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in the latter half of the 19th century and then in the intensive rebuilding of Japan's infrastructure and industry in the aftermath of World War II eventually leading to Japan's transformation as an economic superpower. Impossible to imitate The sōgō shōsha emerged in the post-WWII period as very large entities both in size and scope. They are extremely diversified, not only in terms of their range of products and services but industry-wise and geographically. Needless to say, they are very difficult to imitate. The first sōgō shōsha initially appeared more than 140 years ago and developed sophisticated multi-faceted functions and expertise over the ensuing years. These functions are rooted in Japan's raw-material import — value-added export trading model as well as in the sōgō shōsha's multi-industry upstream-downstream supply chains. In truth, it is virtually impossible to build these type of large-scale trading intermediary organizations from scratch. To this day, the closest thing the rest of the world has to the sōgō shōsha are the trading firms of such Korean chaebol, or conglomerates, as
Samsung, Hyundai and others. However, they are much smaller and specialized in scope than the Japanese sōgō shōsha. Little known outside Japan In 1996, all nine sōgō shōsha could be found in the top 40 of the Global Fortune 500 with five of the first six spots on the list being held by sōgō shōsha.... — Patrick Ryan is a
236:) developed captive trading companies to coordinate production, transportation and financing between the various enterprises within the group. A number of smaller and more specialized Japanese firms, particularly in the cotton supply industry, also took on a larger role in acting as intermediaries for foreign trade, initially in importing raw cotton and later in exporting finished products. These companies were characterized by handling a variety of products, targeting various regions for their trading, establishing modern institutionalized risk management methods for their trading, and making substantial investments in domestic industrial operations.
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The sōgō shōsha's organization and business model is unique to Japan. This is, for the most part, because they are a reflection of Japan's own unique economic development, first during the Meiji
Restoration's period of rapid industrialization and commercialization aimed at building a strong military
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Sōgō shōsha are among the highest-paying employers in Japan. Along with financial institutions, these companies have consistently been ranked among the most popular employers for the graduates of top
Japanese universities for over thirty years due to their high compensation levels, employment
195:
can give them advantages in international trade. First, they have extensive risk management capabilities in that they trade in many markets, keep balances in many foreign currencies and can generate captive supply and demand for their own operations. They also have large-scale in-house market
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operations were largely concentrated on supporting
Japanese manufacturers' international transactions, particularly in the textile and chemical industries. Since then, Japanese manufacturers have taken a more direct role in international procurement, sales and marketing, and the
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meant that trade had to be developed in a very short period of time relative to Europe, where networks could naturally develop over a longer period of time. Japan also lacked effective capital markets to fund companies, and its industrial base was largely composed of
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in pursuing new business opportunities. Their vast scale also allows them to provide capital in the form of credit, financing and export services at low cost. Mitsui CEO Masami Iijima described general trading companies as similar to investment funds such as
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have shifted their business focus to services such as finance, insurance, transportation, project management and real estate development, with much of this business conducted outside Japan through local subsidiaries and affiliates.
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also engage in logistics, plant development and other services, as well as international resource exploration. Unlike trading companies in other countries, which are generally specialized in certain types of products,
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in the mid-1800s, trade between Japan and the outside world was initially dominated by foreign merchants and traders from
Western countries. As Japan modernized, a number of existing family-run conglomerates known as
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were dismantled. The powerful trading arms of Mitsui and
Mitsubishi were each dissolved into over a hundred smaller businesses. When trade resumed in 1950, the first diversified trading companies emerged as
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developed in Japan as a result of several factors unique to Japan. Japan's geographical remoteness and unique language and culture all served to increase the costs of information and negotiation. Its
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funds, but distinguished by their ability to identify and implement business opportunities in various industries using the information and human resources gleaned from their trading business.
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At the time the law was debated, Mitsui & Co. was the sixth-largest exporter from the United States, and sogo shosha accounted for about half of Japan's inbound and outbound trade.
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stability and the diversity of opportunities available to prospective employees, of which has made the recruitment process highly competitive.
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followed a similar path of developing trading companies in the mid-1970s. Similar conglomerate type organizations exist in India such as the
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came into use around 1955 to refer to this broad set of firms, which by 1960 had coalesced into ten large and highly diversified companies:
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also attempted to emulate the business model to promote exports in the early 1980s by enacting the Export
Trading Company Act of 1982.
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wholesale companies that trade in a wide range of products and materials. In addition to acting as intermediaries,
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801:"Whither the Keiretsu, Japan's Business Networks? How Were They Structured? What Did They Do? Why Are They Gone?"
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enterprises that could not market on their own, in contrast to the larger firms prevalent in the West.
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have extremely diversified business lines, in which respect the business model is unique to Japan.
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352:" business model, in which large commercial banks played a central role in each major
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272:) diversified into new business lines. The remnants of the Mitsubishi and Mitsui
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778:"NEW ROLE FOR JAPAN´S SOGO SHOSHA AS THEY SHIFT FROM MANUFACTURING TO SERVICES"
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also coalesced in the 1950s to form new large-scale trading concerns. The term
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1075:
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268:) and steel traders (most notably Iwai and Nissho, which later merged to form
229:
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1954:
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17:
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Convention on the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
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in the early 1990s led to a wave of mergers and reorganizations among
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806:. Institute for Research on Labor and Employment Working Paper Series
519:
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326:
319:
291:
253:
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135:
83:
827:"Reflecting the nation's history, 'sōgō shōsha' are unique to Japan"
886:
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2811:
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2641:
2491:
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1496:
840:
721:"Research on SOGO SHOSHA: Origins, Establishment, and Development"
176:
1465:
601:"International Trading Companies: Building On The Japanese Model"
4513:
Special administrative regions of the People's
Republic of China
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1456:
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Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu
3298:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
360:
playing a secondary central role that diminished over time.
287:(collapsed in 1977; iron and steel arm merged with C. Itoh)
882:
Explanation of Shosha by Japan Foreign Trade Council, Inc.
603:. Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business
525:
Export credit agency § List of export credit agencies
300:(recharacterized as a specialized trading company in 1999)
4515:, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".
858:
in the Marubeni Research Institute, the research arm of
1159:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
3506:
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
937:
Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan
866:
and International Corporate Strategies for Marubeni.
780:. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
4881:
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4583:
4518:
Officially the Republic of China, participates as "
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3432:
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3335:
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3199:
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1979:
1947:
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1394:
1368:
1295:
1264:
1223:
1167:
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1016:
985:
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856:senior analyst engaged in global industry research
4974:Trading companies established in the 19th century
469:closure from the outside world for over 200 years
1139:Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
162:
3322:Programme for International Student Assessment
675:"就職人気ランキング、実は30年前と「変わらない」 安定、高給の金融、総合商社が上位占める"
649:"総合商社絶好調！三菱商事1412万、物産、住商は －年収＆生涯賃金2012【商社・卸売】"
243:, foreign trade was briefly suspended and the
156:
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3374:
3282:
2753:
1481:
902:
8:
701:"｢入社が難しい有名企業｣ランキングTop200社 | 就職四季報プラスワン"
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2738:
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2085:
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1985:
1531:
1488:
1474:
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1453:
1381:Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
1251:
1241:
909:
895:
887:
31:
1376:Japan Association of Corporate Executives
862:He has previously worked in International
772:
770:
594:
592:
590:
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586:
2769:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
1200:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
743:
741:
714:
712:
710:
384:, reducing their total number to seven.
346:became a core component of the postwar "
1761:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
1144:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
536:
397:
3476:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
3253:special administrative region of China
1407:Government-business relations in Japan
835:. No. BUSINESS| INSIDER REPORT .
624:"Mitsui Remains Focused on Resources"
252:-based textile traders (most notably
7:
3255:, participates as "Hong Kong, China"
196:information systems which give them
3486:Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
1246:List of Japan natural gas companies
993:Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan
1937:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
1303:Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
942:Agriculture in the Empire of Japan
622:Fukase, Atsuko (30 January 2015).
27:Japanese general trading companies
25:
4522:", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.
3496:Trade-Related Investment Measures
1804:Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)
1422:Research and development in Japan
1134:Japan External Trade Organization
825:Ryan, Patrick (16 October 2018).
750:"業績好調、日本の総合商社 どこから来たか、何者か、どこへ行くか"
4936:
4927:
4926:
4528:
3818:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2722:
2721:
2710:
1250:
1240:
442:
428:
414:
400:
1427:Science and technology in Japan
1272:International rankings of Japan
1256:List of power stations in Japan
967:Japan–South Korea trade dispute
4894:British Indian Ocean Territory
4193:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
2290:Agriculture, forestry, fishing
1:
1287:Prefectures by GDP per capita
1029:Banknotes of the Japanese yen
843:, Japan: The Japan Times, Ltd
726:. Japan Foreign Trade Council
3317:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
748:田中, 隆之 (14 September 2012).
460:Parallels in other countries
3491:Technical Barriers to Trade
3236:APEC Youth Science Festival
1878:1923 Great Kantō earthquake
1824:Abolition of the han system
1437:Standard of living in Japan
1402:Economic relations of Japan
1180:Japanese management culture
1096:Financial services in Japan
957:Japanese asset price bubble
545:"会社四季報オンライン｜株式投資・銘柄研究のバイブル"
378:Japanese asset price bubble
163:
4995:
4979:Trading companies of Japan
3419:International Trade Centre
998:Industrial policy of Japan
4922:
4508:
3343:Multinational Enterprises
3245:
3208:APEC Business Travel Card
2705:
2351:
2285:
2088:
2084:
1988:
1890:Japan during World War II
1707:Mongol invasions of Japan
1507:
1463:
1458:Links to related articles
1386:Japan Business Federation
1277:List of largest companies
1185:Japanese work environment
1129:Financial Services Agency
1119:Development Bank of Japan
1101:Japanese financial system
1054:Scrip of Edo period Japan
952:Japanese economic miracle
932:Economic history of Japan
338:Toyota Tsusho Corporation
171:general trading companies
157:
49:
44:
41:
4643:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3793:Central African Republic
3424:Chronology of key events
3404:Accession and membership
3390:World Trade Organization
2164:House of Representatives
1960:2019 imperial transition
1932:Great Hanshin earthquake
1900:Second Sino-Japanese War
1873:Japan during World War I
1412:List of exports of Japan
1044:National Printing Bureau
599:Dziubla, Robert (1982).
4904:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3414:Dispute Settlement Body
1847:First Sino-Japanese War
628:The Wall Street Journal
290:C. Itoh & Co. (now
3516:Information Technology
3511:Government Procurement
3445:Doha Development Round
2315:Science and technology
1754:Council of Five Elders
1749:Azuchi–Momoyama period
1417:National debt of Japan
1091:Capital flows in Japan
832:The Japan Times Online
549:shikiho.toyokeizai.net
389:Headquarters of major
309:Mitsubishi Corporation
3823:Republic of the Congo
3647:Supachai Panitchpakdi
3229:APEC Sculpture Garden
2260:Deputy Prime Minister
1645:Asuka Kiyomihara Code
1124:Fair Trade Commission
1003:Trade policy of Japan
213:Historical background
50:Market capitalisation
4818:United Arab Emirates
4308:United Arab Emirates
3348:Testing of Chemicals
2169:House of Councillors
2063:World Heritage Sites
1236:Solar power in Japan
1086:Tokyo Stock Exchange
947:Income Doubling Plan
376:The collapse of the
333:Sumitomo Corporation
4845:limited recognition
4283:Trinidad and Tobago
4183:St. Kitts and Nevis
3693:Antigua and Barbuda
3627:Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
3521:Marrakesh Agreement
3222:APEC Climate Center
2186:Self-Defense Forces
1350:Public corporations
1175:Japanese labour law
1154:National Tax Agency
1149:Ministry of Finance
1111:Government agencies
409:(Marunouchi, Tokyo)
38:
3853:Dominican Republic
2320:Telecommunications
1852:Russo-Japanese War
1782:Tokugawa shogunate
1732:Nanboku-chō period
1727:Ashikaga shogunate
1700:Kamakura shogunate
1345:Private enterprise
1282:Prefectures by GDP
799:Lincoln, James R.
719:Tanaka, Takayuki.
703:. 30 January 2021.
515:Oguri Kozukenosuke
198:economies of scale
37:(billions of yen)
32:
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4955:
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4887:other territories
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3501:Trade in Services
3455:Quota Elimination
3356:
3355:
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3256:
2735:
2734:
2701:
2700:
2450:Sexual minorities
2338:
2337:
2272:
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2268:
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2181:Political parties
2120:Foreign relations
2071:
2070:
1975:
1974:
1965:COVID-19 pandemic
1834:Satsuma Rebellion
1819:Meiji Restoration
1717:Kenmu Restoration
1577:Foreign relations
1450:
1449:
655:. 15 October 2012
423:(Otemachi, Tokyo)
363:Until the 1980s,
325:Nissho Iwai (now
191:The structure of
147:
146:
16:(Redirected from
4986:
4969:Economy of Japan
4940:
4930:
4929:
4899:Christmas Island
4585:Sovereign states
4577:Economy of Asia
4570:
4563:
4556:
4547:
4535:World portal
4533:
4532:
4354:
4148:Papua New Guinea
3631:Director-General
3526:Doha Declaration
3450:Singapore issues
3383:
3376:
3369:
3360:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3268:
3257:
3250:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3192:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2869:Papua New Guinea
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2725:
2724:
2717:Japan portal
2715:
2714:
2713:
2630:National symbols
2349:
2283:
2086:
2082:
1986:
1920:Economic miracle
1722:Muromachi period
1532:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1454:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1049:Tokugawa coinage
918:Economy of Japan
911:
904:
897:
888:
869:
868:
850:
848:
822:
816:
815:
813:
811:
805:
796:
790:
789:
787:
785:
774:
765:
764:
762:
760:
745:
736:
735:
733:
731:
725:
716:
705:
704:
697:
691:
690:
688:
686:
671:
665:
664:
662:
660:
645:
639:
638:
636:
634:
619:
613:
612:
610:
608:
596:
581:
580:
578:
576:
565:
559:
558:
556:
555:
541:
474:cottage industry
446:
432:
418:
404:
314:Mitsui & Co.
219:opening of Japan
174:
168:
160:
159:
39:
21:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4918:
4886:
4877:
4858:Northern Cyprus
4844:
4837:
4579:
4574:
4544:
4539:
4527:
4500:
4352:
4228:Solomon Islands
4123:North Macedonia
3661:
3637:Roberto Azevêdo
3615:
3542:
3535:
3464:
3428:
3392:
3387:
3357:
3352:
3331:
3300:
3295:
3265:
3260:
3249:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3195:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2771:
2766:
2736:
2731:
2711:
2709:
2697:
2517:Class S (genre)
2469:
2445:Sex trafficking
2420:Life expectancy
2356:Anti-monarchism
2334:
2264:
2207:
2174:List of members
2154:Law enforcement
2067:
1971:
1943:
1895:Mukden Incident
1856:
1814:Meiji oligarchy
1794:Empire of Japan
1765:
1695:Kamakura period
1678:
1603:
1521:
1503:
1494:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1390:
1364:
1313:domestic market
1291:
1260:
1231:Energy in Japan
1219:
1163:
1105:
1058:
1012:
981:
920:
915:
878:
873:
872:
846:
844:
824:
823:
819:
809:
807:
803:
798:
797:
793:
783:
781:
776:
775:
768:
758:
756:
747:
746:
739:
729:
727:
723:
718:
717:
708:
699:
698:
694:
684:
682:
681:. 23 March 2014
673:
672:
668:
658:
656:
647:
646:
642:
632:
630:
621:
620:
616:
606:
604:
598:
597:
584:
574:
572:
567:
566:
562:
553:
551:
543:
542:
538:
533:
511:
462:
457:
456:
455:
452:
451:(Harumi, Tokyo)
450:
447:
438:
437:(Aoyama, Tokyo)
436:
433:
424:
422:
419:
410:
408:
405:
394:
393:
285:Ataka & Co.
215:
154:
51:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4992:
4990:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4961:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4934:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4391:Czech Republic
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4358:European Union
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4313:United Kingdom
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3652:Alejandro Jara
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3409:Appellate Body
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2719:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2639:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2572:Henohenomoheji
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2248:Prime Minister
2245:
2240:
2238:Foreign policy
2235:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2115:Imperial House
2112:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:Extreme points
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1744:Sengoku period
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1683:Post-Classical
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1081:Osaka Exchange
1078:
1072:
1070:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
989:
987:
983:
982:
980:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
928:
926:
922:
921:
916:
914:
913:
906:
899:
891:
885:
884:
877:
876:External links
874:
871:
870:
860:Marubeni Corp.
817:
791:
766:
737:
706:
692:
666:
640:
614:
582:
560:
535:
534:
532:
529:
528:
527:
522:
517:
510:
507:
489:Reliance Group
461:
458:
454:
453:
448:
441:
439:
434:
427:
425:
420:
413:
411:
406:
399:
396:
395:
388:
387:
386:
341:
340:
335:
330:
323:
318:Nichimen (now
316:
311:
306:
301:
295:
288:
228:(most notably
214:
211:
203:private equity
145:
144:
141:
138:
132:
131:
128:
125:
119:
118:
115:
112:
106:
105:
102:
99:
93:
92:
89:
86:
80:
79:
76:
73:
67:
66:
63:
60:
54:
53:
48:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4991:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4868:South Ossetia
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
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4364:
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4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:United States
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
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4264:
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4119:
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4026:
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4021:
4019:
4018:Liechtenstein
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
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3994:
3991:
3989:
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3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:Guinea-Bissau
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
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3640:
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3609:
3607:
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3412:
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3407:
3405:
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3365:
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3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3204:
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3198:
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3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3143:
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3126:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
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3035:
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3028:
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3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
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2989:
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2979:
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2954:
2951:
2947:
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2926:
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2919:
2918:United States
2915:
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2905:
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2898:
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2640:
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2633:
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2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:LGBTQ culture
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
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2535:
2533:
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2527:
2523:
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2510:
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2500:
2498:
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2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:Manufacturing
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
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2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Fiscal policy
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2159:National Diet
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2142:Supreme Court
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
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1698:
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1687:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1650:Hakuhō period
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1597:Imperial Navy
1595:
1593:
1592:Imperial Army
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1561:
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1553:
1551:
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1533:
1530:
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1524:
1518:
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1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1443:
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1438:
1435:
1433:
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1423:
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1403:
1400:
1399:
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1387:
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1379:
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1374:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:Manufacturing
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
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1283:
1280:
1278:
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1270:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
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1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
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1203:
1201:
1198:
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1193:
1191:
1188:
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1125:
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1120:
1117:
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1108:
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1099:
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1079:
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1073:
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1061:
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1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:Bank of Japan
1022:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
988:
984:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
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930:
929:
927:
923:
919:
912:
907:
905:
900:
898:
893:
892:
889:
883:
880:
879:
875:
867:
865:
861:
857:
842:
838:
834:
833:
828:
821:
818:
802:
795:
792:
779:
773:
771:
767:
755:
751:
744:
742:
738:
722:
715:
713:
711:
707:
702:
696:
693:
680:
676:
670:
667:
654:
650:
644:
641:
629:
625:
618:
615:
602:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
583:
570:
564:
561:
550:
546:
540:
537:
530:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
508:
506:
503:
501:
500:United States
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
470:
466:
459:
445:
440:
431:
426:
417:
412:
403:
398:
392:
385:
383:
379:
374:
371:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
350:
345:
339:
336:
334:
331:
328:
324:
321:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
289:
286:
283:
282:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Kansai region
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
226:
220:
212:
210:
206:
204:
199:
194:
189:
187:
182:
178:
172:
167:
166:
153:
152:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
129:
126:
124:
123:Toyota Tsusho
121:
120:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
64:
61:
59:
56:
55:
40:
36:
30:
19:
4883:Dependencies
4813:Turkmenistan
4778:Saudi Arabia
4526:
4525:
4233:South Africa
4218:Sierra Leone
4203:Saudi Arabia
3758:Burkina Faso
3531:Bali Package
3460:Peace Clause
3187:
2673:Tea ceremony
2650:
2644: /
2636:No-pan kissa
2634:
2605:Martial arts
2497:Architecture
2490: /
2435:Prostitution
2401:Homelessness
2371:Demographics
2295:Central bank
2125:Human rights
2093:Constitution
1948:Contemporary
1770:Early Modern
1674:Heian period
1662:Monmu period
1657:Taika Reform
1635:Asuka period
1630:Kofun period
1625:Yayoi period
1620:Jōmon period
1395:Other topics
1369:Associations
1320:Construction
1210:Nenko System
1205:Shūshin koyō
1195:Labor unions
1190:Labor market
1168:Labor market
1039:Japanese yen
962:Lost Decades
852:
845:. Retrieved
837:Chiyoda City
830:
820:
808:. Retrieved
794:
782:. Retrieved
757:. Retrieved
753:
728:. Retrieved
695:
683:. Retrieved
678:
669:
657:. Retrieved
652:
643:
631:. Retrieved
627:
617:
605:. Retrieved
573:. Retrieved
563:
552:. Retrieved
548:
539:
504:
497:
478:
464:
463:
390:
381:
375:
369:
364:
362:
357:
353:
347:
343:
342:
277:
273:
244:
241:World War II
238:
223:
216:
207:
192:
190:
185:
180:
170:
164:
150:
149:
148:
52:(May. 2024)
34:
33:Seven major
29:
4942:Asia portal
4843:States with
4763:Philippines
4703:South Korea
4698:North Korea
4593:Afghanistan
4461:Netherlands
4248:Switzerland
4163:Philippines
4103:New Zealand
3988:South Korea
3868:El Salvador
3833:Ivory Coast
3673:Afghanistan
3657:Rufus Yerxa
3642:Pascal Lamy
3611:13th (2024)
3606:12th (2022)
3601:11th (2017)
3596:10th (2015)
3543:Conferences
3541:Ministerial
3481:Agriculture
2883:Philippines
2862:New Zealand
2841:South Korea
2688:Video games
2430:Pornography
2038:Prefectures
2018:Environment
2013:Earthquakes
1998:Archipelago
1905:Pacific War
1861:Late Modern
1669:Nara period
1615:Paleolithic
1330:Electronics
679:J-Cast News
485:South Korea
465:Sōgō shōsha
391:sōgō shōsha
382:sōgō shōsha
370:sōgō shōsha
365:sōgō shōsha
358:sōgō shōsha
344:Sōgō shōsha
278:sōgō shōsha
270:Nissho Iwai
262:Toyo Cotton
193:sōgō shōsha
186:sōgō shōsha
181:sōgō shōsha
165:sōgō shōsha
151:Sogo shosha
35:sōgō shōsha
18:Sōgō shōsha
4963:Categories
4823:Uzbekistan
4798:Tajikistan
4713:Kyrgyzstan
4693:Kazakhstan
4613:Bangladesh
4603:Azerbaijan
4451:Luxembourg
4253:Tajikistan
4213:Seychelles
4088:Mozambique
4078:Montenegro
4053:Mauritania
4028:Madagascar
3998:Kyrgyzstan
3978:Kazakhstan
3888:The Gambia
3828:Costa Rica
3788:Cape Verde
3718:Bangladesh
3591:9th (2013)
3586:8th (2011)
3581:7th (2009)
3576:6th (2005)
3571:5th (2003)
3566:4th (2001)
3561:3rd (1999)
3556:2nd (1998)
3551:1st (1996)
3469:Agreements
3336:Guidelines
2678:Television
2600:Literature
2562:Hikikomori
2483:Aesthetics
2361:Censorship
2243:Ministries
2213:Government
1927:Heisei era
1910:Occupation
1868:Taishō era
1829:Boshin War
1809:Government
1777:Edo period
1690:Genpei War
1640:Taihō Code
1308:Automotive
1076:Nikkei 225
1034:Japan Mint
754:Nippon.com
571:. Kotobank
554:2024-06-02
531:References
493:TATA Group
407:Mitsubishi
230:Mitsubishi
217:After the
58:Mitsubishi
47:(FY 2023)
4909:Hong Kong
4863:Palestine
4788:Sri Lanka
4783:Singapore
4663:Indonesia
4446:Lithuania
4328:Venezuela
4238:Sri Lanka
4223:Singapore
4188:St. Lucia
4108:Nicaragua
4058:Mauritius
3953:Indonesia
3938:Hong Kong
3908:Guatemala
3708:Australia
3698:Argentina
3440:Criticism
3215:APEC blue
2897:Singapore
2827:Indonesia
2819:Hong Kong
2784:Australia
2652:Otokonoko
2620:Mythology
2532:Festivals
2455:Sexuality
2408:Languages
2381:Etiquette
2376:Education
2325:Transport
2137:Judiciary
2098:Elections
2008:Districts
1993:Addresses
1981:Geography
1955:Reiwa era
1885:Shōwa era
1799:Meiji era
1789:Bakumatsu
1712:Genkō War
1572:Education
1535:Overviews
1442:Amakudari
1432:Nemawashi
1355:Transport
1215:Salaryman
653:President
298:Kanematsu
4932:Category
4853:Abkhazia
4803:Thailand
4758:Pakistan
4738:Mongolia
4733:Maldives
4728:Malaysia
4628:Cambodia
4486:Slovenia
4481:Slovakia
4471:Portugal
4376:Bulgaria
4348:Zimbabwe
4268:Thailand
4263:Tanzania
4243:Suriname
4153:Paraguay
4138:Pakistan
4073:Mongolia
4043:Maldives
4038:Malaysia
3933:Honduras
3873:Eswatini
3848:Dominica
3843:Djibouti
3813:Colombia
3778:Cameroon
3773:Cambodia
3743:Botswana
3723:Barbados
2911:Thailand
2848:Malaysia
2727:Category
2542:Folklore
2440:Religion
2413:Japanese
2386:Gambling
2196:Maritime
2077:Politics
2058:Villages
1739:Ōnin War
1582:Military
1567:Economic
1501:articles
1296:Industry
1265:Rankings
1017:Currency
1008:Taxation
977:Keiretsu
972:Zaibatsu
847:28 April
810:21 April
784:18 April
759:21 April
730:18 April
685:21 April
659:21 April
607:21 April
575:21 April
509:See also
449:Sumitomo
354:keiretsu
349:keiretsu
304:Marubeni
274:zaibatsu
266:Nichimen
258:Marubeni
245:zaibatsu
225:zaibatsu
177:Japanese
110:Marubeni
97:Sumitomo
45:Earnings
4828:Vietnam
4743:Myanmar
4723:Lebanon
4653:Georgia
4608:Bahrain
4598:Armenia
4476:Romania
4431:Ireland
4426:Hungary
4416:Germany
4406:Finland
4401:Estonia
4396:Denmark
4381:Croatia
4371:Belgium
4366:Austria
4333:Vietnam
4323:Uruguay
4303:Ukraine
4288:Tunisia
4208:Senegal
4118:Nigeria
4093:Namibia
4083:Morocco
4068:Moldova
4013:Liberia
4008:Lesotho
3963:Jamaica
3943:Iceland
3903:Grenada
3893:Georgia
3858:Ecuador
3768:Burundi
3763:Myanmar
3738:Bolivia
3713:Bahrain
3703:Armenia
3683:Algeria
3678:Albania
3666:Members
3305:History
2935:Summits
2925:Vietnam
2776:Nations
2683:Theatre
2658:Origami
2585:Irezumi
2580:Ikebana
2547:Gardens
2522:Cuisine
2475:Culture
2460:Smoking
2396:Housing
2344:Society
2278:Economy
2221:Cabinet
2103:Emperor
2043:Regions
2028:Islands
1915:Postwar
1843:(noble)
1608:Ancient
1555:Shoguns
1527:History
1517:Outline
1360:Whaling
1325:Defense
1068:finance
1064:Banking
925:History
481:chaebol
356:with a
91:11,744
78:12,064
65:13,803
4873:Taiwan
4808:Turkey
4773:Russia
4708:Kuwait
4688:Jordan
4678:Israel
4638:Cyprus
4623:Brunei
4618:Bhutan
4496:Sweden
4466:Poland
4441:Latvia
4421:Greece
4411:France
4386:Cyprus
4343:Zambia
4298:Uganda
4293:Turkey
4258:Taiwan
4178:Rwanda
4173:Russia
4143:Panama
4128:Norway
4063:Mexico
4033:Malawi
3993:Kuwait
3973:Jordan
3958:Israel
3923:Guyana
3913:Guinea
3783:Canada
3753:Brunei
3748:Brazil
3728:Belize
3688:Angola
3620:People
3433:Issues
3397:System
3251:1. A
2904:Taiwan
2890:Russia
2855:Mexico
2798:Canada
2791:Brunei
2668:Shinto
2590:Kawaii
2567:Hanami
2552:Geisha
2512:Cinema
2507:Bonsai
2425:People
2391:Health
2310:Energy
2191:Ground
2048:Rivers
2003:Cities
1841:Kazoku
1541:Lists
1499:
1340:Mining
1224:Energy
986:Policy
633:5 June
569:"総合商社"
520:CoBank
435:Itochu
421:Mitsui
327:Sojitz
320:Sojitz
292:Itochu
254:Itochu
239:After
234:Mitsui
136:Sojitz
130:3,377
117:5,129
104:4,991
84:Itochu
75:1,130
71:Mitsui
62:1,181
4914:Macau
4833:Yemen
4793:Syria
4768:Qatar
4748:Nepal
4683:Japan
4658:India
4648:Egypt
4633:China
4491:Spain
4456:Malta
4436:Italy
4338:Yemen
4278:Tonga
4198:Samoa
4168:Qatar
4113:Niger
4098:Nepal
4023:Macau
3983:Kenya
3968:Japan
3948:India
3928:Haiti
3898:Ghana
3883:Gabon
3863:Egypt
3808:China
3803:Chile
3733:Benin
3200:Other
2834:Japan
2812:China
2805:Chile
2663:Sport
2646:Sentō
2642:Onsen
2625:Names
2615:Music
2610:Media
2576:Icons
2557:Games
2492:Manga
2488:Anime
2465:Women
2366:Crime
2300:Labor
2130:LGBTQ
2053:Towns
2033:Lakes
1587:Naval
1550:Clans
1512:Index
1497:Japan
841:Tokyo
804:(PDF)
724:(PDF)
169:, or
42:Name
4753:Oman
4718:Laos
4673:Iraq
4668:Iran
4273:Togo
4158:Peru
4133:Oman
4048:Mali
4003:Laos
3878:Fiji
3838:Cuba
3798:Chad
3189:2024
3181:2023
3174:2022
3167:2021
3160:2020
3153:2019
3146:2018
3139:2017
3132:2016
3125:2015
3118:2014
3111:2013
3104:2012
3097:2011
3090:2010
3083:2009
3076:2008
3069:2007
3062:2006
3055:2005
3048:2004
3041:2003
3034:2002
3027:2001
3020:2000
3013:1999
3006:1998
2999:1997
2992:1996
2985:1995
2978:1994
2971:1993
2964:1992
2957:1991
2950:1990
2943:1989
2876:Peru
2537:Flag
2526:wine
2253:list
2226:list
2108:list
1560:Wars
1545:Eras
1066:and
849:2019
812:2014
786:2014
761:2014
732:2014
687:2014
661:2014
635:2015
609:2014
577:2014
498:The
491:and
479:The
264:and
232:and
175:are
158:総合商社
143:923
140:111
127:284
114:543
101:566
88:801
4885:and
2693:Zen
2502:Art
2330:Yen
2201:Air
2149:Law
864:HR
483:of
4965::
851:.
839:,
829:.
769:^
752:.
740:^
709:^
677:.
651:.
626:.
585:^
547:.
495:.
260:,
256:,
161:,
4569:e
4562:t
4555:v
3633:)
3629:(
3382:e
3375:t
3368:v
3290:e
3283:t
3276:v
2821:¹
2761:e
2754:t
2747:v
2528:)
2524:(
1489:e
1482:t
1475:v
910:e
903:t
896:v
814:.
788:.
763:.
734:.
689:.
663:.
637:.
611:.
579:.
557:.
329:)
322:)
294:)
173:)
155:(
20:)
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