El Escorial - Knowledge (XXG)

1603:

subjects—such as history, geography, and botany—are located in the part closest to the entrance. The library corridors branch out into different sections just to re-converge in the end, and as they advance towards the basilica, the subjects are the more abstract forms—such as poetry, grammar, and mathematics. The subjects closest to the basilica are those the king conceived as being the most abstract distillations of the others, and the closest to the origin, which was God in the Basilica: theology, geometry, and mathematics. The visitor must leave the noisy world behind and walk through the halls of knowledge in a specific, comprehensible order from concreteness to abstraction before being able to reach God and understand His message, a notion quite in line with both Charles I and Philip II's hermeticist view of religion.

1529: 1912: 1884: 1030: 1268: 1860: 603: 1924: 750: 1733:, one of the largest in Spain at the time. Not all of those books are still in El Escorial, since many ended up in the Vatican; but around a thousand of them can still be found there. The king actively purchased rare books—often on esoteric, scientific, or theological subjects—from the East. He also collected and preserved over four hundred books prohibited by the Inquisition, which he agreed should not be available for those likely to "misunderstand" them but only to experts. By 1602, the library had a large cartographic collection and over 150 mathematical instruments. 959: 1690:, one of his advisors. This meant 57 original Greek, from Sicily, manuscripts, and 112 Latin ones, from Calabria. He also bought 315 original volumes, in Greek and Arabic, from Juan Páez de Castro's personal library. The king charged specific ambassadors with traveling through his Empire and neighboring kingdoms searching and buying the best for El Escorial's library. These ambassadors were coordinated by the head librarian, who had total authority to direct their movements, and who stayed in contact with them through all their travels. 967: 1900: 56: 3388: 1611:

careful to consider the security of the library's holdings in armarios (large bookcases), as well as their display, safeguards against fire hazards, and use of available natural lighting. This library was a Renaissance statement of power, majesty, prowess, and intellectual world leadership, designed for both the preservation of the old (binding multiple cultural histories into a single Catholic Spanish culture) and discovery of the new (imprinted by that culture).

1950: 1872: 4427: 1426: 564: 3654: 1595: 951: 838:, also rest in this pantheon despite the fact that the Count never became king himself. The enclosure is presided over by an altar of veined marble, and the sarcophagi are bronze and marble. There is also the Pantheon of the Princes, where the bodies of the queens who did not have a crowned succession and the princes and princesses were laid to rest. This part was built in the nineteenth century. 510: 4358: 1365: 1145: 898: 822: 697: 1324:

Barcelona never reigned as king, although he was head of the Spanish royal family between the renunciation of his father's rights on 14 January 1941 and his renunciation of his own rights in favour of his son Juan Carlos I on 14 May 1977. Thirdly, the Countess of Barcelona was the mother of a king but not the wife of a king. However, some consider the Count of Barcelona to have been

3785: 4370: 1308: 4382: 4410: 1022: 990:, a form with all four arms of equal length. Coincident with this shift in approach, the bell towers at the western end of the church were somewhat reduced in size and the small half-dome intended to stand over the altar was replaced with a full circular dome over the center of the church, where the four arms of the Greek cross meet. 599:, and his son, the stolid and solomonically prudent Philip II. Echoing the same theme, a fresco in the center of El Escorial's library, a reminder of Solomon's legendary wisdom, affirms Philip's preoccupation with the great Jewish king, his thoughtful and logical character, and his extraordinary, monumental temple. 1739:

Philip III continued his father's policy of protection and enrichment of the library, even though he was not theologically inclined. In addition to continuing the search for, and purchase of, especially valuable and old books, he promulgated a new decree, according to which the library of El Escorial

1610:

Currently the library has more than 40,000 volumes, located in a great hall 54 metres (177 ft) in length, 9 metres (30 ft) wide, and 10 metres (33 ft) tall, with marble floors and beautifully carved wood shelves. De Herrera and Italian construction engineer Giussep Flecha y Gamboa were

1606:

During Philip II's reign, the library introduced a novel way of arranging the library's bookcases or "book presses". Until then most book presses were combined with desks and stood at right angles to the library's walls. This system was known as the "stall system" and allowed light from the library's

1827:

in all of Catholic Christendom. The collection consists of some 7,500 relics, which are stored in 570 sculpted reliquaries designed by Juan de Herrera, with most being constructed by the artisan Juan de Arfe Villafañe. These reliquaries are found in highly varied forms (heads, arms, pyramidal cases,

1673:

Philip II donated his personal collection of documents to the building, and also undertook the acquisition of the finest libraries and works of Western European Humanism. During Phillip's reign, there was an entire room dedicated to ancient manuscripts, most of them in Latin, many in Greek, but also

1590:

views and who also designed the library's shelves. It constituted, along with the basilica, the heart of the entire project, and the project was redrafted several times to accommodate changes in the organization of the library itself. As was usual for Juan de Herrera's work, it was the most advanced

829:

Under the royal chapel of the Basilica is the Royal Pantheon crypt. This is the place of burial for the kings of Spain. It is an octagonal Baroque mausoleum made of marble where all of the Spanish monarchs since Charles I have been buried, with the exception of Philip V, Ferdinand VI, and Amadeus of

1078:

or Titian, but both of these giants were already more than eighty years old and in frail health. Consequently, Philip consulted his foreign ambassadors for recommendations, and the result was a lengthy parade of the lesser European artists of that time, all swanning through the construction site at

1570:

The Escorial has three libraries. One is located behind the Chorus of the basilica. Another, within the monastery itself, used to be distributed to the different cells and rooms of the monks and that the Augustine monks have gradually managed to make their own. Finally, the Royal Library, which is

615:

502 ft), which encloses a series of intersecting passageways and courtyards. At each of the four corners is a square tower surmounted by a spire, and, near the center of the complex (and taller than the rest), rise the pointed belfries and round dome of the basilica. Philip's instructions to

610:

The Temple of Solomon design, if indeed it was the basis for El Escorial, was extensively modified to accommodate the additional functions Philip II intended the building to serve. Besides being a monastery, El Escorial is also a pantheon, a basilica, a convent, a school, a library, and a royal

614:

Built primarily from locally quarried gray granite, square and sparsely ornamented, El Escorial is austere, even forbidding, in its outward appearance, seemingly more like a fortress than a monastery or palace. It takes the form of a gigantic quadrangle, approximately 224 by 153 metres (735 by

2512:

René Taylor 1. Arquitectura y Magia. Consideraciones sobre la Idea de El Escorial, Ediciones Siruela, Madrid, enhanced from monograph in Rudolph Wittkower's 1968 festschrift. 2. Hermetism and the Mystical Architecture of the Society of Jesus in "Baroque Art: The Jesuit Contribution" by Rudolf

1323:

The interment of the remains of Queen Victoria Eugenie and the Count and Countess of Barcelona in the Royal Pantheon will each constitute an exception to tradition. First, Victoria Eugenie, although the wife of a king, was never the mother of a king in the strict sense. Secondly, the Count of

1271:

Royal burial vaults in the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII - burial niches in Pantheon of the Kings; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 - burial chapels in Pantheon of the Infantes; A - garden of the Monastery; B - altar in Pantheon of the Kings; C - basement of the

1602:

The Royal Library, like everything else in El Escorial, forms part of a larger symbolic structure and has symbolic meaning. It links the monastery and the seminary across the principal axis of the building, symbolizing the union of the spiritual and physical world. The books on the profane

1319:

at El Escorial, one for the Pantheon of the Kings and the other for the Pantheon of the Princes. These can only be visited by monks from the Monastery. In these rooms, the remains of the deceased are placed in a small leaden urn, which in turn will be placed in the marble sepulchres of the

1001:

columns, with their extravagant capitals of acanthus leaves and their elaborately fluted shafts, while the dome at El Escorial, soaring nearly 100 metres (330 ft) into the air, is supported by four heavy granite piers connected by simple Romanesque arches and decorated by simple

1591:

of its kind in Europe. It was the first library on the continent that broke with medieval design. Domenico Fontana was inspired by Herrera's design, after a visit, for his design of the Vatican Library. Philip was involved in every part of the design process of the library.

1335:

is for the moment the only queen in the pantheon who has not been mother to a king. That is because her only son, the presumed heir to the throne, died after her but before he could become king. But she is the great-grandmother of Philip V (by her daughter

1292:, or decaying chamber, awaiting interment in the Pantheon of the Kings. With the interment of these remains, all the sepulchres in the pantheon will be filled. No decision has yet been announced as to the final resting place of now-abdicated Juan Carlos, 2823:

Real Monasterio-Palacio De El Escorial: Estudios Inéditos En Commemoración Del IV Centenario De La Terminación De Las Obras. Madrid: Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas, Centro De Estudios Históricos, Departamento De Arte Diego Velázquez,

3863: 3804: 769:

that adorn the façade of the Basílica, located at the east end of the courtyard. Steps of red marble lead to the large, public chapel, past the narthex, which is one of the highlights of the basilica. The basilica has a floor in the shape of a

1835:

In the basilica, the relics are kept within two altarpieces, with the door panels painted by Federico Zuccaro. Within the altarpiece depicting the "Annunciation") are relics of female saints; its companion includes the relics of male saints.

356:

serving the king's viceroy, whose recommendation brought him to the king's attention. Philip appointed him architect-royal in 1559, and, together, they designed El Escorial as a monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world.

1923: 332:

religion in Spain found a common architectural manifestation. El Escorial was both a Spanish royal palace and a monastery, although Philip II is the only monarch who ever lived in the main building. Established with a community of

4482: 2223: 3039:

DE ANDRÉS, G., Perfil histórico de la Real Biblioteca de El Escorial, en SANTIAGO PAÉZ, E. (coord.), El Escorial en la Biblioteca Nacional. IV Centenario, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, 1985, pp. 561-565,

1437:. Completed in 1888, this group of nine burial chapels is the final resting place of princes, princesses, and consorts other than the parents of monarchs. With floors and ceiling of white marble, the tomb of Prince 324:, a royal hunting lodge and monastic retreat about five kilometres (3.1 mi) away. These sites have a dual nature: during the 16th and 17th centuries, they were places in which the power of the Spanish monarchy 1055:. In a shallow niche at the center of the lowest level is the tabernacle, a repository for the physical elements of the communion ceremony, a so-called "House of the Sacrament", designed by Juan de Herrera in 548:, is another grid-like building with interior courtyards. In fact, palaces of this approximate design were commonplace in the Byzantine and Arab world. Strikingly similar to El Escorial is the layout of the 531:

eliminated from the original conception the six interior towers of the facade, was not unique to El Escorial. Other buildings had been constructed with churches or chapels fronting on interior courtyards:

1051:, and three sets of religious paintings commissioned by Philip II. To either side are gilded life-size bronzes of the kneeling family groups of Charles and Philip, also by Leoni, with help from his son 3987: 583:: a portico followed by a courtyard open to the sky, followed by a second portico and a second courtyard, all flanked by arcades and enclosed passageways, leading to the "holy of holies". Statues of 1661:, 10,608 books from the 16th century, 2,179 books from the 17th century, and an increasing number of books from the 18th century. The manuscript collection is made up of a few thousands of medieval 4507: 1883: 4487: 1911: 849:

and his workshop, in which scenes from the history of the Redemption are represented. In the East gallery, one finds the splendid main staircase with a fresco-decorated vaulted ceiling depicting

3815: 3737: 974:

The basilica of San Lorenzo el Real, the central building in the El Escorial complex, was originally designed, like most of the late Gothic cathedrals of Western Europe, to take the form of a

1783:

spent over 25 years reclassifying and taking inventories of the surviving copies. His list of surviving books counted 45,000. Shortly after, as the Habsburg dynasty came to its end and the

1328:

King of Spain from 1941 to 1977, which in turn would make him, his mother, Queen Victoria Eugenie, and his wife, the Countess of Barcelona, eligible for interment in the Pantheon of Kings.

2705:

Michelangelo died in 1564, scarcely a year after the first stones at El Escorial were laid, and Titian, when asked to come to Spain, respectfully refused on the basis of his advanced age.

1281: 1098:

Situated next to the main altar of the Basilica, the residence of King Philip II consists of a series of austerely decorated rooms. It features a window from which the king could observe

1694:

was one such ambassador and made one of the most important purchases for the library during his time in Venice: an ancient collection of Greek manuscripts and Latin codices (1569–1577).

1791:, a further loss took place, as the Bourbon kings reversed the trend of acquiring books for the library and instead proceeded to take books to send to France or to their own libraries. 4537: 3689: 1520:

Its eleven rooms showcase the tools, cranes and other materials used in the construction of the edifice, as well as reproductions of blueprints and documents related to the project.

619:

were simple and clear, directing that the architects should produce "simplicity in the construction, severity in the whole, nobility without arrogance, majesty without ostentation."

1565: 595:

of El Escorial lend further weight to the theory that this is the true origin of the design. A more personal connection can be drawn between the David-warrior figure, representing

4557: 3600: 3825: 876:(Hall of Battles), which contains frescoes of the battles of San Quintín and Higueruela, among others. The next building contains the rooms of Philip II and of the Infanta 2215: 524:, who, in the third century AD, was martyred by being roasted to death on a grill. St. Lawrence's feast day is 10 August, the same date as the 1557 Battle of St. Quentin. 320: 4030: 2963: 1705:

had to be specially hired to organize the books and classify them by language, in addition to subject. In the 1580s the Library acquired some of its most unique pieces.

1528: 997:'s experience with the dome of St. Peter's basilica in Rome influenced the design of El Escorial's basilica. However, the Roman dome is supported by ranks of tapered 2483: 1674:

some in Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic, Italian, French, and Spanish. There were approximately 1,800 Arabic titles. The first of those books were acquired in 1571 through

1701:, the most valuable in Spain at the time, was bought. It included 850 codices and over 1,000 printed volumes. At this point, the size of the library was such that 1469:, making him eligible for interment in the Pantheon of the Princes. Upon his death in October 2015, his funeral was held at El Escorial and his body placed in the 4552: 3327: 982:

on the east–west axis intersected by a shorter transept, about three-quarters of the way between the west entrance and the high altar. This plan was modified by

868:), is found behind the presbytery of the basilica. The outbuildings of this palace, of Italian style, are distributed around the Courtyard of the Fountainheads ( 3222: 2696:

The Latin cross, with its long descending arm, is the form most familiar to western Christians as the cross on which Christ was supposed to have been crucified.

1859: 1740:

ought to receive a copy of every book published inside the Empire. Of course, the orders of continuing to search for books for the library were still in place.

4497: 1698: 4457: 4452: 4160: 4060: 3955: 3830: 3682: 3191: 1205:

This chamber consists of twenty-six marble sepulchres containing the remains of the kings and queens regnant (the only queen regnant since Philip II being

1578:

From the beginning, the Royal Library was meant to be a monumental work of art, and its execution was commissioned to prominent architects of the moment:

4542: 3281: 2362: 782:. The main altarpiece is 30 metres (98 ft) high and divided into compartments of different sizes where are found bronze sculptures, and canvases by 3926: 3840: 1763:. In 1671 a great fire destroyed 5280 codices; the main hall, in which the printed books were kept, was saved. Among the most important losses were the 3092:

DE ANDRÉS, G., Real Biblioteca de El Escorial, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Aldus, 1970, DL: M. 20720-1970 (hey, why didn't the Spaniards like the French kings?

4522: 4477: 4467: 4265: 4259: 1996: 348:

to be his collaborator in the building of the complex at El Escorial. Toledo had spent the greater part of his career in Rome, where he had worked on

4492: 1006:

pilasters, plain, solid, and largely unprepossessing. It would not be a flight of fancy to interpret St. Peter's as the quintessential expression of

4512: 1736:

Before his death, Philip II left in his last will a pension for the Escorial Library, to ensure that it would still be able to acquire new volumes.

841:

Next to the basilica, to the south, is the Courtyard of the Evangelists. This is a gardened patio in whose center rises a magnificent pavilion, by

4253: 3499: 3494: 4567: 4547: 4247: 4080: 4013: 3855: 3796: 3723: 3675: 3409: 1029: 845:, in which one can find sculptures of the Evangelists. Around the courtyard are the galleries of the main cloister, decorated with frescoes by 186: 4398: 2743: 2728: 4532: 4416: 3713: 2940: 2872: 2536: 3936: 1966: 3343: 3317: 1930: 1090:. This statue of Christ is unusual because it was represented fully nude; although for modesty it wears one cloth covering the genitals. 4472: 3164: 1745: 1332: 560:, where, as at El Escorial, two courtyards in succession separate the main portal of the complex from a fully enclosed place of worship. 4462: 3658: 3595: 3414: 2986: 2567: 3625: 4527: 3363: 3215: 3045: 3028: 2912: 1697:

An inventory prepared in 1576 counted 4,546 volumes, over 2,000 manuscripts, and 2,500 printed books. That same year the library of

1412: 1267: 1192: 937: 757:

The main entrance of the El Escorial is the west façade, which has three doors: the middle one leads to the Courtyard of the Kings (

736: 3820: 3348: 2610: 1844:

Juan de Herrera also designed the Casas de Oficios (Official Buildings) opposite the monastery's north façade; and his successor,

1320:

appropriate pantheon after the passage of fifty years, the estimated time necessary for the complete decomposition of the bodies.

318:

El Escorial consists of two architectural complexes of great historical and cultural significance: the royal monastery itself and

3373: 1776: 1460: 1277: 831: 2583: 3312: 2064: 520:

The floor plan of the building is in the form of a gridiron. The traditional belief is that this design was chosen in honor of

2959: 2317: 1899: 1122:) for its fresco paintings depicting the most important Spanish military victories. These include a medieval victory over the 3947: 3504: 3101: 1949: 1390: 1261: 1170: 919: 718: 611:

palace. All these functional demands resulted in a doubling of the building's size from the time of its original conception.

4035: 3023:

DE SIGÜENZA, F. J., La fundación del Monasterio de El Escorial, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Turner Libros S. A., 1986, pp. 273-305,

602: 527:

However, the origin of the building's layout is quite controversial. The grill-like shape, which did not fully emerge until

1536:

Constructed at the order of Philip II, a great lover of nature, these constitute an ideal place for repose and meditation.

749: 4592: 4228: 4136: 4117: 2020: 1788: 596: 572: 451: 427:, who did not live to see the completion of the project. With Toledo's death in 1567, direction passed to his apprentice, 4348: 2491: 1607:

windows to illuminate the shelves. Phillip's library began using a "wall system", placing the bookcases along the walls.

4587: 4577: 3610: 3434: 3322: 3296: 3208: 1871: 1489: 1386: 1166: 1037:

The most richly decorated part of the church is the area surrounding the high altar. Behind the altar is a three-tiered

915: 714: 622:

Aside from its explicit purposes, the complex is also an enormous storehouse of art. In it are displayed masterworks by

533: 393: 33: 4582: 4572: 4517: 3514: 3358: 3102:

Tribe, Shawn. "Some Impressive Monumental Lipsanotheca and Relic Chapels", Liturgical Arts Journal. September 06, 2021

2113: 1802: 958: 1452:, he was buried originally in Portugal, after being killed in a still-mysterious 1956 shooting at the family home in 1375: 1155: 198: 2525:"7 Philip ii as the New Solomon: The Covert Promotion of Religious Tolerance and Synergism in Post-Tridentine Spain" 4070: 3529: 3524: 3286: 1347:

marble are ornamented in gold-plated bronze. All of the wood used in El Escorial comes from the ancient forests of

1237: 315:

and functions as a monastery, basilica, royal palace, pantheon, library, museum, university, school, and hospital.

292: 96: 3058:

Purtuondo, Maria (2010). "The Study of Nature, Philosophy, and the Royal Library of San Lorenzo of the Escorial".

1832:, etc.) and are distributed throughout the monastery, with the most important being concentrated in the basilica. 1394: 1379: 1174: 1159: 908: 707: 4562: 4502: 3580: 3509: 3449: 2276: 1253: 416:, himself, and his descendants. In addition, Philip envisioned El Escorial as a center for studies in aid of the 392:, and it was he who ordained the building of a grand edifice here to commemorate the 1557 Spanish victory at the 3150: 2842:

Vallejo, Javier Morales. El Símbolo Hecho Piedra: El Escorial, Un Laberinto Descifrado. Barcelona: Áltera, 2008.

2770: 3640: 3589: 3585: 3539: 3276: 3266: 1545: 1445: 1010:

sensuality and the basilica at El Escorial as a statement of the stark rigidity and grim purposefulness of the

771: 439: 338: 164: 2370: 1717:

Councils) from the ninth century. Philip acquired several books from the Library of Granada, that belonged to

1691: 2524: 761:) and the side ones lead to a school and to a monastery. Above the center door is a niche where the image of 4218: 4131: 3635: 3605: 3551: 3479: 3368: 1657:, but the printed collections were saved. The printed collection of the library is made up of more than 600 1541: 994: 775: 616: 424: 349: 345: 122: 966: 17: 4283: 4126: 3905: 3766: 3630: 3565: 3256: 1981: 1940: 1795: 1337: 877: 835: 479: 1780: 3751: 1718: 667: 643: 499: 491: 55: 4111: 3404: 3291: 1650:. This arrangement of parallel book cases was initiated by Philip II and was called the "wall system". 549: 4041: 4003: 3570: 3489: 2433: 1722: 1702: 487: 483: 471: 435:("the work of El Escorial") is a proverbial expression for a thing that takes a long time to finish. 413: 388:. This austere location, hardly an obvious choice for the site of a royal palace, was chosen by King 385: 778:

in Rome, above the crossing. The naves are covered over by barrel vaults decorated with frescoes by

4374: 4233: 4181: 3982: 3884: 3756: 3698: 3474: 3241: 3231: 1986: 1890: 1807: 1675: 1015: 1011: 514: 475: 463: 455: 423:

The building's cornerstone was laid on 23 April 1563. The design and construction were overseen by

417: 365: 312: 296: 134: 107: 3014:

DE ANDRÉS, G., Real Biblioteca de El Escorial, 1ª Edición, Madrid: Aldus, 1970, DL: M. 20720-1970.

1706: 1556:(The Garden of the Friars). Students at the school still use it today to study and pass the time. 295:, 2.06 kilometres (1.28 mi) up the valley (4.1 km road distance) from the town of 4362: 3960: 3835: 3784: 3761: 3534: 3469: 3429: 3353: 3270: 3075: 2409: 1976: 1936: 1760: 1615: 1493: 1449: 1232:

The sepulchres also contain the remains of royal consorts who were parents of monarchs. The only

1218: 846: 783: 459: 409: 401: 389: 304: 3620: 3387: 1730: 799: 639: 3144: 1686:. As part of his active efforts, in 1571 Philip II bought a large portion of the collection of 1532:

Portion of the formal gardens (Gardens of the Friars) adjacent to north facade of the monastery

4197: 4107: 4050: 3774: 3615: 3519: 3041: 3024: 2982: 2936: 2908: 2878: 2868: 2563: 2532: 1971: 1845: 1725:

of astonishing visual beauty. Other valuable libraries acquired by Philip were the library of

1453: 1222: 1087: 659: 631: 576: 537: 503: 495: 447: 431:, under whom the building was completed in 1584, in slightly less than 21 years. To this day, 3161: 1823:

dealing with the veneration of saints, Philip II donated to the monastery one of the largest

4170: 4141: 4065: 3900: 3809: 3731: 3459: 3444: 3067: 2401: 1820: 1687: 1214: 1064: 998: 580: 545: 443: 283: 263: 2851:

Naharro, B. & Nuno, J. A Treasury of Mathematics: The Library of El Escorial Revisited.

563: 4311: 3941: 3876: 3168: 1991: 1749: 1583: 1438: 1425: 1348: 983: 842: 675: 528: 428: 86: 1537: 1459:

In 1994, King Juan Carlos I signed a decree raising his cousin and close personal friend

3185: 3173: 2617: 1678:. After that many books were obtained as a "peace price" during the many battles of the 4295: 4223: 4210: 3931: 3845: 3464: 3439: 1753: 1683: 1679: 1579: 1293: 1210: 1099: 815: 766: 762: 663: 647: 521: 467: 329: 3651:

This section includes the royal palaces of the Christian and Muslim medieval kingdoms

2833:

Duxfield, Andrew. Christopher Marlowe and the Failure to Unify. Oxon: Routledge, 2016.

2715: 4446: 3995: 3913: 3575: 3180: 3079: 1741: 1726: 1344: 1301: 1285: 854: 779: 670:

designed the magnificent main staircase. The library contains thousands of priceless

381: 288: 3001:

Fadul, Valeria López. "Juan Páez de Castro and the Project of a Universal Library."

2671: 2072: 1794:

Currently, the library has over 40,000 volumes. The library includes many important

4386: 4155: 4055: 3560: 2325: 1799: 1619: 1587: 1505: 1249: 1233: 1226: 1075: 1052: 3424: 2642: 2145: 1594: 950: 509: 4433: 2796: 2171: 1811:, a 12th-century Syrian autobiography, was discovered there in the 19th century. 4331: 4098: 3667: 3484: 3122: 2609:

Tenth International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (2004).

1653:

The fire of 1671, which engulfed the library, destroyed about 5,280 handwritten

1509: 1364: 1245: 1241: 1206: 1144: 1048: 1003: 987: 975: 897: 821: 787: 765:

has been placed. The Courtyard of the Kings owes its name to the statues of the

696: 655: 334: 308: 4357: 2028: 4092: 3454: 2246: 1639: 1572: 1485: 671: 627: 405: 2882: 1047:, nearly 28 metres (92 ft) tall, adorned with gilded bronze statuary by 3968: 3156: 2392:

Mary Crawford Volk; Kubler, George (1 March 1987). "Building the Escorial".

1824: 1714: 1658: 1647: 1631: 1307: 1297: 372:

from Madrid—more than 500,000 visitors come to El Escorial every year.

3195:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 766–768. 2862: 2560:

The Magic Circle of Rudolf II: Alchemy and Astrology in Renaissance Prague

1614:

The vault of the library's ceiling is decorated with frescoes, painted by

571:

The most persuasive theory for the origin of the floor plan is that it is

4327: 4323: 4287: 4149: 4088: 3892: 3868: 3419: 2318:"5 Things to see inside El Escorial: Spain's Magnificent Royal Monastery" 1784: 1643: 1627: 1497: 791: 635: 592: 553: 369: 4369: 4335: 4319: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4021: 3976: 2413: 1623: 1501: 1465: 1039: 1007: 922: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 721: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 651: 588: 557: 397: 3200: 2284: 2172:"The Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial and Natural Surroundings" 299:

and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of the Spanish capital

4315: 4299: 3745: 1829: 1060: 1056: 1044: 807: 623: 361: 353: 300: 176: 2405: 1021: 3071: 1744:

donated a large number of original Hebrew manuscripts, and Admiral

4307: 4186: 3702: 1662: 1654: 1635: 1593: 1527: 1512:

schools from the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries.

1424: 1306: 1266: 1123: 1028: 1020: 965: 957: 949: 820: 748: 601: 584: 562: 541: 508: 450:. The Royal Pantheon contains the tombs of the Holy Roman Emperor 341:. It was also a boarding school: the Real Colegio de Alfonso XII. 438:

Since then, El Escorial has been the burial site for most of the

404:, king of France. Philip also intended the complex to serve as a 1257: 1103: 979: 498:(who reigned from 1700 to 1724 and again from 1724 to 1746) and 3671: 3204: 3184: 1126:, as well as several of Philip's campaigns against the French. 1358: 1138: 891: 690: 4483:

Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Community of Madrid

4392: 3151:

Jardin del Monasterio de El Escorial – a Gardens Guide review

3139: 3783: 2529:

The Conversos and Moriscos in Late Medieval Spain and Beyond

1248:. The most recent monarch interred in the pantheon is King 2454: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2146:"El Escorial – The World's largest Renaissance Building" 1540:, the Socialist who served as the last president of the 364:

declared The Royal Seat of San Lorenzo of El Escorial a

2666: 2664: 1476:

Thirty-seven of the sixty available niches are filled.

678:, who ruled Morocco from 1603 to 1627, is housed here. 368:. It is a popular tourist attraction, often visited by 27:

Monastery and historical residence of the King of Spain

1848:, designed the Casa de la Compaña (Company Quarters). 1566:

Library of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial

1282:

Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

1114:

The gallery was originally called the King's Gallery (

4346: 3162:

El Escorial tourist and travel connexions guide (Eng)

1775:), a 19-volume encyclopedia on biology and botany by 4508:

Art museums and galleries in the Community of Madrid

307:(who reigned 1556–1598), El Escorial is the largest 4488:

Buildings and structures in the Community of Madrid

4209: 4169: 4079: 4012: 3854: 3795: 3722: 3548: 3395: 3336: 3305: 3249: 3238: 1331:There has already been one exception to tradition: 237: 229: 221: 213: 205: 196: 182: 172: 157: 149: 141: 132: 128: 118: 113: 103: 92: 82: 77: 69: 41: 3712:For official site names, see each article or the 2771:"El Panteón de Reyes de El Escorial, al completo" 2484:"Spain's El Escorial, Capital of the Inquisition" 536:, dating from 1441, is one such example; the old 408:for the interment of the remains of his parents, 2400:(1). The Art Bulletin, Vol. 69, No. 1: 150–153. 454:(who ruled Spain as King Charles I), Philip II, 3601:Palacio de los Capitanes Generales de Guatemala 2434:"Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial" 2210: 2208: 2114:"The Monastery of El Escorial: all its history" 1340:) and she is an ancestor of the King of Spain. 303:. Built between 1563 and 1584 by order of King 4538:Tourist attractions in the Community of Madrid 4031:Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí 3197:Contains a plan of the buildings and surrounds 3129:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 3127:The Escorial: Art and Power in the Renaissance 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 1917:View of El Escorial from the Seat of Philip II 812:The Adoration of the Sacred Host by Charles II 506:(1870–1873), are not buried in the monastery. 3683: 3216: 2907:. New York City, NY: Routledge. p. 672. 2905:International Dictionary of Library Histories 2819: 2817: 2584:"El Escorial. History, Content, Significance" 2363:"El Escorial: the eighth wonder of the world" 2216:"El Escorial. History, Content, Significance" 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 1473:, awaiting future interment in the pantheon. 1260:in 1980. The remains of Alfonso XIII's wife, 1118:but came to be known as the Hall of Battles ( 272: 8: 4558:Burial sites of the House of Bourbon (Spain) 3147:UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture 2277:"Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid" 2015: 2013: 2011: 1444:Among the more recent interments is that of 674:: for example, the collection of the sultan 4161:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin 4061:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin 3956:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin 3831:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin 3636:Palacio de los Gobernadores de Nuevo México 3328:Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas 3174:HISTORIA DEL REAL MONASTERIO DE SAN LORENZO 1393:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1173:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1043:, or altar screen, made of red granite and 268:Monasterio y Sitio de El Escorial en Madrid 18:Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo Del Escorial 3690: 3676: 3668: 3596:Palacio de los Capitanes Generales de Cuba 3246: 3223: 3209: 3201: 3157:El Escorial Monastery – History and Photos 3145:Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid 1284:(d. 2000); (the father and mother of King 513:El Escorial: floor plan, based on that of 145:Monastery and Site of the Escorial, Madrid 38: 2864:The library : an illustrated history 2478: 2476: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 1997:Imperial Route of the Community of Madrid 1752:captured during his wars with the Sultan 1413:Learn how and when to remove this message 1351:, on the so-called Golden Coast of Cuba. 1193:Learn how and when to remove this message 938:Learn how and when to remove this message 884:housing the bed in which Philip II died. 737:Learn how and when to remove this message 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 1448:in October 1992. The younger brother of 1276:The remains of Alfonso XIII's third son 1063:. It was built between 1579 and 1586 by 872:). Inside the House of the King are the 864:), also known as the House of the King ( 567:Courtyard of the Kings and the Basilica. 344:Philip II engaged the Spanish architect 337:monks, it has become a monastery of the 311:building in the world. It is one of the 260:Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial 48:Real Sitio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial 42:Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial 4405: 4353: 3927:Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija 3631:Palacio del Gobernador de las Filipinas 3621:Palacio Virreinal de Santa Fé de Bogotá 2769:Martínez-Fornes, A (27 February 2011). 2007: 1855: 1304:, and any future monarchs and consorts. 1102:from his bed when incapacitated by the 380:El Escorial is situated at the foot of 328:the ecclesiastical predominance of the 195: 3816:Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain 3738:Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain 2729:El Escorial. Habitaciones de Felipe II 1805:(1045–46). The only known copy of the 1264:were interred in the pantheon in 2011. 1079:El Escorial seeking the king's favor. 591:on either side of the entrance to the 4553:Burial sites of the House of Habsburg 3714:List of World Heritage Sites in Spain 2954: 2952: 2926: 2924: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 1935:, was built in 1771–75 to designs of 1548:-run school and mentions them in his 282: 236: 228: 220: 212: 204: 181: 171: 156: 148: 140: 131: 7: 4224:Risco Caído and the Sacred Mountains 3937:Monastery of Saint Mary of Guadalupe 3841:San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries 3292:Alcázar of Seville: Upper Apartments 2139: 2137: 2135: 1967:History of early modern period domes 1391:adding citations to reliable sources 1288:), lie at a prepared place called a 1171:adding citations to reliable sources 920:adding citations to reliable sources 825:Detail of the Courtyard of the Kings 719:adding citations to reliable sources 606:El Escorial. View from the northwest 544:'s first hospital, begun in 1456 by 287:), is a historical residence of the 4498:Churches in the Community of Madrid 4001:University and Historic Precinct of 2979:The Library. An Illustrated History 2935:. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 87. 2933:The Library: An Illustrated History 1759:The library reached its peak under 1252:, removed there from the Church of 954:Dome of the Basilica of El Escorial 4458:Museums in the Community of Madrid 4453:Palaces in the Community of Madrid 4022:Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco 3951:, a landscape of Arts and Sciences 3864:Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests 3805:Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests 3611:Palacio del Fuerte de Buenos Aires 2966:from the original on 24 July 2011. 2144:Tietz, Tabea (13 September 2020). 2063:Roller, Sarah (24 November 2020). 1571:public and exists under a special 1433:The pantheon's name in Spanish is 1074:, the king's preferences had been 774:and an enormous dome, inspired by 25: 4543:Renaissance architecture in Spain 3877:Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida 3410:Alcázar of the Caliphs of Córdoba 3344:Casita del Príncipe (El Escorial) 2459:Diccionario de la lengua española 2324:. 8 November 2022. Archived from 1819:Following a rule approved by the 880:. Another outbuilding is that of 851:The glory of the Spanish monarchy 4523:Parks in the Community of Madrid 4478:Benedictine monasteries in Spain 4468:Augustinian monasteries in Spain 4425: 4408: 4380: 4368: 4356: 3653: 3652: 3415:Alcázar of the Catholic Monarchs 3386: 2716:"Crucifix by CELLINI, Benvenuto" 2523:Ingram, Kevin (1 January 2016), 1948: 1922: 1910: 1898: 1882: 1870: 1858: 1363: 1280:, (d. 1993) and daughter-in-law 1278:Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona 1143: 896: 695: 60:A distant view of the Royal Site 54: 4513:Historic house museums in Spain 3961:Route of Santiago de Compostela 3836:Route of Santiago de Compostela 3762:Route of Santiago de Compostela 3626:Palacio del Gobernador de Agaña 3313:Convent of Las Descalzas Reales 3005:Vol. 52, no. 2 (2017): 173-183. 1082:One chapel exhibits the famous 907:needs additional citations for 706:needs additional citations for 3821:Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon 3349:Casita del Príncipe (El Pardo) 2867:. New York, NY: Skyhorse Pub. 2222:. 25 July 2019. Archived from 1769:Historia natural de las Indias 1262:Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg 153:Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv) 1: 4568:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 4548:World Heritage Sites in Spain 4118:General Archive of the Indies 3896:with its Extra-mural Churches 2931:Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009). 1955:The Monastery with the garden 1789:War of the Spanish Succession 1779:. After the fire, the priest 1777:Francisco Hernández de Toledo 1773:Natural History of the Indies 1544:, studied in the monastery's 860:The Palace of the Austrians ( 579:by the Judeo-Roman historian 502:(1746–1759), as well as King 4533:1584 establishments in Spain 4493:Replicas of Solomon's Temple 3581:Edificio de las Casas reales 2672:"El Escorial – Architecture" 2562:. Walker Books. p. 20. 2488:Rick Steves Classroom Europe 1865:Monastery and its reflection 1709:donated a manuscript of the 1025:Courtyard of the Evangelists 753:West facade of the monastery 442:of the last five centuries, 34:El Escorial (disambiguation) 4036:Palau de la Música Catalana 3515:Royal Palace of Tordesillas 3374:Colegio de Doncellas Nobles 3359:Pantheon of Illustrious Men 2732:apuntes.santanderlasalle.es 2531:, Brill, pp. 129–149, 1803:Golden Gospels of Henry III 1598:The library of El Escorial. 1463:to the status of a Spanish 1221:to the present, except for 1033:Wall in the Hall of Battles 836:King Juan Carlos I of Spain 321:La Granjilla de La Fresneda 4609: 4473:Basilica churches in Spain 4229:San Cristóbal de La Laguna 4190:, Biodiversity and Culture 4137:Historic Centre of Córdoba 3525:Palacio Real de Valladolid 3282:La Granja de San Ildefonso 2643:"El Escorial – Decoration" 2513:Wittkower & Irma Jaffe 1787:took the throne after the 1748:brought back the complete 1563: 1238:Francis of Asis de Bourbon 1086:carved in white marble by 970:High altar of the Basilica 293:San Lorenzo de El Escorial 135:UNESCO World Heritage Site 97:San Lorenzo de El Escorial 31: 4463:Royal residences in Spain 4242: 4179:Cultural Landscape of the 4127:Dolmens Site of Antequera 4066:Silk Exchange in Valencia 3781: 3709: 3649: 3510:Royal Palace of Pedralbes 3505:Royal Palace of Perpignan 3435:Castle Alcázar of Segorbe 3384: 3318:Convent of La Encarnación 1484:Consists of works of the 1254:Santa Maria in Monserrato 978:. As such, it has a long 534:King's College, Cambridge 274:Monasterio de El Escorial 273: 249: 245: 209:Monasterio de San Lorenzo 199:Spanish Cultural Heritage 192: 65: 53: 46: 4528:Houses completed in 1584 4147:Renaissance Monuments of 3826:Pirineos - Monte Perdido 3641:Royal Palace of Brussels 3540:Valldemossa Charterhouse 3167:20 December 2014 at the 2981:. Skyhorse. p. 86. 2558:Marshall, Peter (2006). 1889:View of El Escorial, by 1699:Diego Hurtado de Mendoza 1586:, who shared the king's 1554:El jardín de los frailes 1461:Carlos, Duke of Calabria 962:Wooden model of the roof 339:Order of Saint Augustine 187:Europe and North America 73:Monastery of El Escorial 47: 3911:Historic Walled Town of 3752:Kingdom of the Asturias 3530:Royal Alcázar of Madrid 3495:Royal Palace of Estella 3480:Palacio de la Magdalena 3369:Convent of Santa Isabel 3192:Encyclopædia Britannica 3153:(archived 15 June 2006) 3003:Pacific Coast Philology 2977:Murray, Stuart (2012). 2903:Stam, David H. (2001). 2861:Murray, Stuart (2009). 2432:Fodor's Review (2008). 1877:Pool from the Monastery 1796:illuminated manuscripts 1552:(Memoirs) and his play 1542:Second Spanish Republic 1441:is especially notable. 1429:Pantheon of the Princes 1355:Pantheon of the Princes 1014:, the two sides of the 995:Juan Bautista de Toledo 870:Patio de los Mascarones 862:Palacio de los Austrias 617:Juan Bautista de Toledo 425:Juan Bautista de Toledo 346:Juan Bautista de Toledo 291:located in the town of 123:Juan Bautista de Toledo 114:Design and construction 4284:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3882:Archaeological Site of 3789: 3767:Santiago de Compostela 3566:Royal Palace of Naples 3364:Convent of San Pascual 3323:Convent of Santa Clara 2490:. 2003. Archived from 1943:, the future Carlos IV 1941:Prince of the Asturias 1618:, depicting the seven 1599: 1533: 1430: 1343:The walls of polished 1338:Maria Theresa of Spain 1312: 1273: 1034: 1026: 971: 963: 955: 832:the Count of Barcelona 830:Savoy. The remains of 826: 754: 687:Courtyard of the Kings 607: 568: 552:and the design of the 517: 433:la obra de El Escorial 280:Spanish pronunciation: 267: 4397:at Knowledge (XXG)'s 4071:Works of Antoni Gaudí 3919:Monastery and Site of 3787: 3616:Palacio Real de Quito 3500:Royal Palace of Olite 3119:. New York: Newsweek. 3060:Renaissance Quarterly 2960:"El Escorial Library" 1765:Concilios visigóticos 1711:Concilios visigóticos 1692:Diego Guzmán de Silva 1597: 1531: 1524:Gardens of the Friars 1428: 1311:Pantheon of the Kings 1310: 1270: 1135:Pantheon of the Kings 1032: 1024: 969: 961: 953: 824: 752: 668:Giambattista Castello 644:Rogier van der Weyden 605: 573:based on descriptions 566: 512: 494:. Two Bourbon kings, 394:Battle of St. Quentin 376:Conception and design 284:[eleskoˈɾjal] 4593:Charles III of Spain 4195:Prehistoric Sites of 4132:Doñana National Park 4042:Hospital de Sant Pau 3699:World Heritage Sites 3571:Palazzo dei Normanni 3490:Palacio de la Ribera 3115:Cable, Mary (1971). 2287:on 22 September 2022 1703:Benito Arias Montano 1516:Architectural museum 1387:improve this section 1333:Elisabeth of Bourbon 1167:improve this section 1106:that afflicted him. 916:improve this article 878:Isabel Clara Eugenia 874:Sala de las Batallas 794:, paintings such as 776:St. Peter's Basilica 715:improve this article 414:Isabella of Portugal 386:Sierra de Guadarrama 360:On 2 November 1984, 350:St. Peter's Basilica 32:For other uses, see 4588:Charles II of Spain 4578:Philip III of Spain 4234:Teide National Park 4182:Serra de Tramuntana 3906:Old Town of Cáceres 3757:Roman walls of Lugo 3475:Palace of Charles V 3242:Patrimonio Nacional 3232:Spanish Royal sites 2801:Patrimonio Nacional 2748:Patrimonio Nacional 2367:Barcelo Experiences 1987:Patrimonio Nacional 1982:Valle de los Caídos 1932:Casita del Principe 1891:Michel-Ange Houasse 1781:Antonio de San José 1676:Juan Paez de Castro 1435:Panteón de Infantes 1130:Royal burial vaults 1094:Palace of Philip II 1016:Counter-Reformation 418:Counter-Reformation 366:World Heritage Site 313:Spanish royal sites 108:Patrimonio Nacional 83:Architectural style 78:General information 4583:Philip IV of Spain 4573:Philip II of Spain 4518:Libraries in Spain 4246:Shared with other 3872:Cultural Landscape 3790: 3606:Palacio de Pizarro 3586:Palacio del Virrey 3535:Torre de la Parada 3470:Monastery of Yuste 3430:Buen Retiro Palace 3405:Alcázar of Segovia 3354:Casita del Infante 3239:Royal sites of the 2744:"Sala de Batallas" 2588:Spain Then and Now 2220:Spain Then and now 2031:on 24 October 2022 1977:Spanish Golden Age 1937:Juan de Villanueva 1840:Adjacent buildings 1719:Isabela of Castile 1669:Collecting process 1616:Pellegrino Tibaldi 1600: 1534: 1450:King Juan Carlos I 1431: 1313: 1274: 1035: 1027: 972: 964: 956: 847:Pellegrino Tibaldi 827: 759:Patio de los Reyes 755: 608: 569: 550:Alcázar of Seville 518: 390:Philip II of Spain 238:Reference no. 173:Reference no. 4344: 4343: 4051:Palmeral of Elche 4004:Alcalá de Henares 3810:Caves of Altamira 3775:Tower of Hercules 3732:Caves of Altamira 3665: 3664: 3588:(present-day the 3520:Palau Reial Major 3440:Castle of Bellver 3382: 3381: 2942:978-1-61608-453-0 2874:978-1-60239-706-4 2538:978-90-04-30636-3 2373:on 12 August 2022 2120:. 23 January 2020 1972:List of carillons 1846:Francisco de Mora 1423: 1422: 1415: 1242:Queen Isabella II 1217:dynasties, from 1203: 1202: 1195: 1088:Benvenuto Cellini 948: 947: 940: 747: 746: 739: 632:Benvenuto Cellini 577:Temple of Solomon 538:Ospedale Maggiore 253: 252: 70:Alternative names 16:(Redirected from 4600: 4563:Louis I of Spain 4503:Gardens in Spain 4438: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4421: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4401: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4373: 4372: 4361: 4360: 4352: 4202: 4196: 4191: 4180: 4171:Balearic Islands 4154: 4148: 4142:Madinat al-Zahra 4123: 4116: 4104: 4097: 4047: 4040: 4027: 4002: 3994: 3993:Historic City of 3981: 3975: 3967: 3952: 3946: 3920: 3912: 3901:Burgos Cathedral 3897: 3891: 3883: 3873: 3814: 3771: 3750: 3744: 3736: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3669: 3656: 3655: 3460:Madinat al-Zahra 3445:Castle of Burgos 3390: 3247: 3225: 3218: 3211: 3202: 3196: 3188: 3186:"Escorial" 3140:El Escorial site 3104: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3066:(4): 1106–1150. 3055: 3049: 3037: 3031: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3006: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2740: 2734: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2668: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2622: 2616:. Archived from 2615: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2520: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2480: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2429: 2418: 2417: 2394:The Art Bulletin 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2369:. Archived from 2359: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2314: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2283:. Archived from 2273: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2245:unknown (2016). 2242: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2226:on 31 March 2022 2212: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2141: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2110: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2071:. Archived from 2060: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2027:. Archived from 2017: 1952: 1926: 1914: 1902: 1886: 1874: 1862: 1821:Council of Trent 1808:Kitab al-I'tibar 1721:, including her 1418: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1367: 1359: 1198: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1178: 1147: 1139: 1120:Sala de Batallas 1116:Galería del Rey) 1070:To decorate the 1065:Jacopo da Trezzo 943: 936: 932: 929: 923: 900: 892: 834:, the father of 742: 735: 731: 728: 722: 699: 691: 581:Flavius Josephus 546:Antonio Filarete 515:Solomon's Temple 286: 281: 276: 275: 168: 58: 39: 21: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4437:from Wikivoyage 4431: 4426: 4424: 4414: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4400:sister projects 4399: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4367: 4355: 4347: 4345: 4340: 4312:North Macedonia 4238: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4189: 4178: 4165: 4152: 4146: 4121: 4114: 4102: 4095: 4075: 4045: 4038: 4025: 4008: 4000: 3992: 3979: 3973: 3965: 3950: 3944: 3942:Paseo del Prado 3918: 3910: 3895: 3889: 3881: 3871: 3850: 3812: 3791: 3779: 3769: 3748: 3742: 3734: 3718: 3705: 3696: 3666: 3661: 3645: 3590:National Palace 3550: 3544: 3450:Del Real Palace 3397: 3391: 3378: 3332: 3301: 3240: 3234: 3229: 3179: 3169:Wayback Machine 3136: 3112: 3110:Further reading 3107: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3038: 3034: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2958: 2957: 2950: 2943: 2930: 2929: 2922: 2915: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2875: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2797:"Los Panteones" 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2681: 2679: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2623:on 2 March 2007 2620: 2613: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2482: 2481: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2421: 2406:10.2307/3051093 2391: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2361: 2360: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2328:on 28 June 2022 2316: 2315: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2275: 2274: 2261: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2214: 2213: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2170:UNESCO (2008). 2169: 2168: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2112: 2111: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2062: 2061: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2019: 2018: 2009: 2005: 1992:Herrerian style 1963: 1956: 1953: 1944: 1927: 1918: 1915: 1906: 1905:A distant view. 1903: 1894: 1887: 1878: 1875: 1866: 1863: 1854: 1842: 1817: 1815:The reliquaries 1750:Zaydani library 1731:Antonio Agustín 1723:Libro the Horas 1671: 1584:Juan de Herrera 1575:of protection. 1568: 1562: 1526: 1518: 1482: 1446:Infante Alfonso 1439:John of Austria 1419: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1384: 1368: 1357: 1349:Sagua La Grande 1199: 1188: 1182: 1179: 1164: 1148: 1137: 1132: 1112: 1110:Hall of Battles 1096: 984:Juan de Herrera 944: 933: 927: 924: 913: 901: 890: 882:Alcoba del Rey, 843:Juan de Herrera 818:are on exhibit. 804:The Last Supper 786:, Zuccari, and 743: 732: 726: 723: 712: 700: 689: 684: 682:Royal Monastery 676:Zidan Abu Maali 529:Juan de Herrera 429:Juan de Herrera 378: 279: 201: 162: 137: 87:Herrerian style 61: 49: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4606: 4604: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4422: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4296:Czech Republic 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4211:Canary Islands 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4192: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4105: 4085: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4033: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 3998: 3990: 3985: 3971: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3916: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3887: 3879: 3874: 3866: 3860: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3846:Vizcaya Bridge 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3740: 3728: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3672: 3663: 3662: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3555: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3465:Miramar Palace 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3401: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3264: 3259: 3253: 3251: 3244: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3213: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3183:, ed. (1911). 3181:Chisholm, Hugh 3177: 3171: 3159: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3135: 3134:External links 3132: 3131: 3130: 3120: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3094: 3085: 3072:10.1086/658508 3050: 3032: 3016: 3007: 2994: 2988:978-1616084530 2987: 2969: 2948: 2941: 2920: 2913: 2895: 2873: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2826: 2813: 2788: 2761: 2735: 2721: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2660: 2634: 2601: 2590:. 25 July 2019 2575: 2569:978-0802715517 2568: 2550: 2537: 2515: 2505: 2494:on 25 May 2022 2472: 2446: 2419: 2384: 2339: 2298: 2259: 2237: 2184: 2162: 2131: 2086: 2075:on 26 May 2022 2042: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1947: 1945: 1928: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1897: 1895: 1888: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1841: 1838: 1816: 1813: 1798:, such as the 1684:Ottoman Empire 1680:Spanish Empire 1670: 1667: 1580:Juan de Toledo 1564:Main article: 1561: 1558: 1525: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1481: 1478: 1421: 1420: 1371: 1369: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1315:There are two 1244:and father of 1201: 1200: 1151: 1149: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1111: 1108: 1095: 1092: 946: 945: 904: 902: 895: 889: 886: 816:Claudio Coello 767:Kings of Judah 763:Saint Lawrence 745: 744: 703: 701: 694: 688: 685: 683: 680: 666:, and others. 664:Claudio Coello 660:José de Ribera 648:Paolo Veronese 377: 374: 330:Roman Catholic 251: 250: 247: 246: 243: 242: 239: 235: 234: 231: 227: 226: 223: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 159: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 133: 130: 129: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 94: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4605: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4436: 4435: 4434:Travel guides 4423: 4419: 4418: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4199: 4193: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3997: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3917: 3915: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3888: 3886: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3788:Flag of Spain 3786: 3776: 3773: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3660: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3576:Palazzo Regio 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398:Royal Palaces 3394: 3389: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250:Royal Palaces 3248: 3245: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3098: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3046:84-505-2529-2 3043: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3029:84-7506-178-8 3026: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2914:1-57958-244-3 2910: 2906: 2899: 2896: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2725: 2722: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2619: 2612: 2611:"El Escorial" 2605: 2602: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2576: 2571: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2551: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2435: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2385: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2248: 2241: 2238: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2065:"El Escorial" 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021:"El Escorial" 2016: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1925: 1920: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1885: 1880: 1873: 1868: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742:Arias Montano 1737: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1727:Pedro Fajardo 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1688:Gonzalo Pérez 1685: 1681: 1677: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1567: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1427: 1417: 1414: 1406: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1372:This section 1370: 1366: 1361: 1360: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1302:Queen Letizia 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1286:Juan Carlos I 1283: 1279: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1240:, husband of 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1197: 1194: 1186: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1152:This section 1150: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1031: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 986:to that of a 985: 981: 977: 968: 960: 952: 942: 939: 931: 921: 917: 911: 910: 905:This section 903: 899: 894: 893: 887: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 858: 856: 855:Luca Giordano 853:, painted by 852: 848: 844: 839: 837: 833: 823: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 796:Joseph's Coat 793: 789: 785: 781: 780:Luca Giordano 777: 773: 768: 764: 760: 751: 741: 738: 730: 720: 716: 710: 709: 704:This section 702: 698: 693: 692: 686: 681: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 612: 604: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 565: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 530: 525: 523: 516: 511: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 480:Ferdinand VII 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 440:Spanish kings 436: 434: 430: 426: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 382:Mount Abantos 375: 373: 371: 367: 363: 358: 355: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 331: 327: 323: 322: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 289:King of Spain 285: 277: 269: 265: 261: 257: 248: 244: 241:RI-51-0001064 240: 232: 224: 216: 208: 206:Official name 200: 191: 188: 185: 178: 175: 166: 160: 152: 144: 142:Official name 136: 127: 124: 121: 117: 112: 109: 106: 102: 98: 95: 91: 88: 85: 81: 76: 72: 68: 64: 57: 52: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 4432: 4420:from Commons 4415: 4394: 4375:Architecture 4270:Shared with 4264:Shared with 4258:Shared with 4252:Shared with 4056:Poblet Abbey 3983:its Aqueduct 3921: 3743:Monuments of 3711: 3561:Castel Nuovo 3552:Sub-national 3297:La Almudaina 3261: 3190: 3126: 3123:Kamen, Henry 3116: 3097: 3088: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3035: 3019: 3010: 3002: 2997: 2978: 2972: 2932: 2904: 2898: 2886:. Retrieved 2863: 2856: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2804:. Retrieved 2800: 2791: 2779:. Retrieved 2777:(in Spanish) 2774: 2764: 2752:. Retrieved 2750:(in Spanish) 2747: 2738: 2731: 2724: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2680:. Retrieved 2675: 2651:. Retrieved 2646: 2637: 2625:. Retrieved 2618:the original 2604: 2592:. Retrieved 2587: 2578: 2559: 2553: 2542:, retrieved 2528: 2518: 2508: 2496:. Retrieved 2492:the original 2487: 2463:. Retrieved 2461:(in Spanish) 2458: 2449: 2437:. Retrieved 2397: 2393: 2387: 2375:. Retrieved 2371:the original 2366: 2330:. Retrieved 2326:the original 2321: 2289:. Retrieved 2285:the original 2280: 2250:. Retrieved 2240: 2228:. Retrieved 2224:the original 2219: 2175:. Retrieved 2165: 2153:. Retrieved 2149: 2122:. Retrieved 2118:Ingeo Expert 2117: 2077:. Retrieved 2073:the original 2068: 2033:. Retrieved 2029:the original 2024: 1931: 1843: 1834: 1818: 1806: 1793: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1746:Luis Fajardo 1738: 1735: 1710: 1707:Jorge Beteta 1696: 1672: 1652: 1620:liberal arts 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1577: 1569: 1553: 1549: 1538:Manuel Azaña 1535: 1519: 1483: 1475: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1443: 1434: 1432: 1409: 1400: 1385:Please help 1373: 1342: 1330: 1325: 1322: 1316: 1314: 1289: 1275: 1250:Alfonso XIII 1234:king consort 1231: 1227:Ferdinand VI 1225:and his son 1204: 1189: 1180: 1165:Please help 1153: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1097: 1083: 1081: 1076:Michelangelo 1071: 1069: 1038: 1036: 992: 973: 934: 925: 914:Please help 909:verification 906: 881: 873: 869: 866:Casa del Rey 865: 861: 859: 850: 840: 828: 811: 803: 795: 758: 756: 733: 724: 713:Please help 708:verification 705: 621: 613: 609: 570: 526: 522:St. Lawrence 519: 500:Ferdinand VI 492:Alfonso XIII 437: 432: 422: 379: 359: 343: 325: 319: 317: 271: 259: 255: 254: 119:Architect(s) 29: 4395:El Escorial 4363:Catholicism 4332:Switzerland 3988:Siega Verde 3974:Old Town of 3966:Old City of 3948:Buen Retiro 3932:Las Médulas 3922:El Escorial 3890:Old Town of 3485:El Quexigal 3306:Monasteries 3262:El Escorial 3117:El Escorial 2676:El Escorial 2647:El Escorial 2544:13 December 2247:"Identidad" 2069:History Hit 1825:reliquaries 1754:Muley Zidán 1659:incunabules 1588:neoplatonic 1546:Augustinian 1480:Art gallery 1294:Queen Sofía 1246:Alfonso XII 1207:Isabella II 1049:Leone Leoni 1012:Inquisition 988:Greek cross 976:Latin cross 788:Leone Leoni 772:Greek cross 672:manuscripts 656:Alonso Cano 488:Alfonso XII 484:Isabella II 472:Charles III 446:as well as 370:daytrippers 335:Hieronymite 309:Renaissance 297:El Escorial 256:El Escorial 233:3 June 1931 217:Non-movable 4447:Categories 4093:Generalife 3797:North East 3770:(Old Town) 3724:North West 3455:Generalife 3176:(archived) 2498:5 December 2377:5 December 2332:4 December 2291:4 December 2230:4 December 2150:SciHi Blog 2124:5 December 2079:5 December 2035:4 December 2025:Britannica 2003:References 1939:, for the 1715:Visigothic 1640:arithmetic 1573:papal bull 1317:pudrideros 999:Corinthian 628:Tintoretto 476:Charles IV 464:Charles II 456:Philip III 406:necropolis 230:Designated 158:Designated 104:Management 4219:Garajonay 4198:Talayotic 4108:Cathedral 4046:Barcelona 4026:Tarragona 3969:Salamanca 3885:Atapuerca 3425:Aljafería 3080:191268336 2883:277203534 1761:Philip IV 1729:, and of 1682:with the 1648:astronomy 1632:dialectic 1504:and more 1471:pudridero 1374:does not 1298:Felipe VI 1290:pudridero 1272:Monastery 1219:Charles I 1209:) of the 1154:does not 857:in 1692. 800:Velázquez 790:. In the 727:July 2021 640:Velázquez 597:Charles V 460:Philip IV 452:Charles V 448:Habsburgs 410:Charles I 352:, and in 305:Philip II 258:, or the 4328:Slovenia 4324:Slovakia 4288:Bulgaria 4266:Portugal 4260:Slovenia 4248:region/s 4099:Albaicín 4089:Alhambra 3869:Aranjuez 3659:Category 3420:Alhambra 3277:Aranjuez 3271:Zarzuela 3267:El Pardo 3165:Archived 3125:(2010). 2964:Archived 2806:30 April 2781:30 April 2754:30 April 2465:30 April 2322:Head Out 2155:3 August 1961:See also 1800:Ottonian 1785:Bourbons 1767:and the 1644:geometry 1628:rhetoric 1550:Memorias 1502:Ligurian 1494:Venetian 1403:May 2021 1223:Philip V 1211:Habsburg 1183:May 2021 1084:Crucifix 993:Clearly 928:May 2021 888:Basilica 792:sacristy 636:El Greco 593:basilica 554:Alhambra 496:Philip V 444:Bourbons 402:Henry II 400:against 225:Monument 222:Criteria 150:Criteria 93:Location 4349:Portals 4336:Ukraine 4320:Romania 4304:Germany 4292:Croatia 4280:Belgium 4276:Austria 4272:Albania 4201:Menorca 4122:Seville 4112:Alcázar 4103:Granada 3977:Segovia 3749:and the 3287:Riofrío 2682:31 July 2653:31 July 2594:22 June 2414:3051093 2252:1 April 1852:Gallery 1830:coffers 1663:codices 1655:codices 1624:grammar 1560:Library 1510:Spanish 1506:Italian 1498:Lombard 1490:Flemish 1466:infante 1454:Estoril 1395:removed 1380:sources 1326:de jure 1215:Bourbon 1175:removed 1160:sources 1072:reredos 1040:reredos 1008:Baroque 784:Tibaldi 652:Bernini 589:Solomon 575:of the 558:Granada 504:Amadeus 468:Louis I 420:cause. 398:Picardy 384:in the 264:Spanish 165:session 99:, Spain 4316:Poland 4300:France 4254:France 3996:Toledo 3914:Cuenca 3856:Centre 3746:Oviedo 3657: 3549:Former 3396:Former 3257:Madrid 3078: 3044: 3027: 2985: 2939: 2911: 2881: 2871: 2678:. 2021 2649:. 2021 2627:5 June 2566: 2535: 2455:"obra" 2439:5 June 2412: 2281:UNESCO 2177:5 June 1893:(1723) 1646:, and 1486:German 1345:Toledo 1061:bronze 1057:jasper 1053:Pompeo 1045:jasper 810:, and 808:Titian 624:Titian 490:, and 362:UNESCO 354:Naples 301:Madrid 270:), or 183:Region 4417:Media 4387:Spain 4308:Italy 4187:Ibiza 4156:Baeza 4150:Úbeda 4081:South 3893:Ávila 3703:Spain 3554:seats 3337:Other 3076:S2CID 2888:1 May 2621:(PDF) 2614:(PDF) 2410:JSTOR 1713:(the 1636:music 1124:Moors 1004:Doric 585:David 542:Milan 163:(8th 161:1984 4334:and 4014:East 3042:ISBN 3025:ISBN 2983:ISBN 2937:ISBN 2909:ISBN 2890:2022 2879:OCLC 2869:ISBN 2824:1987 2808:2022 2783:2022 2756:2022 2684:2021 2655:2021 2629:2008 2596:2022 2564:ISBN 2546:2023 2533:ISBN 2500:2022 2467:2022 2441:2008 2379:2022 2334:2022 2293:2022 2254:2017 2232:2022 2179:2008 2157:2021 2126:2022 2081:2022 2037:2022 1929:The 1582:and 1508:and 1378:any 1376:cite 1258:Rome 1213:and 1158:any 1156:cite 1104:gout 1100:mass 1059:and 980:nave 587:and 412:and 214:Type 4153:and 4115:and 4096:and 4039:and 3980:and 3945:and 3813:and 3735:and 3701:in 3068:doi 2775:ABC 2402:doi 1389:by 1236:is 1169:by 918:by 814:by 806:by 798:by 717:by 556:at 396:in 326:and 177:318 4449:: 4330:, 4326:, 4322:, 4318:, 4314:, 4310:, 4306:, 4302:, 4298:, 4294:, 4290:, 4286:, 4282:, 4278:, 4274:, 4120:, 4110:, 4101:, 4091:, 4044:, 4024:, 3189:. 3074:. 3064:63 3062:. 2962:. 2951:^ 2923:^ 2877:. 2816:^ 2799:. 2773:. 2746:. 2674:. 2663:^ 2645:. 2586:. 2527:, 2486:. 2475:^ 2457:. 2422:^ 2408:. 2398:69 2396:. 2365:. 2342:^ 2320:. 2301:^ 2279:. 2262:^ 2218:. 2187:^ 2148:. 2134:^ 2116:. 2089:^ 2067:. 2045:^ 2023:. 2010:^ 1756:. 1665:. 1642:, 1638:, 1634:, 1630:, 1626:, 1622:: 1500:, 1496:, 1492:, 1488:, 1456:. 1300:, 1296:, 1256:, 1229:. 1067:. 1018:. 802:, 662:, 658:, 654:, 650:, 646:, 642:, 638:, 634:, 630:, 626:, 540:, 486:, 482:, 478:, 474:, 470:, 466:, 462:, 458:, 266:: 4403:: 4351:: 3716:. 3691:e 3684:t 3677:v 3592:) 3273:) 3269:( 3224:e 3217:t 3210:v 3082:. 3070:: 3048:. 2991:. 2945:. 2917:. 2892:. 2810:. 2785:. 2758:. 2718:. 2686:. 2657:. 2631:. 2598:. 2572:. 2502:. 2469:. 2443:. 2416:. 2404:: 2381:. 2336:. 2295:. 2256:. 2234:. 2181:. 2159:. 2128:. 2083:. 2039:. 1771:( 1416:) 1410:( 1405:) 1401:( 1397:. 1383:. 1196:) 1190:( 1185:) 1181:( 1177:. 1163:. 941:) 935:( 930:) 926:( 912:. 740:) 734:( 729:) 725:( 711:. 278:( 262:( 167:) 36:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index