77:
276:
246:
3260:). Instead legislative authority via an Act of Parliament was required by the Government. The Court's reasoning in the initial hearing was that such a notice would inevitably affect rights under domestic law (many EU rights having direct effect in the UK). On the assumption – later proven false – that triggering Article 50 would inevitably result in Brexit, using the prerogative in this way would therefore frustrate the intention of Parliament to confer those rights. This reasoning was maintained in the subsequent Supreme Court hearing, although that judgement devoted more attention to the fact that Parliament had voted the UK into what was then the EEC by statute in 1972, which under the principle of
150:
554:
175:
426:
37:
456:
2483:
396:
2516:
2623:—who are then accountable to Parliament for the decision—has been required in order for the prerogative to be exercised. The monarch remains constitutionally empowered to exercise the royal prerogative against the advice of the prime minister or the cabinet, but in practice would likely only do so in emergencies or where existing precedent does not adequately apply to the circumstances in question.
2825:. These included limits to the royal prerogative, which many felt had been misused by James; Article 1 prevented the monarch suspending or executing laws without consent of Parliament, while Article 4 made it illegal to use the prerogative to levy taxes "without grant of Parliament". The Bill also allowed Parliament to limit the use of remaining prerogatives in future, one example being the
2529:
2498:
2867:
the monarch could dissolve
Parliament single-handedly, on the condition that "an occasion has arisen on which there is fair reason to suppose that the opinion of the House is not the opinion of the electors ... A dissolution is allowable, or necessary, whenever the wishes of the legislature are, or may fairly be presumed to be, different from the wishes of the nation."
2636:
3131:, the monarch is the sole authority for the armed forces, and as such their organisation, disposition and control cannot be questioned by the courts. This exercise of prerogative power gives the Crown authority to recruit members of the armed forces, appoint commissioned officers, and establish agreements with foreign governments to station troops in their territory.
3229:(1920), where the House of Lords confirmed that a statutory provision in an area where prerogative powers are in use "abridges the Royal Prerogative while it is in force to this extent – that the Crown can only do the particular thing under and in accordance with the statutory provisions, and that its prerogative power to do that thing is in abeyance".
3236:, concerning the revocation of a commercial airline operator's licence (December 1976), where it was confirmed that prerogative powers could not be used to contradict a statutory provision, and that in situations to which the power and the statute both applied, the power could only be used to further the aim of the statute. Another extension came with
2843:
3264:(1920) superseded the normal prerogative power to enter into treaties. Following this decision, Parliament decided to provide legal authorisation to the Government to serve a notice in accordance with Article 50. This was duly granted in the European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 and Theresa May exercised the power on 29 March 2017.
2796:, the judiciary rejected this idea on the grounds that while not subject to any individual, the monarch was subject to the law. Until he had gained sufficient knowledge of the law, he had no right to interpret it which Coke also pointed out "requires long study and experience, before that a man can attain to the cognisance of it". In the 1611
3127:, which the monarch has complete discretion to grant. In relation to the armed forces, the monarch is the Commander in Chief, and members are regulated under the royal prerogative. Most statutes do not apply to the armed forces, although some areas, such as military discipline, are governed by Acts of Parliament. Under the
3211:
to take and occupy, for military purposes in wartime, a commercial airfield on the south coast. The government argued that this action was to defend against an invasion; the courts held that for the prerogative to be exercised, the government must demonstrate that a threat of invasion exists. This was backed up by
3272:
Before the modern judicial review procedure superseded the petition of right as the remedy for challenging the validity of a prerogative power, the courts were traditionally only willing to state whether or not powers existed, not whether they had been used appropriately. They therefore applied only
3036:
The royal prerogative is in much use in the realm of foreign affairs. It is the monarch who recognises foreign states (although several statutes regulate the immunities enjoyed by their heads and diplomatic representatives), issues declarations of war and peace, and forms international treaties. The
3210:
Case"), but during the appeal the case was settled and the appeal withdrawn when the Crown agreed to pay compensation. The appeal was from a unanimous decision of the Court of Appeal that the Crown, both under the statutory
Defence of the Realm Regulations and by the royal prerogative, was entitled
3177:
In simple terms, the prerogative is used by the prime minister and cabinet to govern the realm in the name of the Crown; although the monarch has the "right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn", an action in that role involves no exercise of discretion. Under the right to
3172:
The present Queen ... is kept very closely in touch with the exercise of governmental power by means of a weekly audience with the prime minister during which she is fully briefed about the affairs of government ... should be emphasised that the prime minister is not under any obligation
2866:
wrote that a dissolution involves "the acquiescence of ministers", and as such the monarch could not dissolve
Parliament without ministerial consent; "if ministers refuse to give such advice, she can do no more than dismiss them". A. V. Dicey, however, believed that in certain extreme circumstances
2655:
The prerogative appears to be historically and as a matter of fact nothing else than the residue of discretionary or arbitrary authority which at any given time is legally left in the hands of the crown. The prerogative is the name of the remaining portion of the Crown's original authority ...
3181:
Today, some prerogative powers are directly exercised by ministers without the approval of
Parliament, including the powers of declaring war and of making peace, the issue of passports, and the granting of honours. Prerogative powers are exercised nominally by the monarch, but on the advice of the
3919:
My Lords, the protection of a
British-born subject does not derive from the possession of a passport but is the exercise of one of the normal functions of a sovereign State. No British subject has a legal right to a passport. The grant of a United Kingdom passport is a Royal prerogative exercised
2668:
By the word prerogative we usually understand that special pre-eminence which the King hath, over and above all other persons, and out of the ordinary course of common law, in right of his regal dignity ... it can only be applied to those rights and capacities which the King enjoys alone, in
2771:
Henry and his descendants normally followed legal decisions, even though in theory they were not bound by them. One suggestion is they recognised stable government required legal advice and consent, while "all the leading lawyers, statesmen and publicists of the Tudor period" agreed everyone was
2716:
monarch exercised supreme power, which was checked by "the recrudescence of feudal turbulence in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". The royal prerogative was a way to exercise his power without the consent of others but its limits were unclear and an attempt to legally define its scope was
3333:
campaigned unsuccessfully for the abolition of the royal prerogative in the United
Kingdom in the 1990s, arguing that all governmental powers in effect exercised on the advice of the prime minister and cabinet should be subject to parliamentary scrutiny and require parliamentary approval. Later
2932:. In this situation, constitutional convention is that the previous incumbent has the first right to form a coalition government and seek appointment. If the prime minister decides to retire in the middle of a parliamentary session, then unless there is a clear "prime minister-in-waiting" (e.g.
2923:
The appointment of the prime minister is also, theoretically, governed by the royal prerogative. Technically the monarch may appoint as prime minister anyone he wants to appoint, but in practice the appointee is always the person who is best placed to command a majority in the House of
Commons.
3285:
In the exertion therefore of those prerogatives, which the law has given him, the King is irresistible and absolute, according to the forms of the constitution. And yet if the consequence of that exertion be manifestly to the grievance or dishonour of the kingdom, the
Parliament will call his
2626:
Today, the royal prerogative is available in the conduct of the government of the United
Kingdom, including foreign affairs, defence, and national security. The monarch has a significant constitutional weight in these and other matters, but limited freedom to act, because the exercise of the
3309:
confirmed that the application of judicial review would be dependent on the nature of the government's powers, not their source. Foreign policy and national security powers are considered outside the scope of judicial review, while the prerogative of mercy is considered within it, as per
3324:
Abolition of the royal prerogative is not imminent, and recent movements to abolish the role of the monarchy and its royal prerogative in government have been unsuccessful. The
Ministry of Justice undertook a "review of executive Royal Prerogative powers" in October 2009. Former Labour
3298:
case that "seeing that the prerogative is a discretionary power to be exercised for the public good, it follows that its exercise can be examined by the courts just as any other discretionary power which is vested in the executive." The most authoritative case on the matter is
4256:
3246:
held that even if a statute had not yet come into force, the prerogative could not be used to "conflict with Parliament's wishes" (in that case using its discretion to choose a start date to delay, perhaps indefinitely, the introduction of a statutory compensation scheme).
3000:; the monarch has no direct involvement in its use. Exercises of this power may also take the form of commutations, a limited form of pardon where the sentence is reduced, on certain conditions. The granting of a pardon is not subject to judicial review, as confirmed by
4148:
Powers of King in Council – Royal Prerogative – Extent to which Orders in Council are binding – Inherent Powers of the Court – Preservation of Property in Specie – Neutral Cargo – Contraband – Seizure as Prize – Requisition before Adjudication – Validity – Prize Court
2646:
The royal prerogative has been called "a notoriously difficult concept to define adequately", but whether a particular type of prerogative power exists is a matter of common law to be decided by the courts as the final arbiter. A prominent constitutional theorist,
3920:
through Her Majesty's Ministers and, in particular, the Foreign Secretary. The Foreign Secretary has the power to withhold or withdraw a passport at his discretion, although in practice such power is exercised only very rarely and in very exceptional cases.
4249:"Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 50 TEU – Notification by a Member State of its intention to withdraw from the European Union – Consequences of the notification – Right of unilateral revocation of the notification – Conditions – Case C‑621/18"
3334:
governments argued that such is the breadth of topics covered by the royal prerogative that requiring parliamentary approval in each instance where the prerogative is currently used would overwhelm parliamentary time and slow the enactment of legislation.
3146:
3107:, the regulation of the armed forces and ecclesiastical appointments. Although the granting of most honours is normally decided by the executive, the monarch is still the person who technically awards them. Exceptions to this rule are membership of the
2673:
Dicey's opinion that any action of governance by the monarch beyond statute is under the prerogative diverges from Blackstone's that the prerogative simply covers those actions that no other person or body in the United Kingdom can undertake, such as
3047:. Monarchs also have the power to alter British territorial waters and cede territory. Their freedom to do these things in practice is doubtful, in that they might deprive British citizens of their nationality and rights. When the island of
2853:
The power to dissolve parliament is "perhaps the most important residual prerogative exercised personally by the sovereign, and represents the greatest potential for controversy." This prerogative is normally exercised at the request of the
2772:
subject to the law, including the king. Although possessing "unfettered discretion" in when to use the prerogative, the monarch was limited in areas where the courts had imposed conditions on its use or where he had chosen to do so himself.
2940:
in 1955) the monarch in principle has to choose a successor (after taking appropriate advice, not necessarily from the outgoing prime minister), but the last monarch to be actively involved in such a process was George V, who appointed
3057:
3238:
4248:
2902:; Jennings writes that "it was assumed by the King throughout that he had not only the legal power but the constitutional right to refuse assent". The royal prerogative to dissolve Parliament was abrogated by Section 3(2) of the
2961:
in October 1963). Nowadays, the monarch has no discretion, as the governing party will elect a new leader who will near-automatically be appointed as he or she commands the support of the majority of the Commons (most recently
2915:
3190:. Some key functions of the British government are still executed by virtue of the royal prerogative, but generally the usage of the prerogative has been diminishing as functions are progressively put on a statutory basis.
3312:
3301:
3002:
510:
495:
3095:
is also used to prevent a person leaving the country. The right to make treaties is a disputed prerogative power: under Blackstone's definition, a prerogative power must be one unique to the monarch.
3252:
1260:
3274:
2996:. Pardons may eliminate the "pains, penalties and punishments" from a criminal conviction, though they do not remove convictions themselves. This power is commonly exercised on the advice of the
2407:
1431:
1417:
3223:, held generally that to exercise a power not granted by statute (such as a prerogative power) the government must prove to the court that the exercise is justified. The next decision came in
2069:
575:
4068:
3041:. Once territory has been annexed, the monarch has complete discretion as to the extent to which the government will take over the former government's liabilities; this was confirmed in
2874:; this would very likely lead to a government resigning. By convention, the monarch always assents to bills; the last time the royal assent was not given was in 1708 during the reign of
2571:
2447:
1270:
721:
4655:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
3024:
3022:(or the equivalent in Scotland or Northern Ireland) in the name of the Crown, to stop legal proceedings against an individual. This is not reviewable by the courts, as confirmed by
2131:
696:
2087:
4047:
3104:
1669:
711:
2694:. A clear distinction has not been necessary in the relevant cases, and the courts may never need to settle the question as few cases deal directly with the prerogative itself.
561:
2169:
1933:
4698:
2924:
Usually, this is the leader of the political party that is returned to Parliament with a majority of seats after a general election. Difficulties may result with a so-called
356:
3051:
was ceded to Germany in 1890, parliamentary approval was first sought. Monarchs can also regulate colonies and dependent territories by exercising the prerogative through
700:
589:
361:
4123:
3225:
2144:
2140:
1291:
1410:
463:
4309:
2946:
2396:
1265:
706:
115:
3061:, the Court of Appeal ruled that using Orders-in-Council to frustrate judicial rulings was an unlawful abuse of power, although this ruling was later overturned.
2907:
1631:
716:
2372:
2752:, Henry accepted this restriction, believing he was far more powerful ruling with the consent of Parliament than without, especially in the matter of taxation.
2074:
1454:
970:
890:
314:
4287:
4563:
4093:
2564:
2427:
2122:
2049:
2018:
975:
885:
3435:
2392:
4688:
3415:
held that a state that had issued a notification under Article 50 was free to rescind it at will, without requiring the consent of the other Member States.
2179:
1801:
726:
335:
2344:
4693:
3257:
2997:
1607:
655:
125:
2615:
Prerogative powers were formerly exercised by the monarch acting on his or her own initiative. Since the 19th century, by convention, the advice of the
2319:
2304:
3089:, the courts held that it was their right to review the granting of passports to, and the withholding of passports from, British citizens. The writ of
275:
245:
76:
2703:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
476:
2289:
2284:
3306:
3199:
2707:
1331:
736:
4683:
4065:
3216:
2557:
2115:
1782:
1695:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
60:
3142:. The monarch also exerts a certain influence power on his or her weekly and closed conversations with the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
2324:
2309:
2222:
2187:
4043:
3412:
2164:
2092:
1663:
1645:
745:
648:
500:
447:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2274:
2192:
4552:
4533:
4440:
4421:
4402:
3019:
2507:
2437:
2082:
1590:
505:
438:
2882:. This does not mean that the right to refuse, even contrary to the wishes of the Prime Minister, has died: the threat of the Royal Veto by
2656:
Every act which the executive government can lawfully do without the authority of an Act of Parliament is done in virtue of the prerogative.
2357:
2244:
2234:
2197:
3697:
3653:
3243:
3183:
3065:
2929:
2855:
2616:
2157:
2127:
2102:
2064:
1826:
1753:
1746:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
568:
309:
3345:
2683:
2334:
2299:
2294:
2254:
2239:
2229:
2212:
2207:
2202:
4368:
3160:, the House of Lords took the view that it extended to "doing all those things in an emergency which are necessary for the conduct of ."
2760:
2678:. Case law exists to support both views. Blackstone's notion of the prerogative being the powers of an exclusive nature was favoured by
1479:
545:
216:
4051:
2314:
2279:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2217:
4505:
3891:
3178:
warn, the monarch may present the prime minister with reasons to reconsider a choice, but the choice remains with the prime minister.
3043:
1806:
1383:
536:
379:
130:
86:
4664:
4128:
3788:
3498:
2949:
in 1923. In more modern times, the monarch left it to the politicians involved to choose a successor through private consultations (
2691:
2679:
2174:
1732:
1341:
1336:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
689:
598:
525:
120:
4202:
2862:. Constitutional theorists have had differing views as to whether a unilateral dissolution of Parliament would be possible today;
149:
3935:
2883:
2846:
2605:
1758:
1558:
1553:
1284:
387:
267:
201:
182:
3908:
3168:
Today, the monarch exercises the prerogative almost exclusively in line with the advice of the government. Leyland notes that:
2903:
2887:
2442:
685:
667:
634:
3080:
has always been an exercise of the royal prerogative, and continues to be exercisable at the Secretary of State's discretion.
4132:
3250:
Whilst the royal prerogative is deployed by the UK government when making (and unmaking) treaties, the Supreme Court held in
3156:
3085:
2899:
2895:
2601:
1978:
1691:
1659:
1523:
1321:
1301:
237:
156:
143:
68:
4136:
3837:
4154:
3187:
2620:
2520:
1767:
1528:
553:
283:
3256:
that the government could not use the prerogative to serve notice of termination of the UK's membership of the EU (under
3028:, and does not count as an acquittal; the defendant may be brought before the courts on the same charge at a later date.
3202:
have determined the limited scope for the use of prerogative powers. In 1915, an appeal was made to the House of Lords,
2875:
2544:
2502:
2362:
1946:
1845:
1775:
1762:
1738:
1569:
1564:
2412:
1972:
1831:
1638:
672:
603:
288:
2660:
While many commentators follow the Diceyan view, there are constitutional lawyers who prefer the definition given by
2910:, which repealed the 2011 Act. Section 6(1) of the 2011 Act however specifically stated that the monarch's power to
2724:
This "turbulence" began to recede over the course of the 16th century and the monarch became truly independent when
2627:
prerogative is conventionally in the hands of the prime minister and other ministers or other government officials.
4703:
4279:
3128:
2533:
1851:
1500:
1444:
1296:
662:
613:
4088:
2382:
3431:
2377:
1836:
1819:
1796:
1716:
1705:
1449:
1405:
582:
4146:
Privy Council, The Zamora, On Appeal from the High Court, Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty Division. (In Prize.)
3907:
The Earl of Gosford, The Joint Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (16 June 1958).
2767:(1552–1634); considered the leading jurist of his time, his rulings helped define the limits of the prerogative
2055:
1787:
1326:
189:
161:
2859:
2753:
2422:
1679:
1650:
1584:
1459:
485:
3799:, the effect of which stops the legal proceedings. The power is not subject to the control of the courts:
2818:
2687:
1984:
1363:
641:
229:
3150:, recognised that the prerogative also includes the power to "take all reasonable steps to preserve the
3124:
3120:
3073:
2891:
2879:
2798:
2785:
2745:
2725:
2718:
2487:
2367:
1955:
1871:
1316:
2756:
and other contemporary writers argued the monarch could not levy taxes without Parliamentary approval.
174:
17:
36:
3326:
3112:
2987:
2780:
2642:, who maintained that the royal prerogative was any power that could be exercised by only the monarch
1711:
1701:
1437:
1242:
1237:
196:
4570:
4084:
3780:
3351:
3108:
2933:
2911:
2822:
2810:
2806:
2612:, or "sole prerogative", and the source of many of the executive powers of the British government.
2097:
1904:
1674:
1613:
1518:
1513:
1474:
1423:
211:
98:
4614:
4484:
4303:
3356:
3278:
3207:
3139:
3008:
2898:
had been privately advised (by his own lawyer, not by the Prime Minister) that he could veto the
2826:
2814:
2802:, Coke further ruled the monarch could only exercise existing prerogatives, not create new ones.
2775:
2713:
2675:
2661:
2639:
1928:
1864:
1811:
1654:
1378:
608:
407:
108:
3693:
3649:
4360:
3083:
Under the common law, citizens have the right freely to leave and enter the United Kingdom. In
4635:
4606:
4548:
4529:
4501:
4476:
4436:
4417:
4398:
3784:
3366:
3135:
2958:
2950:
2729:
2609:
2585:
1841:
1493:
1489:
1484:
347:
326:
300:
2669:
contradiction to others, and not to those which he enjoys in common with any of his subjects.
4598:
4468:
3371:
3151:
3077:
3052:
2954:
2152:
2040:
2032:
2011:
1995:
1597:
1548:
1398:
1388:
425:
366:
296:
44:
4589:
Waite, P. B. (1959). "The Struggle of Prerogative and Common Law in the Reign of James I".
3889:
4668:
4206:
4158:
4097:
4072:
3939:
3895:
3795:
On proceedings of indictment, the Attorney General, in the name of the Crown, can enter a
3502:
2942:
2925:
2593:
1923:
1721:
1368:
1350:
626:
257:
103:
4661:
3496:
2914:
Parliament is not affected by the Act. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court's 2019 judgment in
4522:
4200:
4122:
The case of requisition: in re a petition of right of De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited:
3675:
3361:
3116:
3091:
3014:
2992:
2597:
2469:
1989:
1684:
1577:
1573:
417:
3932:
3917:. Vol. 209. Parliament of the United Kingdom: House of Lords. col. 860–861.
3037:
monarch also has the power to annex territory, as was done in 1955 with the island of
2740:. Although the monarch was "the predominant partner in the English constitution", the
4677:
3386:
3376:
3147:
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Northumbria Police Authority
2967:
2863:
468:
343:
2849:, the last monarch to arbitrarily dissolve Parliament by using the royal prerogative
2635:
3381:
3291:
2937:
2871:
2025:
1728:
1506:
455:
433:
322:
395:
4545:
Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights: A Critical Introduction
3833:
3774:
3006:, but the courts have chosen to criticise its application or lack thereof, as in
4152:
3391:
3220:
2975:
2963:
2793:
2764:
2648:
1914:
1373:
530:
481:
402:
251:
168:
93:
3134:
The prerogative empowers the monarch to appoint bishops and archbishops in the
3048:
2829:, which required the monarch to dismiss and call Parliament at certain times.
2789:
2759:
2006:
1791:
1356:
4639:
4610:
4480:
3058:
R (Bancoult) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (No 2)
3330:
3239:
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Fire Brigades Union
3103:
Monarchs also have power to exercise their prerogative over the granting of
2971:
2589:
2000:
1618:
1533:
2870:
The monarch could force the dissolution of Parliament through a refusal of
3055:. The courts have long fought against the monarch's use of this power: in
2986:
The most noted prerogative power that affects the judicial system is the
2515:
1961:
1886:
1881:
1467:
3367:
Monarchy of Spain § The Crown, constitution, and royal prerogatives
4488:
3913:
3038:
2842:
2497:
1967:
1309:
4618:
4459:
Holdsworth, W. S. (1921). "The Prerogative in the Sixteenth Century".
2990:, which has two elements: the granting of pardons and the granting of
2741:
2733:
2402:
1602:
4472:
4450:
Chrimes, S. B. (1956). "Richard II's questions to the judges 1387".
4602:
2841:
2758:
2634:
2528:
1541:
3886:
R (XH & Another) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
2920:
established that the prerogative of prorogation is not absolute.
4626:
Williams, D. G. T. "The Prerogative and Parliamentary Control".
4564:"Review of the Executive Royal Prerogative Powers: Final Report"
3313:
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Bentley
3302:
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service
3009:
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Bentley
3003:
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service
2928:, in which no party commands majority support, as last occurred
2878:
when, on ministerial advice, she withheld royal assent from the
2737:
2459:
1892:
3277:: whether the use was illegal. Constitutional scholars such as
3076:
delivered in July 2016, confirmed that granting or withdrawing
4662:
Review of the Executive Royal Prerogative Powers: Final Report
3493:
Review of the Executive Royal Prerogative Powers: Final Report
3253:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
2464:
3834:"West Rand Central Gold Mining Company, Limited v. The King"
2408:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
35:
3512:
3510:
3430:
Select Committee on Public Administration (16 March 2004).
3290:
During the 1960s and 70s this attitude was changing, with
2821:, who accepted the throne under conditions set out in the
3432:"Select Committee on Public Administration Fourth Report"
3888:
EWHC 1898 (Admin) (Hamblen LJ, Cranston J) 28 July 2016
3232:
This principle of statutory superiority was extended in
722:
Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions
4591:
The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science
4234:
4232:
3025:
R v Comptroller-General of Patents, ex parte Tomlinson
2686:
of 1920, but some difficulty with it was expressed by
4498:
England in the later middle ages: a political history
712:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
4278:
Randerson, James; Cooper 10 December 2018, Charlie.
4064:
Both the above links broken, original now available
3138:, and to regulate the printing and licensing of the
2748:
by stopping short of declaring him all-powerful. In
3933:
http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/1988/7.html
4521:
4124:De Keyser's Royal Hotel Limited v. the King (1920)
4120:('Shoreham Aerodrome Case') 3 K.B. 649, cited in
701:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies
3676:"Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act, 2022"
2858:, either at his or her discretion or following a
1292:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom
4280:"UK can withdraw Brexit notification, ECJ rules"
3044:West Rand Central Gold Mining Company v The King
27:Privileges and immunities of the British monarch
3283:
3170:
2728:and his successors became head of a Protestant
2666:
2653:
3226:Attorney General v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Ltd
2908:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
717:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
3909:"The Withholding or Withdrawing of Passports"
2565:
8:
4516:in Law Quarterly Review lxxii: 365–90 (1956)
3140:Authorised (King James) Version of the Bible
2608:. The monarch is regarded internally as the
2123:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
2050:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2019:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
4308:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4131:and Alfred Hildesley, with Introduction by
3186:(whom the monarch meets weekly) and of the
2651:, proposed in the nineteenth century that:
727:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions
4699:United Kingdom nuclear command and control
3585:
3573:
3561:
3516:
3258:Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union
2998:Secretary of State for the Home Department
2732:, and therefore answerable neither to the
2572:
2558:
1670:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties
1608:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
55:
47:are regulated under the royal prerogative.
4547:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
4514:Richard II's questions to the judges 1387
2894:impossible between 1800 and 1829, whilst
2704:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom
1046:European Parliament elections (1979–2019)
4520:Leyland, Peter; Anthony, Gordon (2009).
4361:"How ministers exercise arbitrary power"
3609:
3597:
3305:, generally known as the GCHQ case. The
2708:Government in Norman and Angevin England
4528:(6 ed.). Oxford University Press.
4395:Constitutional & Administrative Law
3763:1 QB 909 (CA) (ex officio informations)
3540:
3422:
3404:
3086:R v Foreign Secretary, ex parte Everett
67:
18:Royal Prerogative in the United Kingdom
4658:("The prerogative" paragraphs 2.4–2.9)
4301:
4197:Laker Airway Ltd v Department of Trade
4044:Public Administration Select Committee
3413:Court of Justice of the European Union
3286:advisers to a just and severe account.
3234:Laker Airway Ltd v Department of Trade
2778:challenged this consensus in the 1607
2093:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
31:
4433:Constitutional and Administrative Law
4397:(7th ed.). Routledge-Cavendish.
4371:from the original on 11 November 2013
4006:Ministry of Justice (2009) p. 32
3776:Constitutional and Administrative Law
3700:from the original on 2 September 2019
3457:
3455:
3453:
3198:Several influential decisions of the
3020:Attorney General of England and Wales
2744:recognised the growing importance of
2438:United Kingdom and the United Nations
2083:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
7:
4597:(2). Blackwell Publishing: 144–152.
4290:from the original on 17 October 2020
3528:
3434:. Parliament of the United Kingdom.
3072:), and re-stated in a ruling of the
2813:was replaced by his eldest daughter
2788:to sit as a judge and interpret the
2604:(or "sovereign"), recognised in the
2158:British National (Overseas) passport
2103:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
2065:British Overseas Territories citizen
1559:2011 referendum on law-making powers
1455:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
4467:(6). Columbia Law School: 554–571.
3960:The Appointment of Bishops Act 1533
3840:from the original on 2 October 2017
3656:from the original on 27 August 2019
3481:Commentaries on the Laws of England
1152:Northern Ireland Assembly elections
217:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
4689:Constitution of the United Kingdom
3173:to take account of royal opinions.
25:
4694:United Kingdom administrative law
4634:(2). Cambridge University Press.
4435:(4th ed.). Pearson Longman.
3801:R v Comptroller of Patents (1899)
3694:"Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011"
3650:"Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011"
3438:from the original on 9 March 2021
3346:A-G v De Keyser's Royal Hotel Ltd
1337:Greater London Authority Act 1999
4656:Official pamphlet, December 2012
3931:QB 811, EWCA Civ 7, 2 WLR 224
2527:
2514:
2496:
2481:
552:
454:
424:
394:
274:
244:
173:
148:
75:
4359:David McKie (6 December 2000).
4349:Ministry of Justice (2009) p. 1
4259:from the original on 6 May 2021
3997:Ministry of Justice (2009) p. 4
3988:Ministry of Justice (2009) p.14
3914:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2904:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
2712:Prior to the 13th century, the
2443:United Nations Security Council
131:Other constitutional principles
4684:Monarchy of the United Kingdom
4524:Textbook on Administrative Law
4416:. Cambridge University Press.
3157:Burmah Oil Co. v Lord Advocate
1979:British Indian Ocean Territory
1524:Act of the Scottish Parliament
1322:English votes for English laws
1302:Council of Nations and Regions
69:Politics of the United Kingdom
1:
2098:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute
1529:Scottish statutory instrument
1104:Scottish Parliament elections
590:Justices of the Supreme Court
4562:Ministry of Justice (2009).
4500:(2003 ed.). Routledge.
4075:(retrieved 9 November 2016).
3064:A judgment delivered in the
2684:De Keyser's Royal Hotel case
2363:politics of Northern Ireland
1565:Government of Wales Act 1998
697:UK Parliament constituencies
4496:Keen, Maurice Hugh (1973).
3495:, Chapter Two paragraph 26
3281:consider this appropriate:
1973:British Antarctic Territory
1297:Legislative consent motions
439:The Lord McFall of Alcluith
4720:
4118:Petition of Right, In re A
3781:Taylor & Francis Group
3129:Crown Proceedings Act 1947
2900:Third Irish Home Rule Bill
2792:as he saw fit. Led by Sir
2701:
2413:UK–EU withdrawal agreement
4628:The Cambridge Law Journal
4393:Barnett, Hilaire (2009).
3773:Barnett, Hilaire (2002).
3411:On 10 December 2018, the
2784:, arguing the king had a
2488:United Kingdom portal
2378:Northern Ireland Protocol
1717:Non-metropolitan District
1406:Northern Ireland Act 1998
656:Monetary Policy Committee
116:Parliamentary sovereignty
34:
4414:The English Constitution
4412:Bagehot, Walter (2001).
4135:, Clarendon Press, 1920
4090:Queen and Prime Minister
4050:(Report). Archived from
3779:(4th ed.). London:
3099:Other prerogative powers
2056:Turks and Caicos Islands
1327:Greater London Authority
477:Leader of the Opposition
190:William, Prince of Wales
59:This article is part of
4667:2 November 2013 at the
3501:2 November 2013 at the
2860:motion of no confidence
2692:Burmah Oil case of 1965
2588:is a body of customary
1802:Community council areas
1680:Non-metropolitan county
1460:Law of Northern Ireland
4543:Loveland, Ian (2009).
4431:Carroll, Alex (2007).
4331:Loveland (2009) p. 108
4322:Loveland (2009) p. 102
4238:Loveland (2009) p. 101
3979:Loveland (2009) p. 119
3970:Loveland (2009) p. 118
3950:Loveland (2009) p. 122
3876:Loveland (2009) p. 121
3858:Loveland (2009) p. 120
3288:
3175:
2850:
2768:
2717:first made in 1387 by
2671:
2658:
2643:
2141:Diplomatic missions of
1985:British Virgin Islands
43:British passports and
40:
4217:Loveland (2009) p. 99
4199:QB 643, EWCA Civ 10
4187:Loveland (2009) p. 97
4169:Loveland (2009) p. 93
4096:14 April 2010 at the
4033:Bagehot (2001) p. 111
4015:Carroll (2007) p. 251
3814:Barnett (2009) p. 117
3754:Barnett (2009) p. 116
3727:Barnett (2009) p. 115
3718:Barnett (2009) p. 114
3639:Barnett (2009) p. 109
3630:Barnett (2009) p. 107
3621:Barnett (2009) p. 106
3470:Loveland (2009) p. 92
3461:Carroll (2007) p. 246
3329:and cabinet minister
3219:, on appeal from the
3125:Royal Victorian Chain
3121:Royal Victorian Order
2906:, and revived by the
2892:Catholic Emancipation
2880:Scottish Militia Bill
2845:
2799:Case of Proclamations
2762:
2702:Further information:
2638:
2383:British–Irish Council
2368:Good Friday Agreement
2180:Free trade agreements
2145:in the United Kingdom
1956:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1872:Bailiwick of Guernsey
1432:deputy First Minister
1317:Governance of England
336:Deputy Prime Minister
39:
4452:Law Quarterly Review
4340:Leyland (2007) p. 78
4255:. 10 December 2018.
4071:28 July 2012 at the
4024:Leyland (2007) p. 74
3894:30 July 2021 at the
3479:William Blackstone,
3399:Notes and references
3204:Re Petition of Right
3113:Order of the Thistle
2988:prerogative of mercy
2781:Case of Prohibitions
1947:Overseas Territories
1712:Metropolitan Borough
1438:Emma Little-Pengelly
1379:Combined authorities
737:UK general elections
212:Counsellors of State
126:Separation of powers
4461:Columbia Law Review
4108:Leyland (2007)p. 67
4085:The Royal Household
3543:, pp. 365–390.
3352:Executive privilege
3109:Order of the Garter
2934:Neville Chamberlain
2823:Bill of Rights 1689
2811:James II of England
2807:Glorious Revolution
2170:UK–CD Customs Union
1934:UK-CD Customs Union
1905:Bailiwick of Jersey
1692:Unitary authorities
1675:Metropolitan county
1660:Ceremonial counties
1614:Act of Senedd Cymru
1519:Scottish Parliament
1475:Scottish devolution
4205:7 May 2015 at the
4157:6 May 2015 at the
4048:Press Notice no.19
3938:7 May 2015 at the
3680:legislation.gov.uk
3357:King-in-Parliament
3279:William Blackstone
3215:(1916), where the
3208:Shoreham Aerodrome
2851:
2833:Prerogative powers
2827:Triennial Act 1694
2809:in November 1688,
2776:James I of England
2769:
2676:declaration of war
2662:William Blackstone
2644:
2640:William Blackstone
2610:absolute authority
1929:Common Travel Area
1865:Crown Dependencies
1832:Preserved counties
1812:Shires of Scotland
408:King-in-Parliament
41:
4704:Royal prerogative
4554:978-0-19-921974-2
4535:978-0-19-921776-2
4454:. lxxii: 365–390.
4442:978-1-4058-1231-3
4423:978-0-511-05297-2
4404:978-0-415-45829-0
4054:on 4 January 2004
3552:1 Parl. Hist. 555
3273:the first of the
3262:De Keyser's Hotel
3136:Church of England
3078:British passports
3053:Orders in Council
2959:Alec Douglas-Home
2957:in January 1957,
2951:Winston Churchill
2864:Sir Ivor Jennings
2730:Church of England
2586:royal prerogative
2582:
2581:
2373:UK–Ireland border
2165:Visa requirements
2116:Foreign relations
2070:Visa requirements
2044:
2035:
2028:
1852:Historic counties
1739:Historic counties
1485:Scotland Act 1998
707:Political parties
604:England and Wales
537:King-on-the-Bench
469:Sir Lindsay Hoyle
112:
52:
51:
16:(Redirected from
4711:
4643:
4622:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4576:on 10 March 2011
4575:
4569:. Archived from
4568:
4558:
4539:
4527:
4511:
4492:
4455:
4446:
4427:
4408:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4307:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4209:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4161:
4144:
4138:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4082:
4076:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4007:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3942:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3904:
3898:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3682:. 24 March 2022.
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3505:
3490:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3427:
3416:
3409:
3372:Order in Council
3275:Wednesbury tests
3070:ex parte Everett
2955:Harold Macmillan
2817:and her husband
2754:Sir Thomas Smith
2600:attached to the
2574:
2567:
2560:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2508:Northern Ireland
2501:
2500:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2423:The Commonwealth
2052:
2041:Tristan da Cunha
2039:
2033:Ascension Island
2031:
2023:
2021:
2012:Pitcairn Islands
1996:Falkland Islands
1958:
1895:
1747:Northern Ireland
1549:Welsh devolution
1424:Michelle O'Neill
1399:Northern Ireland
1389:Cornwall Council
1205:Senedd elections
649:Deputy governors
614:Northern Ireland
576:Deputy President
556:
458:
448:House of Commons
428:
398:
297:Starmer ministry
278:
248:
177:
152:
106:
79:
56:
45:chivalric orders
32:
21:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4674:
4673:
4669:Wayback Machine
4652:
4625:
4588:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4566:
4561:
4555:
4542:
4536:
4519:
4512:Chrimes, S. B.
4508:
4495:
4473:10.2307/1111147
4458:
4449:
4443:
4430:
4424:
4411:
4405:
4392:
4389:
4384:
4374:
4372:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4300:
4293:
4291:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4207:Wayback Machine
4195:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4159:Wayback Machine
4145:
4141:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4098:Wayback Machine
4083:
4079:
4073:Wayback Machine
4057:
4055:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3940:Wayback Machine
3930:
3926:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3896:Wayback Machine
3884:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3791:
3783:. p. 160.
3772:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3701:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3586:Holdsworth 1921
3584:
3580:
3574:Holdsworth 1921
3572:
3568:
3562:Holdsworth 1921
3560:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3517:Holdsworth 1921
3515:
3508:
3503:Wayback Machine
3491:
3487:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3340:
3322:
3270:
3268:Judicial review
3244:Court of Appeal
3196:
3166:
3101:
3066:Court of Appeal
3034:
3032:Foreign affairs
3018:is done by the
2984:
2982:Judicial system
2943:Stanley Baldwin
2926:hung parliament
2840:
2835:
2710:
2700:
2633:
2602:British monarch
2578:
2549:
2545:Other countries
2540:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2513:
2512:
2495:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2456:
2434:
2419:
2389:
2354:
2184:
2149:
2137:
2118:
2108:
2107:
2079:
2061:
2060:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2005:
1994:
1983:
1977:
1966:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1924:British Islands
1920:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1874:
1867:
1857:
1856:
1837:Principal areas
1823:
1816:
1779:
1772:
1750:
1743:
1642:
1634:
1624:
1623:
1567:
1556:
1554:1997 referendum
1545:
1538:
1487:
1480:1997 referendum
1471:
1464:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1369:London Assembly
1364:Mayoral cabinet
1351:Mayor of London
1339:
1332:1998 referendum
1313:
1306:
1287:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1040:
741:
740:
732:
692:
678:
677:
659:
629:
627:Bank of England
619:
618:
595:
541:
533:
528:
518:
517:
496:59th Parliament
492:
489:
480:
467:
443:
437:
413:
405:
382:
372:
371:
353:
351:
339:
330:
318:
304:
292:
263:
258:King-in-Council
254:
232:
222:
221:
193:
146:
136:
135:
104:Treaty of Union
89:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4717:
4715:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4659:
4651:
4650:External links
4648:
4645:
4644:
4623:
4603:10.2307/139057
4586:
4559:
4553:
4540:
4534:
4517:
4507:978-0415272926
4506:
4493:
4456:
4447:
4441:
4428:
4422:
4409:
4403:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4351:
4342:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4270:
4240:
4228:
4219:
4210:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4162:
4139:
4133:Sir John Simon
4110:
4101:
4077:
4035:
4026:
4017:
4008:
3999:
3990:
3981:
3972:
3963:
3952:
3943:
3924:
3899:
3878:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3825:
3816:
3807:
3797:nolle prosequi
3789:
3765:
3756:
3747:
3738:
3729:
3720:
3711:
3685:
3667:
3641:
3632:
3623:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3588:, p. 561.
3578:
3576:, p. 556.
3566:
3564:, p. 555.
3554:
3545:
3533:
3531:, p. 281.
3521:
3519:, p. 554.
3506:
3485:
3472:
3463:
3449:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:Letters patent
3359:
3354:
3349:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3321:
3318:
3307:House of Lords
3294:saying in the
3269:
3266:
3200:House of Lords
3195:
3192:
3184:prime minister
3165:
3162:
3117:Order of Merit
3100:
3097:
3092:ne exeat regno
3033:
3030:
3015:nolle prosequi
2993:nolle prosequi
2983:
2980:
2856:prime minister
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2699:
2696:
2632:
2629:
2617:prime minister
2606:United Kingdom
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2510:
2505:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2393:European Union
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2135:
2128:Foreign policy
2125:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2045:
2036:
2029:
2014:
2009:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:Cayman Islands
1987:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1807:Civil parishes
1804:
1799:
1794:
1785:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1756:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1729:Civil parishes
1726:
1725:
1724:
1722:London Borough
1719:
1714:
1699:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1685:Greater London
1682:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1648:
1636:
1635:
1632:Administration
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1585:First Minister
1581:
1578:Wales Act 2017
1574:Wales Act 2014
1562:
1551:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1501:First Minister
1497:
1482:
1477:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1418:First Minister
1414:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1334:
1324:
1319:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1253:UK referendums
1251:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
886:1910 (Jan–Feb)
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
746:1801 co-option
742:
734:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
693:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
670:
665:
653:
652:
639:
638:
630:
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
599:United Kingdom
594:
593:
583:The Lord Hodge
580:
579:
566:
565:
550:
549:
529:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
503:
498:
491:
490:
472:
471:
452:
451:
442:
441:
422:
421:
418:House of Lords
412:
411:
392:
391:
383:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
364:
359:
341:
340:
320:
319:
310:Prime Minister
294:
293:
272:
271:
242:
241:
233:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
187:
186:
166:
165:
147:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
101:
99:Bill of Rights
96:
90:
85:
84:
81:
80:
72:
71:
65:
64:
50:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4716:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4572:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4271:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4226:1995 2 AC 513
4223:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4193:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4119:
4114:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3790:9781843144755
3786:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3769:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3612:, p. 91.
3611:
3610:Loveland 2009
3606:
3603:
3600:, p. 87.
3599:
3598:Loveland 2009
3594:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3398:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3387:Royal charter
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Reserve power
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3217:Privy Council
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3152:Queen's peace
3149:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2968:Boris Johnson
2965:
2960:
2956:
2953:in May 1940,
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:Ferrer's Case
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2664:in the 1760s:
2663:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2428:member states
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:United States
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:Visa policies
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Council areas
1795:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:Eluned Morgan
1589:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
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2649:A. V. Dicey
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1842:Communities
1792:Sheriffdoms
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2631:Definition
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1514:Government
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1285:Devolution
976:1974 (Oct)
971:1974 (Feb)
891:1910 (Dec)
663:Currencies
501:Opposition
202:Succession
4640:0008-1973
4611:0315-4890
4481:0010-1958
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2970:in 2019,
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2188:Australia
2088:UK-OT JMC
2001:Gibraltar
1768:Districts
1702:Districts
1619:Welsh law
1534:Scots law
1445:Executive
686:Elections
668:Banknotes
562:President
526:Judiciary
362:Ministers
230:Executive
144:The Crown
4665:Archived
4369:Archived
4288:Archived
4284:Politico
4257:Archived
4203:Archived
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3936:Archived
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3123:and the
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2736:nor the
2598:immunity
2521:Scotland
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2330:Pakistan
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1763:Counties
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1490:2012 Act
1468:Scotland
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1411:2006 Act
1342:2007 Act
635:Governor
609:Scotland
367:Agencies
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4387:Sources
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2930:in 2017
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2714:English
2698:History
2690:in the
2682:in the
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2619:or the
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2397:history
2358:Ireland
2245:Germany
2235:Denmark
2198:Belgium
2132:history
1968:Bermuda
1827:History
1783:History
1754:History
1655:Regions
1646:History
1639:England
1310:England
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284:Cabinet
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2255:Israel
2240:France
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2208:Brunei
2203:Belize
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4615:JSTOR
4574:(PDF)
4567:(PDF)
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4375:5 May
4149:Rules
4058:5 May
3442:7 May
2890:made
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2270:Kenya
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2250:India
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1820:Wales
1542:Wales
673:Coins
4636:ISSN
4607:ISSN
4582:2014
4549:ISBN
4530:ISBN
4502:ISBN
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1261:1975
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1238:2021
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1228:2011
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