630:, or else before spring; for when they have once discharged their waxy secretion, their juices have no consistency: this, however, is a fact unknown in the dyers' workshops, although it is a point of primary importance. After it is taken, the vein is extracted, which we have previously spoken of, to which it is requisite to add salt, a sextarius to every hundred pounds of juice. It is sufficient to leave them to steep for a period of three days, and no more, for the fresher they are, the greater virtue there is in the liquor. It is then set to boil in vessels of tin , and every hundred amphorae ought to be boiled down to five hundred pounds of dye, by the application of a moderate heat; for which purpose the vessel is placed at the end of a long funnel, which communicates with the furnace; while thus boiling, the liquor is skimmed from time to time, and with it the flesh, which necessarily adheres to the veins. About the tenth day, generally, the whole contents of the cauldron are in a liquefied state, upon which a fleece, from which the grease has been cleansed, is plunged into it by way of making trial; but until such time as the colour is found to satisfy the wishes of those preparing it, the liquor is still kept on the boil. The tint that inclines to red is looked upon as inferior to that which is of a blackish hue. The wool is left to lie in soak for five hours, and then, after carding it, it is thrown in again, until it has fully imbibed the colour.
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widespread belief that purple is a "royal colour". The colour of textiles from this period provides insight into socio-cultural relationships within ancient societies, in addition to providing insights on technological achievements, fashion, social stratification, agriculture and trade connections. Despite their value to archaeological research, textiles are quite rare in the archaeological record. Like any perishable organic material, they are usually subject to rapid decomposition and their preservation over millennia requires exacting conditions to prevent destruction by microorganisms.
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741:. David Jacoby concludes that "no Byzantine emperor nor any Latin ruler in former Byzantine territories could muster the financial resources required for the pursuit of murex purple production. On the other hand, murex fishing and dyeing with genuine purple are attested for Egypt in the tenth to 13th centuries." By contrast, Jacoby finds that there are no mentions of purple fishing or dyeing, nor trade in the colorant in any Western source, even in the Frankish Levant. The European West turned instead to
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radiocarbon to the late 11th–early 10th centuries BC. Findings from this site include evidence of the use of purple dye found in stains used on pot shards. Evidence of the use of dye in pottery are found in most cases on the upper part of ceramic basins, on the inside surface, the areas in which the reduced dye-solution was exposed to air, and underwent oxidation that turned it purple.
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dyeing must take place close to the site from which the snails originate, because the freshness of the material has a significant effect on the results, the colors yielded based on the long process of biochemical, enzymatic and photochemical reactions, and requires reduction and oxidation processes that probably took several days.
638:
indicate that the snails were collected in large vats and left to decompose. This produced a hideous stench that was actually mentioned by ancient authors. Not much is known about the subsequent steps, and the actual ancient method for mass-producing the two murex dyes has not yet been successfully
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dye valued higher than gold in the ancient Near East and ancient Mexico. Not only did the people of ancient Mexico use the same methods of production as the
Phoenicians, they also valued murex-dyed cloth above all others, as it appeared in codices as the attire of nobility. "Nuttall noted that the
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in southern Italy may indicate production of purple dye there from at least the 18th century BC. Additional archaeological evidence can be found from samples originating from excavations at the extensive Iron Age copper smelting site of “Slaves’ Hill” (Site 34), which is tightly dated by
221:
of
Phoenician origin, Phoenician purple pigment was spread through the unique Phoenician trading empire. The pigment was expensive and time-consuming to produce, and items colored with it became associated with power and wealth. This popular idea of purple being elite contributes to the modern day
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yield no more than 1.4 g of pure dye, enough to colour only the trim of a single garment." The dye is collected via the snail-harvesting process, involving the extraction of the hypobranchial gland (located under the mollusk's mantle). This requires advanced knowledge of biology. Murex-based
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may have pioneered the extraction of
Imperial purple centuries before the Tyrians. Dating from collocated pottery suggests the dye may have been produced during the Middle Minoan period in the 20th–18th century BC. Accumulations of crushed murex shells from a hut at the site of
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488:, can also produce a similar substance (which turns into an enduring purple dye when exposed to sunlight) and this ability has sometimes also been historically exploited by local inhabitants in the areas where these snails occur. (Some other predatory gastropods, such as some
598:. Used as a dye, the colour shifts from blue (peak absorption at 590 nm, which is yellow-orange) to reddish-purple (peak absorption at 520 nm, which is green). It is believed that the intensity of the purple hue improved rather than faded as the dyed cloth aged.
446:), a class of compounds often found in algae and in some other sea life, but much more rarely found in the biology of land animals. This dye is in contrast to the imitation purple that was commonly produced using cheaper materials than the dyes from the sea snail.
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lining on egg masses. The snail also secretes this substance when it is attacked by predators, or physically antagonized by humans (e.g., poked). Therefore, the dye can be collected either by "milking" the snails, which is more labor-intensive but is a
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fermentation. It is hypothesized that an alkaline fermenting vat was necessary. An incomplete ancient recipe for Tyrian purple recorded by Pliny the Elder was also consulted. By altering the percentage of sea salt in the dye vat and adding
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In 1998, by means of a lengthy trial and error process, a process for dyeing with Tyrian purple was rediscovered. This finding built on reports from the 15th century to the 18th century and explored the biotechnology process behind
905:. Transistors and circuits based on this material can be produced from sublimed thin-films of the dye. The good semiconducting properties of the dye originate from strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding that reinforces
2249:
Ramig K, Lavinda O, Szalda DJ, Mironova I, Karimi S, Pozzi F, et al. (June 2015). "The nature of thermochromic effects in dyeings with indigo, 6-bromoindigo, and 6,6'-Dibromoindigo, components of Tyrian purple".
998:
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I, 45–49) that the purple dye was first discovered by the philosopher
Heracles of Tyre, or rather, by his dog, whose mouth was stained purple from chewing on snails along the coast at Tyre. This story was depicted by
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was greatly prized in antiquity because the colour did not easily fade, but instead became brighter with weathering and sunlight. It came in various shades, the most prized being that of black-tinted clotted blood.
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1153:. ...") The cumbersome process that Pliny describes is necessary to reverse the oxidation and to restore the water-soluble precursor so that large masses of wool can be dyed. See:
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reconstructed; this special "blackish clotted blood" colour, which was prized above all others, is believed to be achieved by double-dipping the cloth, once in the indigo dye of
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and even in
Carthage itself. According to Pliny, Meninx (today's Djerba) produced the best purple in Africa which was also ranked second only after Tyre's. It was found also at
853:(blue), 6-bromoindigo (purple), and the red 6,6'-dibromoindigo. Additional changes in colour can be induced by debromination from light exposure (as is the case for
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Mexican murex-dyed cloth bore a "disagreeable ... strong fishy smell, which appears to be as lasting as the color itself." Likewise, the ancient
Egyptian
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for the office (e.g. the phrase 'donned the purple' means 'became emperor'). The production of Tyrian purple was tightly controlled in the succeeding
134:). In ancient times, extracting this dye involved tens of thousands of snails and substantial labour, and as a result, the dye was highly valued. The
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The problem with Tyrian purple is that the precursor reacts very quickly with air and light to form an insoluble dye. (Hence Pliny says: "...
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This second species of dye murex is found today on the
Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe and Africa (Spain, Portugal, Morocco).
1991:
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Fabrics dyed in the current era from different species of sea snail. The colours in this photograph may not represent them precisely.
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1974:
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709:, the eponymous progenitor of the Phoenicians, and therefore he was the first ruler to wear Tyrian purple and legislate on its use.
563:
4039:
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Jacoby D (2004). "Silk economics and cross-cultural artistic interaction: Byzantium, the Muslim world, and the
Christian west".
924:, cannot be accurately rendered on a standard RGB computer monitor. Ancient reports are also not entirely consistent, but these
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described the shellfish from which Tyrian purple was obtained and the process of extracting the tissue that produced the dye.
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2396:
1067:
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1203:(9) : 736–769, especially page 761. Indigo, which is chemically very similar to Tyrian purple, behaves similarly. See:
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Anthropological Essays
Presented to Fredrick Ward Putnam in Honor of his Seventieth Birthday, by his Friends and Associates
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3619:
1585:
Bioactive molluscan resources and their conservation: Biological and chemical studies on the egg masses of marine molluscs
31:
2310:
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Cazzella A, Moscoloni M (1998). "Coppa
Nevigata: un insediamento fortificato dell'eta del Bronzo". In Troccoli LD (ed.).
1137:
650:
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compiled an intensive comparative study on the historical production of the purple dye produced from the carnivorous
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colour code 66A, which has been equated to "Tyrian red", a term which is often used as a synonym for Tyrian purple.
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A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
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A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
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1999:
496:, seem to also produce a similar substance, although this has not been studied or exploited commercially.) The
462:, or by collecting and destructively crushing the snails. David Jacoby remarks that "twelve thousand snails of
2034:
Reese, David S. (1987). "Palaikastro Shells and Bronze Age Purple-Dye Production in the Mediterranean Basin",
1269:
Sukenik, Naama; Iluz, David; Amar, Zohar; Varvak, Alexander; Shamir, Orit; Ben-Yosef, Erez (28 January 2021).
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Because it was extremely tedious to make, Tyrian purple was expensive: the 4th century BC historian
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was no exception. Traces of this once very lucrative industry are still visible in many Punic sites such as
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618:
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Sukenik, Naama; Iluz, David; Amar, Zohar; Varvak, Alexander; Shamir, Orit; Ben-Yosef, Erez (January 2021).
1964:
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as early as 1570 BC. It has been suggested that the name Phoenicia itself means 'land of purple'. The
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in 800 AD wearing royal blue. The bishops and cardinals wear Tyrian purple, and the Pope wears white.
857:) or by heat processing. The final shade of purple is decided by chromatogram, which can be identified by
572:
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214:
63:
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laments: "The hands of the dyer reek like rotting fish ..." So pervasive was this stench that the
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1881:
1781:
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660:
1651:"Descriptions of shells from the Gulf of California and the Pacific coasts of Mexico and California"
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McGovern, P. E. and Michel, R. H. "Royal Purple dye: tracing the chemical origins of the industry".
667:
3698:
1832:
1719:
1692:
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Elsner O (1992). "Solution of the enigmas of dyeing with Tyrian purple and the Biblical tekhelet".
898:
480:
386:
2357:"Ambipolar organic field effect transistors and inverters with the natural material Tyrian purple"
1865:
4252:
4231:
3713:
3500:
2417:(this gives the RGB value #b80049, which has been converted to #990024 for the sRGB gamma of 2.2)
2003:
1748:(9). Glasgow, Scotland, UK: Department of English Language, University of Glasgow. Archived from
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Variations in colours of "Tyrian purple" from different snails are related to the presence of
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specifically granted women the right to divorce any husband who became a dyer after marriage.
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Madder Red: A history of luxury and trade: plant dyes and pigments in world commerce and art
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1466:. Translated by Gulick, Charles Barton. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
51:
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See also: C. J. Cooksey (2001) "Tyrian purple: 6,6'-Dibromoindigo and Related Compounds",
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By the fourth century AD, sumptuary laws in Rome had been tightened so much that only the
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797:, constituted the first direct evidence of fabric dyed with the pigment from antiquity.
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2281:. Historic Dye Series, no. 7. Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, England: John Edwards.
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tablet, dated 600–500 BC, with instructions for dyeing wool purple and blue. Ref.
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was buried in 814 AD. It was made of gold and Tyrian purple from Constantinople.
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254:
250:
159:
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101:
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with reddish-purple stripes during a religious procession (1st century BC)
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and subsidized by the imperial court, which restricted its use for the colouring of
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3757:
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3066:
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2708:
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771:
702:
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591:
503:, from the North Atlantic, can also be used to produce red-purple and violet dyes.
186:
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2355:
Głowacki ED, Leonat L, Voss G, Bodea MA, Bozkurt Z, Ramil AM, et al. (2011).
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In 2021, archaeologists found surviving wool fibers dyed with royal purple in the
292:
was permitted to wear Tyrian purple. As a result, 'purple' is sometimes used as a
2263:
2192:
2140:
1295:
1151:
when have once discharged their waxy secretion, their juices have no consistency
964:
that was prepared, but never released to the public, shortly before the death of
809:
The chemical structure of 6,6'-dibromoindigo, the main component of Tyrian purple
712:
Recently, the archaeological discovery of substantial numbers of Murex shells on
4262:
4206:
4191:
4122:
2935:
1099:
1083:
1070:, the wife of the Emperor Justinian, dressed in Tyrian purple (6th century)
906:
767:
568:
493:
278:
135:
97:
540:. The sea snail harvested at this western Moroccan dye production facility was
185:
were often difficult to acquire, and the details of their production were kept
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4148:
2807:
2713:
2468:
2318:
2225:
2107:"A curious survival in Mexico of the use of the Purpura shell-fish for dyeing"
1172:
1132:
Because of research by Benkendorff et al. (1999), the Tyrian purple precursor
850:
813:
Murex purple was a very important industry in many Phoenician territories and
489:
345:, produced a blue colour after light exposure which could be the one known as
304:. Later (9th century), a child born to a reigning emperor was said to be
273:
246:
238:
164:
1408:
1375:
1304:
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The Phoenicians also made a deep blue-coloured dye, sometimes referred to as
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2296:
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393:
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226:
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113:
109:
105:
17:
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is being investigated as a potential antimicrobial agent with uses against
833:). The Royal purple or Imperial purple was probably used until the time of
805:
1778:
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
1724:(in French). Vol. 5. Paris, France: (Self-published). pp. 68–69.
1204:
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1011:
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512:
485:
348:
2168:"Early evidence of royal purple dyed textile from Timna Valley (Israel)"
1969:. Whitefish, MT: Kessering Publishing. Book V, pages 131–132.
1837:(in Latin). Vol. v.1. Stockholm, Sweden: Lars Salvius. p. 747.
1496:. New York and Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 1991. p. 1701.
1477:
Jacoby D (1997). "Silk in Western Byzantium before the Fourth Crusade".
1271:"Early evidence of royal purple dyed textile from Timna Valley (Israel)"
925:
626:
The most favourable season for taking these is after the rising of the
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1859:
London, England: James Stratford. p. Plate XXIII: Genus: Triplex.
1697:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Stockholm, Sweden: Lars Salvius. p. 739.
1536:
Ziderman, I.I. (1986). "Purple dye made from shellfish in antiquity".
472:
Many other species worldwide within the family Muricidae, for example
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198:
94:
1627:
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The Phoenicians established an ancillary production facility on the
3202:
2051:
Stieglitz, Robert R. (1994), "The Minoan Origin of Tyrian Purple",
4394:
4327:
4307:
4062:
3609:
3446:
2072:
Scavi e ricerche archeologiche dell'Università di Roma La Sapienza
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give a rough indication of the likely range in which it appeared:
804:
713:
666:
649:
580:
562:
405:
366:
190:
149:
50:
525:, which was made from a closely related species of marine snail.
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1568:
Murex shells of the world. An illustrated guide to the Muricidae
944:
colour #990024, intended for viewing on an output device with a
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866:
602:
mentions the production of Tyrian purple from shellfish. In his
595:
268:
4021:
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2557:
189:
by the manufacturers. Tyrian purple is a pigment made from the
162:. Caesar, riding in the chariot, wears the solid Tyrian purple
4186:
2950:
2279:
Tyrian or Imperial Purple: The Mystery of Imperial Purple Dyes
1479:
Trade, Commodities, and Shipping in the Medieval Mediterranean
733:
purple for the Byzantine court came to an abrupt end with the
230:
2012:
Pliny discusses Tyrian purple throughout Chapters 60–65.
1157:"Knowledge of whelk dyes and pigments in Anglo-Saxon England"
894:, he was able to successfully dye wool a deep purple colour.
346:
324:
4168:
2397:"RHS, UCL and RGB Colors, gamma = 1.4, fan 2"
2113:. New York, New York: G. E. Strechert & Co. p. 370.
241:
reported, "Purple for dyes fetched its weight in silver at
705:, the incident happened during the reign of the legendary
4017:
1901:"Tyrian purple: 6,6'-dibromoindigo and related compounds"
1663: ; see pp. 406–407. Note: Gould called this species
1561:
1559:
675:
coin depicting the legend of the dog biting the sea snail
449:
In nature, the snails use the secretion as part of their
1114:
6,6'-dibromoindigo, the major component of Tyrian purple
590:(non-fading) dye was an item of luxury trade, prized by
4155:
4146:
4127:
4093:
4077:
2145:(1st ed.). Booksurge Publishing. pp. 29–33.
1570:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 93.
1424:
1422:
1391:
Europe between the Oceans: 9000 BC – AD 1000
1082:
A medieval depiction of the coronation of the Emperor
960:
The colour name "Tyrian plum" is popularly given to a
861:
analysis in a single measurement: indigotin (IND) and
432:, and less commonly a number of other species such as
225:
Tyrian purple may first have been used by the ancient
2036:
Annual of the British School of Archaeology at Athens
1167:. pages 23–56; see especially pages 26–27.
686:, writing in the 2nd century AD, asserted (
354:
330:
249:. The expense meant that purple-dyed textiles became
2494:: 7–13 (email the author for a copy). Archived from
4418:
4387:
4366:
4245:
4179:
4055:
30:"Royal purple" redirects here. For other uses, see
1588:(Thesis). University of Wollongong. Archived from
1572:284 pp incl 192 figs. & 32 pls.
1228:
865:(INR). The two are found in plant sources such as
339:. Another dye extracted from a related sea snail,
116:, rock snails originally known by the name Murex (
616:described the production of Tyrian purple in his
385:The dye substance is a mucous secretion from the
108:. It is secreted by several species of predatory
271:edged in Tyrian purple. The even more sumptuous
881:), as well as in several species of shellfish.
317:Some speculate that the dye extracted from the
1739:"Whelks and purple dye in Anglo-Saxon England"
1098:A fragment of the shroud in which the Emperor
359:), used in garments worn for ritual purposes.
4033:
3218:
2569:
2075:. L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER. pp. 178–179.
1882:World Register of Marine Species (Web site):
1856:Arcana, or, The museum of natural history ...
1805:Hogan CM (2 November 2007). Burnham A (ed.).
1771:
1769:
1701:World Register of Marine Species (Web site):
901:has shown that Tyrian purple is an ambipolar
571:clad in Tyrian purple, 6th-century mosaic at
8:
281:edging, was worn by generals celebrating a
197:. Production of Tyrian purple for use as a
27:Natural dye extracted from Murex sea snails
4379:Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands
4040:
4026:
4018:
3225:
3211:
3203:
2576:
2562:
2554:
2010:. London, UK: Taylor and Francis. Book IX.
1823:In 1758, Linnaeus classified the snail as
389:of one of several species of medium-sized
381:, the spiny dye-murex, a source of the dye
201:dye began as early as 1200 BC by the
2380:
2201:
2191:
1926:
1916:
1360:. London: John Murray. pp. 162–164.
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1312:
1294:
656:The Discovery of Purple by Hercules's Dog
478:, from the tropical eastern Pacific, and
416:the spiny dye-murex (originally known as
1866:""Perry's Arcanda" – an overlooked work"
1834:Systema naturae per regna tria naturae …
1481:. pp. 455 ff and notes –.
1030:Painting of a man wearing an all-purple
790:in Israel. The find, which was dated to
2128:. London, UK: Studio Vista. p. 24.
1746:The Archaeo+Malacology Group Newsletter
1219:
1205:http://www.indigopage.com/chemistry.htm
1125:
975:
801:Murex purple production in North Africa
484:from the Caribbean zone of the western
178:, white with a stripe of Tyrian purple.
2344:. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 295.
1694:Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ …
1227:Kassinger, Ruth G. (6 February 2003).
1014:(purple-blue) threads produced from a
859:high performance liquid chromatography
420:Linnaeus, 1758), the banded dye-murex
1566:Radwin, G. E.; D'Attilio, A. (1986).
7:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
438:. The dye is an organic compound of
355:
331:
217:. In the same way as the modern-day
44:For chemistry of Tyrian purple, see
4487:Halogen-containing natural products
4472:Bromine-containing natural products
1721:Essais de paléoconchologie comparée
1231:Dyes: From Sea Snails to Synthetics
917:True Tyrian purple, like most high-
2238:from the original on 24 July 2016.
1864:Mathews GM, Iredale T (May 1912).
1550:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1986.tb03743.x
1494:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
948:of 2.2. It is a representation of
698:Hercules' Dog Discovers Purple Dye
643:and once in the purple-red dye of
453:behavior to sedate prey and as an
25:
2517:Guckelsberger M (December 2013).
2226:"Definition of the Tyrian purple"
1714:was created in 1903 by Cossmann:
1655:Boston Journal of Natural History
1010:, four tassels or "fringes" with
402:off the Atlantic coast of Morocco
2526:(Thesis). University of Iceland.
1841:In 1810, the English naturalist
1538:Review of Progress in Coloration
1107:
1091:
1075:
1059:
1043:
1023:
997:
978:
762:In 1909, Harvard anthropologist
4482:Culture of the Byzantine Empire
4462:2nd-millennium BC introductions
2488:Dyes in History and Archaeology
1519:Dyes in History and Archaeology
546:, also known by the older name
2507:Source of article in author's
737:, the critical episode of the
735:sack of Constantinople in 1204
396:that are found in the eastern
253:, whose use was restricted by
154:A 20th-century depiction of a
1:
2520:Purple Murex Dye in Antiquity
1994:The Natural History of Fishes
1667: ; it was later renamed
791:
32:Royal Purple (disambiguation)
2264:10.1016/j.dyepig.2015.01.025
2193:10.1371/journal.pone.0245897
1952:]. Book VII, Chapter 13.
1784:: Eisenbrauns. p. 138.
1582:Benkendorff K (March 1999).
1457:(12:526) around 200 BC.
1296:10.1371/journal.pone.0245897
1138:multidrug-resistant bacteria
347:
325:
100:. The name Tyrian refers to
4156:
4147:
4128:
4094:
4078:
2431:. p. 5. Archived from
2095:Jacoby (2004), p. 210.
1430:"Pigments: Causes of Color"
1413:Online Etymology Dictionary
277:, solid Tyrian purple with
205:, and was continued by the
4528:
2474:World History Encyclopedia
2340:Chenciner, Robert (2000).
2231:World History Encyclopedia
2126:A History of Dyed Textiles
1807:"Mogador: Promontory Fort"
1393:. New Haven, Connecticut:
1358:The Secret Lives of Colour
839:demise of the Roman Empire
510:
363:Production from sea snails
67:
43:
36:
29:
4166:
4008:
3242:
3193:
2593:
2401:Azalea Society of America
1173:10.1017/S0263675106000032
909:necessary for transport.
837:(354–430) and before the
634:Archaeological data from
168:. In the foreground, two
4507:History of Tyre, Lebanon
4426:Glossary of dyeing terms
4246:Traditional textile dyes
1990:Pliny the Elder (1855).
1870:The Victorian Naturalist
1737:Biggam CP (March 2006).
1525:. pages 14 ff.
1389:Cunliffe, Barry (2008).
1038:tomb (about 350 BC)
594:, who used it to colour
213:until 1453 AD, with the
172:are identified by their
37:Not to be confused with
3798:Purple mountain majesty
745:provided by the insect
4173:
2544:"Royal Purple of Tyre"
2484:"Making Tyrian purple"
2053:Biblical Archaeologist
879:Indigofera tinctoria L
810:
676:
664:
632:
583:
573:Basilica of San Vitale
444:organobromine compound
382:
215:fall of Constantinople
193:of several species of
179:
78:
56:
4172:
4113:Reactive dye printing
2625:Bright pink (Crayola)
2453:. Collection catalog.
1853:Perry G (1810–1811).
1811:The Megalithic Portal
1687:by Linnaeus in 1758:
1683:was originally named
1616:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1453:Theopompus, cited by
1395:Yale University Press
1339:1985, 57, 1514A–1522A
962:British postage stamp
940:The lower one is the
903:organic semiconductor
808:
670:
653:
624:
566:
429:Stramonita haemastoma
370:
153:
131:Stramonita haemastoma
54:
4512:Culture of Phoenicia
1831:von Linné C (1758).
1782:Winona Lake, Indiana
1691:von Linné C (1758).
1492:"Porphyrogennetos".
1337:Analytical Chemistry
913:Modern hue rendering
707:King Phoenix of Tyre
661:Theodoor van Thulden
3620:Maximum Blue Purple
3126:Syracuse red-orange
2615:Bittersweet shimmer
2482:Cooksey CJ (1994).
2373:2011AIPA....1d2132G
2315:Imperial-Purple.com
2184:2021PLoSO..1645897S
2124:Robinson S (1969).
2109:. In Boas F (ed.).
2008:The Natural History
1899:Cooksey CJ (2001).
1718:Cossmann M (1903).
1704:Plicopurpura patula
1681:Plicopurpura patula
1356:St Clair K (2016).
1287:2021PLoSO..1645897S
1161:Anglo-Saxon England
899:organic electronics
897:Recent research in
777:Papyrus of Anastasi
481:Plicopurpura patula
387:hypobranchial gland
183:Biological pigments
4477:Byzantine clothing
4253:Armenian cochineal
4174:
2435:on 23 August 2006.
2277:Edmonds J (2000).
2139:Compton S (2010).
1992:"Chapter 62:
1966:History of Animals
1963:Aristotle (2004).
1878: ; see p. 11.
1845:created the genus
1669:Plicopurpura pansa
1464:The Deipnosophists
1155:Biggam CP (2006).
1050:Roman men wearing
1016:Hexaplex trunculus
871:Isatis tinctoria L
835:Augustine of Hippo
811:
729:The production of
716:suggests that the
677:
665:
605:History of Animals
584:
567:Byzantine Emperor
543:Hexaplex trunculus
475:Plicopurpura pansa
460:renewable resource
423:Hexaplex trunculus
383:
342:Hexaplex trunculus
312:born in the purple
257:. The most senior
180:
140:6,6'-dibromoindigo
125:Hexaplex trunculus
57:
46:6,6'-Dibromoindigo
41:, a modern colour.
4439:
4438:
4015:
4014:
4003:
4002:
3936:Twilight lavender
3630:Medium slate blue
3546:Lavender (floral)
3264:Baker-Miller pink
3200:
3199:
3188:
3187:
2382:10.1063/1.3660358
2252:Dyes and Pigments
2105:Nutall Z (1909).
1776:Moorey P (1999).
1706:(Linnaeus, 1758).
1649:Gould AA (1853).
1595:on 30 August 2007
1120:Explanatory notes
693:Peter Paul Rubens
645:B. brandaris
641:H. trunculus
426:, the rock-shell
413:Bolinus brandaris
398:Mediterranean Sea
378:Bolinus brandaris
320:Bolinus brandaris
259:Roman magistrates
170:Roman magistrates
119:Bolinus brandaris
81:), also known as
39:Byzantium (color)
16:(Redirected from
4519:
4497:Organic pigments
4492:Mollusc products
4457:Shades of violet
4333:Polish cochineal
4161:
4152:
4133:
4099:
4083:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4019:
3674:Mountbatten pink
3526:Languid lavender
3422:English lavender
3245:
3244:
3236:
3235:Shades of violet
3227:
3220:
3213:
3204:
2699:Chocolate cosmos
2640:Cantaloupe melon
2596:
2595:
2587:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2536:The Free Library
2527:
2525:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2478:
2455:
2454:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2407:on 11 March 2007
2403:. Archived from
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2317:. Archived from
2311:"Author Profile"
2307:
2301:
2300:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2195:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2066:
2060:
2049:
2043:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2011:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1918:10.3390/60900736
1896:
1890:
1877:
1860:
1838:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1743:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1698:
1685:Buccinum patulum
1678:
1672:
1662:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1622:: 210, 197–240.
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1353:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1316:
1298:
1266:
1247:
1246:
1235:. 21st century.
1234:
1224:
1207:
1194:
1147:
1141:
1130:
1111:
1095:
1079:
1068:Empress Theodora
1063:
1052:togae praetextae
1047:
1027:
1001:
982:
937:
933:
796:
793:
770:, source of the
695:in his painting
596:ceremonial robes
530:Iles Purpuraires
501:Nucella lapillus
435:Bolinus cornutus
404:. These are the
358:
357:
352:
334:
333:
328:
298:Byzantine Empire
136:colored compound
69:
21:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4414:
4383:
4362:
4241:
4175:
4164:
4051:
4046:
4016:
4011:
4004:
3931:Tropical indigo
3521:Japanese violet
3378:Electric violet
3373:Electric purple
3368:Electric indigo
3238:
3234:
3231:
3201:
3196:
3189:
2962:
2788:Fire engine red
2635:Candy apple red
2600:Amaranth purple
2589:
2585:
2582:
2546:
2542:
2532:"Tyrian purple"
2530:
2523:
2516:
2501:
2499:
2481:
2469:"Tyrian Purple"
2467:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2447:"Edward VII 2d"
2445:
2444:
2440:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2410:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2321:on 13 July 2011
2309:
2308:
2304:
2289:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2178:(1): e0245897.
2165:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2050:
2046:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2016:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1950:On Architecture
1945:De Architectura
1941:
1940:
1936:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1863:
1852:
1830:
1825:Murex trunculus
1822:
1818:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1717:
1690:
1679:
1675:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1628:10.2307/3591386
1613:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1434:WebExhibits.org
1428:
1427:
1420:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1368:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1281:(1): e0245897.
1268:
1267:
1250:
1243:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1183:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1134:tyrindoleninone
1131:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1103:
1096:
1087:
1080:
1071:
1064:
1055:
1048:
1039:
1028:
1019:
1002:
993:
983:
974:
966:King Edward VII
958:
935:
934:
931:
915:
847:
803:
794:
748:Kermes vermilio
701:. According to
619:Natural History
614:Pliny the Elder
561:
549:Murex trunculus
523:hyacinth purple
515:
509:
465:Murex brandaris
418:Murex brandaris
365:
337:Biblical Hebrew
307:porphyrogenitos
148:
93:, is a reddish-
87:imperial purple
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4525:
4523:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4502:Organobromides
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4444:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4374:Use of saffron
4370:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4022:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3926:Tickle Me Pink
3923:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:Russian violet
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3842:Rebecca purple
3839:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3783:Pomp and Power
3780:
3775:
3773:Pink (Pantone)
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3753:Persian indigo
3749:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3600:Majorelle Blue
3597:
3592:
3587:
3585:Lavender (web)
3581:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:Lavender blush
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3427:English violet
3424:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3343:Chinese violet
3340:
3335:
3333:Carnation pink
3329:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:African violet
3243:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3207:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Tea rose (red)
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
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2566:
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2551:
2540:
2528:
2514:
2479:
2463:
2462:External links
2460:
2457:
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2419:
2388:
2347:
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2241:
2217:
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2061:
2044:
2027:
2021:John Malalas,
2014:
1982:
1975:
1955:
1934:
1911:(9): 736–769.
1891:
1889:
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1397:. p. 241.
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914:
911:
846:
843:
802:
799:
795: 1000 BC
739:Fourth Crusade
723:Coppa Nevigata
663:, c. 1636
560:
557:
508:
505:
492:in the family
364:
361:
302:imperial silks
264:toga praetexta
255:sumptuary laws
251:status symbols
219:Latin alphabet
175:toga praetexta
158:celebrated by
147:
144:
112:in the family
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4478:
4475:
4473:
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4465:
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4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Shades of red
4450:
4449:
4447:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
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4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Tyrian purple
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
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4182:
4180:Types of dyes
4178:
4171:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4124:
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4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
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4069:
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4007:
3998:
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3992:
3989:
3986:
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3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:Tyrian purple
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3908:
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3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3768:Pink lavender
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:Pale lavender
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:Medium purple
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
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3588:
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3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Lavender pink
3539:
3537:
3536:Lavender gray
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
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3499:
3498:
3494:
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3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:French violet
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Fandango pink
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3410:
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3404:
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3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:Caput mortuum
3292:
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3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3192:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3093:
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3087:
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3078:
3075:
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3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
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2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:Red (Pantone)
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:Red (Munsell)
2971:
2969:
2968:Red (Crayola)
2966:
2964:
2963:(pigment red)
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
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2929:
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2908:
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2902:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2893:
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2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Off-red (RGB)
2880:
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2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
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2853:
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2626:
2623:
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2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2586:Shades of red
2579:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2498:on 2020-07-26
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
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2466:
2465:
2461:
2452:
2451:Postal Museum
2448:
2442:
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2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:(4). 042132.
2366:
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2288:9780953413362
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2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2152:9781439276839
2148:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2082:9788882650155
2078:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2023:Chronographia
2018:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1976:9781419123917
1972:
1968:
1967:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1946:
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1935:
1929:
1924:
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1801:
1798:
1793:
1791:1-57506-042-6
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1755:on 2011-02-19
1751:
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1705:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1688:
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1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:Purpura pansa
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
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1513:
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1505:
1503:0-195-04652-8
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1367:9781473630819
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1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:0-7613-2112-8
1238:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1220:
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1202:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1182:9780521883429
1178:
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1129:
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1037:
1033:
1026:
1021:
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1013:
1009:
1008:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
981:
976:
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951:
947:
943:
938:
929:
927:
923:
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904:
900:
895:
893:
888:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:Dye chemistry
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
807:
800:
798:
789:
784:
782:
778:
773:
769:
765:
764:Zelia Nuttall
760:
758:
754:
750:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
724:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
699:
694:
689:
685:
684:Julius Pollux
682:
674:
669:
662:
658:
657:
652:
648:
646:
642:
637:
631:
629:
623:
621:
620:
615:
611:
607:
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582:
578:
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570:
565:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:
545:
544:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
514:
506:
504:
502:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:
477:
476:
470:
467:
466:
461:
456:
455:antimicrobial
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
436:
431:
430:
425:
424:
419:
415:
414:
410:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
380:
379:
374:
369:
362:
360:
351:
350:
344:
343:
338:
327:
322:
321:
315:
313:
309:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:Roman emperor
286:
284:
283:Roman triumph
280:
276:
275:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
232:
228:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
160:Julius Caesar
157:
156:Roman triumph
152:
145:
143:
141:
137:
133:
132:
127:
126:
121:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:Tyre, Lebanon
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
65:
64:Ancient Greek
61:
60:Tyrian purple
53:
47:
40:
33:
19:
4431:List of dyes
4347:
4303:Dyer's broom
4258:Black walnut
3951:Ultra Violet
3940:
3857:Royal purple
3758:Persian pink
3689:Old lavender
3447:French mauve
3348:Cotton candy
3254:Amarath pink
2803:Imperial red
2535:
2519:
2509:Bibliography
2508:
2506:
2500:. Retrieved
2496:the original
2491:
2487:
2472:
2450:
2441:
2433:the original
2422:
2409:. Retrieved
2405:the original
2400:
2391:
2364:
2361:AIP Advances
2360:
2350:
2341:
2335:
2323:. Retrieved
2319:the original
2314:
2305:
2278:
2272:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2229:
2220:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2119:
2110:
2100:
2091:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2022:
2017:
2007:
1993:
1985:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1883:
1873:
1869:
1855:
1846:
1843:George Perry
1833:
1824:
1819:
1810:
1800:
1777:
1757:. Retrieved
1750:the original
1745:
1732:
1720:
1712:Plicopurpura
1711:
1703:
1693:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1590:the original
1584:
1577:
1567:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1493:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1463:
1449:
1437:. Retrieved
1433:
1412:
1409:"Phoenician"
1403:
1390:
1384:
1357:
1336:
1331:
1278:
1274:
1230:
1222:
1200:
1196:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1128:
1051:
1031:
1015:
1005:
959:
939:
930:
916:
896:
883:
878:
875:indigo plant
870:
848:
812:
788:Timna Valley
785:
776:
772:royal purple
761:
752:
746:
730:
728:
711:
703:John Malalas
696:
687:
681:mythographer
678:
654:
644:
640:
633:
625:
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603:
585:
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547:
541:
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516:
500:
479:
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448:
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427:
421:
417:
411:
384:
376:
340:
323:is known as
318:
316:
305:
287:
272:
262:
236:
224:
181:
173:
163:
129:
123:
117:
91:imperial dye
90:
86:
83:royal purple
82:
70:
59:
58:
18:Royal Purple
4467:Animal dyes
4212:Substantive
4130:Rōketsuzome
4123:Ring dyeing
3709:Pale purple
3353:Dark violet
3274:Blue-violet
3269:Barbie pink
3116:Salmon pink
2936:Persian red
2852:Light coral
2729:Cornell red
2610:Bittersweet
2429:"Buck Rose"
2142:Exodus Lost
1942:Vitruvius.
1886:Perry, 1810
1599:25 February
1100:Charlemagne
1084:Charlemagne
907:pi stacking
873:.) and the
821:, Zouchis,
768:murex snail
751:, known as
688:Onomasticon
588:colour-fast
569:Justinian I
494:Epitoniidae
490:wentletraps
279:gold thread
227:Phoenicians
203:Phoenicians
195:Murex snail
98:natural dye
4446:Categories
4388:Craft dyes
4149:Tsutsugaki
4056:Techniques
3946:Ultra pink
3877:Steel pink
3867:Slate blue
3847:Red-violet
3778:Plum (web)
3714:Periwinkle
3699:Palatinate
3605:Mardi Gras
3501:Heliotrope
3432:Fairy Tale
3141:Turkey red
3062:Rosy brown
3047:Rose taupe
3037:Rose ebony
2961:Red (CMYK)
2892:OU crimson
2877:Misty rose
2808:Indian red
2783:Fire brick
2719:Coral pink
2714:Coquelicot
2502:2010-05-11
1876:(1): 7–16.
1759:2009-11-19
1710:The genus
1661:: 374–408.
1214:References
1034:, from an
1032:toga picta
851:indigo dye
679:The Roman
673:Phoenicias
559:Background
519:royal blue
511:See also:
507:Royal blue
442:(i.e., an
409:gastropods
394:sea snails
274:toga picta
267:, a white
247:Asia Minor
239:Theopompus
165:toga picta
110:sea snails
4419:Reference
4273:Cochineal
4263:Bloodroot
4232:Discharge
4089:Kalamkari
3852:Rose pink
3837:Purpureus
3669:Mimi Pink
3358:Deep pink
3289:Byzantium
3146:Vermilion
3106:Rusty red
3052:Rose vale
2978:Red (NCS)
2956:Red-brown
2857:Light red
2694:Chili red
2620:Blood red
2427:Buck, G.
2258:: 37–48.
2042:, 201–206
2000:Bostock J
1905:Molecules
1544:: 46–52.
1460:Athenaeus
1455:Athenaeus
1376:936144129
1305:1932-6203
1197:Molecules
1191:162937239
1018:based dye
1004:A set of
986:Cuneiform
968:in 1910.
956:Philately
936:_________
932:_________
863:indirubin
827:Essaouira
819:Kerkouane
743:vermilion
610:Aristotle
600:Vitruvius
498:dog whelk
451:predatory
391:predatory
114:Muricidae
106:Phoenicia
4343:Turmeric
4288:Dyewoods
4268:Brazilin
4227:Disperse
4202:Reactive
4096:Katazome
3966:Wisteria
3956:Veronica
3882:Tekhelet
3679:Mulberry
3615:Mauveine
3506:Hot Pink
3437:Fandango
3417:Eminence
3363:Eggplant
3284:Burgundy
3259:Amethyst
3057:Rosewood
3042:Rose red
2897:Penn red
2887:Old rose
2867:Mahogany
2778:Falu red
2773:Dark red
2724:Cordovan
2704:Cinnabar
2645:Cardinal
2630:Burgundy
2605:Barn red
2297:45315310
2236:Archived
2212:33507987
2172:PLOS ONE
2059:, 46–54.
2006:(eds.).
2004:Riley HT
1884:Hexaplex
1847:Hexaplex
1462:(1941).
1323:33507987
1275:PLOS ONE
1036:Etruscan
1012:tekhelet
990:BM62788
926:swatches
922:pigments
855:Tekhelet
815:Carthage
628:Dog-star
513:Tekhelet
486:Atlantic
356:תְּכֵלֶת
349:tekhelet
243:Colophon
71:porphúra
4405:Procion
4400:Inkodye
4367:History
4338:Saffron
4323:Logwood
4298:Gamboge
4278:Cudbear
4237:Pigment
4207:Solvent
4192:Natural
4142:Tie-dye
4137:Shibori
4108:Mordant
4103:Leheria
3921:Thistle
3595:Magenta
3457:Fuchsia
3279:Blurple
3121:Scarlet
3022:Redwood
2768:Crimson
2684:Carmine
2411:15 July
2369:Bibcode
2325:13 July
2203:7842898
2180:Bibcode
1928:6236399
1636:3591386
1439:10 June
1314:7842898
1283:Bibcode
1007:Tzitzit
972:Gallery
831:Morocco
757:crimson
718:Minoans
577:Ravenna
538:Morocco
534:Mogador
440:bromine
326:argaman
294:metonym
261:wore a
146:History
104:, once
79:purpura
68:πορφύρα
4328:Madder
4318:Kermes
4313:Indigo
4293:Fustic
4217:Sulfur
4118:Resist
4080:Kasuri
4068:Dyeing
4049:Dyeing
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3961:Violet
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3793:Purple
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3694:Orchid
3684:Murrey
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3511:Indigo
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3338:Cerise
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3136:Tomato
3111:Salmon
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2872:Maroon
2862:Madder
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2813:Jasper
2798:Garnet
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2709:Claret
2689:Cerise
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2295:
2285:
2210:
2200:
2149:
2079:
1973:
1925:
1788:
1634:
1500:
1374:
1364:
1321:
1311:
1303:
1239:
1189:
1179:
919:chroma
892:potash
823:Djerba
781:Talmud
592:Romans
406:marine
400:, and
373:shells
211:Romans
207:Greeks
199:fabric
187:secret
95:purple
4395:Dylon
4308:Henna
4283:Cutch
4158:Yūzen
4063:Batik
3763:Phlox
3610:Mauve
3590:Lilac
3462:Grape
2946:Poppy
2793:Folly
2547:(PDF)
2524:(PDF)
2511:page.
2025:II:9.
1998:. In
1948:[
1753:(PDF)
1742:(PDF)
1632:JSTOR
1593:(PDF)
1187:S2CID
946:gamma
755:, or
753:grana
731:Murex
714:Crete
581:Italy
536:, in
335:) in
332:ארגמן
245:" in
191:mucus
89:, or
75:Latin
4358:Woad
4353:Weld
4197:Acid
4187:Dyes
4073:Ikat
3872:Soap
3788:Puce
3516:Iris
3151:Wine
3067:Rust
3032:Rose
3027:Rojo
2941:Pink
2413:2006
2327:2011
2293:OCLC
2283:ISBN
2208:PMID
2147:ISBN
2077:ISBN
1971:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1601:2008
1498:ISBN
1441:2016
1372:OCLC
1362:ISBN
1319:PMID
1301:ISSN
1237:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1066:The
942:sRGB
887:woad
867:woad
636:Tyre
586:The
371:Two
269:toga
209:and
128:and
4410:Rit
4222:Vat
2951:Red
2377:doi
2260:doi
2256:117
2198:PMC
2188:doi
1923:PMC
1913:doi
1624:doi
1546:doi
1309:PMC
1291:doi
1169:doi
950:RHS
659:by
532:at
521:or
375:of
314:".
310:, "
231:dye
138:is
4448::
2534:.
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2492:13
2490:.
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1868:.
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