811:
the publisher $ 90,000; the author's ten percent of that figure yields him $ 9,000. Which is one reason why publishers prefer "net receipts" contracts....Among the many other advantages (to the publisher) of such contracts is the fact that they make possible what is called a 'sheet deal'. In this, the (multinational) publisher of that same 10,000 copy print run, can substantially reduce his printing cost by 'running on' a further 10,000 copies (that is to say, printing but not binding them), and then further profit by selling these 'sheets' at cost-price or even lower if he so chooses to subsidiaries or overseas branches, then paying the author 10 percent of 'net receipts' from that deal. The overseas subsidiaries bind up the sheets into book form and sell at full price for a nice profit to the Group as a whole. The only one who loses is the author.
910:
harmful to living artists' economic positions. Australia's chief advocate for the adoption of artist resale royalties the collection society, Viscopy, commissioned in 2004 a report from Access
Economics to model the likely impact of their scheme. In the resulting report, Access Economics warned that the claim of net benefit to artists was: "based upon extremely unrealistic assumptions, in particular the assumption that seller and buyer behaviour would be completely unaffected by the introduction of RRR " and that, "Access Economics considers that the results of this analysis are both unhelpful and potentially misleading."
837:, music royalties have a strong linkage to individuals – composers (score), songwriters (lyrics) and writers of musical plays – in that they can own the exclusive copyright to created music and can license it for performance independent of corporates. Recording companies and the performing artists that create a "sound recording" of the music enjoy a separate set of copyrights and royalties from the sale of recordings and from their digital transmission (depending on national laws).
1384:
front-end royalties, field of use restrictions, geographic limitations and the "technology bundle" (the mix of patents, know-how, trade-mark rights, etc.) accompanying it. Economist J. Gregory Sidak explains that comparable licenses, when selected correctly, "reveal what the licensor and the licensee consider to be fair compensation for the use of the patented technology" and thus "will most accurately depict the price that a licensee would willingly pay for that technology." The
865:
schemes is restricted to Europe, Australia and the
American state of California. For example, in May 2011 the European commissions ec.europa webpage on Resale royalty stated that, under the heading 'Indicative list of third countries (Article 7.2)' : 'A letter was sent to Member States on 1 March 2006 requesting that they provide a list of third countries which meet these requirements and that they also provide evidence of application.
150:
states, including
Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, and Wyoming, have enacted anti-severance statutes, preventing the wind estate from being severed from the surface. Regardless, the ownership of wind royalties and compensation payments can be transferred from the landowner to another party. Over time, wind royalties will be fractioned similarly to oil and gas royalties.
1175:
1040:
3260:
1988:(b) profits are also generated by thrusts in the general economy, gains from infrastructure, and the basket of licensed rights – patents, trademark, know-how. A lower royalty rate may apply in an advanced country where large market volumes can be commanded, or where protection to the technology is more secure than in an emerging economy (or perhaps, for other reasons, the inverse).
368:"ongoing" royalties, or royalties based on the infringer's prospective use of the patented technology, as an alternative remedy. In the old days, US courts often used so-called "entire market rule" or "25% of the profits" rule. However, this practice was rejected by a federal appeals court in 1971. Instead, the courts are required now to use a holistic approach according to
878:
agency, while others like the UK and France, allow multiple agencies. Some schemes involve varying degrees of retrospective application and other schemes such as
Australia's are not retrospective at all. In some cases, for example Germany, an openly tax-like use is made of the "royalties"; Half of the money collected is redistributed to fund public programs.
955:
transaction but are no longer actively interested may have a royalty right to a portion of the income, or profits, of the business. This sort of royalty is often expressed as a contract right to receive money based on a royalty formula, rather than an actual ownership interest in the business. In some businesses this sort of royalty is sometimes called an
2539:
882:
Australia artists have a case by case right (under clause 22/23 of the Act) to refuse consent to the usage of the right by the appointed collection society and/or make their own collection arrangements. Details of the
Australian scheme can be gotten from the website of the sole appointed Australian agency; The "Copyright Agency Limited".
492:). Trade marks offer the public a means of identifying and assuring themselves of the quality of the good or service. They may bring consumers a sense of security, integrity, belonging, and a variety of intangible appeals. The value that inures to a trade mark in terms of public recognition and acceptance is known as goodwill.
1983:(a) the profit that accrues to the licensee may not arise solely through the engine of the technology. There are returns from the mix of assets it employs such as fixed and working capital and the returns from intangible assets such as distribution systems, trained workforce, etc. Allowances need to be made for them.
1006:
transferred – and, sometimes, dependent on its acquisition – but they are, by no means, IP. TA and TS may also be the sole part of the transfer or the transferor of the IP, their concurrent supplier. They are seldom met with in the developed countries, which sometimes view even know-how as similar to TS.
1975:
The licensor's share of the income is usually set by the "25% rule of thumb", which is said to be even used by tax authorities in the US and Europe for arms-length transactions. The share is on the operating profit of the licensee firm. Even where such division is held contentious, the rule can still
1265:
The Cost
Approach considers the several elements of cost that may have been entered to create the intellectual property and to seek a royalty rate that will recapture the expense of its development and obtain a return that is commensurate with its expected life. Costs considered could include R&D
909:
Whether resale royalties are of net economic benefit to artists is a highly contested area. Many economic studies have seriously questioned the assumptions underlying the argument that resale royalties have net benefits to artists. Many modelings have suggested that resale royalties could be actually
637:
running royalty paid. The author and the publisher can independently draw up the agreement that binds them or alongside an agent representing the author. There are many risks for the author—definition of cover price, the retail price, "net price", the discounts on the sale, the bulk sales on the POD (
562:
One of the above three items must not apply for the franchise agreement to be considered a trade mark agreement (and its laws and conventions). In a franchise, for which there is no convention, laws apply concerning training, brand support, operating systems/support and technical support in a written
354:
and/or imprisonment for violation on the patent. In accordance with a patent license, royalties are paid to the patent owner in exchange for the right to practice one or more of the basic patent rights: to manufacture, to use, to sell, to offer for sale, or to import a patented product, or to perform
67:
by one party to another, either without restriction or subject to a limitation on term, business or geographic territory, type of product, etc. License agreements can be regulated, particularly where a government is the resource owner, or they can be private contracts that follow a general structure.
55:
is a payment made by one party to another that owns a particular asset, for the right to ongoing use of that asset. Royalties are typically agreed upon as a percentage of gross or net revenues derived from the use of an asset or a fixed price per unit sold of an item of such, but there are also other
2084:
need to be understood in their rigorous terms. Evaluation is the process of assessing a license in terms of the specific metrics of a particular negotiation, which may include its circumstances, the geographical spread of licensed rights, product range, market width, licensee competitiveness, growth
1383:
Here the cost and the risk of development are disregarded. The royalty rate is determined from comparing competing or similar technologies in an industry, modified by considerations of useful "remaining life" of the technology in that industry and contracting elements such as exclusivity provisions,
967:
Royalties may exist in technological alliances and partnerships. The latter is more than mere access to secret technical or a trade right to accomplish an objective. It is, in the last decade of the past century, and the first of this one of the major means of technology transfer. Its importance for
905:
The situation as to how ARR applies in situations where an art work is physically made by a person or persons who are not the 'name artist' who first exhibits and sells the work is not clear. In particular whilst ARR is inalienable it seems conceivable that in cases where the copyright on an artwork
901:
The royalty applies to any work of graphic or plastic art such as a ceramic, collage, drawing, engraving, glassware, lithograph, painting, photograph, picture, print, sculpture, tapestry. However, a copy of a work is not to be regarded as a work unless the copy is one of a limited number made by the
881:
The New
Zealand and Canadian governments have not proceeded with any sort of artist resale scheme. The Australian scheme does not apply to the first resale of artworks purchased prior to the schemes enactment( June 2010) and individual usage of the right (by Australian artists) is not compulsory. In
775:
Hardback royalties on the published price of trade books usually range from 10% to 12.5%, with 15% for more important authors. On paperback it is usually 7.5% to 10%, going up to 12.5% only in exceptional cases. All the royalties displayed below are on the "cover price". Paying 15% to the author can
508:
Trade mark rights and royalties are often tied up in a variety of other arrangements. Trade marks are often applied to an entire brand of products and not just a single one. Because trade mark law has as a public interest goal of the protection of a consumer, in terms of getting what they are paying
504:
Like patent royalties, trade mark royalties may be assessed and divided in a variety of different ways, and are expressed as a percentage of sales volume or income, or a fixed fee per unit sold. When negotiating rates, one way companies value a trade mark is to assess the additional profit they will
1017:
The payment for these services is a fee, not a royalty. The TS fee is dependent on how many of the specialized staff of its supplier are required and over what period of time. Sometimes, the "learning" capacity to whom the TS is supplied is involved. In any case, the cost per service-hour should be
1013:
On the other hand, technical assistance is a package of assistance given on a short timetable. It can range variously from procurement of equipment for a project, inspection services on behalf of the buyer, the training of buyer's personnel and the supply technical or managerial staff. Again, TA is
990:
Strategic
Alliances can involve a project (such as bridge building). a product or a service. As the name implies, is more a matter of 'marriage of convenience' when two parties want to associate to take up a particular (but modest) short-term task but generally are uncomfortable with the other. But
885:
The UK scheme is in the context of common-law countries an oddity; No other common-law country has mandated an individual economic right where actual usage of the right is compulsory for the individual right holder. Whether the common law conception of an individual economic right as an "individual
810:
It makes sense for the publisher to pay the author on the basis of what he receives, but it by no means makes it a good deal for the author. Example: 10,000 copies of a $ 20 book with a 10 percent cover-price royalty will earn him $ 20,000. The same number sold but discounted at 55 percent will net
430:
proposition, to obtain a license to manufacture and sell a particular article embodying the patented invention—would have been willing to pay as a royalty and yet be able to make a reasonable profit and which amount would have been acceptable by a prudent patentee who was willing to grant a license.
367:
In the United States, "reasonable" royalties may be imposed, both after-the-fact and prospectively, by a court as a remedy for patent infringement. In patent infringement lawsuits, where the court determines an injunction to be inappropriate in light of the case's circumstances, the court may award
1399:
The two tables shown below are drawn, selectively, from information that is available with an IP-related organization and on-line. The first depicts the range and distribution of royalty rates in agreements. The second shows the royalty rate ranges in select technology sectors (latter data sourced
1391:
Although widely used, the prime difficulty with this method is obtaining access to data on comparable technologies and the terms of the agreements that incorporate them. Fortunately, there are several recognized organizations (see "Royalty Rate
Websites" listed at the end of this article) who have
986:
and they are closely connected with trademarks, an example of which is McDonald's. Although franchises have no convention like trademarks or copyrights they can be mistaken as a trademark-copyright in agreements. The franchisor has close control over the franchisee, which, in legal terms cannot be
877:
or price). Some countries prescribe and others such as
Australia, do not prescribe, the maximum royalty that can be received. Most do prescribe the calculation basis of the royalty. Some country's make the usage of the royalty compulsory. Some country's prescribe a sole monopoly collection service
864:
Art Resale Royalty is a right to a royalty payment upon resales of art works, that applies in some jurisdictions. Whilst there are currently approximately 60 countries that have some sort of Resale Royalty on their statute books, evidence of resale schemes that can be said to be actually operating
815:
In 2003 two American authors Ken Englade and Patricia Simpson sued HarperCollins (USA) successfully for selling their work to its foreign affiliates at improperly high discounts ("Harper Collins is essentially selling books to itself, at discounted rates, upon which it then calculates the author's
794:
Methods of calculating royalties changed during the 1980s, due to the rise of retail chain booksellers, which demanded increasing discounts from publishers. As a result, rather than paying royalties based on a percentage of a book's cover price, publishers preferred to pay royalties based on their
119:. In this manner risks and profits are shared between the government of Canada (as resource owner) and the petroleum developer. This attractive royalty rate is intended to encourage oil and gas exploration in the remote Canadian frontier lands where costs and risks are higher than other locations.
1964:
The actual discount factor used depends on the risk assumed by the principal gainer in the transaction. For instance, a mature technology worked in different geographies, will carry a lower risk of non-performance (thus, a lower discount rate) than a technology being applied for the first time. A
954:
The term "royalty" also covers areas outside of IP and technology licensing, such as oil, gas, and mineral royalties paid to the owner of a property by a resources development company in exchange for the right to exploit the resource. In a business project the promoter, financier, LHS enabled the
1956:
The NPV of a future income is always lower than its current value because an income in the future is attended by risk. In other words, an income in the future needs to be discounted, in some manner, to obtain its present equivalent. The factor by which a future income is reduced is known as the
1009:
TS comprises services which are the specialized knowledge of firms or acquired by them for operating a special process. It is often a "bundle" of services which can by itself meet an objective or help in meeting it. It is delivered over time, at end of which the acquirer becomes proficient to be
1005:
Firms in developing countries often are asked by the supplier of know-how or patent licensing to consider technical service (TS) and technical assistance (TA) as elements of the technology transfer process and to pay "royalty" on them. TS and TA are associated with the IP (intellectual property)
636:
For most cases, the publishers advance an amount (part of the royalty) which can constitute the bulk of the author's total income plus whatever little flows from the "running royalty" stream. Some costs may be attributed to the advance paid, which depletes further advances to be paid or from the
149:
Unlike oil and gas royalties, which typically decline over time, wind royalties often have an escalation clause, making them more valuable over time. Because there is not yet a robust body of law regarding wind royalties, the legal implications of severing wind rights are still unknown. Several
125:
Oil and gas royalties are paid as a set percentage on all revenue, less any deductions that may be taken by the well operator as specifically noted in the lease agreement. The revenue decimal, or royalty interest that a mineral owner receives, is calculated as a function of the percentage of the
978:
Joint-ventures are usually between companies long in contact with a purpose. JVs are very formal forms of association, and depending on the country where they are situated, subject to a rigid code of rules, in which the public may or may not have an opportunity to participate in capital; partly
495:
A trade mark right is an exclusive right to sell or market under that mark within a geographic territory. The rights may be licensed to allow a company other than the owner to sell goods or services under the mark. A company may seek to license a trade mark it did not create to achieve instant
460:
In 2002, the Licensing Economics Review found in a review of 458 licence agreements over a 16-year period an average royalty rate of 7% with a range from 0% to 50%. All of these agreements may not have been at "arms length". In license negotiation, firms might derive royalties for the use of a
429:
The amount that a licensor (such as the patentee) and a licensee (such as the infringer) would have agreed upon (at the time the infringement began) if both had been reasonably and voluntarily trying to reach an agreement; that is, the amount which a prudent licensee—who desired, as a business
145:
Landowners who host wind turbines are often paid wind royalties, and those nearby may be paid nuisance payments to compensate for noise and flicker effects. Wind royalties are usually paid quarterly, semi-annually, or annually, and the royalty can be a flat rate or variable payment based on
1273:
The method has limited utility since the technology is not priced competitively on "what the market can bear" principles or in the context of the price of similar technologies. More importantly, by lacking optimization (through additional expense), it may earn benefits below its potential.
509:
for, trade mark licences are only effective if the company owning the trade mark also obtains some assurance in return that the goods will meet its quality standards. When the rights of trade mark are licensed along with a know-how, supplies, pooled advertising, etc., the result is often a
1288:
In the former case, the venture capitalist obtains an equity position in the company (developing the technology) in exchange for financing a part of the development cost (recovering it, and obtaining an appropriate margin, when the company gets acquired or it goes public through the
358:
Patent rights may be divided and licensed out in various ways, on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis. The license may be subject to limitations as to time or territory. A license may encompass an entire technology or it may involve a mere component or improvement on a technology.
2969:
Kirstein, R./Schmidtchen, D. (2001); Do Artists Benefit from Resale Royalties? An Economic Analysis of a New EU Directive. In: Deffains, B./Kirat, T. (eds.): Law and Economics in Civil Law Countries; The Economics of Legal Relationships Vol. 6, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam et al.,
1296:
Recovery of costs, with opportunity of gain, is also feasible when development can be followed stage-wise as shown below for a pharmaceutical undergoing clinical trials (the licensee pays higher royalties for the product as it moves through the normal stages of its development):
1993:(c) the royalty rate is only one aspect of the negotiation. Contractual provisions such as an exclusive license, rights to sub-license, warranties on the performance of technology etc may enhance the advantages to the licensee, which is not compensated by the 25% metric.
575:, or using their works. Copyrights, like patent rights, can be divided in many different ways, by the right implicated, by specific geographic or market territories, or by more specific criteria. Each may be the subject of a separate license and royalty arrangements.
1997:
The basic advantage of this approach, which is perhaps the most widely applied, is that the royalty rate can be negotiated without comparative data on how other agreements have been transacted. In fact, it is almost ideal for a case where precedent does not exist.
129:
As a standard example, for every $ 100 bbl of oil sold on a U.S. federal well with a 25% royalty, the U.S. government receives $ 25. The U.S. government does not pay and will only collect revenues. All risk and liability lie upon the operator of the well.
500:
rather than accepting the cost and risk of entering the market under its own brand that the public does not necessarily know or accept. Licensing a trade mark allows the company to take advantage of already-established goodwill and brand identification.
872:
Apart from placing a levy on the resale of some art-like objects, there are few common facets to the various national schemes. Most schemes prescribe a minimum amount that the artwork must receive before the artist can invoke resale rights (usually the
400:
The effect of selling the patented specialty in promoting sales of other products of the licensee; the existing value of the invention to the licensor as a generator of sales of his non-patented items; and the extent of such derivative or convoyed
2092:(FMV) of the asset – trademark, patent or know-how – at which it can be sold between a willing buyer and willing seller in the context of best awareness of circumstances. The FMV of the IP, where assessable, may itself be a metric for evaluation.
1940:
The Income approach focuses on the licensor estimating the profits generated by the licensee and obtaining an appropriate share of the generated profit. It is unrelated to costs of technology development or the costs of competing technologies.
897:
In the UK, the scheme was, in early 2012, extended to all artists still in copyright. In most European jurisdictions the right has the same duration as the term of copyright. In California law, heirs receive royalty for 20 years.
434:
At least one study analyzing a sample of 35 cases in which a court awarded an ongoing royalty has found that ongoing royalty awards "exceed by a statistically significant amount the jury-determined reasonable royalty damages".
532:
While a payment to employ a trade mark licence is a royalty, it is accompanied by a "guided usage manual", the use of which may be audited from time to time. However, this becomes a supervisory task when the mark is used in a
114:
of the first 18 months of commercial production and increases by 1% every 18 months to a maximum of 5% until initial costs have been recovered, at which point the royalty rate is set at 5% of gross revenues or 30% of net
422:
The portion of the realizable profit that should be credited to the invention as distinguished from non-patented elements, the manufacturing process, business risks, or significant features or improvements added by the
1374:
is licensed (an in-license, i.e. an incoming license). The product is accepted on a royalty schedule depending on the software meeting set stage-wise specifications with acceptable error levels in performance tests.
1944:
The approach requires the licensee (or licensor): (a) to generate a cash-flow projection of incomes and expenses over the life-span of the license under an agreed scenario of incomes and costs (b) determining the
2270:
Licensing Guide for Developing Countries: A Guide on the Legal Aspects of the Negotiation and Preparation of Industrial Property Licenses and Technology Transfer Agreements Appropriate to the Needs of Developing
393:
The licensor’s established policy and marketing program to maintain his patent monopoly by not licensing others to use the invention or by granting licenses under special conditions designed to preserve that
610:
to repeal supposedly "technical revisions" to American copyright statutes which would have classified all "sound recordings" as "works for hire", effectively assigning artists' copyrights to record labels.
126:
total drilling unit to which a specific owner holds the mineral interest, the royalty rate defined in that owner's mineral lease, and any tract participation factors applied to the specific tracts owned.
902:
artist or under the artist's authority. In the UK the resale of a work bought directly from the artist and then resold within 3 years for a value of €10,000 or less is not affected by the royalty.
100:
2005:
also uses these three methods, in modified form, to assess the attributable income, or division of income, from a royalty-based transaction between a US company and its foreign subsidiary (since
397:
The commercial relationship between the licensor and licensee, such as, whether they are competitors in the same territory in the same line of business; or whether they are inventor and promoter.
997:
On occasion, a JV or SA may be wholly oriented to research and development, typically involving multiple organizations working on an agreed form of engagement. The Airbus is an example of such.
2518:
Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. U.S. Plywood Corp. (318 F. Supp. 1116, 1116 (S.D.N.Y. 1970), modified sub nom. Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. U.S. Plywood Champion Papers, Inc., 446 F.2d 295, 2d Cir. 1971)
419:
The portion of the profit or of the selling price that may be customary in the particular business or in comparable businesses to allow for the use of the invention or analogous inventions.
1804:
Commercial sources also provide information that is invaluable for making comparisons. The following table provides typical information that is obtainable, for instance, from Royaltystat:
513:
relationship. Franchise relationships may not specifically assign royalty payments to the trade mark licence, but may involve monthly fees and percentages of sales, among other payments.
3065:
Manual on Technology Transfer Negotiation (A reference for policy-makers and practitioners on Technology Transfer),1996 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna, 1990,
3033:
Manual on Technology Transfer Negotiation (A reference for policy-makers and practitioners on Technology Transfer),1996 United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna, 1990,
390:
The nature and scope of the license, as exclusive or non-exclusive; or as restricted or non-restricted in terms of territory or with respect to whom the manufactured product may be sold.
618:
to the publisher. Alternatively, they might receive as a royalty a certain amount per book sold. It is common in the UK for example, for authors to receive a 10% royalty on book sales.
3091:
1385:
413:
The nature of the patented invention, the character of the commercial embodiment of it as owned and produced by the licensor; and the benefits to those who have used the invention.
633:
All book-publishing royalties are paid by the publisher, who determines an author's royalty rate, except in rare cases in which the author can demand high advances and royalties.
488:
are words, logos, slogans, sounds, or other distinctive expressions that distinguish the source, origin, or sponsorship of a good or service (in which they are generally known as
122:
In many jurisdictions in North America, oil and gas royalty interests are considered real property under the NAICS classification code and qualify for a 1031 like-kind exchange.
2419:
816:
royalty, and then Harper Collins shares in the extra profit when the book is resold to the consumer by the foreign affiliates, without paying the author any further royalty.")
99:
on the unrenewable natural resources extracted or severed from within their authority. The Federal Government receives royalties on production on federal lands, managed by the
88:, or a "royalty payment" based on the value of the resources sold. When a government owns the resource, the transaction often has to follow legal and regulatory requirements.
893:
The UK is the largest art resale market where a form of ARR is operating, details of how the royalty is calculated as a portion of sale price in the UK can be accessed here
2125:
where the IP is the residual after deducting the other components from the market valuation of the stock. One of the most significant intangibles may be the work-force.
1392:
comprehensive information on both royalty rates and the principal terms of the agreements of which they are a part. There are also IP-related organizations, such as the
537:
agreement for the sale of goods or services carrying the reputation of the mark. For a franchise, it is said, a fee is paid, even though it comprises a royalty element.
975:
There are three main groups when it comes to technological alliances. They are Joint-ventures (sometimes abbreviated JV), the Franchises and Strategic Alliances (SA).
2506:
Lance Wyatt, Keeping Up with the Game: The Use of the Nash Bargaining Solution in Patent Infringement Cases, 31 Santa Clara High Tech. L.J. 427 (2015). Available at:
2768:
1965:
similar situation arises when there is the option of working the technology in one of two different regions; the risk elements in each region would be different.
325:
799:
of 1984, under the new arrangement, 'appropriate adjustments are of course made to the royalty figure and the arrangement is of no disadvantage to the author."
2674:
994:
Note that all of these ventures s could be in a third county. JVs and franchises are rarely found formed within a county. They largely involve third countries.
979:
depending on the size of capital required, and partly on Governmental regulations. They usually revolve around products and normally involve an inventive step.
84:
to their property may license those rights to another party. In exchange for allowing the other party to extract the resources, the landowner receives either a
2582:
2474:
2922:
2556:
220:
2330:
1010:
independent of the service. In this process, no consideration is given on whether the transfer of the proprietary element has been concluded or not.
783:
The publishing company pays no royalty on bulk purchases of books since the buying price may be a third of the cover price sold on a singles basis.
3112:
Ericsson, Inc. v. D-Link Systems, Inc., 773 F.3d 1201 (Fed. Cir. 2014); LaserDynamics, Inc. v. Quanta Comput., Inc., 694 F.3d 51 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
867:
To date the commission has not been supplied with evidence for any third country which demonstrates that they qualify for inclusion on this list
95:
ownership of mineral rights is possible and payments of royalties to private citizens occurs quite often. Local taxing authorities may impose a
1253:– be at "arms-length" (related parties such as the subsidiary and the parent company need to transact as though they were independent parties)
3054:
1900:
The comparability between transactions requires a comparison of the significant economic conditions that may affect the contracting parties:
806:, author and former publishing executive, explained that "net receipts" royalties are often more in the interest of publishers than authors:
3126:
3012:
2213:
410:
The utility and advantages of the patent property over the old modes or devices, if any, that had been used for working out similar results.
3234:
3083:
2866:
2369:
2304:
2293:
UNIDO International Workshop on Technology Transfer Negotiation and Plant Level Technology Needs Assessment, 7–8 December 1999, New Delhi.
2128:
The method may be quite useful for valuing trademarks of a listed company if it is mainly or the only IP in play (franchising companies).
369:
2790:
35:
2639:
3290:
2411:
318:
1388:
has on numerous occasions confirmed that the comparable market approach is a reliable methodology to calculate a reasonable royalty.
3070:
3038:
2278:
2244:
1222:
1087:
918:
There is simply too much computer software to consider the royalties applicable to each. The following is a guide to royalty rates:
819:
This forced a "class action" readjustment for thousands of authors contracted by HarperCollins between November 1993 and June 1999.
644:
The following illustrates the income to an author on the basis chosen for royalty, particularly in POD, which minimizes losses from
599:
242:
3049:
Patterns of Internationalization for Developing Country Enterprises, United Nations Industrial Organization, Vienna, Austria 2008,
384:
The royalties received by the patentee for the licensing of the patent in suit, proving or tending to prove an established royalty.
3270:
968:
the licensor and the licensee lies in its access to markets and raw materials, and labor, when the international trend is towards
1196:
1061:
641:) platform, the term of the agreement, audit of the publishers accounts in case of impropriety, etc. which an agent can provide.
591:
524:
surveyed a wide range of businesses and found a broad range of royalties for trade mark use from a low of 0.1% to a high of 15%.
3205:
2724:"DHL Corporation and Subsidiaries vs. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Docket Nos. 19570-95, 26103-95, United States Tax Court"
1018:
calculated and evaluated. Note that in selecting a TS supplier (often the IP supplier), experience and dependency are critical.
3153:
2697:
2076:
607:
595:
2723:
578:
Copyright royalties are often very specific to the nature of work and field of endeavor. With respect to music, royalties for
1235:
There are three general approaches to assess the applicable royalty rate in the licensing of intellectual property. They are
1200:
1065:
3264:
1896:, including genes, proteins and peptide fragments, expression systems, cells, and antibodies, for the field of plant disease
906:
is transferred/sold, prior to the first sale of an artwork, the inalienable ARR right is also effectively sold transferred.
2495:
786:
Unlike the UK, the United States does not specify a "maximum retail price" for books that serves as base for calculation.
311:
991:
the strategic alliance could be a test of compatibility for the forming of a joint venture company and a precedent step.
3179:
2608:
2142:
1393:
247:
2764:
2187:
407:
The established profitability of the product made under the patent; its commercial success; and its current popularity.
2529:"Georgia-pacific Corporation, Appellant, v. U. S. Plywood-champion Papers Inc., Appellee, 446 F.2d 295 (2d Cir. 1971)"
2666:
1185:
1050:
469:
In Muslim (Arab) countries, a royalty as a percentage of sales may not be appropriate, because of the prohibition of
416:
The extent to which the infringer has made use of the invention; and any evidence probative of the value of that use.
2574:
2466:
56:
modes and metrics of compensation. A royalty interest is the right to collect a stream of future royalty payments.
2896:
1277:
However, the method may be appropriate when a technology is licensed out during its R&D phase as happens with
1204:
1189:
1069:
1054:
2980:
2918:
1116:
2006:
803:
210:
2948:
2836:
621:
Some photographers and musicians may choose to publish their works for a one-time payment. This is known as a
1100:
The rate of royalty applied in a given case is determined by various factors, the most notable of which are:
373:
2152:
1969:
1290:
587:
288:
2528:
2334:
43:
380:
as a civil remedy (monetary compensation) for patent infringement, in the following order of importance:
2385:
2100:
834:
215:
39:
1958:
554:
significant assistance or control with respect to the franchisee's business (the supervisory element)
844:
and major innovations in technology in the communication and presentations of media, the subject of
548:
the right to use a trade mark to offer, sell or distribute goods or services (the trademark element)
346:
to prevent others from practicing the patented technology in the country issuing the patent for the
3295:
3122:
2629:
Licensing Economics Review. The Royalty Rate Journal of Intellectual Property, December 2002, p. 8.
2021:
Royalties are only one among many ways of compensating owners for use of an asset. Others include:
1249:
For a fair evaluation of the royalty rate, the relationship of the parties to the contract should:
583:
505:
make from increased sales and higher prices (sometimes known as the "relief from royalty") method.
257:
3004:
2209:
2065:
1267:
603:
377:
200:
2356:
516:
In a long-running dispute in the United States involving the valuation of the DHL trade mark of
2858:
2308:
3066:
3050:
3034:
2794:
2274:
2259:
Guidelines for Evaluation of Transfer of Technology Agreements, United Nations, New York, 1979
2240:
2089:
1946:
579:
60:
3130:
387:
The rates paid by the licensee for the use of other patents comparable to the patent in suit.
3300:
2643:
2119:
2046:
2035:
497:
351:
339:
1146:
To correctly gauge royalty rates, the following criteria must be taken into consideration:
2373:
2111:
2058:
2010:
1371:
1278:
845:
828:
638:
572:
343:
272:
267:
205:
3157:
1953:, and c) negotiating the division of such profit between the licensor and the licensee.
606:
provides more direct compensation to the artists. In 1999, recording artists formed the
2667:"The Proper Royalty Base for Patent Damages (10 J. COMPETITION L. & ECON 989, 990)"
2507:
2496:
https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4304&context=wlulr
2441:
2137:
1282:
347:
107:
81:
3248:
3284:
3209:
2543:
2104:
969:
777:
445:
96:
85:
2701:
2730:
2157:
2096:
1266:
expenditures, pilot-plant and test-marketing costs, technology upgrading expenses,
874:
622:
489:
31:
2165:
a system for charging royalties for the second hand sale of books and other media.
1957:'discount rate'. Thus, $ 1.00 received a year from now is worth $ 0.9091 at a 10%
1892:
Exclusive patent license to make, have made, use and sell products incorporating
571:
Copyright law gives the owner the right to prevent others from copying, creating
2183:
2162:
2115:
1950:
1893:
1174:
1039:
1021:
In the case of TA there is usually a plurality of firms and choice is feasible.
534:
517:
510:
485:
262:
69:
17:
2605:"Ranges of royalty rates, and royalty guidelines, U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry"
780:, printing and binding, overheads, and the profits (if any) to the publisher.
461:
patented technology from the retail price of the downstream licensed product.
301:
252:
226:
92:
3275:
3183:
2604:
929:
For the development of customer-specific software one will have to consider:
3259:
2042:
2028:
841:
645:
615:
3005:"Royalty Rates – Software Development Profit Sharing/Royalty Rates Options"
3154:"Valuing Your Intellectual Property for Strategic Alliances and Financing"
2412:"Sell Gas Royalty, Sell Oil Royalty, Sell Mineral Rights & Royalties"
2052:
1396:, which enable its members to access and share privately assembled data.
134:
116:
111:
1961:, and its discounted value will be still lower two years down the line.
886:
right of control of usage" is compatible with the Code Civil origins of
2888:
987:
tie-ins such as frachisee located in an areas owned by the franchisor.
598:. Payments from these organizations to performing artists are known as
179:
161:
64:
110:
Petroleum Royalty Regulations. The royalty rate starts at 1% of gross
2147:
2009:
requires that a foreign subsidiary pay an appropriate royalty to the
1968:
The method is treated in greater detail, using illustrative data, in
297:
165:
2557:"Patent Infringement Damages Expert Witness Georgia Pacific Factors"
2944:
2828:
2103:
of its intellectual property can be estimated from the data of the
540:
To be a franchise, the agreement must be a composite of the items:
939:
Ownership of code (if the client's, he bears the development cost)
470:
2542:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2919:"» Internal Market » Copyright » Resale Right"
2074:
In discussing the licensing of Intellectual Property, the terms
474:
1979:
Following are three aspects that are important for the profit:
2239:. Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
2002:
1281:
investments or it is licensed out during one of the stages of
1168:
1033:
936:
Break-even cost (if the software can be sold to many agencies)
521:
3276:"CPT page on Royalties on patents for health care inventions"
3086:
Apportionment, FRAND Royalties, and Comparable Licenses After
2389:
942:
Life of the software (usually short or requiring maintenance)
106:
An example from Canada's northern territories is the federal
101:
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement
2235:
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (1996).
2273:. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization. 1977.
894:
30:"Royalties" redirects here. It is not to be confused with
1125:
Degree and competitive availability of other technologies
776:
mean that the other 85% of the cost pays for editing and
63:
defines the terms under which a resource or property are
27:
Form of payment for use of artistic works or other assets
2055:
payment made to the licensor in one or more installments
660:
Book-publishing Royalties – "Net" and "Retail" Compared
3088:
Ericsson v. D-Link, 2016 U. Ill. L. REV. (forthcoming)"
1001:
Technical assistance and service in technology transfer
594:
of a performance are usually managed by one of several
404:
The duration of the patent and the term of the license.
2579:, 24 TEX. INTELL. PROP. L.J. at 14 (forthcoming 2016)"
1925:
Location-specific costs of production and distribution
551:
payment of a required royalty or fee (the fee element)
2471:, 24 TEX. INTELL. PROP. L.J. at 6 (forthcoming 2016)"
1625:
Royalty Rate Segmentation in Some Technology Sectors
438:
In 2007, patent rates within the United States were:
370:
Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. United States Plywood Corp.
2508:
http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/chtlj/vol31/iss3/2
2184:"Focus: Tax and Intellectual Property – April 2004"
945:
Risk in development (high, commanding A high price)
2791:"Don Henley Speaks on Behalf of Recording Artists"
1115:Level of innovation and stage of development (see
454:the pharmaceutical with pre-clinical testing, 2–3%
1919:Market activity: whether wholesale, retail, other
1256:– be viewed as acting free and without compulsion
922:Computer Software: 10.5% (average), 6.8% (median)
3125:; Jarosz, John; Mulhern, Carla (December 2002).
1949:, NPV of the profit stream, based on a selected
1400:from: Dan McGavock of IPC Group, Chicago, USA).
520:, it was reported that experts employed by the
2359:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 2010
1922:Relative market shares of contracting entities
2921:. European Commission: The EU Single Market.
2698:"Joint ventures in Lebanese and European law"
2061:agreements with or without cash payments, and
1165:Rate determination and illustrative royalties
1155:There is a willing buyer and a willing seller
350:. The right may be enforced in a lawsuit for
319:
133:Royalties in the lumber industry are called "
8:
1879:: Research support is $ 150,000 for 1 year.
1140:Deal-reward structure (negotiation strength)
477:), and a flat fee may be preferred instead.
103:, formerly the Minerals Management Service.
3127:"Use Of The 25 Per Cent Rule In Valuing IP"
2027:buying the asset outright, possibly with a
1203:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1068:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
426:The opinion testimony of qualified experts.
2001:It is, perhaps, relevant to note that the
1408:Royalty Distribution Analysis in Industry
342:such as a patent right gives the owner an
326:
312:
157:
2945:"About the artists resale royalty scheme"
2889:"Englade & Simpson vs. HarperCollins"
2577:Ongoing Royalties for Patent Infringement
2469:Ongoing Royalties for Patent Infringement
2237:Manual on Technology Transfer Negotiation
1928:Competitive environment in each geography
1913:Market size and its economic development;
1223:Learn how and when to remove this message
1088:Learn how and when to remove this message
2561:No World Borders - Experts in healthcare
2095:If an emerging company is listed on the
1931:Fair alternatives to contracting parties
1623:
1406:
1299:
925:Internet: 11.7% (average), 7.5% (median)
658:
221:Fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory
2305:"Intellectual Property & Licensing"
2175:
2049:and commissioned software arrangements)
1976:be the starting point of negotiations.
1158:The transaction is not under compulsion
648:and is based on computer technologies.
372:decision. The decision established 15
280:
234:
192:
171:
160:
72:agreements have comparable provisions.
2611:from the original on 28 September 2007
146:production or a combination of both.
3015:from the original on 28 November 2018
2951:from the original on 25 February 2011
2422:from the original on 27 November 2013
2190:from the original on 3 September 2007
376:, to be considered, when determining
7:
2925:from the original on 27 January 2012
2771:from the original on 13 January 2010
2677:from the original on 30 October 2015
2088:On the other hand, valuation is the
1871:: Cornell Research Foundation, Inc.
1201:adding citations to reliable sources
1066:adding citations to reliable sources
582:in the United States are set by the
2869:from the original on 5 January 2016
2839:from the original on 5 January 2016
2585:from the original on 24 August 2017
2477:from the original on 24 August 2017
1152:The transaction is at "arms-length"
1106:Market drivers and demand structure
36:Royalties (brand management agency)
3094:from the original on 17 March 2016
1134:The portfolio of rights negotiated
797:The Writers' and Artists' Yearbook
25:
2899:from the original on 4 March 2016
2216:from the original on 9 March 2012
802:Despite this assurance, in 1991,
3258:
2816:The Writers and Artists Yearbook
2537:
2388:. oilgas1031.com. Archived from
2038:position in the licensee company
1916:Contracting or expanding markets
1370:A similar approach is used when
1173:
1122:Sustainability of the technology
1038:
596:performance rights organizations
2829:"Malcolm v. Oxford: Fred Nolan"
2331:"Royalty interest (definition)"
933:Total software development cost
2333:. Schlumberger. Archived from
1242:The Comparable Market Approach
448:, royalties of the order of 1%
80:A landowner with petroleum or
34:. For the French company, see
1:
444:a pending patent on a strong
3180:"Sample: License Parameters"
2754:Dicenstein_brands_2005-2.pdf
2700:. mallat.com. Archived from
2640:"Sample: License Parameters"
2143:Copyright transfer agreement
2110:Market Capitalization = Net
1394:Licensing Executives Society
1303:Success State of development
1109:Territorial extent of rights
1014:independent of IP services.
614:Book authors may sell their
608:Recording Artists' Coalition
248:Defensive patent aggregation
795:net receipts. According to
602:and performance royalties.
3317:
2981:"Viscopy Access Economics"
2186:. Allens Arthur Robinson.
1847:: Eden Bioscience Corp
1379:Comparable market approach
1353:several thousand patients
1270:expenditure and the like.
1025:Approaches to royalty rate
982:Franchises revolve around
963:Alliances and partnerships
950:Other royalty arrangements
826:
281:Clauses in patent licenses
68:However, certain types of
42:. For its soundtrack, see
29:
3291:Intellectual property law
3249:Resources in your library
2665:J. Gregory Sidak (2014).
2442:"Types of Wind Royalties"
2034:offering the licensor an
1904:Similarity of geographies
1816:Sample License Parameters
1364:regulatory body approval
1347:Phase III (effectiveness)
1117:The Technology Life Cycle
38:. For the TV series, see
3009:Northwest Data Solutions
2947:. resaleroyalty.org.au.
2307:. Vertex. Archived from
2017:Other compensation modes
1875:: Eden Bioscience Corp.
686:Discount to Booksellers
590:. Performance rights to
451:issued patent, 1%+ to 2%
211:Defensive Patent License
3271:"Royalty Rate Websites"
2153:Revenue based financing
2107:using the equivalence:
588:Copyright Royalty Board
563:format ("Disclosure").
374:Georgia-Pacific factors
289:Field-of-use limitation
76:Non-renewable resources
3263:Quotations related to
3206:"Treasury Evaluations"
2671:criterioneconomics.com
2210:"Royalty (definition)"
833:Unlike other forms of
813:
91:In the United States,
44:Royalties (soundtrack)
2416:broadmoorminerals.com
1285:of a pharmaceutical.
1112:Exclusivity of rights
1030:Intellectual property
890:is open to question.
835:intellectual property
808:
790:Based on net receipts
216:Defensive termination
40:Royalties (TV series)
3212:on 20 September 2007
3133:on 12 September 2009
3123:Goldscheider, Robert
2372:17 July 2018 at the
1894:biological materials
1314:Pre-clinical success
1197:improve this section
1062:improve this section
848:has become complex.
697:Wholesale Price, $
201:Compulsory licensing
3160:on 13 November 2006
3084:"J. Gregory Sidak,
2765:"Four little words"
2575:"J. Gregory Sidak,
2467:"J. Gregory Sidak,
2357:Calculating Royalty
1626:
1409:
1336:Phase II (efficacy)
1331:100 healthy people
1245:The Income Approach
840:With the advent of
661:
584:Library of Congress
355:a patented method.
258:Patent monetization
3186:on 8 December 2006
2797:on 17 January 2006
2767:. 28 August 2000.
2446:Blue Mesa Minerals
2066:strategic alliance
1970:Royalty Assessment
1624:
1407:
1268:patent application
914:Software royalties
857:Resale royalty or
708:Printing Cost, $
659:
604:Royalty-free music
580:performance rights
378:reasonable royalty
348:term of the patent
3235:Library resources
3152:David G. Weiler.
3055:978-92-1-106443-8
2120:Intangible assets
2090:fair market value
2068:or Joint Venture.
1947:Net Present Value
1897:
1835:: 1 October 1998
1796:
1795:
1612:
1611:
1368:
1367:
1306:Royalty rates (%)
1239:The Cost Approach
1233:
1232:
1225:
1098:
1097:
1090:
765:
764:
639:publish on demand
336:
335:
243:Catch and release
61:license agreement
16:(Redirected from
3308:
3262:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3208:. Archived from
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3182:. Archived from
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3156:. Archived from
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3129:. Archived from
3119:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3080:
3074:
3063:
3057:
3047:
3041:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2793:. Archived from
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2729:. Archived from
2728:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2696:Mallat, Chibli.
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2646:on 13 April 2008
2642:. Archived from
2636:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2386:"oilgas1031.com"
2382:
2376:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2311:on 23 March 2019
2300:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2180:
2085:prospects, etc.
2064:entering into a
2047:drug development
2045:payments (as in
1891:
1890:Coverage :
1754:Pharmaceuticals
1627:
1416:Licenses (nos.)
1410:
1358:Launched product
1325:Phase I (safety)
1300:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1177:
1169:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1042:
1034:
675:Cover Price, $
662:
573:derivative works
498:name recognition
465:Muslim Countries
352:monetary damages
340:intangible asset
328:
321:
314:
295:Higher category:
158:
21:
18:Royalty payments
3316:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3281:
3280:
3265:Royalty payment
3255:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3064:
3060:
3048:
3044:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2893:www.akmedea.com
2887:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2833:www.akmedea.com
2827:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2737:
2736:on 7 March 2008
2733:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2704:on 14 June 2011
2695:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2538:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2392:on 6 April 2013
2384:
2383:
2379:
2374:Wayback Machine
2362:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2337:on 29 June 2006
2329:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2134:
2112:Working capital
2059:cross-licensing
2019:
1951:discount factor
1938:
1936:Income approach
1888:
1843:: 26 July 2005
1422:Max. Royalty,%
1419:Min. Royalty,%
1386:Federal Circuit
1381:
1372:custom software
1283:clinical trials
1279:venture capital
1263:
1229:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1194:
1178:
1167:
1094:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1059:
1043:
1032:
1027:
1003:
965:
952:
916:
862:
854:
846:music royalties
831:
829:Music royalties
825:
804:Frederick Nolan
792:
744:Royalty Calcn.
722:Net Income, $
631:
629:Book publishing
569:
530:
518:DHL Corporation
483:
467:
365:
344:exclusive right
332:
293:
273:Patent trolling
268:Stick licensing
206:Cross-licensing
156:
143:
78:
53:royalty payment
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3314:
3312:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:External links
3227:
3224:
3223:
3197:
3171:
3144:
3114:
3105:
3075:
3058:
3042:
3026:
2996:
2972:
2962:
2936:
2910:
2880:
2850:
2820:
2808:
2782:
2756:
2747:
2715:
2688:
2657:
2631:
2622:
2596:
2566:
2548:
2520:
2511:
2499:
2488:
2458:
2433:
2403:
2377:
2348:
2322:
2303:Dave Tyrrell.
2295:
2286:
2279:
2261:
2252:
2245:
2227:
2201:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2138:Celebrity bond
2133:
2130:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2039:
2032:
2018:
2015:
2011:parent company
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1861:Agreement Type
1841:SEC Filed Date
1833:Effective Date
1827:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1380:
1377:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1213:September 2008
1181:
1179:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:Strategic need
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1096:
1095:
1078:September 2008
1046:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1002:
999:
964:
961:
951:
948:
947:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
927:
926:
923:
915:
912:
888:droit de suite
861:
859:droit de suite
855:
853:
850:
827:Main article:
824:
821:
791:
788:
773:
772:
771:
770:
769:
768:
767:
766:
763:
762:
759:
756:
752:
751:
748:
745:
741:
740:
737:
734:
730:
729:
726:
723:
719:
718:
715:
712:
710:(200 pp Book)
705:
704:
701:
698:
694:
693:
690:
687:
683:
682:
679:
676:
672:
671:
668:
665:
630:
627:
568:
565:
560:
559:
558:
557:
556:
555:
552:
549:
529:
526:
482:
479:
466:
463:
458:
457:
456:
455:
452:
449:
432:
431:
427:
424:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
398:
395:
391:
388:
385:
364:
361:
334:
333:
331:
330:
323:
316:
308:
305:
304:
292:
291:
283:
282:
278:
277:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
237:
236:
232:
231:
230:
229:
224:
218:
213:
208:
203:
195:
194:
190:
189:
188:
187:
182:
174:
173:
169:
168:
155:
152:
142:
141:Wind Royalties
139:
108:Frontier Lands
82:mineral rights
77:
74:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3313:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3228:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3071:92-1-106302-7
3068:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3039:92-1-106302-7
3036:
3030:
3027:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2818:, 1984, p.422
2817:
2812:
2809:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2732:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2544:public domain
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2459:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2280:92-805-0395-2
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2246:92-1-106302-7
2242:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2105:balance sheet
2102:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1959:discount rate
1954:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1910:Same industry
1909:
1907:Relevant date
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1886:
1883:: 17-year(s)
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:Consumer Gds
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:300 subjects
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1261:Cost approach
1260:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1224:
1216:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1182:This section
1180:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:Inherent risk
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1089:
1081:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1047:This section
1045:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
995:
992:
988:
985:
980:
976:
973:
971:
970:globalization
962:
960:
958:
949:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
931:
930:
924:
921:
920:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:
891:
889:
883:
879:
876:
870:
868:
860:
856:
852:Art royalties
851:
849:
847:
843:
838:
836:
830:
822:
820:
817:
812:
807:
805:
800:
798:
789:
787:
784:
781:
779:
778:proof-reading
760:
757:
754:
753:
749:
746:
743:
742:
738:
735:
733:Royalty Rate
732:
731:
727:
724:
721:
720:
716:
713:
711:
707:
706:
702:
699:
696:
695:
691:
688:
685:
684:
680:
677:
674:
673:
669:
667:Retail Basis
666:
664:
663:
657:
656:
655:
654:
653:
652:
651:
650:
649:
647:
642:
640:
634:
628:
626:
624:
619:
617:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
566:
564:
553:
550:
547:
546:
545:
544:
543:
542:
541:
538:
536:
527:
525:
523:
519:
514:
512:
506:
502:
499:
493:
491:
490:service marks
487:
480:
478:
476:
472:
464:
462:
453:
450:
447:
446:business plan
443:
442:
441:
440:
439:
436:
428:
425:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
399:
396:
392:
389:
386:
383:
382:
381:
379:
375:
371:
363:United States
362:
360:
356:
353:
349:
345:
341:
329:
324:
322:
317:
315:
310:
309:
307:
306:
303:
299:
296:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
279:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
239:
238:
233:
228:
225:
223:(FRAND, RAND)
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:
191:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
176:
175:
170:
167:
163:
159:
153:
151:
147:
140:
138:
136:
131:
127:
123:
120:
118:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
97:severance tax
94:
89:
87:
86:resource rent
83:
75:
73:
71:
66:
62:
57:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3267:at Wikiquote
3239:
3216:27 September
3214:. Retrieved
3210:the original
3200:
3190:26 September
3188:. Retrieved
3184:the original
3174:
3164:20 September
3162:. Retrieved
3158:the original
3147:
3137:20 September
3135:. Retrieved
3131:the original
3117:
3108:
3096:. Retrieved
3085:
3078:
3073:, pp 260–261
3061:
3045:
3029:
3017:. Retrieved
3008:
2999:
2987:. Retrieved
2975:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2892:
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2863:casetext.com
2862:
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2832:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2795:the original
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2759:
2750:
2738:. Retrieved
2731:the original
2718:
2706:. Retrieved
2702:the original
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2670:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2644:the original
2634:
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2576:
2569:
2560:
2551:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2502:
2491:
2479:. Retrieved
2468:
2461:
2449:. Retrieved
2445:
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2415:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2390:the original
2380:
2361:. Retrieved
2351:
2341:13 September
2339:. Retrieved
2335:the original
2325:
2315:14 September
2313:. Retrieved
2309:the original
2298:
2289:
2269:
2264:
2255:
2236:
2230:
2220:13 September
2218:. Retrieved
2204:
2194:13 September
2192:. Retrieved
2178:
2158:Royalty-free
2127:
2124:
2116:Fixed assets
2109:
2101:market value
2097:stock market
2094:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2020:
2000:
1996:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1943:
1939:
1899:
1889:
1887:: Worldwide
1884:
1880:
1877:Lump-Sum Pay
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:: Net Sales
1857:Royalty Base
1856:
1852:
1851:: 2.000 (%)
1849:Royalty Rate
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1803:
1714:Electronics
1553:Mach.Tools.
1493:Electronics
1398:
1390:
1382:
1369:
1295:
1287:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1248:
1234:
1219:
1210:
1195:Please help
1183:
1145:
1099:
1084:
1075:
1060:Please help
1048:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
996:
993:
989:
983:
981:
977:
974:
966:
956:
953:
928:
917:
908:
904:
900:
892:
887:
884:
880:
875:hammer price
871:
866:
863:
858:
839:
832:
818:
814:
809:
801:
796:
793:
785:
782:
774:
755:Royalty, $
709:
643:
635:
632:
623:royalty-free
620:
613:
577:
570:
561:
539:
531:
515:
507:
503:
494:
484:
468:
459:
437:
433:
366:
357:
337:
294:
184:
148:
144:
132:
128:
124:
121:
105:
90:
79:
58:
52:
50:
48:
32:Royal family
3019:28 November
2989:29 November
2955:29 November
2929:12 December
2740:9 September
2708:29 November
2426:27 November
2212:. law.com.
2163:AuthorShare
2031:arrangement
1863:: Patent
1734:Healthcare
1573:Pharma/Bio
1513:Healthcare
1433:Automotive
1137:Fundability
486:Trade marks
263:Patent pool
3296:Patent law
3285:Categories
3098:5 February
2859:"Casetext"
2681:20 October
2650:26 October
2589:4 February
2533:Justia Law
2481:4 February
2170:References
2118:+ Routine
2082:evaluation
1855:: 10-Q
1853:SEC Filing
1831:: 7787
1653:Aerospace
1453:Computers
1425:Average,%
670:Net Basis
592:recordings
528:Franchises
481:Trade mark
423:infringer.
302:Patent law
253:Patentleft
235:Strategies
227:Shop right
93:fee simple
3240:Royalties
2903:5 January
2873:5 January
2843:5 January
2271:Countries
2077:valuation
2043:milestone
2029:leaseback
1885:Territory
1865:Exclusive
1845:SEC Filer
1839:: 2870
1829:Reference
1694:Computer
1672:Chemical
1630:Industry
1593:Software
1533:Internet
1428:Median,%
1413:Industry
1320:in-vitro
1184:does not
1049:does not
842:pop music
646:inventory
625:license.
616:copyright
600:residuals
567:Copyright
535:franchise
511:franchise
394:monopoly.
185:Royalties
180:Licensing
172:Overviews
162:Licensing
70:franchise
3092:Archived
3013:Archived
2970:231–248.
2949:Archived
2923:Archived
2897:Archived
2867:Archived
2837:Archived
2801:15 March
2775:15 March
2769:Archived
2675:Archived
2609:Archived
2583:Archived
2475:Archived
2451:7 August
2420:Archived
2370:Archived
2214:Archived
2188:Archived
2132:See also
2053:lump sum
1881:Duration
1873:Licensee
1869:Licensor
1837:SIC Code
1777:Telecom
1293:route).
984:services
957:override
747:0.20x15
135:stumpage
117:revenues
112:revenues
65:licensed
3301:Expense
2615:19 July
2363:12 July
2041:staged
1648:20–25%
1645:15–20%
1642:10–15%
1309:Nature
1205:removed
1190:sources
1070:removed
1055:sources
750:0.20x4
298:Patents
166:patents
154:Patents
3237:about
3069:
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2148:Payola
2114:+ Net
2099:, the
2036:equity
2007:US law
1867:: Yes
1786:23.6%
1783:37.3%
1780:40.0%
1766:12.5%
1763:29.3%
1760:32.1%
1757:23.6%
1743:45.0%
1740:51.7%
1725:25.0%
1722:25.0%
1719:50.0%
1700:31.3%
1697:62.5%
1681:24.3%
1678:58.1%
1675:16.5%
1639:5–10%
681:15.00
678:15.00
401:sales.
2984:(PDF)
2734:(PDF)
2727:(PDF)
2396:4 May
2122:+ IP
1772:0.7%
1769:1.1%
1737:3.3%
1703:6.3%
1687:0.4%
1684:0.8%
1636:2–5%
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1462:15.0
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1350:10–20
823:Music
761:0.80
758:3.00
728:4.00
725:4.00
717:3.50
714:3.50
703:7.50
700:7.50
473:(see
471:usury
193:Types
3218:2007
3192:2007
3166:2007
3139:2007
3100:2016
3067:ISBN
3051:ISBN
3035:ISBN
3021:2018
2991:2010
2957:2010
2931:2011
2905:2016
2875:2016
2845:2016
2803:2007
2777:2007
2742:2007
2710:2010
2683:2015
2652:2007
2617:2007
2591:2016
2483:2016
2453:2023
2428:2013
2398:2013
2365:2018
2343:2007
2317:2007
2275:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2222:2007
2196:2007
2080:and
1659:50%
1656:50%
1608:6.8
1599:0.0
1596:119
1588:5.1
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