260:, and ants to mites and spiders that are shared between Rivne and Baltic amber. As of 2016 there were 193 ant species described from Priabonian age European ambers, with all but 56 of the species being found in or described originally from Baltic amber, while Rivne amber hosts 31 of the 56 species that are not known from Baltic amber. Based on the differences in ant fauna between Baltic amber and Rivne amber, it has been suggested by Perkovsky that the two were different areas of a large forest that covered Late Eocene to early Oligocene Europe. The spiders of Rivne amber are similar to Baltic amber ones, but there is a notable percentage that are unique species not shared between the two. Similarly the gall midges from Rivne amber are entirely unique to Rivne and not shared at all with the Baltic amber. A drier climate for the Rivne forest is also suggested based on the high percentage of the
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illegally deforested to extract the amber. Annual volumes of amber extracted illegally are suggested to be around 300 tons. The richest placer deposits of Rivne amber are associated with the
Obukhiv (late Eocene) and Mezhigorje (early Oligocene) Formations; deposits in the Kyiv region are known to come from the base of the Mezhigorje Fm. The majority of Rivne amber is mined from the lower part of the aforementioned Formation, with the most notable locality being the Pugach Quarry in Klesiv.
41:
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between 200–400 grams (7.1–14.1 oz) are more stable in color and have not faded after a decade. Most of the amber from the Klesiv area has an oxidization crust between 1.5–2.0 millimetres (0.059–0.079 in) thick and brown to dark brown in coloration. Amber from the
Volnoje area northwest of Klesiv often show a smooth transparent dark yellow crust, which is rarely seen in Klesiv specimens. Similar to
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229:
giving many pieces yellow-brown and brownish red tones to the amber, though nearly crystal clear to totally opaque are found as well. Rare pieces have light green to pale green coloration, which typically fades to yellow after a year or two in the small pieces. However, larger pieces of green amber
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included over 300 pieces of amber attributed to Rivne origins. Many of the amber pieces are roughly fashioned into triangular and circular shapes. Dating of the site ranges between 13,300 and 10,500 B.C., when the regions of Baltic amber deposits in
Kaliningrad and Lithuania were still covered with
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90% of
Ukrainian amber is extracted illegally and the trade is controlled by armed organised crime groups. The amber is extracted by pumping water into the sandy sediments forcing the amber to the surface, creating pits. Areas where the amber is found are often covered in pine-beech forest, which is
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of the granite quarries, often limited in access by the quarry operators. Following an increase in the amber for jewelry production in Kyiv, Lithuania, and Poland, during the 1970s investigation and eventual start of the Pugach quarry in Klesiv culminated in 1991. In 1993 the
Ukrainian government
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The main use of amber until the 20th century was for burning, and rarely was it shaped for crafts. As such, before the 1990s amber recovery wasn't overseen by the
Ukrainian government, with small amounts found after rains and thaws and during well construction and while the
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was being built. Small scale collecting of the amber started to gain momentum in the 1950s when granite deposits in the Klesiv area were beginning to be developed. At that time the amber was picked from drainage piles and
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ice-sheets. A small female statuette of carved amber was found near
Dobranichevka, while a 12 cm (4.72 in) disc with a central hole, and a hunting scene carved on one side was found in a
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range, same as Baltic amber. Trace amounts of Pb, Y, Zn, Zr, and some other elements are present in Rivne amber. Small to no detectable amounts of those elements are detected in Baltic amber.
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was overlain by sandy to clayey deposits that were host to alluvial amber. The two formations total between 2–7 m (6.6–23.0 ft) in thickness, both containing interbeds or mixtures of
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of the amber shows carboxyl, hydroxyl, peroxide, and complex ester functional groups and additionally single and double bonds in the molecular structure are present placing Rivne amber in the
272:, 59.7% and 24.5% respectively of the Collembola fauna. Baltic amber fly families have a distinct percentage of families associated with aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats, such as
1568:
Perkovsky, E. E.; Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Vlaskin, A. P.; Taraschuk, M. V. (2007). "A comparative analysis of the Baltic and Rovno amber arthropod faunas: representative samples".
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plus sandy loess, while the
Mezhigorje is mostly medium to fine grained sands of a greenish gray tone, and with occasional iron impregnation and layering.
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1985:
Nadein, K. S.; Perkovsky, E. E.; Moseyko, A. G. (2016). "New Late Eocene
Chrysomelidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) from Baltic, Rovno and Danish ambers".
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as well, with the
Mezhigorje Formation being where most of the amber is found. The formations are found along the northwestern margin of the
1613:
2124:
1966:
Mamontov, Y. S.; Hentschel, J.; Konstantinova, N. A.; Perkovsky, E. E.; Ignatov, M. S. (2017). "Hepatics from Rovno amber (Ukraine), 6.
2020:
Martynova, K. V.; Perkovsky, E. E. (2017). "Two new genera of cuckoo wasps (Chrysididae: Amiseginae) from Rovno and Baltic ambers".
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and at the same time making other major amber mining illegal. The current mining, centered on the Pugach quarry is operated by
292:, a condition suggesting a possible subtropical climate for the Rivne forest, while the percentage of the hymenopteran family
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There are several hundred families of arthropods identified from Rovno amber, with major reviews being compiled by Perkovsky
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1686:"Rovno Amber Caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) from Different Localities, with Information about three New Sites"
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and carbonized vegetation. Both formations are sandy to clayey in texture, with the Obukhov having more clayey
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Perkovsky, E. E.; Zosimovich, V. Y.; Vlaskin, A. P. (2010). "Chapter 7: Rovno amber". In Penney, D. (ed.).
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Perkovsky, E. E.; Zosimovich, V. Y.; Vlaskin, A. P. (2003). "A Rovno amber fauna: a preliminary report".
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1528:"Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Eocene Baltic amber from the Rivne region (Ukraine)"
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Enderlein (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae): the first neuropteran fossil in Rovno amber (Ukraine)"
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Small amounts of rough, partially worked, and fully shaped amber have been recovered from
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1785:"Diversity of Scydmaeninae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Upper Eocene Rovno amber"
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Bogdasarov, M. A. (2007). "Mineralogy of fossil resins in Northern Eurasia".
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90:). Major exploration and mining of the amber did not start until the 1990s.
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There are a number of arthropod taxa, ranging from planthoppers, such as
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exposed in the Rivne region of the Ukraine and across the border near
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Amber from the Klesiv deposit and others in Ukraine have up to 0.1%
1631:"An Eocene bee in Rovno amber, Ukraine (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)"
1734:"Blasting the green earth in a rapacious hunt for precious stones"
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and unaltered pieces of both have a density of 0.98–1.13 g/cm.
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Biodiversity of Fossils in Amber from the Major World Deposits
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10.1206/0003-0082(2006)506[0001:aebira]2.0.co;2
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first started state overseen mining, under the auspices of
36:
Paleogeographic context of the Rivne Amber in Eocene Europe
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Polish Journal of Entomology/Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne
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1877:"Tropical and Holarctic ants in Late Eocene ambers"
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2055:Kupryjanowicz, J.; Makarkin, V. N. (2008).
1759:"A Rovno amber fauna: a preliminary report"
1608:. Siri Scientific Press. pp. 116–136.
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1933:Ignatov, M. S.; Perkovsky, E. E. (2011).
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1629:Engel, M.S.; Perkovsky, E.E. (2006).
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1935:"Mosses from Rovno amber (Ukraine)"
1526:Sontag, E.; Szadziewski, R (2011).
296:suggests a drier climate as well.
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2145:Paleontological sites of Europe
16:Amber found in the Rivne Oblast
1:
1732:Besser, Linton (2020-01-21).
343:Extinct silken fungus beetle
74:. The amber is dated between
1721:. 46(Supplemental): 423–430.
234:, Rivne amber is viscous in
112:Ukrainian Crystalline Shield
1783:Jaloszynski, Pawel (2016).
1719:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
66:and surrounding regions of
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2125:Natural history of Ukraine
2034:10.1134/s0031030117040074
1875:Perkovsky, E. E. (2016).
1854:10.1134/s1075701507070215
1801:10.11646/zootaxa.4157.1.1
1684:Perkovsky, E. E. (2017).
1638:American Museum Novitates
1545:10.2478/v10200-011-0058-4
346:Cryptophagus alexagrestis
180:Globular Amphora culture
170:bone huts attributed to
2150:History of Rivne Oblast
2059:Archiconiocompsa prisca
2022:Paleontological Journal
1987:Papers in Palaeontology
1834:Geology of Ore Deposits
102:amber is hosted in the
1894:10.1515/vzoo-2016-0014
1703:10.1515/vzoo-2017-0003
1301:(family indeterminate)
1290:(family indeterminate)
54:, occasionally called
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1952:10.15298/arctoa.20.01
1757:Perkovsky, Evgeny E.
1570:African Invertebrates
1509:Family indeterminate
1310:Family indeterminate
362:(2003, 2007, 2010).
328:Eocenomyrma ukrainica
240:Infrared spectroscopy
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2106:at Wikimedia Commons
2068:Entomologica Fennica
311:Alicodoxa rasnitsyni
197:Kyiv-Kovel rail line
108:Mezhigorje Formation
1972:Journal of Bryology
1846:2007GeoOD..49..630B
26:Disogmus rasnitsyni
162:. At a site near
88:Prussian Formation
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2140:Mining in Ukraine
2102:Media related to
2081:10.33338/ef.84410
1999:10.1002/spp2.1034
1615:978-0-9558636-4-6
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1753:
1750:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:(1): 229–245.
1575:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1499:Psychomyiidae
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Hydroptilidae
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:Merothripidae
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:Raphidioptera
1418:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1393:Caeciliusidae
1391:
1389:
1388:Archipsocidae
1386:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:Tettigoniidae
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:Tetracampidae
1242:
1240:
1239:Signiphoridae
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:Ichneumonidae
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:Ceraphronidae
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1085:Tropiduchidae
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:Microphysidae
1028:
1026:
1025:Matsucoccidae
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:Eriosomatidae
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
957:
953:
952:Heptageniidae
950:
949:
946:Ephemeroptera
945:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
870:Drosophilidae
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
835:Cecidomyiidae
833:
831:
828:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
802:
798:
795:
793:
792:Staphylinidae
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
732:MeBlandryidae
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
697:Curculionidae
695:
693:
692:Chrysomelidae
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
677:Artematopidae
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
660:
656:
653:
651:
648:
645:
642:
641:
637:
633:
630:
629:
626:Archaeognatha
625:
620:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
595:Entomobryidae
593:
592:
588:
583:
579:
576:
575:
571:
567:
564:
563:
559:
554:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
507:
503:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
478:
476:
475:Glaesacaridae
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
437:
432:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
415:
410:
406:
403:
402:
398:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
371:
366:
363:
361:
353:
348:
347:
339:
334:
331:holotype male
330:
329:
322:
317:
313:
312:
304:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:Entomobryidae
263:
259:
258:
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
220:
218:
214:
212:
208:
203:
198:
189:
187:
185:
181:
176:
173:
169:
166:, four large
165:
161:
158:sites in the
157:
153:
145:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:basement rock
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
93:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:found in the
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
34:
28:
27:
23:Extinct wasp
21:
2130:Miocene life
2074:(1): 25–31.
2071:
2067:
2058:
2050:
2025:
2021:
2015:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1971:
1970:, sp. nov".
1967:
1961:
1942:
1938:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1837:
1833:
1812:. Retrieved
1792:
1788:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1763:ResearchGate
1762:
1752:
1741:. Retrieved
1737:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1696:(1): 15–22.
1693:
1689:
1637:
1624:
1605:
1573:
1569:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1508:
1505:Strepsiptera
1489:Phryganeidae
1431:Thysanoptera
1398:Ephemeriidae
1342:Nevrorthidae
1337:Hemerobiidae
1309:
1288:Gelechioidea
1229:Pteromalidae
1189:Megaspilidae
1184:Megachilidae
990:Cicadellidae
974:Anthocoridae
890:Mycetobiidae
880:Keroplatidae
850:Chironomidae
787:Scydmaenidae
722:Lathridiidae
655:Polyphagidae
650:Blattellidae
605:Sminthuridae
470:Erythraeidae
460:Cheyletoidea
383:Ctenidiaceae
359:
357:
344:
326:
309:
285:
274:Chironomidae
270:Sminthuridae
255:
253:
250:Paleoecology
232:Baltic amber
224:
215:
193:
186:of Ukraine.
182:tomb in the
175:Homo sapiens
174:
160:Dnieper area
149:
120:Gomel Region
97:
84:Baltic amber
64:Rivne Oblast
55:
51:
50:
24:
2135:Eocene life
2120:Rovno amber
2104:Rovno amber
1795:(1): 1–85.
1458:Trichoptera
1425:Raphidiidae
1403:Epipsocidae
1282:Lepidoptera
1234:Scelionidae
1179:Megalyridae
1148:Eurytomidae
1138:Embolemidae
1123:Crabronidae
1118:Chrysididae
1098:Aphelinidae
1092:Hymenoptera
1055:Piesmatidae
1050:Pemphigidae
1045:Ortheziidae
979:Aphalaridae
969:Aleyrodidae
920:Scatopsidae
915:Rhagionidae
910:Psychodidae
845:Chaodoridae
824:Bombyliidae
809:Acroceridae
777:Scraptiidae
757:Nitidulidae
747:Mordellidae
742:Monotomidae
717:Languriidae
702:Dermestidae
615:Tomoceridae
578:Polyxenidae
566:Lithobiidae
544:Liocranidae
539:Linyphiidae
519:Clubionidae
502:Rhagidiidae
486:Liacaroidea
388:Neckeraceae
294:Scelionidae
221:Composition
207:Ukrburshtyn
152:Paleolithic
132:brown coals
100:late Eocene
76:Late Eocene
52:Rovno amber
2114:Categories
1743:2020-02-05
1514:References
1382:Psocoptera
1376:Leuctridae
1365:Plecoptera
1348:Orthoptera
1326:Neuroptera
1320:Bittacidae
1219:Pompilidae
1169:Formicidae
1154:Eulophidae
1143:Encyrtidae
1133:Diapriidae
1108:Braconidae
1103:Bethylidae
1065:Reduviidae
1035:Mindaridae
985:Cercopidae
930:Simuliidae
885:Limoniidae
819:Bibionidae
797:Zopheridae
772:Scolytidae
707:Elateridae
672:Anthicidae
661:Coleoptera
644:Blaberidae
632:Machilidae
589:Collembola
584:Entognatha
549:Zodariidae
534:Salticidae
524:Nesticidae
405:Jubulaceae
262:Collembola
236:plasticity
172:Cro-Magnon
136:glauconite
1862:129128479
1474:Ecnomidae
1452:Thripidae
1371:Capniidae
1354:Gryllidae
1314:Mecoptera
1299:Tineoidea
1294:Psychidae
1249:Torymidae
1199:Mymaridae
1194:Mutilidae
1164:Figitidae
1159:Evaniidae
1128:Cynipidae
1020:Lygaeidae
964:Achilidae
958:Hemiptera
940:Tipulidae
935:Syrphidae
925:Sciaridae
875:Empididae
855:Clusiidae
782:Scirtidae
762:Ptiliidae
737:Melyridae
727:Leiodidae
712:Helodidae
682:Carabidae
638:Blattodea
572:Diplopoda
560:Chilopoda
555:Myriapoda
529:Oonopidae
514:Araneidae
455:Cepheidae
449:Bdellidae
444:Anystidae
433:Arachnida
411:Crustacea
372:Bryophyta
282:Tipulidae
278:Sciaridae
264:families
257:Alicodoxa
244:succinite
164:Mezhyrich
156:Neolithic
2042:89736989
2007:86059856
1945:: 1–18.
1809:27615867
1738:ABC News
1654:84073810
1464:Beraeida
1408:Psocidae
1306:Mantodea
1260:Isoptera
1080:Tingidae
1070:Saldidae
995:Cixiidae
905:Phoridae
814:Asilidae
767:Ptinidae
687:Cleridae
667:Aderidae
496:Oppoidea
481:Ixodidae
116:Rechitsa
1842:Bibcode
1814:19 June
1789:Zootaxa
1768:19 June
1040:Miridae
860:Dixidae
803:Diptera
621:Insects
508:Araneae
416:Isopoda
367:Plantae
168:mammoth
124:Belarus
118:in the
94:Geology
72:Belarus
68:Ukraine
2040:
2005:
1974:: 1–6.
1939:Arctoa
1860:
1807:
1652:
1612:
290:aphids
286:Sciara
190:Mining
140:quartz
46:Klesiv
2064:(PDF)
2038:S2CID
2003:S2CID
1858:S2CID
1650:S2CID
1634:(PDF)
438:Acari
360:et al
314:nymph
60:amber
58:, is
1816:2021
1805:PMID
1793:4157
1770:2021
1610:ISBN
354:Taxa
268:and
154:and
98:The
78:and
70:and
2076:doi
2030:doi
1995:doi
1947:doi
1889:doi
1850:doi
1797:doi
1698:doi
1642:doi
1540:doi
213:.
122:of
2116::
2072:19
2070:.
2066:.
2036:.
2026:51
2024:.
2001:.
1989:.
1943:20
1941:.
1937:.
1903:^
1885:50
1883:.
1879:.
1856:.
1848:.
1838:49
1836:.
1824:^
1803:.
1791:.
1787:.
1761:.
1736:.
1694:51
1692:.
1688:.
1662:^
1648:.
1636:.
1582:^
1574:48
1572:.
1554:^
1536:80
1534:.
1530:.
280:,
227:Fe
2084:.
2078::
2057:"
2044:.
2032::
2009:.
1997::
1991:2
1955:.
1949::
1897:.
1891::
1864:.
1852::
1844::
1818:.
1799::
1772:.
1746:.
1706:.
1700::
1656:.
1644::
1618:.
1548:.
1542::
1150:?
1087:?
981:?
826:?
646:?
500:?
479:?
453:?
138:-
86:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
