muscle imbalance
2699:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2669:
2668:
2625:
2595:
2552:
2549:
2547:Further reading
2544:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1453:. 3 April 2019.
1445:
1444:
1440:
1411:(10): 925–948.
1398:
1397:
1393:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1042:
1041:
1037:
993:
992:
988:
979:
978:
974:
944:
943:
939:
929:
928:
924:
880:
879:
870:
834:
833:
822:
794:
793:
786:
742:
741:
734:
698:
697:
690:
659:
658:
649:
640:
638:
630:
629:
622:
578:
577:
573:
545:
544:
535:
521:
520:
516:
502:
501:
492:
487:
470:
458:
445:
437:lumbar lordosis
413:
401:fronto-temporal
397:cervical nerves
385:
376:
367:
358:
350:
341:
333:pectoral muscle
329:cervical flexor
316:
276:
271:
264:
247:
239:
228:
212:
196:
188:Muscle strength
185:
176:
148:
139:
131:
83:
67:
46:
33:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2697:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2638:(3): 373–380.
2623:
2605:(1): 107–114.
2593:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2516:
2487:(8): 715–724.
2467:
2440:(4): 213–224.
2424:
2397:(4): 290–297.
2381:
2346:
2327:(6): 414–420.
2311:
2292:(6): 425–431.
2275:
2250:
2231:(3): 124–128.
2211:
2186:
2162:
2113:
2092:(3): 372–376.
2072:
2045:(2): 133–142.
2029:
2012:
1984:
1959:
1940:(4): 209–216.
1924:
1905:(4): 326–333.
1889:
1853:
1809:
1758:
1714:
1687:(5): 441–446.
1671:
1642:(2): 105–110.
1622:
1573:
1554:(3): 507–528.
1538:
1505:
1456:
1438:
1391:
1348:
1299:
1275:
1250:
1223:(9): 679–685.
1200:
1171:(5): 399–410.
1151:
1122:(3): 332–333.
1102:
1084:
1035:
1006:(1): 143–159.
986:
972:
937:
922:
893:(2): 133–141.
868:
820:
784:
755:(7): 309–316.
732:
688:
669:(3): 163–176.
647:
620:
591:(1): 186–189.
571:
533:
514:
489:
488:
486:
483:
469:
466:
457:
454:
444:
441:
412:
409:
384:
381:
375:
372:
366:
363:
357:
356:Proper posture
354:
349:
346:
340:
337:
315:
312:
308:thoracic spine
275:
272:
270:
267:
246:
243:
238:
235:
231:Deltoid muscle
227:
224:
211:
208:
195:
192:
184:
181:
175:
172:
168:scapular index
147:
144:
138:
135:
130:
127:
82:
79:
66:
63:
45:
42:
32:
29:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2696:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2187:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1985:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1525:: 3698–3702.
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1325:10.14444/8003
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:CNS Spectrums
1211:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
987:
982:
976:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
938:
933:
926:
923:
918:
914:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
875:
873:
869:
864:
860:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
829:
827:
825:
821:
815:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
789:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
758:
754:
750:
749:AAOHN Journal
746:
739:
737:
733:
728:
724:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
693:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
656:
654:
652:
648:
637:
633:
627:
625:
621:
616:
612:
607:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
575:
572:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
542:
540:
538:
534:
529:
525:
524:"Mom posture"
518:
515:
510:
506:
499:
497:
495:
491:
484:
482:
478:
474:
467:
465:
463:
455:
453:
450:
442:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
416:Lung capacity
410:
408:
406:
405:orbital areas
402:
398:
393:
389:
382:
380:
373:
371:
364:
362:
355:
353:
347:
345:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
313:
311:
309:
305:
304:zygapophyseal
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
273:
268:
266:
262:
260:
256:
252:
245:Imaging tests
244:
242:
236:
234:
232:
225:
223:
221:
217:
209:
207:
205:
201:
200:infraspinatus
193:
191:
189:
182:
180:
173:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:sternal notch
153:
145:
143:
136:
134:
128:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
95:
87:
80:
78:
76:
72:
64:
62:
60:
56:
52:
43:
41:
38:
30:
25:
23:
21:
2635:
2631:
2602:
2598:
2562:
2558:
2533:. Retrieved
2528:
2519:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2260:
2253:
2228:
2224:
2196:
2189:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:
2165:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2022:
2015:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:
1962:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1870:(2): 82–90.
1867:
1863:
1856:
1826:(1): 20–29.
1823:
1819:
1812:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1734:
1730:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1319:(1): 26–36.
1316:
1312:
1302:
1291:. Retrieved
1287:
1278:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:
1253:
1220:
1216:
1203:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1003:
999:
989:
975:
950:
946:
940:
925:
890:
886:
844:
840:
804:
800:
752:
748:
711:(1): 49–54.
708:
704:
666:
662:
639:. Retrieved
635:
588:
584:
574:
555:
551:
527:
517:
508:
479:
475:
471:
459:
446:
414:
388:Chronic pain
386:
383:Chronic pain
377:
368:
359:
351:
342:
317:
277:
263:
248:
240:
229:
213:
197:
186:
177:
149:
140:
132:
100:
68:
47:
34:
31:Poor posture
19:
18:
636:Physiopedia
558:(7): 3333.
2673:Categories
2597:posture".
2535:2023-04-11
2270:1346857830
2264:(Thesis).
2206:1346857830
2200:(Thesis).
2180:2023-03-28
1978:2023-03-28
1778:(4): 500.
1772:Healthcare
1293:2023-04-12
1269:2023-04-11
807:(4): 155.
641:2023-04-10
485:References
449:Depression
348:Prevention
53:, such as
2529:OrthoInfo
2419:251996545
2108:234670174
2026:(Thesis).
847:(2): 71.
727:216199280
462:migraines
300:trapezius
284:trapezius
269:Treatment
237:Palpation
216:trapezius
137:Diagnosis
119:Scoliosis
107:scoliosis
2662:29581654
2619:25467545
2589:27821964
2503:22607834
2462:30148542
2454:12494742
2411:36057477
2376:17959320
2341:15319765
2245:71259643
2157:27313393
2067:22210638
2059:12325402
1954:15574109
1919:20850039
1884:57751940
1848:37276267
1840:27769843
1804:36833034
1753:25250268
1709:23523267
1666:20514507
1617:26562351
1568:11478185
1500:29184298
1433:22119278
1425:16328223
1386:41318727
1343:33900954
1237:15337864
1195:17379239
1079:22807188
1030:33312283
967:14620013
917:31218259
863:86496105
779:20461408
771:16862878
683:73304931
615:26957754
255:CT scans
129:Symptoms
115:Kyphosis
103:kyphosis
44:Genetics
2679:Posture
2653:5857441
2580:5088155
2511:8727015
2306:1589462
2148:4905932
1795:9956189
1744:4154278
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