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meaning "Instructor Line" that fills a very similar role. A Shihanke is essentially a second training lineage that exists autonomously from the Sōke. In arts where there is a
Shihanke and a Sōke it is possible for the position of Sōke to essentially be a hereditary honorary title in the
113:, typically only for very old martial arts, although it has become a somewhat common term for headmasters of schools created in the last few decades that attempt to reconstruct or emulate older styles of martial arts. Some modern western sōke have used the title
51:".) The English translation of sōke as "grand master" is not a literal translation but it does see use by some Japanese sources. It can mean one who is the leader of any school or the master of a style, but it is most commonly used as a highest level
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are also sōke themselves. Sōke are generally considered the ultimate authority within their art, and have final discretion and authority regarding promotions, curriculum, doctrine, and disciplinary actions. A sōke has the authority to issue a
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means "someone who teaches in temporary place of" the main instructor, for reasons such as the incapacity of the sōke due to injuries or illnesses.
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Sōke is sometimes mistakenly believed to mean "founder of a style" because many modern sōke are the first generation headmasters of their art (
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The widespread use of the term "sōke" is controversial in the martial arts community. Traditionally it was used very rarely in
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term that means "the head family ." In the realm of
Japanese traditional arts, it is used synonymously with the term
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Martial Arts Terms and
Definitions (2) Sensei, Sempai, and Other Terms Used in Training by Wayne Muromoto
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system while the
Shihanke is responsible for the actual teaching and operation of the school
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Soke: Historical
Incarnations of a Title and its Entitlements by William M. Bodiford
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certificate indicating that someone has mastered all aspects of his style.
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as a title for their assistant as the leader of their school. The
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used in this context translates as "in place of." Thus, a
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249:Titles and rank in Japanese martial arts
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192:Iwanami's Japanese Kojien dictionary
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160:Grandmaster (martial arts)
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135:shihan-dai
149:See also
139:sōke-dai
115:Sōke-dai
94:hiragana
86:Shihanke
39:Japanese
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104:Iemoto
96:: しはんけ
44:iemoto
155:Doshu
141:, or
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92:師範家
20:Sōke
131:dai
121:宗家代
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26:宗家
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