Prussian Army - Knowledge (XXG)

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close together in a small area could not be fed for more than a day or two. Accordingly, he inferred that the essence of strategy lay in arrangements for the separation of the corps for marching and their concentration in time for battle. In order to make a large army manageable, it must be broken up into separate armies or groups of corps, each group under a commander authorized to regulate its movements and action subject to the instructions of the commander-in-chief as regards the direction and purpose of its operations.

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heavy cavalry; while Frederick William I had treated hussars as luxury troops, his son made them an integral part of the army. The artillery was to use light three-pound guns which made up for their lack of power with versatility. After being outmaneuvered by the Austrians in the Second Silesian War, Frederick began emphasizing an overwhelming attack instead of a war of attrition. Rather than frontal attacks, the Prussian king tried to apply the

1177: 895: 2331: 1074: 1303: 1949:"total obedience" was now obsolete and operational initiative, direction and control had to be assigned to a point further down the chain of command. In this new concept, commanders of distant detachments were required to exercise initiative in their decision making and von Moltke emphasized the benefits of developing officers who could do this within the limits of the senior commander’s intention. 1858: 1328:

native Prussians. By the end of Frederick's reign, the army had become an integral part of Prussian society. It numbered 200,000 soldiers, making it the third-largest in Europe after the armies of Russia and Austria. The social classes were all expected to serve the state and its military — the nobility led the army, the middle class supplied the army, and the peasants composed the army. Minister

777: 1933:, guiding the construction of rail lines within Prussia to likely places of deployment. Because modern armies had become too large and unwieldy for a single commander to control, Moltke supported multiple and independent smaller armies in concentric operations. Once one army encountered the enemy and pinned it down, a second army would arrive and attack the enemy's flank or rear. He advocated a 1341: 996:); and the artillery consisted of two battalions. These changes allowed him to increase the army from 39,000 to 45,000 troops; by the end of Frederick William I's reign, the army had doubled in size. The General War Commissary, responsible for the army and revenue, was removed from interference by the estates and placed strictly under the control of officials appointed by the king. 1973:

battle plan survives contact with the enemy" would seem to indicate). He accomplished this by means of directives stating his intentions, rather than detailed orders, and he was willing to accept deviations from a directive provided that it was within the general framework of the mission. Moltke held this view firmly and it later became a fundamental of all German military theory.

1719: 1451: 4075: 2079: 1763:. Frederick William III reduced the militia's size and placed it under the control of the regular army in 1819, leading to the resignations of Boyen and Grolman and the ending of the reform movement. Boyen's ideal of an enlightened citizen soldier was replaced with the idea of a professional military separate or alienated from civilian society. 1238: 579: 912:(1713–1740), the "Soldier-King" obsessed with the army and achieving self-sufficiency for his country. The new king dismissed most of the artisans from his father's court and granted military officers precedence over court officials. Ambitious and intelligent young men began to enter the military instead of law and administration. 1589: 1154:). The different branches of the Army tested new formations and tactics; the fall maneuvers became annual traditions of the Prussian Army. Austria tried to reclaim Silesia in the Second Silesian War. Although successful in outmaneuvering Frederick in 1744, the Austrians were crushed by the king himself in the 1730:, which developed out of meetings of the Great Elector with his senior officers and the informal meeting of the Napoleonic Era reformers, was formally created in 1814. In the same year Boyen and Grolman drafted a law for universal conscription, by which men would successively serve in the standing army, the 1960:

had to be understood as a system of options since only the beginning of a military operation was plannable. As a result, he considered the main task of military leaders to consist in the extensive preparation of all possible outcomes. His thesis can be summed up by two statements, one famous and one

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At the same time Moltke had worked out the conditions of the march and supply of an army. Only one army corps could be moved along one road in the same day; to put two or three corps on the same road meant that the rear corps could not be made use of in a battle at the front. Several corps stationed

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as the royal guard. Many troops were disloyal, such as mercenaries or those acquired through impressment, while troops recruited from the canton system displayed strong regional, and nascent national pride. During the Seven Years' War, the elite regiments of the army were almost entirely composed of

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During the 1740s, Frederick the Great issued a series of new regulations and documents regarding his army's experiences during the first two Silesian wars and how they would relate to future wars. The doctrines he espoused focused on speed and offense. Lighter and faster cavalry were preferred over

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A major consequence of this innovation was the commander's loss of overall control of his forces due to his available means of communication which, at that time, were visual (line-of-sight) or couriers, either mounted or on foot. The traditional concept of the elimination of uncertainty by means of

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and his concept of separated armies that we begin to see the emergence of modern German doctrine. The system of moving units separately and concentrating as an army before a battle resulted in more efficient supply and lower vulnerability to modern firepower. To enable a successful flanking attack,

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smashed a larger Franco-Imperial army with minimal casualties, despite being outnumbered two to one. Frederick then rushed eastward to Silesia, where Austria had defeated the Prussian army under the Duke of Bevern. After a series of complicated formations and deployments hidden from the Austrians,

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However, as can be seen from the descriptions of his planning for the war with Austria and the war with France, his planning for war was very detailed and took into account thousands of variables. It is a mistake to think that Moltke thought war plans were of no use (which a simple reading of "No

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began construction in Berlin in 1764. While Frederick William I wanted to have a mostly native-born army, Frederick II wanted to have a mostly foreign-born army, preferring to have native Prussians be taxpayers and producers. The Prussian Army consisted of 187,000 soldiers in 1776, 90,000 of whom

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in nature, such as running the gauntlet, and despite the threat of hanging, many peasant conscripts deserted when they could. Uniforms and weaponry were standardized. Pigtails and, in those regiments which wore it, facial hair were to be of uniform length within a regiment; soldiers who could not

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among the peasantry was more firmly enforced, based on the Swedish model. Frederick William I wore his simple blue military uniform at court, a style henceforth imitated by the rest of the Prussian court and his royal successors. In Prussia, pigtails replaced the full-bottomed wigs common at most

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of battle, which required considerable discipline and mobility. This tactic failed at Kunersdorf primarily because of the terrain, which could not be used to an advantage. The Russians had arrived early and fortified themselves on the high ground. Frederick used oblique order to great success at

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policies against estates and towns. In his political testament of 1667, the elector wrote, "Alliances, to be sure, are good, but forces of one's own still better. Upon them one can rely with more security, and a lord is of no consideration if he does not have means and troops of his own".

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was also the beginning of short-term (3 years') compulsory service in Prussia, as opposed to the long-term (5 to 10 years') conscription previously used since the 1650s. Because the occupying French prohibited the Prussians from forming divisions, the Prussian Army was divided into six

1913:, Chief of the General Staff from 1857–88, modernized the Prussian Army during his tenure. He expanded the General Staff, creating peacetime subdivisions such as the Mobilization, Geographical-Statistical and Military History Sections. In 1869, he issued a handbook for warfare on the 1679:

was duplicated in the rest of the country. In comparison to 1806, the Prussian populace, especially the middle class, was supportive of the war, and thousands of volunteers joined the army. Prussian troops under the leadership of Blücher and Gneisenau proved vital at the Battles of

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rifle, which outclassed the Dreyse needle gun. However, the Prussian artillery was effective against the French, who were frequently flanked or surrounded by the mobile Prussians. Patriotism in Prussia from the victories began to undermine liberal resistance to absolutism.

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considered to have degraded since 1820 because of liberalism. The king wanted to expand the army—while the populace had risen from 10 million to 18 million since 1820, the annual army recruits had remained 40,000. Although Bonin opposed Roon's desired weakening of the

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The Imperial German Army inherited much of the traditions and concepts of the Prussian Army, which was its largest component army. According to article 61 of the Imperial constitution, the Prussian military code was to be introduced throughout the German Reich. The

761:. The elector's troops traditionally were organized into disconnected provincial forces. In 1655, Frederick William began the unification of the various detachments by placing them under Sparr's overall command. Unification also increased through the appointment of 724:

Frederick William attempted to professionalize his soldiers during a time when mercenaries were the norm. In addition to individually creating regiments and appointing colonels, the elector imposed harsh punishments for transgressions, such as punishing by

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Frederick William built the Hohenzollern army up to a peacetime size of 7,000 and a wartime size of 15,000–30,000. Its success in battle against Sweden and Poland increased Brandenburg-Prussia's prestige, while also allowing the Great Elector to pursue

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aristocracy (who made up most of the officer corps) and the monarchy. In return for political support from the nobles, the monarchs granted them greater privileges on their estates and greater initiative on the battlefield. According to the theory of

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By the end of the 19th century, most Prussian officers could be divided into two groups: those who argued for boldness and self-sacrifice, and those who advocated technology and maneuver in order to minimize casualties. First encountered during the

846:; although a minor battle, it brought fame to the Brandenburg-Prussian Army and gave Frederick William the nickname "the Great Elector". After Sweden invaded Prussia in late 1678, Frederick William's forces expelled the Swedish invaders during the " 741:. Acts of violence by officers against civilians resulted in decommission for a year. He developed a cadet institution for the nobility; although the upper class was resistant to the idea in the short term, the integration of the nobility into the 2241:. The Hohenzollern state often had fewer resources and manpower than its rivals, and thus the Prussians focused on quickly achieving decisive battlefield victories to avoid wars of attrition/sieges. The Prussians practiced what became known as 1523:; many were allowed to redeem their reputations in the war of 1813. The officer corps was reopened to the middle class in 1808, while advancement into the higher ranks became based on education. King Frederick William III created the 85:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG). 2374:, but during the First World War the German Army was often able to lay its hands on British and French battle plans. If the enemy successfully endured the initial operational attacks, the Prussian system had great difficulty in 3977: 3626:

It seems that like in many other cases of early modern military justice , it was mainly the threat of brutal corporal punishments and the death penalty that kept the men in line than an actual lavish use of them by the

2406:, and Moltke interpreted the theory as "the higher the authority, the shorter and more general" the orders; considerable leeway was granted to subordinates in order to pursue the goal. 19th-century historians saw 1263:, though, in which the Prussians had to withdraw, the Austrian and Russian Allies did not follow up on their victory. Within the week, the Russian force began a withdrawal eastward; Austrians retreated southward. 1884:, abruptly withdrew the bill on 5 May and instead simply requested a provisional budgetary increase of 9 million thalers, which was granted. William had already begun creating 'combined regiments' to replace the 1833:

of the liberals' plan to unite Germany through Prussia encouraged reactionary forces. In 1856 during peacetime Prussian Army consisted of 86,436 infantrymen, 152 cavalry squadrons and 9 artillery regiments.

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in battle. The usefulness of music in battles was first recognized in the Thirty Years' War by the Brandenburger and Swedish armies. The new king trained and drilled the army relentlessly, focusing on their

1092:(1740–86). Frederick immediately disbanded the expensive Potsdam Giants and used their funding to create seven new regiments and 10,000 troops. The new king also added sixteen battalions, five squadrons of 1040:

The General Directory which developed during Frederick William I's reign continued the absolutist tendencies of his grandfather and collected the increased taxes necessary for the expanded military. The

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Some reforms were opposed by Frederician traditionalists, such as Yorck, who felt that middle class officers would erode the privileges of the aristocratic officer corps and promote the ideas of the

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kingdoms continued to retain their own armies, which came under Imperial control in wartime. The conservative leaders of the army took an ever-increasing role in both domestic and foreign policies.

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Prussia was ill-suited for lengthy wars, and a Prussian collapse seemed imminent on account of casualties and lack of resources, but after two more years of campaigning, Frederick was saved by the "

4165: 3970: 1782:, but the conservative government used the army to repress liberal and democratic tendencies during the 1830s and 1840s. Liberals resented the usage of the army in essentially police actions. King 1580:. The army reform movement was cut short by Scharnhorst's death in 1813. The shift to a more democratic and middle-class military began to lose momentum in the face of the reactionary government. 1798:

led the reconquest of Berlin, which was supported by a middle class weary of a people's revolution. Prussian troops were subsequently used to suppress the revolution in many other German cities.

1544:, by which companies replaced 3–5 men monthly, allowing up to 60 extra men to be trained annually per company. This system granted the army a larger reserve of 30,000–150,000 extra troops. The 1013:, to serve in the army, Although initially reluctant about the army, the nobles eventually saw the officer corps as its natural profession. Until 1730 the common soldiers consisted largely of 4160: 1052:

By the end of Frederick William I's reign, Prussia had the fourth-largest army (80,000 soldiers) in Europe but was twelfth in population size (2.5 million). This led to the famous quote of

2276:, by which his army's strongest wing focused against the enemy's weakest wing or flank, while restraining his own weaker wing. Frederick the Great summed up the Prussian style of war at 3963: 1813:

outside of the constitution, subject only to the king. The Prussian Minister of War was the only soldier required to swear an oath defending the constitution, leading ministers such as

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was only applied in towns, the king was reluctant to engage in war, as deployment of his expensive army in foreign lands would have deprived him of taxes from the town-based military.

1438:, they were not enough to reverse the defeats of Jena-Auerstedt. Prussia submitted to major territorial losses, a standing army of only 42,000 men, and an alliance with France in the 1414:. The Prussians' famed discipline collapsed and led to widescale surrendering among infantry, cavalry and garrisons. While some Prussian commanders acquitted themselves well, such as 1786:(1840–61) initially appeared to be a liberal ruler, but he was opposed to issuing the written constitution called for by reformers. When barricades were raised in Berlin during the 799:. Observers were impressed with the discipline of the Brandenburger troops, as well as their treatment of civilians, which was considered more humane than that of their allies, the 1888:, a process which increased after Patow acquired the additional funds. Although the Landtag was opposed to these actions, William maintained the new regiments with the guidance of 1037:. Every youth was required to serve as a soldier in these recruitment districts for three months each year; this met agrarian needs and added troops to bolster the regular ranks. 1234:, with Friedrich once again directing the battle; the Austrian position in the province collapsed, resulting in a Prussian victory even more impressive than the one at Rossbach. 1945:

he asserted that concentration could only take place after the commencement of a battle. This was a development of the Scharnhorst concept of "March Divided, Fight United."

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thus cemented their political power at the expense of the peasantry. Once the elector and his army were strong enough, Frederick William was able to suppress the estates of

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that was mostly unequalled for that period. Through drilling and the iron ramrod, each soldier was expected to fire six times a minute, three times as fast as most armies.

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in 1812 emphasized combined arms and faster marching speeds. In 1813, Scharnhorst succeeded in attaching a chief of staff trained at the academy to each field commander.

673: 1394:(1795), ceding the Rhenish territories to France. Upon Frederick William II's death in 1797, the state was bankrupt and the army outdated. He was succeeded by his son, 405: 4155: 2346:

The Prussian-style war of movement and quick strikes was well-suited for campaigns using the developed infrastructure of Western and Central Europe, such as in the

637: 1794:) in his capital. A national assembly to write a constitution was convened for the first time, but its slowness allowed the reactionary forces to regroup. General 1553:, each consisting of seven to eight infantry battalions and twelve squadrons of cavalry. The combined brigades were supplemented with three brigades of artillery. 1321:

were Prussian subjects in central and eastern Prussia. The remainder were foreign (both German and non-German) volunteers or conscripts. Frederick established the

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until the age of 39. Troops of the 156,000-strong standing army served for three years and were in the reserves for two, while militiamen of the 163,000-strong

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increased the power of defensive units. For the Prussians, who advocated offensive operations, infantry attacks would risk becoming sacrificial assaults.

2402:, the commander would issue a mission to his subordinate officers, who were to pursue the directive as they saw fit. Gneisenau was an early proponent of 1829:. Novels and memoirs glorifying the army, especially its involvement in the Napoleonic Wars, began to be published to sway public opinion. The defeat at 1569:, as opposed to their previous independent states. Equipment and tactics were updated in respect to the Napoleonic campaigns. The field manual issued by 1353: 824: 768:

as head of supplies. These measures decreased the authority of the primarily mercenary colonels who had been so prominent during the Thirty Years' War.

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From the 17th century, the army of Brandenburg-Prussia was characterized by its sense of initiative and aggressive command at both the tactical and

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

750: 532:. Conservatives halted some of the reforms, however, and the Prussian Army subsequently became a bulwark of the conservative Prussian government. 96: 1494:

assisted with the reorganization as well. Dismayed by the populace's indifferent reaction to the 1806 defeats, the reformers wanted to cultivate

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was thus subordinated in favor of the regular army, which was composed mostly of peasantry loyal to the Hohenzollern monarchy and conservative

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The government submitted Roon's army reform bill in February 1860. The Landtag opposed many of its provisions, especially the weakening of the

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The growing power of the Hohenzollerns in Berlin led Frederick William's son and successor, Elector Frederick III (1688–1713), to proclaim the

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and counter the expansion of Louis XIV of France. Swedish troops invaded Brandenburg in 1674 while the bulk of the elector's forces were in

1787: 1375:. The officers retained the same training, tactics and weaponry used by Frederick the Great some forty years earlier. In comparison, the 3547:

Harsh military discipline had a long tradition in Germany, stretching back to the days of corporeal punishment in the old Prussian army.

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to be criticized by either the king or the parliament, depending on their political views. The army's budget had to be approved by the

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shortly after taking the throne. Although the inexperienced king retreated from the battle, the Prussian Army achieved victory over

2391:(mission tactics), by which subordinate officers led using personal initiative. This developed out of the relationship between the 1921:, writing, "The modern conduct of war is marked by the striving for a great and rapid decision". Moltke was a strong proponent of 1654:

and then under Yorck. The French occupation of Prussia was reaffirmed, and 300 demoralized Prussian officers resigned in protest.

1371:, and the army began to degrade in quality. Led by veterans of the Silesian Wars, the Prussian Army was ill-equipped to deal with 1278:(1763). Severe casualties had led the king to admit middle class officers during the war, but this trend was reversed afterwards. 2315:

against Austria so that Russia or France would not become involved in the Austro-Prussian war. Although Moltke considered Prince

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The provincial estates desired a reduction in the army's size during peacetime, but the elector avoided their demands through

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The Great Elector practiced many of the concepts applied to the Prussian Army in later centuries, including flank attacks at

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led his hussar regiment against the occupying French, expecting to provoke a national uprising. The king considered Schill a

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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or rear of the enemy. The Prussian emphasis on decisive battles instead of on wars of attrition led to inexperience in

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During a constitutional crisis in 1819, Frederick William III recognized Prussia's adherence to the anti-revolutionary

1033:, leading many to flee to neighboring countries. In order to halt this trend, Frederick William I divided Prussia into 944:

in the Army, dedicating a large number of musician-troops, especially drummers and fifers, to use music for increasing

2150: 2138: 1981: 1688:(1815). Later staff officers were impressed with the simultaneous operations of separate groups of the Prussian Army. 1570: 1399: 1294:

charge. The Prussian cavalry was to attack as a large formation with swords before the opposing cavalry could attack.

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The army was maintained with a budget of five million thalers (out of a total state budget of seven million thalers).

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were all aligned against Prussia. Frederick preemptively attacked his enemies with an army of 150,000, beginning the

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as a way of re-introducing maneuver to modern warfare, they were unable to achieve a decisive breakthrough in their

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The defeat of the disorganized army shocked the Prussian establishment, which had largely felt invincible after the

2324: 2083: 2029: 1809:, but the constitution was largely a conservative document reaffirming the monarchy's predominance. The army was a 1795: 1672: 1625: 1565:

tactics. Scharnhorst promoted the integration of the infantry, cavalry, artillery, and engineers (sappers) through

1520: 1471: 1387: 1329: 1104: 595: 529: 318: 301: 4107: 4145: 2308: 2146: 2057: 1880:, and proposed a revised bill that did away with many of the government's desired reforms. The Finance Minister, 1838: 1658: 1376: 1367:(1786–97), relaxed conditions in Prussia and had little interest in war. He delegated responsibility to the aged 1322: 1170: 295: 2450: 1929:

to troops, which allowed them to fire significantly faster than their adversaries. Moltke took advantage of the

684:. The growth of his army allowed Frederick William to achieve considerable territorial acquisitions in the 1648 2445: 2238: 1914: 1524: 1155: 758: 104: 1604: 125: 2257:, at which the Prussians have been considered sometimes incompetent compared to their skill in open warfare. 1515:

The generals of the army were completely overhauled – of the 143 Prussian generals in 1806, only Blücher and

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muskets' firing speed and formation maneuverability. The changes gave the army flexibility, precision, and a

2460: 2455: 2261: 2162: 2125:, the Chief of the General Staff from 1891–1906, had suggested a deployment scheme that became known as the 1830: 1662: 1509: 1475: 1427: 1136: 1034: 792: 765: 745:

allied them with the Hohenzollern monarchy in the long term. Field Marshals of Brandenburg-Prussia included

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served a few weeks annually for seven years. Boyen and Blücher strongly supported the civilian army of the

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with Russia, breaking the Franco-Prussian alliance. Stein arrived in East Prussia and led the raising of a

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between Frederick William and the estates of Brandenburg, the nobility provided the sovereign with 530,000

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Der Körper als Uniform. Die Normierung der soldatischen Haartracht in Preußen und in der Bundesrepublik,

2122: 1411: 1202: 1097: 746: 696: 692: 599: 501:, a formidable battle commander, led the disciplined Prussian troops to victory during the 18th-century 189: 4022: 3589:

Through harsh discipline and endless drill the Prussians achieved a high state of military efficiency.

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No plan of operations extends with certainty beyond the first encounter with the enemy's main strength

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in Frederick William's bodyguard. The elector's confidant Johann von Norprath recruited forces in the

2495: 2439: 2265: 2187: 2179: 2158: 2154: 2133:, its intention of quickly defeating France proved impossible to achieve. In the actual event of the 2062: 2033: 2001: 1779: 1727: 1629: 1479: 1256: 886:, the new king recognized that the importance of the army and continued its expansion to 40,000 men. 883: 843: 734: 685: 615: 556: 536: 524:, Prussian reformers began modernizing the Prussian Army, which contributed greatly to the defeat of 482: 425: 417: 332: 4010: 1841:

became regent (1858) and king (1861–88). He desired to reform the army, which conservatives such as

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Preussische Heeresreformen 1807–1870: Militärische Innovation und der Mythos der "Roonschen Reform"

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out of his hands, Frederick William III quickly began to mobilize the army, and the East Prussian

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began to reform the military. He led a Military Reorganization Committee, which included Generals

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Trumpener, Ulrich. "Junkers and Others: The Rise of Commoners in the Prussian Army, 1871–1914."

3833: 1218: 3770: 2477:, adopted by the German Empire and its successor states, is also still used as a symbol of the 148: 3892: 3880: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3803: 3774: 3747: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3698: 3687: 3669: 3647: 3608: 3571: 3563: 3529: 3335: 3310: 3239: 2935: 2706: 2407: 2334: 2277: 2250: 2025: 2017: 2009: 1865: 1861: 1681: 1613: 1577: 1536: 1487: 1372: 1243: 1231: 1112: 1079: 863: 816: 785: 669: 623: 401: 100: 57: 3743: 3737: 2165:

on the Western Front in the last year of the war, and the Germans lost the war of attrition.

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of the Prussian infantry were highly successful against the Austrians, who were defeated at

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The army of Prussia grew out of the united armed forces created during the reign of Elector

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Piety and Politics: Religion and the Rise of Absolutism in England, Wurttemberg and Prussia

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of the towns was required to quarter soldiers and enroll in the bureaucracy. Because the

815:. Despite having expelled Swedish forces from the territory, the elector did not acquire 626:

forces occupied the country. In the spring of 1644, Frederick William started building a

2153:, however, the Prussian operations succeeded in encircling and smashing the Russians at 932:, served as the royal drill sergeant for the Prussian Army. Leopold introduced the iron 3841: 3826: 3559: 2387: 2142: 1930: 1628:

against France. When the cautious king refused to support a new Prussian war, however,

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The reformers and much of the public called for Frederick William III to ally with the

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adequately grow beards or moustaches were expected to paint an outline on their faces.

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winter quarters. In 1675 Frederick William marched his troops northward and surrounded

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to have been in the Prussian tradition, "which, by daring to lose a battle, wins it".

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Brandenburg-Prussia's new army survived its trial by fire through victory in the 1656

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The storming of the Frankfurt barricades by Prussian-supported Hessian troops in 1848

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remarked that, "Prussia was not a country with an army, but an army with a country".

1282: 1108: 803:. Hohenzollern success enabled Frederick William to assume full sovereignty over the 796: 627: 552: 502: 490: 2330: 1073: 3950: 3832:. Translated by Lawrence P. R. Wilson. New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons. pp. 2363: 2359: 1042: 1030: 954: 913: 800: 631: 323: 17: 1857: 776: 508:

The Prussian army had become outdated and under-resourced by the beginning of the

3889:

Prussian Infantry 1808–1840: Volume 2 Jager, Reserve, Freikorps and New Regiments

3602: 3523: 2382:, though during the First World War such initial attacks were not as pronounced. 2287:

The Prussian emphasis on attack was well-ingrained in its officer corps. In 1866

3868:

Showalter, Dennis E. "Hubertusburg to Auerstädt: The Prussian Army in Decline."

3787: 3519: 2430: 2339: 2212: 2115: 2032:. Under the leadership of Moltke, the Prussian Army then proved victorious over 1340: 1287: 1018: 1010: 969: 607: 344: 3998: 2474: 2469: 2281: 2225: 2192: 2170: 1926: 1775: 1692: 1593: 1561: 1495: 1128: 961: 937: 561: 1383:, was developing new methods of organization, supply, mobility, and command. 830:

In the early 1670s, Frederick William supported Imperial attempts to reclaim

2371: 2041: 1736: 1718: 1637: 1559:

was by and large abolished, while soldiers were trained in the field and in

1450: 1306: 1026: 989: 950: 835: 738: 681: 668:. Frederick William sought assistance from France, the traditional rival of 661: 649: 611: 474: 2385:

The Prussian Army is often considered to have used the flexible command of

2168:

The Imperial German Army was replaced after World War I with the volunteer

1790:, the king reluctantly agreed to the creation of a civilian defense force ( 1251:

Frederick's maneuvers were unsuccessful against the Russians in the bloody

972:

to a single regiment, a troop of taller-than-average soldiers known as the

578: 648:

By 1643–44, the developing army numbered only 5,500 troops, including 500

3604:

Prussian Army Soldiers and the Seven Years' War: The Psychology of Honour

3332:

The Path to Blitzkrieg: Doctrine and Training in the German Army, 1920–39

2223:

were adopted to infiltration tactics, resulting in the doctrine known as

2220: 1957: 1699:

by King Frederick William III in 1813. After the publication of his book

1667: 1380: 1317: 1053: 993: 855: 672:, and began receiving French subsidies. He based his reforms on those of 525: 3727:

For King and Kaiser!: The making of the Prussian Army officer, 1860–1914

2280:, advocating an attack on the enemy "even if he should be on top of the 2078: 1527:

in 1809, and Scharnhorst founded an officers training school, the later

1162:(1745). The Prussian cavalry excelled during the battle, especially the 2699:

Staat Macht Uniform. Uniformen als Zeichen staatlicher Macht im Wandel?

2312: 2186:

discreetly maintained many of the traditions of the Prussian Army. The

1993: 1588: 1550: 1499: 1291: 1147:, and Austria conceded Silesia to Frederick with the Peace of Breslau. 1144: 1132: 981: 879: 730: 726: 235: 107:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

32:

For the succeeding German army of the Weimar Republic (1919–1935), see

2311:

without waiting for reinforcements. Moltke wanted a quick campaign in

535:

In the 19th century, the Prussian Army fought successful wars against

3929: 2393: 2216: 1897: 1701: 1633: 1609: 1540:, the universal military conscription used by France. He created the 1309: 1093: 1046: 1004: 945: 933: 831: 704: 700: 664:

by 1646. Garrisons were also slowly augmented in Brandenburg and the

470:. It became vital to the development of Prussia as a European power. 3666:

The German Way of War: From the Thirty Years' War to the Third Reich

2362:. The Prussian (and later, German) systems were regarded as weak in 1270:" — the Russian exit from the war after the sudden death of Empress 1237: 3568:

Encyclopedia of Warfare: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day

3307:

The Roots of Blitzkrieg: Hans von Seeckt and German Military Reform

1774:

By the middle of the 19th century, Prussia was seen by many German

1671:, or militia to defend the province. With Prussia's joining of the 2329: 2254: 2077: 1980: 1856: 1765: 1717: 1603: 1587: 1504: 1449: 1339: 1301: 1236: 1175: 1072: 1014: 999:

Frederick William I restricted enrollment in the officer corps to

893: 775: 636: 577: 435: 688:, despite Brandenburg's relative lack of success during the war. 497:

dramatically increased its size and improved its doctrines. King

2428:

Often stereotypically associated with the Prussian Army was the

1854:. Bonin resigned as Minister of War and was replaced with Roon. 1490:

as well as the civilian vom Steinen. Prussian military officer,

1221:. Frederick achieved one of his greatest victories, however, at 463: 209: 199: 82: 3959: 3877:

Prussian Infantry 1808–1840: Volume 1 Line and Guard 1808–1814,

3234:. vol. 2, part 2., pp. 33–40. Found in Hughes, Daniel J. (ed.) 1217:, and the improvements showed in their success over Prussia at 1139:

were also expanded. These changes led to a Prussian victory at

3951:

Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University Library

3607:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing (published 2021). p. 31. 2421:

The Prussian Army acquired a reputation for strict and savage

1402:. The Prussian Army was decisively defeated in the battles of 1058:

Where some states have an army, the Prussian Army has a state.

920:

Frederick William I had begun his military innovations in his

505:

and greatly increased the prestige of the Kingdom of Prussia.

38: 968:

Frederick William I reduced the size of Frederick I's gaudy

842:'s troops. The elector achieved his greatest victory in the 147: 1759:, remained opposed to conscription and the more democratic 1150:

In September 1743, Frederick held the first fall maneuver (

3644:

History of Germany, 1780–1918: The Long Nineteenth Century

3525:

Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich

2040:(1870). Unlike the Austrians, the French had the powerful 1837:

After Frederick William IV suffered a stroke, his brother

1274:

in 1762. Prussian control of Silesia was confirmed in the

1201:

Austria allied with its traditional rival, France, in the

1801:

At the end of 1848, Frederick William finally issued the

1705:, Clausewitz became a widely studied philosopher of war. 1230:

the Prussians successfully struck their enemy's flank at

3704:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600–1947

1925:

training for officers and introduced the breech-loading

936:, increasing Prussian firepower, and the slow march, or 1173:, a good friend of King Frederick, rose to prominence. 2932:

Blood and Iron: The Rise and Fall of the German Empire

1644:

forced Prussia to provide 20,000 troops to Napoleon's

1286:

Hohenfriedberg and later Leuthen. After a few initial

811:, by which Brandenburg-Prussia allied itself with the 3850:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 2114:, new technological military innovations such as the 2060:. The Prussian Army formed the main component of the 1502:

in 1807 and initiated local city government in 1808.

1078:

Storming of the breach by Prussian troops during the

4166:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1919

3309:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. 30. 1398:(1797–1840), who involved Prussia in the disastrous 78: 4082: 3991: 2705:29). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, pp. 161–183. 2337:, a civilian, wearing a cuirassier officer's metal 1805:. The liberal opposition secured the creation of a 854:compared the wintertime Swedish retreat to that of 703:in return for affirmation of their privileges. The 355: 350: 251: 241: 231: 215: 205: 195: 185: 168: 160: 141: 3825: 3792:Blood and Iron: Rise and Fall of the German Empire 555:in 1871. The Prussian Army formed the core of the 4161:Military units and formations established in 1701 3943:Die Regimenter und Bataillone der deutschen Armee 3528:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 59. 2444:, allegedly written by Frederick the Great after 2048:The battlefield successes of Prussia allowed the 3707:. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard. pp. 2121:With regard to a possible future two-front war, 1247:, introduced by King Frederick the Great in 1740 3986:Standing German armies in the Holy Roman Empire 3802:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 436. 3800:Frederick the Great: A Life in Deed and Letters 1965:(no plan survives contact with the enemy). and 1255:, however, and Prussian forces were crushed at 988:of 150 horses; the infantry was turned into 50 980:(long fellows), which he privately funded. The 780:Brandenburg troops of the infantry regiment of 2307:was willing to endure excessive casualties at 2004:(1864), allowing Prussia and Austria to claim 1755:. Conservative forces within Prussia, such as 1498:within the country. Stein's reforms abolished 1474:began modernizing the Prussian state, General 1088:Frederick William I was succeeded by his son, 103:accompanying your translation by providing an 69:Click for important translation instructions. 56:expand this article with text translated from 3971: 3917:Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History 2012:, respectively. Disputes orchestrated by the 1850:, William I was alarmed by the nationalistic 1281:The offensive-minded Frederick advocated the 1119:(1741) under the leadership of Field Marshal 8: 3742:. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 3739:The Politics of the Prussian Army: 1640–1945 2323:found the "Red Prince's" eventual attack at 2291:unsuccessfully went on the offensive in the 1369:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 1363:Frederick the Great's successor, his nephew 1290:, the infantry was to advance quickly for a 473:The Prussian Army had its roots in the core 3668:. University Press of Kansas. p. 428. 3236:Moltke on the Art of War: Selected Writings 2697:in: Sandro Wiggerich, Steven Kensy (eds.), 1636:, and the major's rebellion was crushed at 1169:. For his great services at Hohenfriedberg 3978: 3964: 3956: 2985: 2983: 1354:Royal Prussian Army of the Napoleonic Wars 520:in 1806. However, under the leadership of 27:Army of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1919) 3847:Frederick the Great: A Historical Profile 3522:(1992) . "The Perversion of Discipline". 3230:Originally in Moltke, Helmuth, Graf Von, 3226: 3224: 2934:(1st ed.). New York: Pegasus Books. 2733: 2731: 2721: 2719: 1213:. The Austrian Army had been reformed by 2584: 2582: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2319:' march through Bohemia to be too slow, 1986:The battle of Königgrätz, 3rd July, 1866 1778:as the country best-suited to unify the 1661:in 1812, Yorck independently signed the 441:Attack of Prussian Infantry, 4 June 1745 3769:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3601:Möbius, Katrin; Möbius, Sascha (2019). 3205: 3203: 3201: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2826: 2824: 2650: 2648: 2516: 1956:Moltke's main thesis was that military 1584:Wars of the Sixth And Seventh Coalition 940:. He also vastly increased the role of 618:, in which Brandenburg was devastated. 4156:17th-century establishments in Prussia 3686:. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. 2662: 2660: 1942:Instructions for Large Unit Commanders 1919:Instructions for Large Unit Commanders 1803:Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia 1127:had performed poorly at Mollwitz; the 908:Frederick I was succeeded by his son, 882:opulence and the arts in imitation of 138: 3646:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 544. 1348:of the Prussian Army used before 1807 7: 3938:Prussian Army of the Napoleonic Wars 3238:. (1993). Presidio Press: New York. 3166:Posłowie polscy w Berlinie 1848–1928 2522: 2520: 1961:less so, translated into English as 3912:(University Press of America, 1996) 2295:, despite being outnumbered by the 1534:Scharnhorst advocated adopting the 1268:Miracle of the House of Brandenburg 1259:(1759). Like the results after the 695:, evasion and economy. In the 1653 3570:. London: Routledge. p. 100. 2703:Studien zur Geschichte des Alltags 2303:troops nearby. Similarly, in 1870 2190:was camouflaged as a non-descript 1967:Strategy is a system of expedients 1852:Second Italian War of Independence 1642:Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812) 930:Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 782:Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau 115:{{Translated|de|Preußische Armee}} 25: 2182:attempted to disarm Germany, the 1827:Prussian House of Representatives 4073: 3828:Frederick the Great: A Biography 2141:the German advance stalled into 2056:of King William I of Prussia as 1650:, first under the leadership of 1225:, where the Prussian cavalry of 901:, the Soldier-King, painting by 878:in 1701. Although he emphasized 173: 43: 3334:. Stackpole Books. p. 16. 2410:as one of the best examples of 1892:. The liberal and middle-class 1722:Expansion of Prussia, 1807–1871 656:and organized an army of 3,000 3872:(1994) 12#3 pp : 308–333. 2467:is still in use by the modern 2086:reviewing Prussian troops, by 1227:Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz 813:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 772:Campaigns of the Great Elector 495:Frederick William I of Prussia 386:August Neidhardt von Gneisenau 370:Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz 292:War of the Bavarian Succession 264:War of the Austrian Succession 113:You may also add the template 1: 4126:Army of the Holy Roman Empire 3564:"Warfare in the 18th Century" 1937:, or battle of encirclement. 1205:(1756); Austria, France, and 1123:. The Prussian cavalry under 926:War of the Spanish Succession 378:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 256:War of the Spanish Succession 3910:The Prussian Army, 1640–1871 3875:Summerfield, Stephen (2009) 3818:The Prussian Army, 1808–1815 1454:Meeting of the reformers in 634:to better defend his state. 559:, which was replaced by the 410:Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz 3903:Canadian Journal of History 3374:European Warfare, 1660–1815 2014:Prussian Minister President 660:and German soldiers in the 518:War of the Fourth Coalition 489:developed it into a viable 382:Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg 126:Knowledge (XXG):Translation 4187: 4119: 3642:Blackbourn, David (2003). 3330:Citino, Robert M. (2007). 3277:. 2003, in Citino, p. 190. 3020:. 2003, in Citino, p. 130. 1992:The Prussian Army crushed 1796:Friedrich Graf von Wrangel 1472:Karl August von Hardenberg 1386:Prussia withdrew from the 1351: 1194: 605:had primarily relied upon 530:War of the Sixth Coalition 460:Königlich Preußische Armee 77:Machine translation, like 31: 4083:Armies of the Electorates 4071: 3992:Imperial and state armies 3908:White, Jonathan Randall. 3820:(Almark Publishing, 1972) 3798:MacDonogh, Giles (2001). 3376:, 1945, in Citino, p. 69. 2693:Sandro Wiggerich (2011), 2147:First Battle of the Marne 2058:William I, German Emperor 1458:in 1807, by Carl Röchling 1377:French Revolutionary Army 1312:, print by Richard Knötel 1171:Hans Karl von Winterfeldt 296:French Revolutionary Wars 146: 58:the corresponding article 4171:Former armies by country 3915:Zabecki, David T., ed. 3824:Reiners, Ludwig (1960). 3305:Corum, James S. (1992). 2454:, by the march-composer 2414:and an early example of 2239:operational level of war 1412:Napoleon occupied Berlin 1156:Battle of Hohenfriedberg 1001:Germans of noble descent 984:was reorganized into 55 516:defeated Prussia in the 3761:Fulbrook, Mary (1983). 2441:Hohenfriedberger Marsch 2163:German spring offensive 1714:Bulwark of conservatism 1663:Convention of Tauroggen 1510:Gerhard von Scharnhorst 1476:Gerhard von Scharnhorst 1330:Friedrich von Schrötter 522:Gerhard von Scharnhorst 374:Gerhard von Scharnhorst 124:For more guidance, see 3930:Grosser-Generalstab.de 2350:, but failed when the 2343: 2090: 2050:unification of Germany 1989: 1873: 1771: 1728:Prussian General Staff 1723: 1640:by French allies. The 1617: 1601: 1512: 1459: 1349: 1313: 1298:An army with a country 1276:Treaty of Hubertusburg 1248: 1187: 1107:, Frederick began the 1085: 1009:, the Prussian landed 905: 903:Samuel Theodor Gericke 788: 763:Generalkriegskommissar 645: 587: 547:, allowing Prussia to 485:of 1618–1648. Elector 459: 447: 152: 3794:(Pegasus Books, 2021) 3354:Citino, preface xiii. 2930:Hoyer, Katja (2021). 2333: 2293:Battle of Langensalza 2123:Alfred von Schlieffen 2081: 1984: 1860: 1769: 1721: 1607: 1598:Frederick William III 1596:, introduced by King 1591: 1531:, in Berlin in 1810. 1508: 1453: 1396:Frederick William III 1343: 1305: 1240: 1203:Diplomatic Revolution 1195:Further information: 1179: 1076: 976:or more commonly the 897: 874:with himself as King 779: 693:political concessions 640: 581: 439: 190:House of Hohenzollern 155:War ensign of Prussia 151: 97:copyright attribution 4035:Mecklenburg military 4017:Hesse-Darmstadt Army 3725:Clemente, Steven E. 3684:A History of Prussia 3682:Koch, H. W. (1978). 3455:, in Citino, p. 173. 3363:Citino, preface xiv. 3255:Craig, pp. 190, 217. 3164:Lech Trzeciakowski, 2920:Citino, pp. 108–109. 2496:German General Staff 2461:Großer Zapfenstreich 2251:strike at the flanks 2180:Treaty of Versailles 2159:infiltration tactics 2157:. Though developing 2002:Second Schleswig War 1988:, by Georg Bleibtreu 1784:Frederick William IV 1695:was introduced as a 1529:Prussian War Academy 1480:August von Gneisenau 1373:Revolutionary France 1365:Frederick William II 1096:, and a squadron of 924:regiment during the 844:Battle of Fehrbellin 735:running the gauntlet 686:Treaty of Westphalia 574:Creation of the army 557:Imperial German Army 426:Erich von Falkenhayn 418:August von Mackensen 333:Second Schleswig War 3275:Franco-Prussian War 2451:Königgrätzer Marsch 2423:military discipline 2368:counterintelligence 2348:wars of unification 2249:, in an attempt to 2112:Franco-Prussian War 2038:Franco-Prussian War 2022:Austro-Prussian War 1977:Wars of unification 1940:It was in Moltke's 1697:military decoration 1659:retreat from Russia 1557:Corporal punishment 1492:Carl von Clausewitz 1470:and Prime Minister 1379:, especially under 1336:The Napoleonic Wars 1261:Battle of Hochkirch 1181:Frederick the Great 1064:Frederick the Great 910:Frederick William I 899:Frederick William I 827:had been restored. 644:, the Great Elector 603:Brandenburg-Prussia 584:Brandenburg-Prussia 565:after World War I. 551:, establishing the 499:Frederick the Great 479:Brandenburg-Prussia 452:Royal Prussian Army 414:Paul von Hindenburg 390:Carl von Clausewitz 366:Frederick the Great 362:Frederick William I 341:Franco-Prussian War 337:Austro-Prussian War 329:First Schleswig War 274:Second Silesian War 18:Royal Prussian Army 3891:, Partizan Press, 3699:Clark, Christopher 3232:Militarische Werke 3056:Koch, pp. 190–191. 2893:Blackbourn, p. 17. 2809:MacDonogh, p. 141. 2354:applied it to the 2344: 2200:, the head of the 2131:Moltke the Younger 2091: 2066:, the army of the 2052:, in 1871 and the 2026:Dreyse needle guns 1990: 1874: 1780:many German states 1772: 1724: 1657:During Napoleon's 1618: 1602: 1513: 1460: 1408:Jena and Auerstedt 1350: 1314: 1253:Battle of Zorndorf 1249: 1191:Third Silesian War 1188: 1185:Wilhelm Camphausen 1117:Battle of Mollwitz 1105:Pragmatic Sanction 1086: 1084:, by Carl Röchling 1035:regimental cantons 1003:and compelled the 906: 872:Kingdom of Prussia 848:Great Sleigh Drive 789: 697:Brandenburg Recess 646: 588: 468:Kingdom of Prussia 448: 286:Third Silesian War 269:First Silesian War 260:Great Northern War 227:during the period. 180:Kingdom of Prussia 153: 105:interlanguage link 4133: 4132: 4023:Hesse-Kassel Army 3897:978-1-85818-584-2 3885:978-1-85818-583-5 3729:(Greenwood, 1992) 3662:Citino, Robert M. 3341:978-0-8117-3457-8 3316:978-0-7006-0541-5 2782:Craig, pp. 14–15. 2711:978-3-515-09933-2 2675:MacDonogh, p. 23. 2642:MacDonogh, p. 18. 2335:Otto von Bismarck 2317:Frederick Charles 2215:. Innovations in 2018:Otto von Bismarck 1614:Battle of Leipzig 1578:French Revolution 1488:Hermann von Boyen 1466:victories. While 1103:Disregarding the 1080:Battle of Leuthen 960:Punishments were 642:Frederick William 616:Thirty Years' War 592:Frederick William 569:The Great Elector 487:Frederick William 483:Thirty Years' War 431: 430: 402:Albrecht von Roon 324:Seventh Coalition 137: 136: 70: 66: 16:(Redirected from 4178: 4146:Disbanded armies 4077: 4065:Württemberg Army 3980: 3973: 3966: 3957: 3947: 3934: 3879:Partizan Press, 3865: 3837: 3831: 3813: 3784: 3768: 3757: 3734:Craig, Gordon A. 3722: 3679: 3657: 3630: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3377: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3273:Geoffrey Wawro. 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3228: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3014: 3008: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2946: 2945: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2902:Fulbrook, p. 52. 2900: 2894: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2726: 2723: 2714: 2691: 2685: 2684:Reiners, p. 265. 2682: 2676: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2655: 2652: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2577: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2501:Prussian virtues 2436:military marches 2074:Imperial Germany 1998:Battle of Dybbøl 1911:Moltke the Elder 1906:Moltke the Elder 1811:praetorian guard 1753:Carlsbad Decrees 1519:remained by the 1484:Karl von Grolman 1440:Treaty of Tilsit 1400:Fourth Coalition 1211:Seven Years' War 1197:Seven Years' War 890:The Soldier-King 825:balance of power 809:Treaty of Wehlau 805:Duchy of Prussia 793:Battle of Warsaw 670:Habsburg Austria 666:Duchy of Prussia 462:) served as the 422:Erich Ludendorff 398:Moltke the Elder 394:Kaiser Wilhelm I 314:Fourth Coalition 280:Seven Years' War 219:Ranging between 178: 177: 139: 116: 110: 83:Google Translate 68: 64: 47: 46: 39: 21: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4128: 4078: 4069: 3987: 3984: 3945: 3932: 3926: 3862: 3842:Ritter, Gerhard 3840: 3823: 3810: 3797: 3781: 3760: 3754: 3732: 3719: 3697: 3676: 3660: 3654: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3562:, ed. (2013) . 3560:Gilbert, Adrian 3558: 3557: 3553: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491:Citino, p. 172. 3490: 3486: 3482:Citino, p. 152. 3481: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3464:Citino, p. 305. 3463: 3459: 3447: 3443: 3439:Citino, p. 181. 3438: 3434: 3430:Citino, p. 159. 3429: 3425: 3421:Citino, p. 103. 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394:Citino, p. 102. 3393: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3295:Citino, p. 243. 3294: 3290: 3286:Citino, p. 239. 3285: 3281: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3229: 3222: 3218:Citino, p. 151. 3217: 3213: 3209:Citino, p. 150. 3208: 3199: 3195:Citino, p. 148. 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3074:Citino, p. 143. 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3038:Citino, p. 130. 3037: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3016:Dierk, Walter. 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959:Citino, p. 128. 2958: 2949: 2942: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2911:Citino, p. 110. 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884:Ritter, p. 134. 2883: 2879: 2875:Ritter, p. 133. 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2729: 2724: 2717: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666:Reiners, p. 17. 2665: 2658: 2653: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2487: 2465:military tattoo 2458:. The Prussian 2380:war of position 2247:war of movement 2235: 2233:Characteristics 2198:Hans von Seeckt 2178:. Although the 2176:Weimar Republic 2135:First World War 2127:Schlieffen Plan 2076: 1979: 1908: 1788:1848 revolution 1716: 1711: 1673:Sixth Coalition 1622:Austrian Empire 1586: 1521:Sixth Coalition 1468:Baron vom Stein 1448: 1388:First Coalition 1361: 1356: 1338: 1324:Gardes du Corps 1300: 1199: 1193: 1071: 1066: 917:German courts. 892: 821:Treaty of Oliva 774: 654:Duchy of Cleves 576: 571: 510:Napoleonic Wars 434: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 357: 343: 339: 335: 331: 319:Sixth Coalition 308:Napoleonic Wars 302:First Coalition 294: 262: 258: 246:King of Prussia 172: 156: 133: 132: 131: 114: 108: 71: 48: 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4184: 4182: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4138: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4118: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4011:Brunswick Army 4008: 4002: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3940: 3935: 3925: 3924:External links 3922: 3921: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3899: 3873: 3870:German History 3866: 3860: 3838: 3821: 3814: 3808: 3795: 3785: 3779: 3758: 3752: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3695: 3680: 3674: 3658: 3652: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3613: 3593: 3576: 3551: 3534: 3511: 3509:Citino, p. 90. 3502: 3500:Citino, p. 89. 3493: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3453:Friedrich Karl 3441: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3412:Citino, p. 51. 3405: 3403:Citino, p. 49. 3396: 3387: 3385:Citino, p. 30. 3378: 3372:Jeremy Black. 3365: 3356: 3347: 3340: 3322: 3315: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3266: 3264:Clark, p. 558. 3257: 3248: 3220: 3211: 3197: 3188: 3186:Craig, p. 148. 3179: 3177:Craig, p. 139. 3170: 3157: 3155:Craig, p. 125. 3148: 3146:Craig, p. 123. 3139: 3137:Clark, p. 603. 3130: 3128:Craig, p. 120. 3121: 3119:Craig, p. 106. 3112: 3103: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3009: 3000: 2991: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2947: 2940: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2615:Citino, p. 28. 2608: 2599: 2590: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2551: 2537: 2528: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2446:Hohenfriedberg 2438:, such as the 2412:Auftragstaktik 2404:Auftragstaktik 2400:Auftragstaktik 2388:Auftragstaktik 2376:Stellungskrieg 2301:Falckenstein's 2243:Bewegungskrieg 2234: 2231: 2143:trench warfare 2129:. Modified by 2075: 2072: 1996:forces in the 1978: 1975: 1935:Kesselschlacht 1907: 1904: 1734:and the local 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1585: 1582: 1537:levée en masse 1447: 1444: 1392:Peace of Basel 1360: 1357: 1352:Main article: 1337: 1334: 1299: 1296: 1244:Pour le Mérite 1192: 1189: 1183:, painting by 1160:Battle of Soor 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 974:Potsdam Giants 928:. His friend, 891: 888: 852:Thomas Carlyle 850:" of 1678–79; 786:Richard Knötel 773: 770: 751:John George II 575: 572: 570: 567: 432: 429: 428: 406:Friedrich Karl 359: 353: 352: 348: 347: 327: 326: 321: 316: 305: 304: 289: 288: 277: 276: 271: 253: 249: 248: 243: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 202: 197: 193: 192: 187: 183: 182: 170: 166: 165: 162: 158: 157: 154: 144: 143: 135: 134: 130: 129: 122: 111: 89: 86: 75: 72: 65:(October 2020) 53: 52: 51: 49: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4183: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4151:Prussian Army 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4127: 4123: 4122:Standing army 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4047:Prussian Army 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4029:Imperial Army 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4005:Bavarian Army 4003: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3981: 3976: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3861:0-520-02775-2 3857: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3822: 3819: 3816:Nash, David. 3815: 3811: 3809:0-312-27266-9 3805: 3801: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3780:0-521-27633-0 3776: 3772: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3755: 3753:0-19-500257-1 3749: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3718:0-674-02385-4 3714: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3692:0-88029-158-3 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3675:0-7006-1410-9 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3653:0-631-23196-X 3649: 3645: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3616: 3614:9781350081581 3610: 3606: 3605: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3579: 3577:9781135956905 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3537: 3535:9780195313512 3531: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3473:Craig, p. 63. 3470: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3449:Hans Delbrück 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3244:0-89141-575-0 3241: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3110:Craig, p. 80. 3107: 3104: 3101:Craig, p. 70. 3098: 3095: 3092:Koch, p. 216. 3089: 3086: 3083:Craig, p. 69. 3080: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3065:Craig, p. 58. 3062: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3047:Koch, p. 186. 3044: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3029:Craig, p. 46. 3026: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3007:Koch, p. 181. 3004: 3001: 2998:Craig, p. 42. 2995: 2992: 2989:Koch, p. 183. 2986: 2984: 2980: 2977:Craig, p. 41. 2974: 2971: 2968:Craig, p. 40. 2965: 2962: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2941:9781643138381 2937: 2933: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2866:Koch, p. 133. 2863: 2860: 2857:Craig, p. 22. 2854: 2851: 2848:Koch, p. 121. 2845: 2842: 2839:Koch, p. 108. 2836: 2833: 2830:Craig, p. 17. 2827: 2825: 2821: 2818:Koch, p. 111. 2815: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2800:Koch, p. 100. 2797: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2764:Clark, p. 97. 2761: 2758: 2755:Craig, p. 11. 2752: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2654:Craig, p. 12. 2651: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2606:Citino, p. 8. 2603: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2567:Citino, p. 7. 2564: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2526:Citino, p. 6. 2523: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2491:Prussian Navy 2489: 2488: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2416:combined arms 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2321:Hans Delbrück 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274:oblique order 2269: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2255:siege warfare 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2188:General Staff 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2151:Eastern Front 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139:Western Front 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2088:Carl Röchling 2085: 2080: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2068:German Empire 2065: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2020:, led to the 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1720: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1626:1809 campaign 1623: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1567:combined arms 1564: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1547: 1546:Krümpersystem 1543: 1542:Krümpersystem 1539: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1452: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1358: 1355: 1347: 1342: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1319: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1283:oblique order 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1246: 1245: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109:Silesian Wars 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1081: 1075: 1069:Silesian Wars 1068: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1017:recruited or 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 966: 963: 958: 956: 952: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 918: 915: 911: 904: 900: 896: 889: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 868: 865: 859: 858:from Moscow. 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797:Northern Wars 795:, during the 794: 787: 783: 778: 771: 769: 767: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743:officer corps 740: 736: 732: 728: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 707: 702: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 643: 639: 635: 633: 629: 628:standing army 625: 621: 617: 613: 610: 609: 604: 601: 598:(1640–1688). 597: 593: 585: 580: 573: 568: 566: 564: 563: 558: 554: 553:German Empire 550: 549:unify Germany 546: 542: 538: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 503:Silesian Wars 500: 496: 493:, while King 492: 491:standing army 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 446: 445:Carl Röchling 442: 438: 433:Military unit 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 360: 354: 349: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 310: 309: 303: 300: 299: 298: 297: 293: 287: 284: 283: 282: 281: 275: 272: 270: 267: 266: 265: 261: 257: 254: 250: 247: 244: 240: 237: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 211: 208: 204: 201: 198: 194: 191: 188: 184: 181: 176: 171: 167: 163: 159: 150: 145: 142:Prussian Army 140: 127: 123: 120: 112: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 87: 84: 80: 76: 74: 73: 67: 61: 59: 54:You can help 50: 41: 40: 35: 30: 19: 4116: | 4110: | 4104: | 4098: | 4092: | 4061: | 4055: | 4049: | 4046: 4043: | 4041:Münster Army 4037: | 4031: | 4025: | 4019: | 4013: | 4007: | 4001: | 3916: 3909: 3905:(1979). 14#1 3902: 3888: 3876: 3869: 3846: 3827: 3817: 3799: 3791: 3788:Hoyer, Katja 3764: 3738: 3726: 3703: 3683: 3665: 3643: 3636:Bibliography 3627:authorities. 3625: 3618:. Retrieved 3603: 3596: 3588: 3581:. Retrieved 3567: 3554: 3546: 3539:. Retrieved 3524: 3520:Bartov, Omer 3514: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3452: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3373: 3368: 3359: 3350: 3331: 3325: 3306: 3300: 3291: 3282: 3274: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3235: 3231: 3214: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3165: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3025: 3017: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2973: 2964: 2931: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2791:Koch, p. 89. 2787: 2778: 2773:Koch, p. 88. 2769: 2760: 2751: 2746:Koch, p. 83. 2742: 2737:Koch, p. 86. 2725:Koch, p. 79. 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2638: 2633:Craig, p. 7. 2629: 2624:Craig, p. 2. 2620: 2611: 2602: 2597:Craig, p. 6. 2593: 2588:Koch, p. 60. 2576:Craig, p. 5. 2572: 2563: 2558:Craig, p. 3. 2554: 2549:Koch, p. 59. 2535:Koch, p. 49. 2531: 2478: 2468: 2459: 2449: 2440: 2429: 2427: 2420: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2386: 2384: 2375: 2364:intelligence 2360:North Africa 2356:Soviet Union 2345: 2338: 2286: 2270: 2259: 2242: 2236: 2224: 2209:interwar era 2206: 2201: 2191: 2183: 2169: 2167: 2120: 2108: 2092: 2061: 2054:proclamation 2047: 2024:(1866). The 1991: 1985: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1939: 1934: 1918: 1909: 1898: 1893: 1885: 1877: 1875: 1872:in the 1860s 1847: 1836: 1800: 1791: 1773: 1760: 1757:Wittgenstein 1750: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1709:19th century 1700: 1690: 1676: 1666: 1656: 1647:Grande Armée 1645: 1619: 1575: 1560: 1555: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1525:War Ministry 1514: 1461: 1410:in 1806 and 1385: 1362: 1323: 1315: 1307:Death's Head 1280: 1265: 1250: 1242: 1200: 1164: 1151: 1149: 1102: 1090:Frederick II 1087: 1077: 1057: 1051: 1043:middle class 1039: 1031:East Prussia 1005: 998: 977: 967: 959: 955:rate of fire 921: 919: 914:Conscription 907: 869: 860: 829: 819:in the 1660 807:in the 1657 801:Swedish Army 790: 784:in 1698, by 762: 723: 705: 690: 678:War Minister 647: 632:conscription 606: 600:Hohenzollern 589: 560: 534: 507: 472: 454:(1701–1919, 451: 449: 440: 306: 290: 278: 224: 220: 101:edit summary 92: 63: 55: 29: 3946:(in German) 3933:(in German) 3246:. pp. 45–47 2431:Pickelhaube 2352:German Army 2340:Pickelhaube 2299:and having 2297:Hanoverians 2207:During the 2116:machine gun 2104:Württemberg 2000:during the 1915:operational 1684:(1813) and 1464:Frederician 1288:volley fire 1152:Herbstübung 1135:of General 1129:cuirassiers 1125:Schulenburg 1098:life guards 1023:Brandenburg 1011:aristocracy 978:Lange Kerls 970:royal guard 876:Frederick I 836:Franconia's 747:Derfflinger 614:during the 612:mercenaries 608:Landsknecht 596:Brandenburg 586:, 1600–1795 528:during the 481:during the 345:World War I 252:Engagements 232:Garrison/HQ 210:Land forces 4140:Categories 4120:See also: 4108:Palatinate 4053:Saxon Army 3999:Baden Army 2507:References 2479:Bundeswehr 2475:Iron Cross 2470:Bundeswehr 2448:, and the 2325:Königgrätz 2282:Zobtenberg 2266:Fehrbellin 2226:Blitzkrieg 2202:Reichswehr 2193:Truppenamt 2184:Reichswehr 2171:Reichswehr 2155:Tannenberg 2145:after the 2084:Wilhelm II 2063:Reichsheer 2030:Königgrätz 1927:needle gun 1890:Manteuffel 1807:parliament 1792:Bürgerwehr 1693:Iron Cross 1594:Iron Cross 1562:tirailleur 1517:Tauentzien 1496:patriotism 1456:Königsberg 1316:The first 1257:Kunersdorf 1143:(1742) in 1047:excise tax 990:battalions 938:goose-step 884:Versailles 864:absolutist 817:Vorpommern 650:musketeers 582:Growth of 562:Reichswehr 477:forces of 358:commanders 351:Commanders 186:Allegiance 34:Reichsheer 3887:; (2009) 2372:logistics 2305:Kirchbach 2213:Great War 2149:. On the 2137:, on the 2042:Chassepot 2006:Schleswig 1839:William I 1823:Waldersee 1737:Landsturm 1638:Stralsund 1608:Prussian 1424:Gneisenau 1272:Elizabeth 1141:Chotusitz 1027:Pomerania 1019:impressed 994:regiments 986:squadrons 962:draconian 951:flintlock 922:Kronprinz 823:, as the 739:desertion 682:Louis XIV 662:Rhineland 475:mercenary 164:1701–1919 119:talk page 60:in German 4059:Würzburg 3844:(1974). 3736:(1964). 3701:(2006). 3664:(2005). 3168:, p. 68. 2485:See also 2264:and, at 2221:airpower 2096:Bavarian 2010:Holstein 1958:strategy 1931:railroad 1923:war game 1894:Landwehr 1886:Landwehr 1878:Landwehr 1862:Bismarck 1848:Landwehr 1776:liberals 1761:Landwehr 1746:Landwehr 1742:Landwehr 1732:Landwehr 1686:Waterloo 1677:Landwehr 1668:Landwehr 1634:mutineer 1551:brigades 1442:(1807). 1416:L'Estocq 1404:Saalfeld 1381:Napoleon 1346:standard 1318:garrison 1223:Rossbach 1158:and the 1133:dragoons 1121:Schwerin 1054:Voltaire 856:Napoleon 680:of King 630:through 624:Imperial 526:Napoleon 95:provide 4102:Cologne 4090:Hanover 3620:29 July 3583:29 July 3541:29 July 2408:Leuthen 2313:Bohemia 2278:Leuthen 2174:of the 2082:Kaiser 2036:in the 1917:level, 1899:Junkers 1815:Strotha 1682:Leipzig 1652:Grawert 1624:in its 1612:at the 1610:hussars 1600:in 1813 1500:serfdom 1432:Blücher 1428:Kolberg 1390:in the 1292:bayonet 1232:Leuthen 1215:Kaunitz 1167:Hussars 1145:Bohemia 1115:in the 1113:Austria 1094:hussars 1006:Junkers 982:cavalry 880:Baroque 840:Wrangel 731:looting 727:hanging 719:Prussia 706:Junkers 701:thalers 674:Louvois 620:Swedish 541:Austria 537:Denmark 466:of the 356:Notable 236:Potsdam 225:700,000 169:Country 117:to the 99:in the 62:. 3919:(2015) 3895: 3883: 3858: 3806: 3777: 3750: 3715: 3690: 3672: 3650: 3611: 3574: 3532: 3338: 3313: 3242: 2938: 2709: 2473:. 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