957:
operational strength while in
Ireland, then recruiting up to full strength before deployment abroad in times of war. "Irish" regiments could at any time be transferred to another establishment, or transferred abroad while remaining on the Irish establishment, although they then ceased to be a charge on the Irish Exchequer. The anomalous situation was emphasised by the fact that they were technically forbidden from recruiting rank and file in Ireland until 1756, although routinely ignored during manpower crises. The expense and difficulty of recruiting in Britain regularly led to staff officers clandestinely enlisting Irish Catholics, or attempting to pass Irish Protestants off as Scots: the nationality test did not apply to officers, among whom the Anglo-Irish were disproportionately represented in both the Irish and British establishments.
60:
735:
757:, wished to create a Catholic establishment loyal to James and conducted a purge of Protestant army officers, replacing many with Catholics. He also began accelerating recruitment of Catholics into the rank and file, starting with the Foot Guards, giving the pretext that “the King would have all his men young and of one size”. By the summer of 1686, two-thirds of the army's rank and file and 40% of officers were Catholic. Reports received by the viceroy, the
846:
632:
2732:
2743:
2720:
905:, or irregular forces, departed: women and children brought the figure to slightly over 20,000, or about one per cent of Ireland's population at the time. It was reported that some of the soldiers had to be forced on board the ships when they learned they would be joining the French. Most were unable to bring or to contact their families and many appear to have deserted en route from Limerick to Cork.
792:
an enormous expansion of the army. As the
Catholic gentry realised the profits that could be made raising men for military service, many of the new regiments initially consisted of 30-45 companies, mostly without uniforms and armed with clubs or rusty muskets; neither Tyrconnell's government nor the Irish economy could afford to properly equip or pay such numbers and a team of inspectors, including
687:
professional soldiers only being permitted to serve abroad. The dismissal or resignation of former New Model Army veterans meant that many officers were inexperienced Anglo-Irish gentleman soldiers who often embezzled the funds sent by Dublin; by 1676 most men were on extended furlough as there was insufficient money to pay them, with the Foot Guards remaining the only effective unit of the army.
39:
2753:
944:, William planned to maintain a much larger standing army but the Parliament of England responded by passing the 1699 Disbanding Act, intended to prevent William involving the country in Continental wars; this reduced the English army to 7,000 and the Irish to 12,000. The Disbanding Act also insisted on the discharge of all foreigners, such as French
772:, ruling as joint monarchs. James had ordered 2,500 troops of the Irish army, including a battalion each of the Foot Guards, Granard's and Hamilton's regiments, transferred to England in late 1688, crippling Tyrconnell's ability to defend the country; all were disarmed on William's landing in England. Their Catholic personnel were imprisoned on the
718:: the cavalry's typical duties included escorting merchandise and bullion. During the period there were fears of a revival of republicanism amongst Irish Protestants, and extra troops were stationed around Cork and Ulster. This strategy was broadly successful: at James's accession there was no equivalent Irish rising to the 1685
929:. Disbanded Jacobites still presented a considerable risk to security in Ireland and despite resistance from the English and Irish parliaments, William encouraged them to enlist in his own forces; by the end of 1693 a further 3,650 former Jacobites had joined William's armies fighting on the Continent.
791:
and declaring
William as king, though Tyrconnell was able to retain control of most towns using the remaining units loyal to James. After initially considering reaching a peace settlement with William, Tyrconnell subsequently resolved to hold Ireland for James; in January 1689 he issued warrants for
657:
was quickly disbanded after the
Restoration, Charles initially retained the large army still stationed in Ireland. It numbered 5,000 infantry and 2,500 cavalry, considerably bigger than it had been before the rebellion, and was the largest armed force available to Charles in the British Isles. Many
1017:
in 1775, Ireland provided large numbers of recruits to the expanded
British Army. Following a vote in the Irish Parliament, it was agreed that a number of Irish Army regiments be allowed to serve in America. This led to concerns that Ireland was not properly defended once France entered the war in
960:
By 1767, British ministers wanted to increase the size of the peacetime army, but faced parliamentary resistance to any attempt to expand the
British establishment. The "Augmentation crisis" resulted in an increase in the Irish army being proposed instead; the British parliament accordingly raised
956:
Through most of the 18th century, parliamentary hostility in
England to a large standing army meant that the Irish military establishment continued in use as a means to preserve a cadre of regiments that would otherwise have been disbanded. This was achieved by keeping them at a lower than usual
912:
had been formed in 1689–90 for French service: the new arrivals from
Ireland were eventually incorporated in it but continued the traditions of the old Irish army. While the French, despite a great deal of resistance by James himself, substantially reorganised the force, some individual regiments
686:
was built for the welfare of soldiers in 1680, the rank and file remained generally poorly paid and equipped; a report of 1676 described the army as "in a most miserable condition". All officers and men serving in
Ireland were supposed to produce evidence of being Anglican Protestants, Catholic
796:, reduced them to more manageable totals. James's Irish army eventually settled at a total of 45 foot regiments, each of 12 line companies and one grenadier company; 8 dragoon regiments; 7 cavalry regiments and a cavalry Life Guard, about 36,000 men strong.
761:, of growing friction between Catholic army units and Protestants began to cause concern both in Ireland and England: Clarendon's secretary noted "the Irish talk of nothing now but recovering their lands and bringing the English under their subjection".
780:; the remaining Protestant officers and men were incorporated into Granard's Regiment, which as the regiment with the highest proportion of Protestants became the only regiment of the Irish Army to continue in service with William, as the
833:
The ensuing
Williamite War was to last two years and claim up to 100,000 civilian and military lives by contemporary estimate. William himself landed in June 1690 bringing substantial reinforcements; James's army was defeated at the
681:
In 1672 the remainder of the Irish army was organised into six new regiments of foot, though this was primarily a paper-based exercise as other than the Guards they remained split up in small garrisons around the country. While the
677:
was gazetted colonel, with captaincy of a company. To minimise Cromwellian influence, many of the rank and file were initially raised in England, with further recruits drawn from the ranks of the Irish “Independent Companies”.
936:. Though Catholic recruitment was once again forbidden, this proved loosely enforced in practice while manpower was needed and men keen to enlist: a 1697 inquiry found 64 Irish Catholics in a single battalion and 400 in
968:
movement in the mid 18th century; it was pointed out that Ireland was "obliged to support a large military establishment" primarily for the benefit of Great Britain, while still being subject to restrictions on trade.
372:
The army was rebuilt by the new regime after the Williamite victory, once again as an exclusively Protestant force, although manpower shortages meant that over time some Catholics were enlisted, an arrangement finally
1022:, committed to the defence of the island against invasion. Despite this, the Volunteers rapidly emerged as a political movement demanding greater powers be granted to Ireland by London, which eventually led to the
573:
broke out, the traditional Irish Army was too small in size to cope. Many soldiers of the New Irish Army joined the rebels, and soon controlled large swathes of Ireland. In 1642 they established the
2792:
2787:
901:", the process began almost immediately, using English ships sailing from Cork; French ships completed it by December. Modern estimates suggest that around 19,000 men of the Irish army and
546:
961:
the cap on the Irish establishment from 12,000 to 15,235, while in 1769 a statute of the Irish parliament committed to maintaining the "augmentation" of the additional 3,235 troops.
615:. It besieged and captured many towns from the Confederate–Royalist alliance, and had conquered Ireland by 1653. The remnants of the Royalist Irish army served in exile under
764:
James and Tyrconnell's efforts to promote Catholicism alienated large parts of the British political establishment and in 1688 James was deposed by his Protestant daughter
592:', which was nominally under the command of the Crown, but largely acted independently. The Irish Confederate army fought against these armies, in what became known as the
830:
on 27 August, but an opportunity for Schomberg to quickly end the war by taking Dundalk was missed after his army was crippled by poor logistics, exacerbated by disease.
412:
and their abolition of the Parliament of Ireland, the Irish Army's regiments were placed on the British establishment, although some roles continued to exist separately.
397:, although the bulk of the pro-Government fighting was left by the establishment to be done by two parallel but separate forces intended for service domestically: the
349:), Catholics were actively recruited into the army and quickly became a majority within it. When James was overthrown by Anglo-Dutch pro-Protestant groups in the 1688
2797:
561:, it was intended to take part in a landing on the coast of Scotland. However it was rumoured that Charles I planned to lead the New Irish Army against his English
877:
was killed and many other officers killed or taken prisoner, dealing a decisive blow to the Jacobite effort. Tyrconnell died of a stroke the following month and
842:
in September. With the Jacobites retaining much of western Ireland, both James and William left Ireland in 1690, leaving the war to be handled by subordinates.
1064:. By this stage the traditional ban on Irish Catholics serving in the army had been completely removed, and they began to supply a growing portion of troops.
1983:
706:'s, based in Cork; and Theodore Russell's, based in Galway, Clare and Queens County. There were also three regiments of cavalry; Ormonde's, Tyrconnell's and
195:
2147:
2129:
239:
180:
702:'s, based in Tyrone, Armagh and Derry; Sir Thomas Newcomen's, based in Wexford, Tipperary, and King's County; Thomas Fairfax's, based in Antrim and Down;
2782:
819:
125:
2812:
2746:
2157:
994:
2777:
477:
2756:
818:, along with English, Scottish and Irish Jacobite volunteers, in an attempt to use Ireland as a base to regain all three kingdoms. On 13 August,
2167:
754:
738:
699:
224:
130:
120:
420:
1756:
703:
596:. The King authorised secret negotiations with the Confederates, resulting in a Confederate–Royalist ceasefire in September 1643. In 1644, a
219:
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of its officers and men were, however, Cromwellian veterans of doubtful loyalty, and in 1661 Charles's newly appointed viceroy, the
199:
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446:
185:
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While recruitment of Catholics into the army had recommenced in the last years of Charles II's reign, James's newly appointed
234:
914:
580:
Large numbers of reinforcements arrived from England in 1642, known as the "English Army for Ireland", to support the Irish
874:
827:
777:
332:
150:
1791:
Hand, G. J. (1968), "The Constitutional Position of the Irish Military Establishment from the Restoration to the Union",
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2514:
2431:
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2079:
597:
516:
466:
710:'s. The Irish army's main duty remained internal security, although two companies of the Foot Guards were deployed as "
2435:
1969:
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788:
750:
440:
311:
145:
110:
1870:
McGrath, Charles Ivar (1996), "Securing the Protestant Interest: The Origins and Purpose of the Penal Laws of 1695",
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893:; the settlement agreed to his demand that those still in Jacobite service could leave for France to serve with the
480:
in the 1530s. The Fitzgerald family had traditionally been the leading Anglo-Irish lords in the country, serving as
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2524:
2099:
536:
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by Protestant settlers, largely from England. This sparked conflict with various Irish lordships, most notably the
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328:
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Initially solely under the monarch's control, from 1699 the army was jointly controlled by the monarch and by the
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In the 1790s the Army was described as "not fit for purpose". This came at a time of growing support for the
932:
William reformed the Irish Army, using it as a source of recruits for his international coalition during the
2613:
2445:
2124:
2089:
1744:
1035:
997:
foot were quickly dispatched from Ireland and suffered heavy casualties at the disastrous engagement at the
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With the implications for Ireland uncertain, Irish Protestants launched a rebellion in 1689, forming the
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1026:. Amongst its many measures, this gave the Irish Parliament greater control over its own armed forces.
2604:
2468:
2408:
2187:
2177:
2073:
1023:
550:
2654:
2534:
2509:
2504:
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2314:
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2083:
2034:
978:
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835:
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527:(1607), all of Ireland came under the control of the English Crown and its government in Ireland.
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was formally established and Henry VIII of England became King of Ireland. The English then began
2669:
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2192:
2064:
2049:
1992:
1061:
890:
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in 1687, he increased Catholic recruitment in an effort to create an establishment loyal to James
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64:
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321:
2630:
2330:
1707:
815:
542:
469:, the Anglo-Norman lords and the Irish chiefs each raised their own armies in times of war.
458:
423:, does not trace its lineage from any part of the earlier Irish Army, although the pre-1922
374:
284:
229:
306:
took over some responsibilities in 1769, extended after 1782 when it began passing its own
2622:
1805:
1700:
Chichester, H.M.; Ferguson, Kenneth (reviser) (2004), "Ingoldsby, Richard (1664/5–1712)",
1002:
1001:. Both regiments continued to serve throughout the war taking part in the more successful
948:, from both armies; from 1701 most recruitment in Ireland was also officially prohibited.
608:
519:. This latter conflict ended in 1603 with English victory over the Irish armies and their
390:
2378:
2736:
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2346:
2039:
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604:
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175:
84:
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1041:
982:
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823:
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558:
450:
398:
260:
204:
472:
By the 15th century the area of direct English control had shrunk to an area called
2519:
2370:
2322:
2282:
1057:
926:
461:
claimed sovereignty over it as "lords of Ireland". The rest of the island—known as
288:
280:
268:
259:, in practice called the monarch's "army in Ireland" or "army of Ireland", was the
214:
2274:
1718:
1018:
1778, having sent so many soldiers abroad. A spontaneous movement established the
865:
In July of the following year the bloodiest battle in Irish history was fought at
553:
to raise a 'New Irish Army'. Mainly drawn from the Catholic Gaelic inhabitants of
1912:
An Army in Exile: Louis XIV and the Irish Forces of James II in France, 1691–1698
1165:
665:
Ormonde's initial step in reorganisation was to raise a 1,200-strong regiment of
2588:
2580:
2423:
2234:
670:
589:
585:
465:—remained under the control of various native Irish kingdoms and chiefdoms. The
307:
140:
17:
1711:
925:
of the Irish Army, leading to occasional confusion when they were fighting the
361:
of 1688-1691. Following James's defeat, many of these units went into exile in
2701:
2544:
2489:
2362:
2338:
2258:
2182:
838:
in July, leading to the loss of Dublin, but held off William's advance at the
562:
485:
416:
354:
292:
38:
1048:, amidst fears of the revolutionary spirit spreading to Britain and Ireland.
353:, most of the Irish Army units stayed loyal to him and fought on his side as
2552:
2354:
977:
The British government drew on regiments on the Irish establishment for the
902:
673:
soldier Sir William Flower was made lieutenant-colonel, while Ormonde's son
2226:
588:
army to Ulster. Irish Protestants in northwestern Ulster raised their own '
449:
in the late 12th century, large parts of Ireland came under the control of
283:
in 1801, and for much of the period was the largest force available to the
857:'s Irish Army. Shortly afterwards much of the Army left for France in the
964:
The inequities of the situation were among the main drivers of the early
945:
581:
473:
402:
1693:
Historical Record of the Eighteenth, Or the Royal Irish Regiment of Foot
2290:
2210:
811:
711:
2218:
1961:
1420:
1418:
554:
476:, and English rule came under further strain during the rebellion of
1863:
An Apprenticeship in Arms: The Origins of the British Army 1585–1702
1836:
Religion, Law, and Power: The Making of Protestant Ireland 1660–1760
488:'s forces in the Lordship, with the rebels securing large gains and
776:
before being shipped to the Continent for service with the Emperor
844:
733:
741:; appointed head of the army in Ireland by James II in 1685 and
74:
1965:
921:
of the Irish Brigade respectively. They continued to wear the
1005:
before returning home in 1763 for service again in Ireland.
1845:
Conquest and Resistance: War in Seventeenth-Century Ireland
1823:
Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society
1170:. 1798 Bicentenary Book Series. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
639:
was established in 1680 for the welfare of former soldiers.
1536:
1534:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1237:
1235:
1381:
1379:
826:; by the end of the month, he had more than 20,000 men.
690:
By 1685 and the accession of Charles's Catholic brother
310:. The army, funded by Irish crown revenues, had its own
279:. It existed from the early 1660s until merged into the
1590:
1588:
1120:
1118:
453:
lords and the English Crown. This territory became the
338:
from enlistment. During the reign of the Catholic king
1575:
1573:
1222:
1220:
1218:
694:, the establishment consisted of the Foot Guards; the
1804:
Hayes, James (1956), "The military papers of Colonel
1644:"48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot: locations"
1135:
1133:
2793:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1801
1821:
Hayes-McCoy, G. A. (1942), "The Battle of Aughrim",
873:; the Irish army's senior commander, French officer
669:
in April 1662, quartered in Dublin. The experienced
2533:
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2138:
2025:
1999:
822:, head of William's main invasion force, landed in
109:
104:
90:
80:
70:
53:
45:
31:
1097:
917:and the Foot Guards, which became Albemarle's and
814:on 12 March, accompanied by French regulars under
565:enemies, in the months before the outbreak of the
2788:Military units and formations established in 1661
1167:An Ascendancy Army: The Irish Yeomanry, 1796-1834
1013:Following the outbreak of rebellion in Britain's
431:still traces its descent from the Irish Brigade.
1728:The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution
1606:
1436:
1424:
1265:
1197:
698:, based in Roscommon, Longford and Westmeath;
1977:
1784:Illustrations of Irish History and Topography
1776:General Percy Kirke and the Later Stuart Army
881:took over as the senior Jacobite negotiator.
327:minority could join the army, while both the
317:For much of its history, only members of the
8:
1706:(online ed.), Oxford University Press,
600:landed in Scotland to help Royalists there.
1409:
1984:
1970:
1962:
1749:The Williamite Wars in Ireland 1688 – 1691
1737:The British Army of William III, 1688–1702
484:. Their rebellion exposed the weakness of
126:Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg
1903:Irish Opinion and the American Revolution
1894:Fontenoy 1745: Cumberland's bloody defeat
1682:Bartlett, Thomas; Jeffery, Keith (1997),
1673:Bartlett, Thomas; Jeffery, Keith (1996),
389:of 1775-1783. It also fought against the
377:. Its soldiers fought for Britain in the
2158:Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543
1501:
1370:
1358:
1346:
1253:
1241:
1056:The Irish Army was amalgamated into the
630:
1703:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1540:
1525:
1513:
1489:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1090:
478:Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare
2798:Defunct organisations based in Ireland
2168:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
1630:
1564:
1552:
1397:
1385:
1334:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1226:
1124:
1109:
755:Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell
739:Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell
401:, re-organized in 1793, and the Irish
287:, being substantially larger than the
121:Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell
28:
1751:, London: Hambledon Continuum Press,
1594:
1209:
897:. Popularly known in Ireland as the "
768:and her husband (and James's nephew)
7:
1810:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
1618:
1579:
1151:
1139:
913:continued in existence, such as the
501:establishing control over the island
365:, where they became the core of the
2752:
2163:Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556
662:, began a process of reforming it.
419:, which originated as the pre-1922
415:For historical reasons, the modern
331:majority in Ireland and Protestant
619:, while Ireland was garrisoned by
25:
2783:1801 disestablishments in Ireland
675:Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran
547:Randal MacDonnell, Earl of Antrim
2751:
2742:
2741:
2730:
2718:
889:In October Sarsfield signed the
447:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
429:92nd Regiment of the French Army
275:and subsequently (from 1707) of
116:James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond
58:
37:
2813:Early modern history of Ireland
2105:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
1646:. Regiments.org. Archived from
598:Confederate military expedition
577:and an Irish Confederate army.
344:
2778:1661 establishments in Ireland
2017:History of Ireland (1691–1800)
2012:History of Ireland (1536–1691)
1695:, Parker, Furnivall and Parker
1098:Chichester & Ferguson 2004
1:
1921:English Army for Ireland 1642
1885:Ireland and Empire, 1692–1770
1739:, Manchester University Press
1730:, Manchester University Press
1684:A Military History of Ireland
1675:A Military History of Ireland
1325:Bartlett & Jeffrey p. 235
985:at the opening stages of the
875:Charles Chalmot de Saint-Ruhe
2400:Dublin Castle administration
1905:, Cambridge University Press
1782:Falkiner, C. Litton (1904),
1719:UK public library membership
1686:, Cambridge University Press
1677:, Cambridge University Press
1009:American War of Independence
651:restored to the Irish throne
605:English Parliamentarian army
503:. It involved the policy of
2803:Military history of Ireland
1607:Bartlett & Jeffery 1997
1437:Bartlett & Jeffery 1997
1425:Bartlett & Jeffery 1997
1266:Bartlett & Jeffery 1996
1198:Bartlett & Jeffery 1996
1079:Military history of Ireland
1074:Commander-in-Chief, Ireland
940:'s regiment. Following the
441:Military history of Ireland
2829:
2100:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1164:Blackstock, Allan (1998).
1033:
803:
696:Earl of Granard's Regiment
642:
575:Irish Catholic Confederacy
537:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
534:
531:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
509:colonization of Irish land
438:
387:American Revolutionary War
2725:British Empire portal
2713:
2153:Crown of Ireland Act 1542
2045:Tudor conquest of Ireland
2007:Timeline of Irish history
1892:McNally, Michael (2017),
1883:McGrath, Charles (2015),
1865:, Oxford University Press
1843:Lenihan, Padraig (2001),
1838:, Oxford University Press
1003:expedition against Havana
806:Williamite War in Ireland
684:Royal Hospital Kilmainham
637:Royal Hospital Kilmainham
210:Sir William Augustus Pitt
36:
2419:Privy Council of Ireland
1901:Morley, Vincent (2002),
1872:Irish Historical Studies
1691:Cannon, Richard (1848),
899:Flight of the Wild Geese
859:Flight of the Wild Geese
853:(1691) was a defeat for
2446:Court of Castle Chamber
2125:Irish Rebellion of 1798
2115:Williamite–Jacobite War
2090:Irish Rebellion of 1641
1946:The Flight of the Earls
1944:McCavitt, John (2002),
1896:, Bloomsbury Publishing
1861:Manning, Roger (2006),
1834:Connolly, S.J. (1992),
1036:Irish Rebellion of 1798
730:The army under James II
571:Irish Rebellion of 1641
549:was authorized by King
395:Irish Rebellion of 1798
359:Williamite–Jacobite War
293:Scottish establishments
2480:Trinity College Dublin
2475:Grand Lodge of Ireland
2413:Irish House of Commons
2371:Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh
2173:Act of Settlement 1662
2095:Irish Confederate Wars
2070:Plantations of Ireland
2060:Reformation in Ireland
1948:, Gill & MacMillan
1914:, Royal Stuart Society
1910:Rowlands, Guy (2001),
1712:10.1093/ref:odnb/14412
919:Dorrington's Regiments
915:Grand Prior's Regiment
885:The Treaty of Limerick
862:
746:
743:Lord Deputy of Ireland
640:
594:Irish Confederate Wars
523:allies. Following the
467:English administration
385:of 1754-1763, and the
196:George Augustus Eliott
2405:Parliament of Ireland
2055:Surrender and regrant
1953:Reid, Stuart (2014),
1774:Childs, John (2014),
1765:Childs, John (2013),
1735:Childs, John (1987),
1726:Childs, John (1980),
987:French and Indian War
973:French and Indian War
848:
737:
716:Third Anglo-Dutch War
645:Restoration (Ireland)
643:Further information:
634:
505:surrender and regrant
439:Further information:
421:Irish Republican Army
383:French and Indian War
304:Parliament of Ireland
300:Parliament of England
2409:Irish House of Lords
2188:Constitution of 1782
1024:Constitution of 1782
653:. While the English
649:In 1660 Charles was
545:of the early 1640s,
425:Royal Irish Regiment
230:Sir Ralph Abercromby
2485:Order of St Patrick
2307:Mac William Íochtar
2084:Flight of the Earls
2035:Lordship of Ireland
1919:Ryder, Ian (1987),
1650:on 10 November 2007
1555:, pp. 194–202.
1427:, pp. 189–190.
1280:, pp. 205–207.
1268:, pp. 212–213.
1212:, (see book title).
1200:, pp. 116–135.
979:Braddock Expedition
623:troops until 1660.
525:Flight of the Earls
455:Lordship of Ireland
408:Following the 1800
351:Glorious Revolution
257:Irish establishment
181:Viscount Molesworth
153:(1707–January 1712)
2737:Ireland portal
2515:Catholic Committee
2451:Peerage of Ireland
2259:Clann Aodha Buidhe
2193:Acts of Union 1800
2065:Desmond Rebellions
1993:Kingdom of Ireland
1923:, Partizan Press,
1767:Army of Charles II
1062:Acts of Union 1800
952:Eighteenth century
891:Treaty of Limerick
863:
828:Carrickfergus fell
800:The Williamite War
751:Commander-in-Chief
747:
641:
621:English republican
584:. Scotland sent a
557:, and mustered at
513:Desmond Rebellions
497:Kingdom of Ireland
405:, formed in 1796.
393:insurgents in the
381:of 1688–1697, the
312:Commander-in-Chief
265:Kingdom of Ireland
111:Commander-in-Chief
100:15,235 (1767–1801)
98:12,000 (1699–1767)
65:Kingdom of Ireland
2765:
2764:
2461:Church of Ireland
2323:Bréifne Uí Ruairc
1957:, Frontline Books
1758:978-1-85285-573-4
1717:(Subscription or
1337:, pp. 56–79.
1046:French Revolution
1030:Rebellion of 1798
1015:Thirteen Colonies
942:Treaty of Ryswick
938:Sir Richard Coote
879:Patrick Sarsfield
851:Battle of Aughrim
840:Siege of Limerick
794:Patrick Sarsfield
789:Army of the North
770:William of Orange
759:Earl of Clarendon
700:Viscount Mountjoy
603:In 1649, a large
567:English Civil War
375:legalised in 1778
246:
245:
151:Richard Ingoldsby
16:(Redirected from
2820:
2808:Disbanded armies
2755:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2631:Richard Cromwell
2627:
2619:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2573:
2565:
2564:(1553; disputed)
2557:
2549:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1963:
1958:
1955:Sheriffmuir 1715
1949:
1933:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1866:
1857:
1839:
1830:
1817:
1800:
1787:
1778:
1770:
1761:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1714:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1583:
1577:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1413:
1410:Hayes-McCoy 1942
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1020:Irish Volunteers
816:Conrad von Rosen
810:James landed in
490:besieging Dublin
482:Lord Lieutenants
459:kings of England
348:
347: 1685–1688
346:
285:British monarchy
131:Godert de Ginkel
96:c. 36,000 (1690)
63:
62:
61:
41:
29:
21:
18:Royal Irish Army
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2731:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2709:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2623:Oliver Cromwell
2617:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2537:
2529:
2525:United Irishmen
2392:
2386:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2203:
2197:
2140:
2134:
2080:Nine Years' War
2027:
2021:
1995:
1990:
1952:
1943:
1940:
1938:Further reading
1931:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1869:
1860:
1855:
1842:
1833:
1820:
1806:Samuel Bagshawe
1803:
1790:
1781:
1773:
1764:
1759:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1586:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1504:, pp. 5–6.
1500:
1496:
1488:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1388:, pp. 4–5.
1384:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1070:
1054:
1038:
1032:
1011:
975:
954:
934:Nine Years' War
887:
808:
802:
732:
704:Justin McCarthy
660:Duke of Ormonde
647:
629:
613:invaded Ireland
609:Oliver Cromwell
563:Parliamentarian
543:Scottish Crisis
539:
533:
517:Nine Years' War
443:
437:
427:did, while the
391:United Irishmen
379:Nine Years' War
343:
249:
240:Lord Cornwallis
238:
233:
228:
225:Lord Carhampton
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
156:William Steuart
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
99:
97:
95:
59:
57:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2739:
2727:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2610:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2566:
2561:Lady Jane Grey
2558:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2505:Irish Patriots
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2421:
2416:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2130:United Kingdom
2127:
2122:
2112:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2077:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2040:British Empire
2037:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1950:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1930:978-0946525294
1929:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1867:
1858:
1854:978-9004117433
1853:
1840:
1831:
1818:
1801:
1788:
1779:
1771:
1762:
1757:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1635:
1623:
1621:, p. 334.
1611:
1609:, p. 219.
1599:
1597:, p. 362.
1584:
1582:, p. 333.
1569:
1567:, p. 136.
1557:
1545:
1543:, p. 115.
1530:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1492:, p. 397.
1477:
1475:, p. 398.
1465:
1463:, p. 203.
1453:
1451:, p. 202.
1441:
1439:, p. 198.
1429:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1318:
1316:, p. 206.
1306:
1304:, p. 205.
1294:
1292:, p. 208.
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1231:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1176:
1156:
1154:, p. 335.
1144:
1142:, p. 331.
1129:
1127:, p. 204.
1114:
1102:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1060:following the
1053:
1050:
1034:Main article:
1031:
1028:
1010:
1007:
974:
971:
953:
950:
886:
883:
804:Main article:
801:
798:
731:
728:
655:New Model Army
628:
625:
535:Main article:
532:
529:
463:Gaelic Ireland
445:Following the
436:
433:
333:Nonconformists
247:
244:
243:
200:Sir John Irwin
191:William Keppel
176:Gervais Parker
113:
107:
106:
102:
101:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2825:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2758:
2750:
2748:
2740:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2211:Tuadhmhumhain
2209:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:Poynings' Law
2146:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1633:, p. 43.
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1528:, p. 30.
1527:
1522:
1519:
1516:, p. 83.
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:Rowlands 2001
1498:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1373:, p. 34.
1372:
1371:Connolly 1992
1367:
1364:
1361:, p. 33.
1360:
1359:Connolly 1992
1355:
1352:
1349:, p. 93.
1348:
1347:Falkiner 1904
1343:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1256:, p. 83.
1255:
1254:Falkiner 1904
1250:
1247:
1244:, p. 79.
1243:
1242:Falkiner 1904
1238:
1236:
1232:
1229:, p. 10.
1228:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1179:
1177:9781851823291
1173:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1112:, p. 58.
1111:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1044:ideas of the
1043:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:Fort Duquesne
980:
972:
970:
967:
966:Irish Patriot
962:
958:
951:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
910:Irish Brigade
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
871:County Galway
868:
860:
856:
852:
847:
843:
841:
837:
831:
829:
825:
824:Belfast Lough
821:
817:
813:
807:
799:
797:
795:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
774:Isle of Wight
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
744:
740:
736:
729:
727:
725:
721:
717:
714:" during the
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
685:
679:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
656:
652:
646:
638:
633:
626:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
559:Carrickfergus
556:
552:
548:
544:
538:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
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2455:
2440:Common Pleas
2428:King's Bench
2339:Tír Chonaill
2299:Deasmhumhain
2283:Iar Connacht
1954:
1945:
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1893:
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1808:(1713-62)",
1796:
1793:Irish Jurist
1792:
1783:
1775:
1766:
1748:
1745:Childs, John
1736:
1727:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:the original
1638:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1560:
1548:
1541:McGrath 2015
1526:McGrath 1996
1521:
1514:McNally 2017
1509:
1497:
1490:Manning 2006
1473:Manning 2006
1468:
1461:Lenihan 2001
1456:
1449:Lenihan 2001
1444:
1432:
1412:, p. 6.
1405:
1400:, p. 3.
1393:
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1342:
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1297:
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1273:
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1205:
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1181:. Retrieved
1166:
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1058:British Army
1055:
1052:Amalgamation
1039:
1012:
976:
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712:sea-soldiers
689:
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494:
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444:
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316:
297:
281:British Army
269:client state
256:
252:
250:
215:George Warde
166:Lord Shannon
94:7,500 (1661)
85:Land warfare
26:
2757:WikiProject
2705:(1760–1800)
2697:(1727–1760)
2689:(1714–1727)
2681:(1702–1714)
2673:(1689–1694)
2666:(1689–1702)
2663:William III
2658:(1685–1691)
2650:(1660–1685)
2642:(1659–1660)
2634:(1658–1659)
2626:(1653–1658)
2618:(1649–1653)
2608:(1625–1649)
2600:(1603–1625)
2592:(1558–1603)
2589:Elizabeth I
2584:(1554–1558)
2581:jure uxoris
2572:(1553–1558)
2556:(1547–1553)
2548:(1542–1547)
2424:Four Courts
2393:and society
2355:Fear Manach
2347:Tír Eoghain
2251:Uí Díarmata
2235:Clanricarde
2050:New English
1887:, Routledge
1769:, Routledge
1654:31 December
1631:Morley 2002
1565:Childs 1987
1553:Childs 1987
1398:Childs 2007
1386:Cannon 1848
1335:Childs 1980
1314:Childs 2013
1302:Childs 2013
1290:Childs 2013
1278:Childs 2013
1227:Childs 2014
1125:Childs 2013
1110:Childs 1980
999:Monongahela
908:A separate
895:French army
671:Anglo-Irish
667:Foot Guards
627:Restoration
590:Laggan Army
569:. When the
541:During the
336:were barred
319:Anglo-Irish
308:Mutiny Acts
242:(1798–1801)
227:(1796–1798)
222:(1793–1796)
217:(1791–1793)
212:(1784–1791)
207:(1782–1784)
202:(1775–1782)
193:(1773–1774)
188:(1758–1767)
186:Lord Rothes
183:(1751–1758)
178:(1740–1750)
168:(1721–1740)
163:(1714–1721)
158:(1711–1714)
148:(1705–1707)
143:(1701–1705)
141:Thomas Erle
138:(1692–1701)
136:Lord Galway
133:(1690–1692)
128:(1689–1690)
123:(1685–1689)
118:(1661–1685)
2772:Categories
2702:George III
2647:Charles II
2545:Henry VIII
2538:and rulers
2465:Ascendancy
2363:Uí Catháin
2267:Magh Luirg
2243:Uí Failghe
2183:Popery Act
2178:Penal Laws
2141:Parliament
2119:Wild Geese
2109:Barbadosed
2028:and events
1786:, Longmans
1721:required.)
1667:References
1595:Hayes 1956
1210:Ryder 1987
1042:republican
617:Charles II
586:Covenanter
507:, and the
486:Henry VIII
435:Background
417:Irish Army
325:Protestant
253:Irish Army
171:Owen Wynne
146:Lord Cutts
105:Commanders
32:Irish Army
2694:George II
2605:Charles I
2553:Edward VI
2510:Defenders
2490:Jacobites
2469:Recusancy
2432:Exchequer
2379:Uí Mháine
2331:Cairbrigh
2275:Airgíalla
2219:Uí Echach
2204:conquests
1847:, Brill,
1619:Hand 1968
1580:Hand 1968
1183:29 August
1152:Hand 1968
1140:Hand 1968
946:Huguenots
903:rapparees
820:Schomberg
782:18th Foot
607:, led by
582:Royalists
551:Charles I
355:Jacobites
235:Lord Lake
49:1661–1801
2747:Category
2686:George I
2655:James II
2535:Monarchs
2436:Chancery
2391:Politics
2139:Acts of
1747:(2007),
1068:See also
923:red coat
855:James II
720:Monmouth
692:James II
515:and the
474:the Pale
457:and the
403:Yeomanry
340:James II
329:Catholic
322:Anglican
2670:Mary II
2597:James I
2291:Umhaill
2026:General
2000:History
867:Aughrim
812:Kinsale
778:Leopold
521:Spanish
357:in the
289:English
273:England
263:of the
54:Country
2668:&
2576:Philip
2574:&
2569:Mary I
2500:Tories
2467:&
2382:(1611)
2374:(1607)
2366:(1607)
2358:(1607)
2350:(1607)
2342:(1607)
2334:(1606)
2326:(1605)
2318:(1603)
2315:Laigin
2310:(1602)
2302:(1596)
2294:(1593)
2286:(1589)
2278:(1585)
2270:(1585)
2262:(1574)
2254:(1574)
2246:(1550)
2238:(1544)
2230:(1543)
2227:Loígis
2222:(1543)
2214:(1543)
2202:Gaelic
2074:Ulster
1927:
1851:
1755:
1715:
1174:
989:. The
724:Argyll
708:Ossory
555:Ulster
363:France
302:. The
237:, 1798
232:, 1798
173:, 1728
46:Active
2495:Whigs
1878:(117)
1085:Notes
836:Boyne
2678:Anne
2456:Army
2438:and
2411:and
1925:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1656:2016
1185:2022
1172:ISBN
995:48th
993:and
991:44th
849:The
766:Mary
722:and
635:The
291:and
267:, a
251:The
91:Size
81:Role
75:Army
71:Type
1829:(1)
1816:(2)
1799:(2)
1708:doi
981:to
869:in
271:of
255:or
2774::
2434:,
2430:,
1876:30
1874:,
1827:20
1825:,
1814:39
1812:,
1795:,
1587:^
1572:^
1533:^
1480:^
1417:^
1378:^
1234:^
1217:^
1132:^
1117:^
784:.
753:,
611:,
492:.
369:.
345:r.
314:.
295:.
2471:)
2463:(
2442:)
2426:(
2415:)
2407:(
2121:)
2117:(
2111:)
2107:(
2086:)
2082:(
2076:)
2072:(
1985:e
1978:t
1971:v
1797:3
1710::
1658:.
1187:.
1100:.
861:.
342:(
20:)
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